047323    ZAHRA N, ALI A, KOUSAR S, MALIK A, ZAHEER A, MALIK I R (Biotechnology Dep, Univ of Sargodha, Pakistan, Email: imran.riaz@uos.edu.pk) : Study on significant changes in calcium, phosphorus and thyroid hormones level in hypothyroidism patients. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 85 - 8.

Thyroid hormones have a vital role in metabolism of lipids, cholesterol etc. They also have an important role in phosphorous and calcium homeostasis by their direct effect on bone turnover. The objective of present study was to find the significant differences of T3, T4, TSH, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, vLDL, TG, Cholesterol), electrolytes and minerals (sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium) between control group and hypothyroidism patients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 72 patients and 12 control after their consent. Serum was used to determine biochemical parameters using standard protocol. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using ?t? student test. Results: The level of TSH was significantly higher in female and male hypothyroidism patients (p < 0.01) as compared to control and it was inversely related to the level of T3 and T4. Patients with hypothyroidism have increased level of LFTs profile especially cholesterol and Triglycerides levels both in males and females. In hypothyroidism, the level of glomerulus filtrate rate decrease especially sodium level but thyroid hormonal disturbance does not affect serum electrolyte level. The serum phosphorus and calcium levels change significantly in thyroid disorder. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is associated with increased TSH level and decreased T3 and T4 levels but does not appear to be associated with abnormalities in lipid profile. The serum phosphorus and calcium levels change significantly in thyroid disorder, Treatments of its primary causes should be given and if it is possible minerals can be added to avoid further bone complications.

4 tables, 17 ref

047322   YOUSSEF S, SALAH M (Anatomy Dep, Al-Azhar Univ, Cairo - Egypt, Email: sahar_sayed@yahoo.com) : Decreased expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin contributes to the protection of vitamin D3 against diclofenac induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 78 - 84.

Diclofenac is widely prescribed for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions but it also has some harmful effects on the kidney. The current study was conducted to elucidate the possible mechanism of action of diclofenac sodium on kidney, and if it is affected by the addition of vitamin D. Methods: Rats were divided into 4 equal groups. G1 was the control group that received no treatment; G2 was treated with intramuscular injection of vitamin D (1,000 IU/kg, 3days/week); G3 was treated with intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium (3.6 mg/kg, 3 days/week) and G4 treated simultaneously with both diclofenac (3.6 mg/kg, 3 days/week) and vitamin D (1,000 IU/kg, 3days/week) intramuscularly for four weeks. Kidneys sections were stained with H&E, Masson?s trichrome and immunohistochemical staining against ? -SMA and desmin followed by the morphometric and statistical analysis. Results: Kidney sections from diclofenac sodium treated group showed degeneration and necrosis, small or atrophic glomeruli with dilated Bowman?s space and some of the renal tubular lining cells appeared vacuolated with small pyknotic nuclei. Renal fibrosis was confirmed by significant increase in collagen fibers, ? -SMA and podocytes injury by significant increase of desmin. However, in diclofenac- vitamin D treated group significantly the expression of ? -SMA and desmin were decreased. Conclusion: The current data suggested that vitamin D might play a protectant role against diclofenac induced kidney injury in rats through the preservation of the histological architecture of renal corpuscles, renal cortical tubules and down regulation of collagen, ? - SMA and desmin.

7 illus, 38 ref

047315   GEN? T T (?anakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, ?anakkale - Turkey, Email: tturgutgenc@comu.edu.tr) : Reserve Carbohydrate Metabolism in Crabtree-Negative and - Positive Yeasts at Different Carbon Sources. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 47 - 51.

The fermentation of sugars into ethanol even in the presence of oxygen is referred to as the Crabtree effect. The yeast cells displaying Crabtree effect are indicated as Crabtree-positive yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is Crabtree positive and Debaryomyces occidentalis is Crabtree-negative yeast which does not have Crabtree effect. The reserve carbohydrate metabolism is different in Crabtree-positive and Crabtree-negative yeast cells. The present study aimed to determine the trehalose and glycogen accumulation patterns both in Crabtree-positive and Crabtree-negative yeast species. In this research, trehalose and glycogen contents of S. cerevisiae and D. occidentalis yeast species were examined in a time course manner in three different carbon sources: glucose, galactose and glycerol. Firstly, yeast cells were grown in rich media supplemented with glucose then all washed and switched to fresh cultures including glucose, galactose and glycerol. In S. cerevisiae yeast cells the overnight accumulated trehalose degraded very rapidly after nonfermentable carbon source replenishment, but this took place in a long time, nearly two days, in D. occidentalis yeast cells. However, whenever D. occidentalis yeast cells shifted to glycerol, all the accumulated trehalose degraded within the twelve hours. Glycogen accumulation in D. occidentalis yeast cells is lower than S. cerevisiae yeast cells both in fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources. Results indicated that glycogen and trehalose accumulation patterns are completely different in D. occidentalis than S. cerevisiae. Crabtree-negative yeast cells generally, prefer to accumulate glycogen instead of trehalose as reserve carbohydrate. But in our research we proved that Crabtree-negative yeast D. occidentalis, accumulates more trehalose than S. cerevisiae yeast cells in non-fermentable carbon sources.

4 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

047297   SHALINI J, CHAHANDE, CHAHANDE J M (Seth Kesarimal Porwal Coll, Nagpur - 441002, Maharashtra ) : Serum enzyme changes associated with heat stress in buffaloes. Bioinfolet 2020, 17 (3 B), 465 - 6.

Eighty buffaloes of Nagpuri breed were kept under observation from February to June 2009 to 2010 and blood parameters were observed fortnightly. Blood serum samples were analysed for the activities of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by using commercial kits. The activities of aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase were higher under heat stress conditions, mainly due to their leakage from liver cytosol into the blood stream, which reflects liver damage and disruption of normal liver function.

1 table, 4 ref

047277   KUMAR H, SINGH S, YADAV S P (Zoology Dep, Singhania Univ, Jhunjhunu - 333 515, Rajasthan, Email: he15061991@gmail.com) : Biology of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi on Brassica juncea genotype RH 725 in semi-arid zone of Haryana, India. Crop Res 2020, 60 (5 & 6), 281 - 6.

Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) is one of the major insects of Indian mustard. It damages the various part of mustard plant as a result crop yield and oil content reduced. Scanning of the literature showed that no researcher had worked on all the parameters of biology of this insect on any crop. No work found regarding biology of mustard aphid on genotype RH 725. Therefore, on the basis of this fact studies on biology of mustard aphid was carried out during 2019-20 at Farmer?s field, Kolana village, Aravalli Hills Region, Rewari, Haryana, India. The results of the studies revealed that mustard aphid passed through four nymphal instars before attaining the adult stage. The average length of first, second, third and fourth instar nymph was 0.74 ? 0.07, 0.89 ? 0.06, 1.14 ? 0.14 and 1.31 ? 0.13 mm, respectively. The average width was 0.40 ? 0.04, 0.48 ? 0.03, 0.60 ? 0.06 and 0.72 ? 0.09 mm, respectively. The average length of apterate adult female was 1.62 ? 0.14 mm and width 0.94 ? 0.07 mm. The average duration of instars was 1.33 ? 0.37 (1st), 1.44 ? 0.38 (2nd), 1.79 ? 0.72 (3rd) and 2.14 ? 0.61 days of 4th instar. The average total nymphal instars period was 6.69 ? 1.11 days. The average longevity of adult recorded as 7.41 ? 1.61 days. The average pre-reproductive, reproductive and postreproductive period was 0.98 ? 0.47, 5.85 ? 1.58 and 0.57 ? 0.68 days, respectively. The average fecundity of an adult female was 24.63 ? 9.88 and birth rate was 4.12 ? 0.77 nymphs, whereas average total life span was 14.02 ? 2.21 days. This study provides important life history information of mustard aphid which may help to develop suitable integrated pest management strategies for this pest.

3 tables, 13 ref

041206   PALATI S, RAMANI P, SHRELIN H J, SUKUMARAN G, RAMASUBRAMANIAN A, DON K R, JAYARAJ G, SANTHANAM A (Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Dep, Saveetha Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: drsindujakumar@gmail.com) : Knowledge, attitude and practice survey on the perspective of oral lesions and dental health in geriatric patients residing in old age homes. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 22-5.

The aim of the study is to analyse the knowledge about oral lesions, the symptoms of such lesions and their attitude towards the treatment of these problems faced by institutionalised geriatric individuals. This questionnaire‑based survey was conducted among 103 institutionalised elders residing at various institutions. The questionnaire consisted of questions that addressed the medical and dental issues faced by the institutionalised elders and assessed their knowledge and attitude towards dental health. All the received responses were tabulated and the results were represented graphically. The results of the study showed that 44.66 % of the elders underwent medical check‑up once yearly and 72.82 % of them visited the dentist. Of all 103 elders, none of them used dentures in spite of being edentulous and only 29.13 % had any knowledge about oral lesions while the rest had no knowledge of the oral lesion and considered these lesions to be normal changes with increasing age. The findings of the present study demonstrate the need to improve access to oral healthcare and dental health education for the institutionalised elder population. In spite of the limitations of the study, we were able to record the obvious lack of dental hygiene practises, neglect and lack of motivation for proper dental care.

4 illus, 20 ref

043040   KUMAR M, VERMA R K, MISHRA B (Microbiology Dep, Uttar Pradesh Univ of Medical Sciences, Etawah ? 206 130, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rshverma@gmail.com) : Prevalence of dengue fever in Western Uttar Pradesh, India: A gender based study. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 10(1), 8-11.

Gender‑based serologic differences for nonstructural protein 1(NS1) antigen (Ag) and IgM antibody (Ab) detection have been reported among cases of dengue in few studies. However, to understand its distribution with patient’s gender and their demographic profile, this study is designed to fill the gaps in the available gender based data, and is the first from this region. A total of 4252 blood samples were collected aseptically during the outbreaks of 2016–17. Serum was separated and processed for dengue ELISA (NS1Ag and IgM Ab). All the relevant clinical data and variables such as gender and their demographic profile were recorded and statistically analyzed. A total of 978 (23 %) patients were found seropositive either by NS1 Ag or IgM Ab ELISA. The proportion of male was higher than female among all seropositive cases, with the ratio of (M:F) 1.54:1 (P < 0.0001). The males were predominately more affected compared to females among rural (P = 0.001) and semi‑urban (P = 0.016) areas. The positive NS1 (P = 0.004) and IgM (P = 0.0001) both results were significantly associated with male gender. Every case of dengue must be screened for NS1Ag and IgMAb to increase the diagnostic precision, despite the males being more affected as compared to females due to sociocultural differences.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

046443   MONIKA, PRIYANKA, YADAV R , WATI L (Microbiology Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Email: monikabarkodia90@gmail.com) : Evaluation of combined effect of micronutrients and rhizobial inoculation on mungbean productivity. Legum Res 2020, 43(2), 253-7.

Micronutrients play an important role in increasing yield of pulses and oilseed legumes through their effects on the plant itself and on the nitrogen fixing symbiotic process. Indian soils have become deficient not only in major plant nutrients like (NPK) but also scarce in some micronutrients like zinc, iron, molybdenum and boron. These situations suggest the need of application of micronutrients along with biofertilizers under intensive cultivation of legumes as it is directly involved in biological nitrogen fixation through nitrogenase enzyme activity. In the present research investigation, different micronutrients iron, molybdenum and their combination in the form of ferrous sulphate, ammonium molybdate and ferrous sulphate+ammonium molybdate @2.0, 2.0 and 2.5 kg/h are added into micronutrient deficient soil for plant growth promotion of mungbean under pot house condition. Among various treatments, ammonium molybdate application @2.0kg/h along with rhizobial isolate HSR1 and PSB increases nodulation (28.6 %), plant biomass (18.5 %), seed yield (41 %) as compared to sole application of biofertilizer.

2 tables, 30 ref

041203   AKSHATHA B M, ISLOOR S, SUNDARESHAN S, VEERESH B H, NUTHANALAKSHMI V, SINHA A Y, RATHNAMMA D, VEEREGOWDA B M, UPENDRA H A, HEGDE N R ET AL (National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 500 032, Email: hegde@niab.org.in) : Biofilm production, antibiotic resistance and the presence of ica, bap, agr and blaz genes in bovine mastitisassociated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Karnataka. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 2020, 41(1), 39-49.

Biofilm formation is an important virulence determinant of Staphylococcus aureus which is a major etiological agent of bovine mastitis. Here, 132 bovine mastitis-associated S. aureus were subjected to biofilm production, antimicrobial susceptibility, and the detection of ica, bap, agr and blaZ genes. It was found that 33.3 % of the isolates produced biofilm. The number of isolates resistant to individual antibiotics increased by 1.2- to 7.0-fold when growing in biofilm versus planktonic mode of growth, and the spectrum of antibiotics as well as the number of isolates resistant to various antibiotics increased with the increase in the density of the biofilm. However, there was no correlation between the strength of biofilm and the extent of antibiotic resistance. When evaluated for the presence of genes reported to be associated with biofilm formation, bap gene was detected in a significant number (12.9 %) of the isolates, while the ica locus was equally distributed among strains that produced biofilm or not. A significant correlation was observed between the presence of agrI and ica genes. High blaZ positivity was observed irrespective of penicillin resistance or biofilm phenotype. In summary, biofilm forming S. aureus was more resistant to many antibiotics in biofilm than in planktonic form, and none of the genes studied showed association with phenotypic studies of either biofilm production or antimicrobial susceptibility. The study highlights the need for further investigations on the inter-relationships between biofilm, antibiotic resistance and associated genotypes.

3 illus, 5 tables, 53 ref

041202   DEDAR R K, KUMAR L, BADSIWAL D, KUMAR S, LEGHA R A, MEHTA S C, TRIPATHI B N (National Research Center on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, Email: rameshdedar@gmail.com) : Herbal disinfection against Rhodococcus equi. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 2020, 41(1), 31-8.

Rhodococcus equi is an important bacterial respiratory pathogen of young foals. Prevention of R. equi depends on early detection, environmental management and chemoprophylaxis. Aerosol infection via soil is the most important route of infection to the foals and effective management of land by reducing aerosol exposure can reduce incidence of R. equi. We found that leaves of Tamarindus indica (Tamarind; Imli) and Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus; Safeda) have potential in vitro antibacterial activity against R. equi. Both the plants are widely available, so leaves of these plants were tested for their disinfectant activity against R. equi present in farm soil. Study was carried out to find an herbal disinfectant for farm soil against R. equi and its active principle. Aqueous extracts of leaves of T. indica and E. globulus were fractioned on silica column by using ethanol methanol and water serially. Different fractions were tested against pure colonies of R. equi in vitro to find out active principle. To find out disinfectant property of leaves in the presence of farm soil, pure colonies of R. equi were mixed in soil and efficacy of leaves boiled water was tested against control. Water boiled with plant leaves in the concentration of 10% and above, was found effective against R. equi present in the farm soil. Active principal of T. indica was matching with the previous reports while active principle of E. globulus could not be matched with previous reports, however, it was found that active principle of E. globulus is a very polar compound.

6 illus, 28 ref

041200   PATTNAIK B, YADAV M P (AIPH Univ, Bhubaneswar, Odisha) : COVID-19 pandemic: History, aetiology, epidemiology, vaccinology and societal impact. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 2020, 41(1), 1-18.

The virus causing the current novel coronavirus disease in humans is named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On 29 December 2019, the pneumonic disease was first noticed in the Wuhan city of Hubei Province in China affecting people of all age groups. The COVID-19 pandemic is currently affecting 213 countries and territories around the world; it also involved two international conveyances. The SARS-CoV-2 is a novel Coronavirus that had not been seen before, first isolated from people with acute respiratory illness. All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 are similar to the other coronaviruses occurring in nature in bats and other animal species. Outside the human body, the virus is inactivated by household soap solution and lipid solvents that dissolve its protective envelope layer and make it non-infectious. Genetically, SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV of 2003, but distinct from Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) of 2012. All these three respiratory human CoVs (HCoVs) are of bat origin and zoonotic; transmission from bat to human is facilitated by intermediate animal hosts, that, is civet cat for SARS and dromedary camel for MERS. It is not clear as to which animal is the intermediate host to facilitate the jumping of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to human. Ant-eating Pangolins are prime suspect to act as intermediate host, but yet inconclusive. Genetic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is a beta-coronavirus (genus) and genetically clusters within the subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B), together with some bat virus strains with >96 % genetic identity. Coronaviruses shift host frequently. Scientists found that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein had evolved to effectively bind to a molecule on different types of human cells known as ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), a receptor involved in regulating blood pressure, to initiate host cell infection cycle. Organs having higher number of ACE2 bearing cells are severely damaged by the virus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is longer than the SARS and MERS-CoVs and is very effective at binding to human cells through ACE2 receptor, and the scientists working on the virus concluded that it was the result of natural selection and not the product of genetic engineering. Furthermore, it has been found that the SARS-CoV-2 backbone differs substantially from those of already known HCoVs. It mostly resembles to related CoVs found in bats and pangolins. Autologous (between viruses affecting same host species) and heterologous (between viruses affecting different host species) genetic recombination help in evolution/emergence of new virus variants/pathogenic species. The COVID-19 affects human of all ages with primarily respiratory sickness of different degree; however, it has been observed to be fatal in elderly people due to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) complicated by cytokine storm, as observed earlier in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal disease of cats caused by feline CoV (FIPV). Similarly, antibodydependant enhancement (ADE), as described earlier during evaluation of a FIPV vaccine, has been suspected to occur in COVID-19. The present compilation, prepared with the help of data and information available on the Internet and NCBIPubMed, is an effort for the students in virology, immunology, genetics, pharmacology and epidemiology so that they can be motivated to undertake research programmes to fill the gaps in the available knowledge; particularly in the areas of immunology and vaccinology, epidemiology and therapeutics, etc. Further, real-time surveillance of coronavirus strains circulating in domestic pet, wild and captive animals/mammals, and poultry birds will help in monitoring possible inter species jump of the virus, as it will be of immense help once the current Global COVID-19 pandemic subsides. It is also important to identify intermediate host(s) that might cause possible future zoonoses involving CoVs, and to study virus persistence including carrier status in convalescent individuals that may pose threat in post-COVID-19 pandemic period/ scenario in times to come. The pandemic has resulted in travel restrictions, nationwide lockdowns, and home quarantine in several countries in the World to implement social distancing in order to slow the spread/transmission of the virus in human populations. The economic costs and social burdens on individual countries and also global basis, till the pandemic is controlled and slows down, will be enormous and yet to be comprehensively estimated. A number of laboratories around the world are working on the development of dependable diagnostic tests for the detection of virus genome and antibodies in clinical specimens to precisely identify infected individuals and hot spots of the infection, vaccines and antiviral therapeutics, and their success will determine the success of the COVID-19 control programme in hand. Economic and societal impact of the pandemic has also been discussed. It is emphasised to implement ‘One Health’ approach involving human, animal and the environment in controlling the present pandemic and preventing possible future ones for a healthier World. It has been observed by scientists that longitudinal serological studies are required to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.

1 illus, 28 ref

041193   NAMBOOTHRI G N, CHACKO V I, RASHMI A, SATHYANATH S, MANJULA A (Community Medicine Dep, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka - 575 018, Email: anurash7@gmail.com) : Factors influencing age at menarche – a school based cross sectional study. Indian J Comm Health 2020, 32(2), 444-6.

Hormones, life style, animal proteins etc are factors that influence menarche. Like-wise a declining trend in age at menarche has been noticed over the past few years. This study was taken up with the objectives to study factors that are associated with menarche in our study population. Hence a school-based cross-sectional study was undertaken for the same which showed the mean age of menstruation was 12.5 years. It was significantly influenced by milk intake (p <.05). Mothers’ age at menarche was also found to be significantly associated with their daughters’ age at menarche. This study provides an insight into determining factors affecting age of menarche, focusing on dietary and maternal factors. Milk consumption was found to be an important factor.

2 tables, 10 ref

046438   PRAKASH M, OPHELIA A G, NARAYANAN G S, ANANDAN R, BARADHAN G, SURESHKUMAR S M (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, Email: geeth_prakash@yahoo.co.inh) : Effect of organic seed pelleting on seedling quality, gas exchange, growth, yield and resultant seed quality parameters of black gram. Legum Res 2020, 43(2), 221-8.

Seed pelleting with leaf powders of two botanicals viz., pungam (Pongamia glabra) and prosopis (Prosopis juliflora) was done to study the effect of botanical seed pelleting on seedling quality, gas exchange, growth, yield and resultant seed quality parameters of black gram in the laboratory and field. From the results, it was found that, seeds pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg^-1 recorded higher germination percentage (93.00), root length (18.35 cm), shoot length (19.34 cm), dry matter production (0.48 mg seedling ^-10 ) and vigour index (3505.10). The yield parameters such as pod length, number of pods plant^-1, pod yield plant^-1, number of seeds pod^-1 and 100 seed weight were also found higher in pungam leaf powder pelleting treatment @ 150 g kg^-1. The control recorded the least values in all these growth and yield parameters of black gram.

4 tables, 41 ref

044965   NAGAR A, PASRICHA N, STHAPAK E, GURJAR D, LAL H (Anatomy Dep, GSVM Medical Coll, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: nivibedi@gmail.com) : A computed tomography angiography study to correlate main renal artery diameter with presence of accessory renal artery in healthy live kidney donors. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(4), 196-200.

The chosen technique of surgery during nephrectomy can be influenced by the sudden discovery of an aberrant source of blood supply to the kidney. Thus, a prospective study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the diameter of the main renal artery and the presence of an accessory renal artery by computed tomography (CT)‑angiography. The study was conducted on 115 healthy kidney donors who presented to the department of nephrology and radiology for voluntary kidney donation. All CT examinations were performed on a 64‑slice CT scanner in the arterial phase. The number of the renal arteries supplying each kidney was evaluated and their diameters were measured. Eighty‑six of the right side and 88 of the left side of the 115 kidneys donors had a single renal artery whereas 29 had one or more accessory renal artery (aRA) on the right side and 27 had one or more aRA on the left side. The mean diameter of mRA was 5.4 ± 1.0 mm in kidneys without aRA and 4.6 ± 10 mm in kidneys with aRA on the right side and on the left side the mean diameter of mRA was 5.59 ± 1.12 mm in kidneys without aRA and 4.7 ± 1.2 mm in kidneys with aRA. The presence of additional renal arteries is very probable when the main renal artery has a diameter of < 4.15 mm. Kidneys presenting a main renal artery > 5.5 mm very probably do not present additional renal arteries. Hence, the renal artery diameter is a factor which should be considered for predicting the presence of additional renal arteries.

6 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

046434   LAVKOR I (Biological Control Research Institute, Adana, Turkey, Email: lavkor@gmail.com) : Quantitative detection of Aflatoxin and species identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolates from peanuts using molecular approaches. Legum Res 2020, 43(2), 195-9.

Totally, 50 Aspergillus section Flavi were identified isolates having aflatoxin biosynthesis genes on peanut by molecular method and aflatoxin production. Primer pair (IGS-F/R) recognized the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene (aflJ-aflR) targeting the intergenic region (IGS) on DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The PCR product were restricted by BglII enzyme within Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and obtained from 33 (66 %) Aspergillus flavus was cleaved into three band sizes of 362, 210 and 102 bp. However, BglII enzyme generated two band sizes of 363 and 311 bp for 17 (34 %) Aspergillus parasiticus. An investigation examined DNA sequence data to characterize these isolates and describe the species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. flavus and A. parasiticus have been identified in different groups. All the A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced aflatoxins. The present study provides a new method on molecular characterization of A. section Flavi in Turkey.

4 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

046429   PANDEY A K, SINGH A K, SINGH P, VYAS R P, SINGH R K, BHANDARI H (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Buxar- 802 136, Email: prakash201288@gmail.com) : Characterization and identification of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes based on quality of seed protein. Legum Res 2020, 43(2), 165-71.

Tris- and water-soluble seed protein profiling was used to characterize, identify and differentiate 13 genotypes of pigeonpea via SDS– PAGE based electrophoresis of seed protein. Electropherograms, RM-value and UPGMA based cluster (dendrograms) analysis was used to analyze tris- and water-soluble protein banding patterns of these genotypes. It revealed that RM-value of protein bands have differed from all the genotypes for both soluble proteins. Tris-soluble protein banding pattern exhibited 17 bands including 12-15 variate of RM-value (0.083 to 0.98) and two common bands with RM-value 0.083 and 0.78. However, water-soluble protein banding pattern revealed the presence of 16 bands including 8-12 variate of RM-value (0.16 to 0.95) with four common bands of RM-value 0.43, 048, 0.23 and 0.65, respectively. UPGMA cluster analysis was used to group the 13 genotypes into six distinct clusters. The banding pattern of tris-soluble protein was found to be more distinct than water-soluble protein. The result demonstrated that the electrophoretic profile of tris-soluble protein through SDS-PAGE was more effective than the water-soluble protein.

4 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

046424   MANDAL D, BHATTACHARYYA P B, DAS R, BHATTACHARYYA S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur- 741 252, Email: bhattacharyya.pk@gmail.com) : Diversity analysis by SSR markers and morphological markers among Stemphylium blight tolerance genotypes with high yielding cultivars of Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medik). Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 617-22.

Twelve Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers along with twelve morphological markers were used to assess the diversity among thirteen screened genotypes both moderate resistant and susceptible against stemphylium blight of indigenous microsperma germplasm (i.e. pilosae) type  of  Lentil  (Lens culinaris Medik.) at BCKV, West Bengal. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of SSR primers ranged from 0.77 (SSR 317-2) to 0.15 (PBA LC 0233). The maximum Jaccard’s similarity was recorded between L-4769 and Ranjan (approximately 100 %) whereas minimum was between K-75 and VL 126 (0.11). Genotypes K-75 also showed less similarity with DL 14-2 and VL 151 (0.17). Another popular variety WBL 77 showed minimum similarity with moderately resistant genotypes VL 151 and DL 14-2 (0.17). While using morphological characters as the basis of diversity analysis, Euclidean coefficient revealed that high yielding cultivar Subrata was maximum diverse with genotype VL 151(7.12). Asha also showed diversity with VL 151(6.31) whereas VL 151 had dissimilarity coefficient of 6.21 with K-75. Precoz and VL 126 has dissimilarity coefficient of 6.19. On the basis of above findings it could be said that diverse parental pairs VL 151 & K 75 and VL 151 & Subrata / Asha could be used in hybridization programme or biotic stress breeding programme for developing Stemphylium resistant lentil cultivars in future.

2 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

046421   SEHRAWAT A, KHANDELWAL A, SINDHU S S (Microbiology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Email: anjusehrawat90@gmail.com) : Characterization of Mesorhizobium strains for salt tolerance and wilt control: Their potential for plant growth promotion of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 146-50.

Mesorhizobium sp. indirectly promote the growth of plants as a biocontrol agent by inhibiting the growth of pathogens particularly Fusarium wilt of chickpea. Out of 24 Mesorhizobium isolates obtained from chickpea nodules, eight isolates showed antagonistic effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Salinity stress severely affects growth, nodulation and yield of chickpea. Mesorhizobium isolates were tested for their salt tolerance capacity at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 % NaCl concentrations. Only two Mesorhizobium isolates MCA5 and MCA22 were found salt-tolerant upto 8 % of salt concentration. Maximum increase (45.5 %) in shoot dry weight was observed by inoculation of isolate MCA20 at 40 days of chickpea growth under chillum jar conditions, whereas isolate MCA23 resulted in 166.2 % increase in root dry weight. Likewise, 112.6 % increase in shoot dry weight was observed on inoculation of MCA14 isolate at 80th day of observation. Further extensive research is required to understand the mechanism of potential Mesorhizobium isolates of chickpea in controlling Fusarium wilt disease and salt tolerance. Selection of mesorhizobia with twin functional traits (plant growth promoting and biocontrol agent) can be exploited as future biofertilizer in chickpea

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

046419   MONDAL H K, GERA R (Microbiology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Email: hkmsg07@gmail.com) : Molecular diversity of stress-tolerant PGPR rhizobia nodulating clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) grown in hyper-arid zone of Rajasthan. Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 134-9.

A total of 81 rhizobia were retrieved from nodules of clusterbean grown in hyper-arid zone of Rajasthan. Twenty one rhizobial isolates showed combined drought tolerance of 40 % concentration of polyethylene glycol 6000 and temperature tolerance at 45$°$C. All the stress-tolerant rhizobia were authenticated by plant infectivity test and further showed the presence of nitrogen fixation nifH gene. Most of the stress-tolerant rhizobia harbour multiple PGPR traits. The molecular diversity among stress-tolerant rhizobia was accomplished through RFLP of 16S rDNA using restriction enzymes MspI and HaeIII. Dendrogram data showed that all 21 isolates were distributed into two major clusters. Total of 20 genotypes were formed but 13 biotypes were constituted at 80 % level of similarity. Out of these, biotype 10 was found to be the most prevalent biotype of hyper-arid zone. Moreover, isolates from same nodule were not 100 % similar. It indicated that vast diversity was present among stress-tolerant clusterbean rhizobial isolates.

4 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

046418   GIRIJA D, PANCHAMI P S, JOSE P E, SAEED T, NAIR S S (Agricultural Microbiolgy Dep, Kerala Agricultural Univ, Vellanikkara- 680 656, Email: devakigirija@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of native cowpea rhizobia from Wayanad India. Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 126-33.

In the present study, eight rhizobial strains (RH-1 to RH- 8) were isolated from root nodules of cowpea which grows in acidic soils of Wayanad. They were characterized based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The results on plant growth promoting traits showed all isolates positive to IAA production, four positive to ammonia production and five positive for in vitro siderophore production. Three isolates exhibited antagonistic activity and none of them showed volatile cyanogen production.The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed all the isolates to show similarity to Rhizobium sp. While rhizobia generally have a pH range of 6.5-7.5 for optimum growth, the isolates RH-1. RH-2, RH-4 and RH-8 grew in a liquid yeast extract - mannitol agar medium at pH-4, suggesting acid tolerance in the strain of Rhizobium. The isolates were authenticated for their nodulation and growth promotion of cowpea in a paper cup experiment and four isolates (RH-2, RH-3, RH-4 and RH-5) were evaluated for their growth promotion in cowpea under field condition. It was observed that inoculation of Rhizobium increased nodulation, growth parameters and yield of cowpea compared to uninoculated control. This study showed that these rhizobial isolates with plant growth promoting traits can be used to promote the growth and yield of cow peain acidic soils of Kerala.

4 illus, 8 tables, 37 ref

046405   KUMAR R, SINGH C M, ARYA M, KUMAR R, MISHRA S B, SINGH U K, PASWAN S (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Rajendra Agricultural Univ, Samastipur- 848 125, Email: rajrau.2007@rediffmail.com) : Investigating stress indices to discriminate the physiologically efficient heat tolerant genotypes of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 43-9.

In present global climatic scenario, heat stress is one of the prime problems affecting production of mungbean crop during summer. A major objective of mungbean breeding programs to increase genetic potential of genotypes under heat stress environments. In order to identify heat tolerant promising lines, a total of 35 genotypes were evaluated in normal and heat stress environments during 2012-2013. Eight heat indices were used on the basis of grain yield in normal and heat stress environment. Highest significant positive correlations were observed among mean productivity, Geometric mean productivity, stress tolerant index and yield indices under both normal and heat stress environments. Based on 3-D plot, the genotypes i.e. SML 1186, NDM 12-308, IPM 02-4 and Smrat were found with high stress indices score and could be utilized in mungbean breeding programs to introduce and develop the heat tolerant promising varieties

3 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

046403   CHINAPOLAIAH A, BINDU K H, KHADKE G N, MANJESH G N, RAO N H, KUMAR S S, SUTHAR M K (ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Gujarat- 387 310, Email: acpolireddy.hortico@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity analysis in underutilized medicinal climber Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. germplasm revealed by inter simple sequence repeats markers. Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 32-7.

Velvet bean is an important medicinal legume, its seeds are prominent source of L-Dopa. The present investigation on genetic diversity assessment of 58 germplasm of velvet bean by using 11 ISSR markers. Out of 63 amplified products 59 were showed polymorphism and 4 were monomorphic with an average of 5.7 bands amplified per primer. According to band statistics and efficiency parameters showed the primers UBC 827, UBC 834 and UBC 836 were more efficient. The highest genetic similarity values (0.90) were observed between IIHR MP 102 and IIHR MP 74-3. In dendrogram germplasm grouped into two major clusters at 63 per cent similarity. Among the germplasm, IIHR Selection 4, IIHR Selection 10, IIHR MP 9, IC 33243 and IIHR MP 7 were found to be distinctly divergent, can be used in the further breeding programme.

1 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

046402   NAGESHWAR, KUMAR B, SUMAN H, MADAKEMOHEKAR A H, TAMATAM D (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara-144 411, Email: bijendracsa1986@gmail.com) : Combining ability and heterosis analysis for grain yield and yield associated traits in Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 25-31.

This experiment was conducted to determine the general and specific combining abilities and heterosis for grain yield and yield associated traits in pea as a source of protein through line x tester analysis. Grain yield and its inheritance were carried out for investigation through a 12 x 3 line x tester analysis. Experimental materials comprising 15 parents and their 36 hybrids. The materials were planted in a randomized block design with three replications. The general combining ability and Specific combining ability effects were significant indicating the presence of both additive and non-additive types of gene actions. Heterosis was determined as the superiority over mid parent heterosis as well as better parent (HBP). Grain yield showed highly significant heterosis ranging from - 36.29 to 8.77and relative heterosis ranged from -25.85 to 13.19 respectively

4 tables, 24 ref

041176   SHARMA S K, MUDGAL S K, CHATURVEDI J (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand - 249 203, Email: skaiims17@gmail.com) : Expression and interpretation of relative risk and odds ratio in biomedical research studies. Indian J Comm Health 2020, 32(2), 344-7.

Relative risk and odds ratio are commonly used in the biomedical research studies; however, expression and interpretation must be done very carefully. A risk ratio and an odds ratio are used in cohort studies but only odds ratio is used in case control studies. However, relative risk or risk ratio is found to be frequently used in the interventional biomedical research studies. The relative risk and odds ratio provide important information regarding the effect of a risk factor on the outcome of interest. The relative risk and odds ratio of 1 suggests that there is no difference between two groups. A value >1 suggests increase risk, while a value <1 suggest reduction of risk. If the confidence interval meets or includes value 1.00 (line of no difference) indicates there is no difference between the groups.

4 tables, 6 ref

044900   LEDIN A E, STYRSKY J D, STYRSKY J N (Biology Dep, Lynchburg Univ, VA- 24501, Email: styrsky.j@lynchburg.edu) : Friend or foe? Orb-weaver spiders inhabiting ant–acacias capture both herbivorous insects and acacia ant alates. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa076.

The orb-weaver spiders Eustala oblonga (Chickering) and Eustala illicita (O. Picard-Cambridge) (Araneae: Araneidae) inhabit the ant-defended acacias Vachellia melanocerus (Beurling) and Vachellia collinsii (Safford) (Fabales: Fabaceae), respectively, in Panama. These spiders do not capture patrolling Pseudomyrmex ants but exploit their plant-protection services to escape predation. What effect the spiders have on the ant-acacia mutualisms is unknown. They may provide an additional layer of plant defense by capturing flying herbivorous insects in their webs. Alternatively, the spiders may disrupt the ant–acacia mutualisms by capturing alate acacia ants during nuptial flights. We evaluated these two hypotheses by sampling insects flying through acacia foliage and by identifying prey remains in webs. The proportions of insects captured on sticky card traps and in webs varied with taxonomic order and ecological role. Herbivorous insects greatly outnumbered other groups captured on sticky cards and were captured in spiders’ webs in both acacia species but made up a minority of prey remains in webs. Instead, insect predators and parasitoids made up the majority of prey remains and were comprised primarily by alate ant mutualists of the host acacias. These results provide indirect support for both hypotheses and suggest that the spiders potentially both benefit and harm their host ant-acacia mutualisms. The net effect of spider exploitation, however, is unclear and is likely based on both the effectiveness of plant protection from herbivory provided by the spiders relative to that provided by acacia ants, as well as the overall proportion of the ant reproductive caste the spiders actually capture.

2 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

041144   CHRISTIAN D S, PATEL M, SOLANKI A K (GCS Medical Coll, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: mansipatel10@gmail.com) : An Epidemiological study of health behavioral and protective factors among school going adolescents (aged 13-17 years) of Ahmedabad, Gujarat using the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) questionnaire. Indian J Comm Health 2020, 32(1), 25-30.

Adolescence is considered as the next unsurpassed stage of life to childhood targeting for preventive and health promotional activities. Encouraging these activities firstly requires identification of high-risk behaviors and protective factors prevalent among such adolescents during current epidemiological transition period. To estimate the prevalence of various health behavioral and protective factors among school going adolescents of Ahmedabad. A cross sectional study was conducted among 403 school going adolescents of rural field practice areas of a medical institute using GSHS self-administered questionnaire -Indian version. Almost all aspects of the questionnaire such as dietary behaviors, hygiene, mental health, physical activity, protective factors, tobacco use, violence & unintentional injury, alcohol use and drug use were included in this study. Out of a total of 403 students, 25.3 % and 48.9 % of students ate fruits and vegetables three or more times a day in past 30 days, respectively. About 41.2 % of students drank carbonated drinks on two or more times per day. Majority (77.7 %) of the students brushed their teeth two times per day in past 30 days. Some 9.2 % of students felt lonely in past 12 months and 8.4 % of students had no close friends. Around 46.2 % of students missed classes or school without permission in past 30 days. 30 % of students remained physically active for all 7 days in last week. A few of students smoked cigarettes (2.5 %) and used any form of tobacco (7.9 %) on one or more days during past 30 days. The significant differences were found in many areas of risk behaviors as well as protective factors between boys and girls. Various unhealthy behaviors and protective factors were identified among school going adolescents from the present study. The difference was significant.

5 tables, 15 ref

044887   PINCH M, RODRIGUEZ S D, MITRA S, KANDEL Y, MOORE E, HANSEN I A (Biology Dep, New Mexico State Univ, NM- 88003, Email: mpinch@nmsu.edu) : Low levels of pyrethroid resistance in hybrid offspring of a highly resistant and a more susceptible mosquito strain. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa060.

The use of insecticides has been a central approach to control disease-transmitting mosquitoes for the last century. The high prevalence of pyrethroid use as public health insecticides has resulted in the evolution of pyrethroid resistance in many populations of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), throughout its global distribution range. Insecticide resistance is often correlated with an associated fitness cost. In this project, we studied the phenotypes of hybrid mosquitoes derived from crossing a pyrethroid-resistant strain of Ae. aegypti (Puerto Rico [PR]) with a more susceptible one (Rockefeller [ROCK]). We first sequenced and compared the para gene of both original strains. We then crossed males from one strain with females of the other, creating two hybrids (Puertofeller, Rockorico). We used a Y-tube choice assay to measure the attraction of these strains towards a human host. We then compared the levels of pyrethroid resistance in the different strains. We found three known resistance mutations in the para gene sequence of the PR strain. In our attraction assays, PR females showed lower attraction to humans, than the ROCK females. Both hybrid strains showed strong attraction to a human host. In the insecticide resistance bottle assays, both hybrid strains showed marginal increases in resistance to permethrin compared to the more susceptible ROCK strain. These results suggest that hybrids of sensitive and permethrin-resistant mosquitoes have an incremental advantage compared to more susceptible mosquitoes when challenged with permethrin. This explains the rapid spread of permethrin resistance that was observed many times in the field.

3 illus, 1 tables, 59 ref

041130   ANILA K R, KAINICKAL C T, THOMAS S, JAYASREE K (Pathology Dep, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, Email: venuanila@yahoo.com) : Grossing and reporting of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity—An evidence‑based approach. Indian J Cancer 2020, 57(4), 378-87.

The grossing of radical surgery specimens of the head and neck region is extremely challenging due to the complicated anatomy with the inclusion of various tissues such as mucosa, soft-tissue, bone, skin, etc., in the specimen. Also, essential/ core data provided in the histopathology report significantly influence further treatment decisions taken. The eighth edition of the cancer staging manual of the American Joint Committee on Cancer has brought about major changes in reporting of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Though pathologists in oncology centers who routinely handle such specimens are aware of these updates and the impact of their report on patient management, this may not be true for other peripheral centers that may be handling these specimens. Lack of awareness can lead to a compromised report which will adversely affect patient management. This article attempts to discuss the salient features to be noted in grossing and reporting of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the rationale behind this.

3 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

042935   JAIN J, GAUR S, CHAUDHARY Y, KAUL R ( Microbiology Dep, Delhi Univ, New Delhi, Email: rkaul@south.du.ac.in) : The molecular biology of intracellular events during Coronavirus infection cycle. Indian J Virol 2020, 31(2), 75–9.

CoV-2 which is the causative agent of COVID19 belongs to genus betacoronaviruses. The sequence analysis of S protein of CoV-2 has shown that it has acquired a ‘polybasic cleavage site’ consisting of 12 aminoacids that has been predicted to enable its cleavage by other cellular proteases possibly increasing its transmissibility. The aminoacids present in receptor binding domain of S protein of SARS CoV which are critical for its binding to cellular receptor are different in CoV-2. The presence of heptanucleotide slippery sequence in ORF1 resulting in ribosomal frameshifting, and presence of transcription regulatory sequences between ORFs resulting in discontinuous transcription, are peculiar features of Coronavirus infection cycle. The exonuclease activity of nsp14 provides possible proofreading ability to RNA polymerase makes coronaviruses different from other RNA viruses allowing coronaviruses to maintain their relatively large genome size. This mini-review summarizes the peculiar features of Coronaviruses genome and the critical events during the infection cycle with focus on CoV-2.

24 ref

044879   LITTLE C M, CHAPMAN T W, HILLIER N K (Biology Dep, Acadia Univ, NS- B4P2R6, Canada, Email: clittle@mun.ca) : Plasticity is key to success of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) invasion. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa034.

After its initial discovery in California in 2008, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura has become one of the most important invasive agricultural pest insects across climate zones in much of Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Populations of D. suzukii have demonstrated notable behavioral and physiological plasticity, adapting to diverse environmental and climatic conditions, interspecific competition, novel food sources, and potential predators. This adaptability and plasticity have enabled rapid range expansion and diversified niche use by D. suzukii, making it a species particularly suited to changing habitats and conditions. This article reviews factors and evidence that influence plasticity in D. suzukii and promotes this species’ invasiveness.

127 ref

041118   NAGPAL A, VERMA S, SHAH R, BHAT G R, BHAT A, BAKSHI D, SHARMA B, KAUL S, KUMAR R (Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Univ, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: kumar.rakesh@smvdu.ac.in) : Genetic polymorphism of hOGG1 ser326cys and its association with breast cancer in Jammu and Kashmir. Indian J Cancer 2020, 57(2), 187-9.

8‑Oxo‑7, 8‑dihydro‑2’‑deoxyguanosine (8‑oxodG) is a potent DNA damage marker that leads to cellular oxidative stress. It is a DNA‑repair enzyme that participates in “8‑oxodG” DNA adducts removal. Previous studies show weak associations of rs1052133 (hOGG1) in breast cancer patients of Northern India. We performed this study to explore the variant rs1052133 (hOGG1) with breast in the population of Jammu and Kashmir (J and K). A polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism ‑based single‑nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypic study was carried out in peripheral blood samples of 165 breast cancer patients and 200 healthy controls, using specific primers. Sanger sequencing verified the results. hOGG1‑Ser326Cys polymorphism occurred frequently in cases as compared with controls. Data were evaluated by SPSS V.13 software, following Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P = 0.002 at OR 2.57; 95% CI[1.68–3.93]), which showed that the SNP rs1052133 had a significant association with increased risk of breast cancer. Overall, the results of this analysis show that the hOGG1‑Ser326Cys polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk for breast cancer in the J and K population.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

044874   WASSMER T (Biology Dep, Siena Heights Univ, MI- 49221, Email: tom@wassmer.org) : Attractiveness of cattle dung to Coprophilous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea and sphaeridiinae) and their segregation during the initial stages of the heterotrophic succession on a pasture in southeast Michigan. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa040.

Only a few mostly older studies analyzed the heterotrophic succession of dung beetles in the Midwestern United States. Such studies are needed to track the impacts of the climate crisis on heterotrophic succession and the associated decomposition processes that are central to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. The current study closes this knowledge gap and provides an easy and efficient method to estimate the relative attractiveness of individual dung pads during heterotrophic succession. The dung beetle community of Carpenter Farm in Adrian, Southeast Michigan was sampled for an entire year, including the winter months, using 15 pitfall traps baited with fresh cow manure. Samples were collected after 48 h and again after 72 h exposure time from the bucket content while leaving the bait unhampered. Eighty-four percent of all beetles were caught in the early sample, but only 6 species were missing in the later sample. A cluster analysis based on Pianka’s niche overlap identified a statistically higher mean overlap than expected by chance in a null model (model RA3) and divided the species community clearly into three clusters separating most relocators from most dwellers. Despite using a different method, my results confirmed the successional position of most previously described species and added data for several species with poor or unknown successional state. The successional segregation between dwellers and relocators discovered by the cluster analysis was paralleled by a significantly larger body size of relocators across taxonomic groups as compared to dwellers.

6 illus, 4 tables, 113 ref

044863   SURAPORN S, TERENIUS O (Biology Dep, Mahasarakham Univ, Thailand, Email: siripuk_s@yahoo.com) : Sensitivity of polyvoltine thai strains of Bombyx mori to a bmnpv isolate from mahasarakham. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa023.

Virus infection by the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is the most severe disease in Thai sericultural practice of polyvoltine silkworms. Here, we characterized a newly isolated BmNPV isolated from the Mahasarakham province in Thailand (BmNPV-MSU). The purity and morphology of BmNPV-MSU were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) of BmNPV-MSU appeared in tetragonal, hexagonal, octagonal, and globular forms. The virions were both single and multiple embedded as observed by transmission electron microscopy. We also determined the virulence of BmNPV-MSU for six different Thai polyvoltine strains by LC50 and time to death after infection. The LC50 values of Nang Lai, NK04, and Sam Rong strains were 5.05–1.52 × 107 PIBs per ml and mortality peaked 7- to 8-d after inoculation. For Nang Noi, SP2, and RE05 strains the LC50 values were 7.91–1.82 × 106 PIBs/ml and mortality peaked 4–5 d after inoculation, thus having lower chance of survival to infection by BmNPV-MSU.

4 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

041088   UPADHYAY G (Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Kamachcha, Varanasi - 221 010, Email: sharma.garima2008@gmail.com) : Nutrition therapy in diabetes mellitus: A Retrospective Study. Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 211-20.

Diabetes is one of the biggest global public health problems with the estimated prevalence to increase from 425 million people in 2017 to 629 million by 2045, with linked health, social and economic costs. Type 2 diabetes is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in most developed countries and there is growing evidence that it has reached epidemic proportions in many developing and newly industrialized countries. Since diet, physical activity and weight are modifiable factors and are also critical for slowing, or even reversing, this trend. Awareness about diabetes complications and consequent improvement in dietary knowledge, attitude and practices lead to better control of the disease. In order to improve the overall metabolism beyond calorie restriction and weight loss, it is crucial to integrate medical nutrition therapy into primary care of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This paper gives insight into need and different approaches of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in type 2 diabetes. It outlines various approaches used till present based on studies and recommendations given. It is concluded that collaborative efforts from diabetologists, endocrinologists, and registered dieticians are required, since single approach to diabetes MNT does not exist. The diabetic diet must be nutritionally adequate for the patients’ requirement and it should be tailor made for each individual patient based on age, sex, body weight and physical activity and taking into consideration, their lifestyle, socioeconomic factors, cultural background, and motivation too. Various studies concluded that evidence exists demonstrating that MNT can improve clinical outcomes while possibly decreasing the cost of managing diabetes.

2 tables, 28 ref

041083   RAI A, SINGH S K (Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut - 250 005, Email: singh.sujeet121@gmail.com) : Probiotication of vegetable juice by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 159-69.

The benefits of consuming food with added live microbes (probiotics) on human health are being increasingly promoted by the health professionals. The term Probiotic was technically defined as ‘‘live microorganisms which upon ingestion in certain numbers exert health benefits beyond inherent general nutrition’. In the present study vegetable fruit juice (beet root and bottle guard) are used for the probiotication by Lactobacillus acidophilus. The bacteria was isolated from curd sample and characterized on morphological and biochemical basis. The vegeatble juices were probioticated with the isolated bacteria and further analysis of the probioticated juice was done. Increase in percentage acidity and decrease in pH was observed and the nutritonal analysis revealed the presence of vitamins and organic acids. The probioticated juice samples also showed good antagonistic acitivity against the pathogenic bacteria species. The characters of the probioticated substrates were studied and were tested for shelf life. It was evidently proved that immobilized cultures remained viable over a long period of time and the probiotically fermented drinks were potentially inhibiting the pathogenic growth. Prospective studies on mechanisms of the probiotic activities may enable their new medical applications for lactose intolerant and diabetic patients.

1 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

041076   ASHISH, KUMAR M (Botany Dep, Baba Mastnath Univ, Rohtak - 124 021 (Haryana), Email: manojvermamdu@gmail.com) : Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application on soil fertility, productivity and nutritional status of Rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 103-14.

Field experiments were carried out on rice crop at Rohtak 124001, India and evaluated the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Azotobacter sp., Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) with 75 % nitrogen (N) and recommended dose of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The results showed that maximum plant height and number of tillers were recorded by application of treatment (75 % N + Full P, K + Azotobacter sp. + Bacillus sp. + Pseudomonas sp.). The combined application of 75 % N with either two or three species of PGPR, viz. (75 % N + Full P, K + Azotobacter sp. + Bacillus sp., 75 % N + Full P, K + Bacillus sp. + Pseudomonas sp., 75% N + Full P, K + Azotobacter sp. + Pseudomonas sp. and 75 % N + Full P, K + Azotobacter sp. + Bacillus sp. + Pseudomonas sp.) treatments had significantly increased growth attributes over treatment (75 % N + Full P, K). The highest grain yield in rice crop was recorded by the application of (75 % N + Full P, K + Azotobacter sp. + Bacillus sp. + Pseudomonas sp.) treatment.

7 tables, 17 ref

041071   GANGULY S (Physiology Dep, Vidyasagar Coll, Kolkata - 700 006, Email: res_biol@rediffmail.com) : Evidence for auxotrophic nature of Corynebacterium glutamicum X680. Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(1), 63-9.

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the specific nutritional deficiency of the newly developed mutant Corynebacterium glutamicum X680 maintenance of its L-glutamic acid over production. In this connection, I added cyanocobalamin, folic acid, thiamine-HCl, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine-HCl, inositol, calcium pantothanate, paraamino benzoic acid (PABA) and biotin one by one in the minimal salt medium (2µg/ml each) to evaluate their specific requirement for this mutant. The mutant showed nutritional requirement for biotin only.Various concentrations of biotin were tested. The mutant required biotin auxotroph with 3 µg/ml. Different kinetic parameters like rate of product yield (qp), specific product yield (Yp/x) and rate of glucose consumption (Yp/s) were studied. Production of L-glutamic acid decreased significantly (p<0.01) above and below this concentration. The growth pattern and productivity varied with different concentrations of biotin. The mutant strain proved to be a biotin auxotroph.

3 illus, 32 ref

042874   KUMARI R, PRIYA (Botany Dep, B.R. Ambedkar Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Optimization of concentrations of plant growth regulators for in vitro multiple shoot formation and efficient root induction in Phyla nodiflora L. (Lippia nodiflora L.) an important medicinal plant. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 10(2), 39-44.

In the present study nodal and shoot tip explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and KN separately, which were fortified with three different concentrations of NAA. It was noted that when nodal explants was inoculated in MS+ 2.0 mg/l BAP and 1.5 mg/l NAA, the percentage of response for shoot bud induction was 88.84 and the number of shoots per explants in this medium was 9.64. These were the highest percentage of response and the number shoots in this medium. In the same culture condition the percentage response for shoot tip explants was 82.26, while the number of shoots buds per explants was 7.25, respectively. When nodal explants were inoculated in MS+ 2.0 mg/l KN + 1.5 mg/l NAA, the percentage response for shoot bud induction was 75.25 and umber of shoots per explants in this medium was 6.39, respectively. In the same medium, when the shoot tip explant was inoculated, the percentage of response for shoot bud initiation was 70.36 and number of shoots per explant was 4.75 respectively. It was further noted that although the above explants, also responded to other concentrations of BAP and KN, along with NAA in MS basal medium but there was discrepancy in both the percentage response as well as the number of shoot buds initiated per explants. Above in vitro raised and well grown plantlets were used for rooting. For this both ½ strength as well ¼ strength MS basal medium were supplemented with seven different concentrations of IAA and IBA separately. Shoots were excised and inoculated in the aforesaid rooting medium. Here again it was noted that the explants inoculated in ½ MS + 1.0 mg/l IBA revealed maximum percentage (73.54) after 36th days of inoculation. The number of roots per explants was 34. ½ MS + 1.0 mg/l IAA, induced roots and the percentage of response was 66.36, while the number of roots per explants was 2.6 only. It may be concluded that for shoot bud induction, nodal explant and MS + 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l IBA was most promising culture condition. Similarly, for root induction ½ MS + 1.0 mg/l IBA was the best medium for Phyla nodiflora.

2 tables, 32 ref

041063   GANGULY S (Physiology Dep, Vidyasagar Coll, Kolkata - 700 006, Email: res_biol@rediffmail.com) : Roles of Penicillin G and surfactants on extracellular secretion of L-glutamic acid as a function of membrane permeability. Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(1), 1-6.

The present investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of penicillinG and surfactants on L-glutamic acid production by a biotin auxotroph Corynebacterium glutamicum X680. Addition of penicillin G, 6U/ml, 8h after incubation led to maximum extracellular secretion of Lglutamic acid. Among different fatty acid derivatives (surfactants) studied, Tween60 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate), 0.5mg/ml, appeared to be the most suitable fatty acid derivative in extracellular secretion of L-glutamic acid from the bacterial cells in presence of biotin when added to the medium after 6h of incubation. Surprisingly, the stimulatory effect was dependent on addition time which was also reflected in the bacterial growth curve of Corynebacterium glutamicum X680.

5 illus, 18 ref

042855   KHALATE S S , CHANDGUDE P M , KAMBALE M M , DHAWAN S S, MANE S G , MARATHE R J , DESHMUKH R B , PHATAKE Y B (Microbiology Dep, Commerce and Science Coll, Pune - 413 115, Maharashtra, Email: sdhawan616@gmail.com) : Biofilm inhibition of UTI pathogens using Terminalia arjuna and Ipomea carnea plant extract. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(24), 2452–62.

To evaluate the antibiofilm potential of Terminalia arjuna and Ipomea carnea plant extract against potent biofilm forming UTI pathogens. In this study, previously isolated and characterized three UTI pathogens viz. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus equorum were used to evaluate antibiofilm potential of selected plants. Soxhlet apparatus was used with a solvent methanol for the extraction process. For the evaluation of antibiofilm activity of different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/ml) of plant extract in 3 % DMSO Crystal violet assay was used. The methanolic bark extract of T. arjuna showed maximum activity up to 89.84 % at 10mg/ml. against S. equorum while leaves extract of I. carnea gives maximum antibiofilm activity up to 67.53 % at 2mg/ml against E. coli. The result shows that the investigated plants might be helpful in the development of potent herbal drugs to treat UTI. 

11 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

044822   ALI M, NISHAD U, YADAV V K (Gaya Prasad Institute of Human Excellence for Pharmacy, Malihabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Evaluation of phytochemical & antibacterial activity on some Indian medicinal plants (Kateli, Datura, Makoi). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 51-60.

To prepare agar plates (cultures) of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Gramnegative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Klebsiella pneumonia (KP) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) individually. Collection of plant, Microbial strain and culture preparation, Preparation of antimicrobial extract by solvent extraction, antimicrobial analysis, determination of inhibitory concentration, phytochemical analysis, purification of secondary metabolism. Antibacterial screening of Solanum S, Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium: Anti bio gram analysis of Acetone, 80 % Methanol, Chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of Solanum virginianum, Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium extract against S. aureus (SA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), K. pneumoniae (KP) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Project was done in the end of May throughout this project, we come up to a point where we can state that Solanum nigrum (makoi) and Datura stramonium (Datura) plants are good source of antimicrobial compound and can give to be a good source of natural medicine. They activity of antimicrobial can be enhanced by using metal ions, tested in different temperature and pH and can be tested in various other solvent. It has demonstrated to be powerful against bacteria and used at raise temperatures. So, we can terminate that drugs made out of would not be based on what conditions that are stored, this gives an edge in hold the drugs build out of this fruit.

3 illus, 10 tables, 18 ref

044821   GONZÁLEZ-GUEVARA J C, REDONDO G L M, ZUÑIGA R V, SIBAJA S R (Costa Rica Univ, Costa Rica) : Comparison of the antifungal and antibacterial effect of the essential oil and ethanolic extract of the Zingiber officinale Rhizome (Ginger) cultivated in the San Carlos zone, Costa Rica in order to standardize a hydroponic medicinal cultivation of the same. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 43-50.

Ginger is a medicinal plant native to India. Its potential use in cosmetics, medicines and natural products has been reported, however depending on the conditions of cultivation the medicinal components of the different parts of the plant not only changes in its concentration, but in its composition, this modifies its action medicinal. Objective: Characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale cultivated in the San Carlos area, Costa Rica, and to compare its antifungal and antibacterial effect in order to standardize future crops of the plant. Hydroponic form and validate its pharmacological effect and, or Cosmetic a posteriori. The rhizomes of the plant were used, the active ingredients were extracted by ethanolic extraction with Soxhlet and steam distillation, the analysis was performed by a qualitative phytochemical profile for the ethanolic extract, and the composition of the essential oil was studied by means of Gas Chromatography coupled to a mass detector (GC-MS). In addition, microbiological tests were performed by plate diffusion for ethanolic extracts and essential oil with strains of bacteria and fungi common in cutaneous pathologies. By means of a scanning electron microscope. The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes in the ethanolic extract was qualitatively determined. In the characterization of the essential oil by GC-MS, geranial (27.42 %), neral (20.11 %), 1,8-cineol (13.35 %), camphene (4.65 %) and E-geraniol %). The composition obtained with the composition reported in the literature was compared, obtaining a clear difference with that reported in other studies, which allows to predict an antimicrobial behavior different from most of the traditional essential oils of this rhizome. It was determined that the essential oil inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Stahylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Enteroccocus faecalis, but not against Pseudomonas aureginosa, the ethanolic extract showed no antifungal or antibacterial activity, in addition it was demonstrated that the oil Essential has a stronger anti-Candida Albicans effect than inhibition halo at the same concentration of essential oil and that its mechanism of action included destruction of the membrane by pore formation and an osmotic shock.

8 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

044820   DAS M, SAHU D S, BANERJI A, NARASIMHAJI C V, HAZRA J (Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Pharmacognostical evaluation and HPTLC fingerprinting profile of fresh and dried leaves of rabonlata (Mikania micrantha Kunth.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 37-42.

Recently, there has been a global surge of interest in herbal drugs, which have been in use for centuries in traditional Asian schools of medicine. Current research on plant-based drugs continue to provide new remedies to mankind. The weed Rabonlata (Mikania micrantha Kunth.) has medicinal properties and is widely used in ethnomedical practice in India and other south-east Asian countries. The present study reports comparative HPTLC finger-printing studies of the fresh and dried leaves of Rabonlata (Mikania micrantha Kunth.) and pharmacognostical studies.

6 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

044817   TOKLO P M, YAYI-LADEKAN E, SAKIRIGUI A, ASSOGBA F M, ALOWANOU G G, AHOMADEGBE M A, HOUNZANGBÉ-ADOTÉ S, GBENOU J D (Abomey Calavi Univ, Bénin) : Phytochemistry and pharmacological review of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 22-30.

As part of the development of traditional medicine rich in Africa and particularly in Bénin, several studies have been conducted for years to evaluate the ethnopharmacological properties of medicinal plants. It is in this context that Mitragyna inermis is known for many of these properties mentioned in the traditional pharmacopoeia and whose biological analyses have confirmed some of them. The purpose of this work is to summarise previous work; biological as chemical on this plant. The extracts showed that it has antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic properties. The isolated compounds are certainly responsible for these known biological activities. The synergistic action of the compounds present in the extracts can justify also its use in the treatment of several pathologies. Finally, this review of literature carried out on this plant, is a contribution to the synthesis of the previous works carried out in order to deepen its valuation.

53 ref

044815   NAND K K, CHINCHANE V N, GOPAL G R, PURI S G (Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Studies on combining ability for yield, yield contributing and fibre quality traits in desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 12-4.

Line x tester analysis was carried out involving 6 line and 4 testers for seed cotton yield and fibre quality traits. Significant difference among genotypes was observed for all traits under study meaning thereby considerable amount of genetic variability. The magnitude of GCA variances was higher than SCA variance suggesting per-ponderance of additive gene effects for almost all the traits. The genotypes PA 785, PA 774, JLA 794 and JLA 611 were found good general combiner for seed cotton yield and yield contributing characters. The cross combinations PA 785 x DAS 1201, PA 785 x JLA 794 had significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield. Therefore, the breeder should compromise at acceptable values of seed cotton yield and fiber quality parameters. It is advocated that the genotypes having such values for these traits could be used in further breeding programme.

4 tables, 8 ref

044814   CHINCHANE V N, BAIG K S, GOPAL G R (Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Performance of Gossypium arboreum genotypes of different agro-climatic zones for yield and fibre quality parameters under rainfed condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 10-11.

Cotton is an important agriculture commodity for export in the form of raw cotton, cotton yarn and other value added textile goods. The textile industry demands long staple cotton genotypes for better clothes. Therefore in the present investigation, Gossypium arboreum genotypes from different agro-climatic zones were evaluated to study their superiority for yield and quality parameters. The genotypes evaluated in the present study showed high yield potential on par with the zonal check AKA 7.These genotypes show wide range of variation for different yield and fibre quality characters. Among the twenty eight genotypes of G. arboreum cotton, the genotype PA 785 and CISA 6-2 were the best genotypes for seed cotton yield as well as fibre properties like fibre length, fibre strength, uniformity ratio and fibre fineness.

1 table, 10 ref

044813   GANGARADDI V, BRAHMAPRAKASH G P, KRISHNA NAIK L, MUDALAGIRIYAPPA (Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Screening of the selected formulations of a microbial consortium for their effectiveness on the growth of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 1-9.

A Greenhouse investigation was carried out to screen the effectiveness of selected four formulations (alginate based, fluid bed dryer based, lignite and liquid formulations) of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (AIMs) viz., Azotobacter chroococcum., Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth parameters of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. gaertn.). As a result, the plant growth parameters such as higher plant height (38.93 cm), maximum number of leaves (9.67), total chlorophyll content (2.54mg/g of leaf), total nitrogen uptake (103.56mg/ plant), total phosphorus uptake (63.11mg/plant) and total biomass content (12.87g/plant) were recorded in plants treated with triple inoculants in liquid formulation. The present study revealed that the triple inoculants in liquid formulation contributed more to the growth attributes and nutrient uptake compared to the other test formulations used in the present study.

2 illus, 9 tables, 35 ref

046338   PALLAVI M , KRISHNA K V R , REDDY P S, RATNAVATHI C V, SUJATHA P, SRIRAM A (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Hyderabad - 500 030, Email: mpl24@rediffmail.com) : Heterosis for grain yield, rancidity and associated characters in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). The J Res PJTSAU 2020, 48 (1&2), 28-38.

Heterosis for grain yield, rancidity and associated characters was studied in pearl millet in line × tester design. Thirty two crosses were generated using eight CMS lines and four testers and evaluated along with parental lines and two checks to estimate heterosis for ten characters in pearl millet. Non-additive gene action was predominant for all the characters under study except effective tillers per plant. None of the hybrids showed significant heterosis over the check 86 M 86 for grain yield, while hybrids 92777A × R22, 97111A × R39 and 04999A × 08222R showed significantly positive heterosis of 254.81, 230.28 and 214.98 respectively over the check HHB 67. The hybrids 03666A × 08222R, 05444A × 08222R and 98222A × 08222R exhibited significantly lower negative standard heterosis over the check 86 M 86 for alcoholic acididty at 5th day of storage indicating higher longevity in these lines.

3 tables, 19 ref

046335   VARALAKSHMI K, NEELIMA S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agricultural Coll, Mahanandi - 518 502, Email: varalakshmikumba156@gmail.com) : Estimation of heterosis for seed yield and oil content in sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.). The J Res PJTSAU 2020, 48 (1&2), 1-11.

In India the first case of COVID-19 was detected on 30 January 2020. As of today the figures in India are confirmed cases 17,656, with 559 deaths so far, according to data published by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare on Monday. Of these 14,255 are active cases of COVID-19, 2,841 individuals have recovered and discharged from hospital, one person migrated to another country and 559 people succumbed to the disease. Since 31 December 2019 and as of 20 April 2020, 23,55,853 cases of COVID-19 (in accordance with the applied case definitions and testing strategies in the affected countries) have been reported, including 1,64,656 deaths. Citizens globally are impacted with diverse information on dos and don'ts during the Pandemic of CODIV-19 and were restricted to maintain a physical distancing, while under total LOCKDOWN condition and even at certain hotspots in curfew like environment. The key challenge was how to connect with the citizens and enable them to access credible information on the pandemic outbreak and how a healthy citizen can remain healthy during the most deadly attack ever happened in the world by an invisible enemy, Coronavirus-19. Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India decided to organize a series of seminar for the global community starting from 27 April to connect with the citizens and share the knowledge and communicate in simple, easy to understand language spread over six days through virtual webinar to start a consultative dialogue with all the stakeholders on issues concerning COVID 19 and how Indian Traditional Medicines (AYUSH) can play a role in globally to partner with Modern Medical Science. Role of Government of India to Empower Citizens-Patients to Fight Against Coronavirus: Government of India immediately sprang into action by launching a 24X7 Helpline Number on Phone and email: COVID-19 Helpline Number: +91-11- 23978046 Toll Free : 1075 Helpline Email ID: In order to enable citizens to access information from credible source and supplement the work done by Government of India and the State Governments, Patient Safety and Access Initiative of India Foundation (FSAIIF) decided to collaborate with the Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University (BHU) to reach out to the patients and citizens to take advantage of all the facilities provided by the various stakeholders to credible information and seek consultation on preventive and curative care through the telemedicine centre of BHU, which was made official by Government of India on 25 March 2020 through a publication on "Telemedicine Practice Guidelines Enabling Registered Medical Practitioners to Provide Healthcare Using Telemedicine" released by the BOARD OF GOVERNORS, In supersession of the Medical Council of India in partnership with NITI Aayog. Subsequently Government of India launched the National Tele-consultation Centre (CoNTeC) on 28 March 2020 a single mobile number (+91 9115444155) for seeking information from anywhere in the country/world by COVID-19 treating doctors to reach the CoNTeC which has six lines that can be used simultaneously at present. The incoming calls will be picked up by the CoNTeC Managers, who will then handover the call to the appropriate expert doctors from the clinical domains as desired by the calling specialists managing the COVID-19 cases anywhere in the country. The Managers will guide the callers in establishing a two way video call using the WhatsApp, Skype or Google Duo as preferred by the caller. The callers from the NMCN network can connect anytime using the Telemedicine infrastructure at their end. Subsequently BHU Telemedicine Centre started providing information and consultation to the citizens on phone number +91542-2368028 to connect with registered medical practitioners. The calls were received by operators and then as-per patient need - transferred to respective doctors for tele consultation.

6 tables, 23 ref

041003   KUMARI I, KUMAR R (Life Science Dep, Arni Univ, Kangra - 176 401, Himachal Pradesh, Email: drkumar83@rediffmail.com) : Pollen substitute diet for Apis mellifera: Consumption and effects on colony parameters in sub-tropical Himalaya. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(2), 147-53.

Apiculture plays an important role in improving crop productivity all over the world. The enrichment and enhancement of apiculture lies in the good health and hygiene of honey bees. Honeybees require pollen and nectar rich flowers to satisfy their nutritional requirements. But such flowers of bee’s interest are not available round the year. Therefore, honey bees require special care and management during dearth periods. The palatability, consumption and effects of protein-rich diet(s) were assessed on honey bee colonies of Apis mellifera. The colonies were also supplied with patties of diet formulated in laboratory (bee sup), diet proposed by Haydak (1967) and NBB, New Delhi (India), sugar syrup and no supplementary feed as control. Feeding trials were carried out during May to July 2017 and 2018, using 24 equalized experimental colonies receiving diet formulations for 8 weeks. The feed consumption for bee-sup was higher than Haydak’s diet during both the years. Significant differences were recorded for various colony attributes viz. sealed brood, unsealed brood, bee population, bee covered frames and honey production in the colonies provided bee-sup in comparison to Haydak’s diet, sugar syrup and control colonies. The results indicate the potential of bee-sup for improving strength, health and build up of colonies during dearth periods.

8 illus, 1 table, 38 ref