014250   Nagaraja P (Microbiology Dep, Farwaniya Hospital, Post Box 18373, Kuwait 81004, Email: dr.prem@indiatimes.com) : Antibiotic resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis in recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 155-7.

Fifty strains of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from 321 high vaginal swabs over a period of five months were tested for their antibiotic sensitivity. Sixty eight per cent of all isolates were resistant to metronidazole while 76% were sensitive to clindamycin. All the strains isolated from cases with recurrence of infection were resistant to metronidazole. Clindamycin therapy has a better clinical efficacy than metronidazole in cases of recurrent bacterial vaginosis.

^ssc1 table, 15 ref

014249   Mudit Chandra;Singh B R;Srivastava S K; Chaudhry P;Agrawal R K;Sharma A (Animal Sciences Div, CARI, Port Blair, P.O. Box: 181, Andaman & Nicobar Group of Islands-744 105, Email: brs1762@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative analysis of protein profiles of wild virulent (E156) and aro A-htrA double deletion mutant vaccine strain (S30) of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi under in vivo and in vitro growth conditions. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(9), 621-6.

Cell lysate and cell supernatant of the both strains i.e., virulent wild type (E156) and mutant (S30) vaccine strains of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Abortusequi (S. Abortusequi), grown under varied in vivo and in vitro conditions were subjected to SDS PAGE and western blotting (using rabbit hyperimmune serum). Variation in growth conditions did not have any significant effect on expression of different proteins. SDS PAGE of E156 and S30 cell lysate (CL) revealed 26 and 28 bands, respectively with 3 prominent proteins of 71, 46 and,42 kDa in cell lysate of E 156 and 4 prominent proteins 71, 65, 46 and 40 kDa in S30 strain. The cell supernatant (CS) from both the strains, subjected to SDS PAGE, exhibited similarity in protein profile among these strains, however three bands of 65, 53 and 40 kDa were more prominent in CS preparation of S30, whereas a 56 kDa protein was prominent in CS of E156. Western blotting of E156 and S30 revealed 3 unique proteins of 65, 53 and 40 kDa present in CS preparation of S30 strains which could be used for differentiation of mutant and wild strains and also in development of test for differentiating vaccinated animals from naturally infected.

4 illus, 17 ref

014248   Mitra S (NO, , WWF-India, West Bengal State Office, Tata Centre, 1st Floor 43 J L Nehru Road, Kolkata-700 071, Email: smitra@wwfindia.net) : Insect plant interaction and sharing a common microhabitat. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(4), 20-2.

The study reveals the total life history of butterfly, Tirumala limniace (Cramer. 1775) on its host plant Dregea volubilis (L.f) Benth. and its association with two other phytophagous insects occupying a similar microhabitat. It is interesting to note that Aphis nerii B.de Fonsc. and Spilostethus pandurus (Scopoili, 1763) are the two hemipterans who can defend themselves by sequestering toxic phytochemicals from their host plants. All these three insects have been studied together from the same host plant.

4 illus, 1 table

014247   Mishra A;Kumar S;Kumar S (School of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: abham@bhu.ac.in) : Application of box-benhken experimental design for optimization of laccase production by Coriolus versicolor MTCC138 in solid-state fermentation. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(12), 1098-1107.

Ligninocellulosic waste and cyanobacterial bloom was used for production of laccase by Coriolus versicolor MTCC138 using Box- Benhken design method. Empirical model developed through RSM (Response surface methodology) in terms of effective operational factors of medium pH, temperature, moisture content, inducers, groundnut shell and cyanobacterial biomass was found adequate to describe production of laccase by C. versicolor MTCC 138 in solid state fermentation. Correlation coefficient (0.9758) for laccase production indicated a good agreement between experimental and predicted values. Optimal physico-chemical factors for laccase production were found to be: cyanobacterial biomass. 2.55 g; pH, 4.94; temperature, 29.96 C; moisture content, 70.96 % and CuSO₄, 1.58 mM. Due to high potentiality of laccase, C. versicolor can be exploited industrially for developing a novel technology using inexpensive renewable resources. Box-Benhken approach appeared potential in process application.

8 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

014246   Medhi B;Prakash A;Avti P K;Saikia U N;Pandhi P;Khanduja K L (Pharmacology Dep, Biophysics and Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160 012, Email: drbikashus@yahoo.com) : Effect of manuka honey and sulfasalazine in combination to promote antioxidant defense system in experimentally ulcerative colitis model in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 583-90.

Manuka honey (MH, 5g/kg) provided protection against trinitro-benzo-sulphonic acid induced colonic damage. Combination therapy (MH+sulfasalazine) also reduced colonic inflammation and all the biochemical parameters were significant compared to control and MH alone treated group. Combination therapy showed additive effect of the MH which restored lipid peroxidation and improvement of antioxidant parameters. Morphological and histological scores were significantly reduced in combination groups. In inflammatory model of colitis, oral administration of MH (5g/kg) and combination with sulfasalazine (360 mg/kg) with MH (5g/kg) significantly reduced the colonic inflammation. The results indicate the additive effect of Manuka honey with sulfasalazine in colitis.

4 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

014245   Mathur M;Wanjari K;Turbadkar D (Microbiology Dep, LTM Medical College and Hospital, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, Email: drmmathur@hotmail.com) : Seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B in multitransfused thalassemics. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 205-6.

1 table, 4 ref

014244   Manigauha A;Patel S;Chandy A (NO, RI College of Pharmacy, Sajjan Singh Nagar, Raisen Road, Bhopal) : Investigation of anti-inflammatory efficiency of Lobelia inflata leaves. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 49-52.

Methanolic extract of leaves of Lobelia inflata belonging to the family Lobeliaceae were checked for there anti-inflammatory efficiency against carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Wister rats. All the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg orally were found to significant (P < 0.05) and (P < 0.01) respectively inhibit paw oedema induced by carrageenan in rats when compared with the standard and control. The leaves extract showed maximum inhibition of 52.54% at the dose of 200 mg/kg after 4 hr. whereas the standard drug showed 62.38% of inhibition.

1 table, 13 ref

014243   Manigauha A;Patel S (NO, NRI College of Pharmacy, Sajjan Singh Nagar, Raisen Road, Bhopal) : Anti-inflammatory activity of Ipomoea digitata Linn plant by dextran and formalin induced PAW oedema in rats. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 95-8.

The plant Ipomoea digitata Linn belonging to the family Convolvulaceae has been explored for its anti-inflammatory potential in the study. The anti-inflammatory property was assessed by formalin and dextran-induced paw oedema in mule wistar rats against methanolic extract of plant Ipomoea digitata. All the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg orally were found to significant (P < 0.05) and (P < 0.001) respectively inhibit paw oedema induced by formalin and dextran in rats when compared with the standard and control.

2 tables, 12 ref

014242   Mandlik R V;Desai S K;Naik S R (NO, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S.No. 309/310, Kusgaon (Bk.) Off Mumbai-Pune Expressway Lonavala, Pune-410 401, Email: srnaik5@rediffmail.com) : Antidiabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation (DRF/AY/5001). Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 599-606.

The herbal formulation, DRF/AY/5001, elicits hypoglycemic/antidiabetic effects in. both normal and experimentally induced hyperglycemic (epinephrine and alloxan) rats. Further, herbal formulation treatment can significantly alter the pattern of glucose tolerance in normal and diabetic rats. It is possible that the herbal formulation may act through both, pancreatic and extra-pancreatic mechanism(s). The DRF/AY/5001 also elicited a significant antioxidant effect in alloxan diabetic rats as reflected by its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to elevate the enzymatic antioxidants in pancreatic tissue. The histopathological studies during the long term treatment have shown to ameliorate the alloxan induced histological damage of islets of Langerhans. The inhibitory effects on biochemical and histological parameters induced by herbal formulation at a dose of 600 mg/kg were almost comparable to that of standard drug, glibenclamide (4 mg/kg). The present study demonstrates that herbal formulation exhibits promisisng antidiabetic activity and helps to maintain good glycemic and metabolic control.

5 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

014241   Malipatil M;Chitme H R;Ramesh Chandara; Irchhaya R;Patil R (NO, Karnataka College of Pharmacy, Manhalli Road, Bidar-585 403) : Anti-depressant activity of root extract of Carissa carandas Linn. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 139-41.

All the parts of the Carissa carandas were reputed in indigenous medicine for various kinds of diseases and disorders. The objective of the work is to evaluate the anti-depressant activity of petroleum, ether extract or root of the plant. Dried and powdered root of Carissa carandas Linn was extracted with various solvents of increasing polarity. The petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigations. The present study deals with anti-depressant activity of petroleum ether extract of root of Carissa carandas Linn. The anti-depressant effect of petroleum ether extract of roots of Carissa carandas was evaluated in male Wister rats weighing 160-180 g were used. Total duration of immobility was calculated and results were compared with propylene glycol, a standard anti-depressant drug. The results shown that the petroleum ether extract of root of Carissa carandas significant. However, further studies were required for coming to conclusion.

1 table, 4 ref

014240   Madhivanan P;Krupp K;Chandrasekaran V;Karat C;Arun A;Cohen C R;Reingold A L;Klausner J D (Epidemiology Div, School of Public Health, California Univ, Berkeley, USA, Email: mpurnima@berkeley.edu) : Prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis among young women of reproductive age in Mysore, India. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 132-7.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge among women of childbearing age and is associated with STI/HIV and adverse birth outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of BV among young women of reproductive age in Mysore, India. Methods: Between October 2005 and December 2006, 898 sexually active women of 15-30 years of age were enrolled from two reproductive health clinics in Mysore. The women underwent an interview followed by physical examination, HSV-2 serologic testing, endocervical culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and vaginal swabs for diagnosis of BV, Trichomonas vaginalis infection and candidiasis. Statistical analyses included conventional descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis using logistic regression. Results: Of the 898 women, 391 (43.5%) were diagnosed with ≥1 endogenous reproductive tract infection and 157 (17.4%) with ≥1 sexually transmitted infection. Only 863 women had Gram-stained vaginal smears available, out of which 165 (19.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.3%-22.2%) were found to have BV and 133 (15.4, 95% CI: 12.9%-18.3%) were in the 'intermediate' stage. BV was related to concurrent infections with T. vaginalis (odds ratio [OR] =4.07, 95% CI: 2.45-6.72) and HSV-2 seropositivity (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.39-3.53). Conclusions: In this population, the prevalence of BV at 19% was relatively low. Coinfection with T. vaginalis, however, was common. BV was independently associated with concurrent T. vaginalis infection and partner's alcohol use. Muslim women had reduced odds of BV as compared to non-Muslim women. Further research is needed to understand the role of T. vaginalis infection in the pathogenesis of BV and the sociocultural context surrounding the condition in India.

2 tables, 22 ref

014239   Madani A;Jain S K (Biotechnology Dep, Hamdard Univ, New Delhi-110 062, Email: sk608@rediffmail.com) : Anti-Salmonella activity of Terminalia belerica: In vitro and in vivo studies. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(12), 817-21.

To search for an herbal remedy for protection against and treatment for typhoid fever, a number of plants were screened. Anti-Salmonella activity of Terminalia belerica, an ingredient of Ayurvedic preparation 'triphala' used for treatment of digestive and liver disorders, has been reported. Fruits of T. belerica were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, alcohol and water and efficacy of extracts against Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated. Alcoholic and water extracts of T. belerica showed significant anti-Salmonella activity and MIC was 12.5 mg/ml against 5. typhimurium. Aqueous extracts of Picrohiza kurroa and Vitits vinefera also showed low anti-Salmonella activity where as aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus and Zingiber officinale showed no anti-Salmonella activity. Extracts of T. belerica, Picrohiza kurroa and Vitits vinefera with other solvents such as chloroform and petroleum ether showed insignificant activity. Results showed that aqueous extract of T. belerica was bactericidal at high concentrations where as low concentrations showed bacteriostatic property. In vitro cellular toxicity studies showed no cyto-toxicity associated with T. belerica extracts. Pretreatment of mice with aqueous extract of T. belerica conferred protection against experimental Salmonellosis and 100% survival of animals has been reported when challenged with lethal doses of S. typhimurium.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

014238   Kumari N;Subramaniam G;Navaratnam P;Sekaran S D (Medical Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Malaya Kuala Lumpur Univ, 50603, Malaysia, Email: shamalamy@yahoo.com) : Molecular characterization of genes encoding the quinolone resistance determining regions of Malaysian Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 148-50.

Genes encoding the quinolones resistance determining regions (QRDRs) in Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected by PCR and the sequence analysis was carried out to identify point mutations within these regions. The study was carried out to observe mutation patterns among S. pneumoniae strains in Malaysia. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 100 isolates was determined against various antibiotics, out of which 56 strains were categorised to have reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (→2 μg/mL). These strains were subjected to PCR amplification for presence of the gyrA, parC, gyrB and parE genes. Eight representative strains with various susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones were sequenced. Two out of the eight isolates that were sequenced were shown to have a point mutation in the gyrA gene at position SerSl. The detection of mutation at codon SerSl of the gyrA gene suggested the potential of developing fluoroquinolone resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in Malaysia. However, further experimental work is required to confirm the involvement of this mutation in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Malaysia.

^ssc1 table, 8 ref

014237   Kulkarni S K;Kulwinder Singh;Bishnoi M (Centre with Potential for Excellence in Biomedical Sciences (CPEBS), Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: skpu@yahoo.com) : Comparative behavioural profile of newer antianxiety drugs on different mazes. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(9), 633-8.

Anxiety is associated with diverse range of psychiatric conditions. Antianxiety effect of fluoxetine, citalopram (SSRI's), gabapentin (antiepileptic drugs), venlafaxine (SNRI), clozapine and resperidone (atypical antipsychotics) and a herbal preparation ashwagandha on elevated zero maze and elevated plus maze paradigms was examined. Anti-anxiety potentials of these drugs were compared with diazepam. The drugs tested i.e. fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), citalopram (10 mg/kg), clozapine (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg), resperidone (0.5, 1 mg/kg), venlafaxine (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), citalopram (10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), gabapentin (10, 20 mg/kg) and ashwagandha (100, 200 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of open arm entries and time spent in open arm. These drugs also decreased the latency to enter in open arm as compared to control in both the paradigms. Present study confirms the antianxiety activity of different newer classes of drugs and found some of them comparable to diazepam in both the elevated zero maze and elevated plus maze paradigm.

3 illus, 21 ref

014236   Kulkarni S K;Akula K K;Dhir A (Pharmacology Div, Univ Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: skpu@yahoo.com) : Effect of Withania somnifera dunal root extract against pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold in mice: possible involvement of GABAergic system. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(6), 465-9.

Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a widely used herb in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of W. somnifera root extract (Ws) alone or in combination with exogenous γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), a GABA receptor agonist or with diazepam, a GABA receptor modulator against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, iv) seizure threshold in mice. Minimal dose of PTZ (iv, mg/kg) needed to induce different phases (myoclonic jerks, generalized clonus and tonic extension) of convulsions were recorded as an index of seizure threshold. Ws (100 or 200 mg/kg, po) increased the PTZ seizure threshold for the onset of tonic extension phase whereas a lower dose (50 mg/kg, po) did not show any effect on the seizure threshold. Co-administration of a sub-effective dose of Ws (50 mg/kg, po) with a sub-protective dose of either GABA (25 mg/kg, ip) or diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, ip) increased the seizure threshold. The results suggested that the anticonvulsant effect of W. somnifera against PTZ seizure threshold paradigm involved the GABA_Aergic modulation.

3 illus, 29 ref

014235   Krishnakumar N M;et al. (NO, Presentation Colleg of Applied Sciences, Puthenvelikkara, Ernakulam-683 594, Email: lathagopalakrishnan@yahoo.com) : Hepatoprotective effect of Hibiscus hispidissimus Griffith, ethanolic extract in paracetamol and CC1₄ induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(9), 653-9.

Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff, is used in tribal medicine of Kerala, the southern most state of India, to treat liver diseases. ID the present study, the effect of the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus hispidissimus whole plant on paracetamol (PCM) -induced and carbon tetrachloride (CC1₄) - induced liver damage in healthy Wistar albino rats was studied. The results showed that significant hepatoprotective effects were obtained against liver damage induced by PCM and CC1₄ as evidenced by decreased levels of serum enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SAKP), serum bilirubin (SB) and an almost normal histological architecture of the liver of the treated groups compared to the toxin controls. The extract also showed significant antilipid peroxidant effects in vitro, besides exhibiting significant activity in quenching 1,1- diphenyl - 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH ) radical, indicating its potent antioxidant effects.

4 tables, 29 ref

014234   Kotade Kiran;Asad M (Pharmacology Dep, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, 5, Sarjapur Road, Koramangala, Bangalore-560 034, Email: mohammedasad@rediffmail.com) : Wound healing activity of Sesamum indicum L seed and oil in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(11), 777-82.

The seeds of S. indicum L (Pedaliaceae) are used traditionally in the folklore for the treatment of various kinds of wounds. The present study was undertaken to verify the effect of S. indicum seeds and its oil on experimentally induced excision wound, incision wound, burn wound and dead space wound models in rats. Aloe vera was used as standard wound healing agent. A formulation of seeds and oil was prepared in carbopol at 2.5% and 5% concentrations and applied to the wounds. In the excision and burn wound models, the so treated animals showed significant reduction in period of epithelization and wound contraction (50%). In the incision wound model a significant increase in the breaking strength was observed. Seeds and oil treatment (250 mg and 500 mg/kg; po) in dead space wound model, produced a significant increase in the breaking strength, dry weight and hydroxyproline content of the granulation tissue. The results suggest that S. indicum seeds and oil applied topically or administered orally possesses wound healing activity.

3 tables, 27 ref

014233   Kiran Mayi P (Biochemistry Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Nagarjuna Nagar-522 510) : High temperature stress induced alterations in thylakoid membrane lipids and proteins of the Cyanobacterium synechococcus 6301. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 65-70.

The objective of the study was to characterize the effect of high temperature on thylakoid lipid peroxidation and polypeptide profile in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301. The increase in the temperature caused gradual enhancement in the lipid peroxidation of thylakoid membrane. To analyze the protective mechanism against lipid peroxidation 3 mM ascorbate was used as reducing agent in reaction mixture before giving the temperature stress. The studies explained that ascorbate acted as potent reducing agent during peroxidation of thylakoid membranes. To correlate the lipid peroxidation with photosystem II catalyzed electron transport, the results indicated the inverse relationship between photosystem photochemistry and lipid peroxidation. In addition to the lipid peroxidation, a low molecular weight polypeptide analysis was made in thylakoid membranes of control and treated samples.

4 tables, 11 ref

014232   Khan M K R;Thukral S S;Gaind R (Microbiology Dep, V.P. Chest Institute, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: sharant@hotmail.com) : Evaluation of a modified double-disc synergy test for detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases in AMPC β-lactamase-producing Proteus mirabilis. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 58-61.

Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in gram-negative bacteria that produce ArnpC β-lactamases is problematic. In the present study, the performance of modified double-disc synergy test (MDDST) that employs a combination of cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam for the detection of Proteus mirabilis producing extended spectrum and AmpC β-lactamases was evaluated and compared with double-disc synergy test (DDST) and NCCLS phenotypic disc confirmatory test (NCCLS-PDCT). A total of 90 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis, which met the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) screening criteria that these had broth microdilution (BMD) MIC of ≥2 μg/mL for at least one extended spectrum cephalosporin [ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX) and cefpodoxime], were selected for the study. MDDST detected ESBLs in 40/90 of the isolates, whereas DDST detected ESBLs in only 25 isolates. NCCLS-PDCT could detect ESBLs in 39 isolates using CAZ and CAZ + clavulanic acid (CLA) combination, whereas CTX and CTX + CLA combination could detect only 37 isolates as ESBL positive. As many as 34/40 ESBL positive isolates were confirmed to be AmpC β-lactamase positive by the modified three-dimensional test (MTDT). MDDST and NCCLS-PDCT could detect ESBLs in all the 34 AmpC positive isolates, whereas DDST could detect ESBLs in only 19 isolates. The study demonstrated that MDDST is superior to DDST and as sensitive as NCCLS-PDCT. However, MDDST seems to have enhanced potential for the detection of ESBLs in AmpC β-lactamase-producing P. mirabilis.

^ssc2 illus, 13 ref

014231   Kaur R;Kashyap B;Bhalla P (Microbiology Dep, Maulana Azad Medical College, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110 002, Email: dr_bineetakashyap@yahoo.co.in) : Onychomycosis - epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 108-16.

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nails caused by dermatophytes, yeasts or nondermatophyte molds and represents about 30% of mycotic cutaneous infections. Increasingly onychomychosis is being viewed as more than a mere cosmetic problem. In spite of improved personal hygiene and living environment, onychomycosis continues to spread and persist. The prevalence rate of onychomycosis is determined by age, predisposing factor, social class, occupation, climate, living environment and frequency of travel. Onychomycosis in immunocompromised patients can pose a more serious health problem. Dermatophytes are the most frequently implicated causative agents in onychomycosis. Previously regarded as contaminants, yeasts are now increasingly recognised as pathogens in fingernail infections, as are some moulds. Clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis is based on the patients' history; a physical examination, microscopy and culture of nail specimens. The treatment of onychomycosis has been attempted throughout the ages, but only in the last two decades have safe, effective systemic treatments been available for this chronic superficial fungal disease. Oral Griseofulvin and Ketoconazole; once the agents of choice for the treatment of onychomycosis, have been superseded by newer systemic compounds that have a higher cure and lower relapse rates, cause fewer side effects and are suitable for short-term dosing.

^iia2 tables, 50 ref

014230   Kannangai R;Moorthy M;Kandathil A J; Sachithanandham J;Thirupavai V;Nithyanandam G;Sridharan G (Clinical Virology Dep, Christian Medical College, Vellore-632 004, Email: rajeshkannangai@hotmail.com) : Experience with a fourth generation human immunodeficiency virus serological assay at a tertiary care centre in South India. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 200-2.

1 illus, 5 ref

014229   Kandathil A J;Kannangai R;Abraham O C; Sudarsanam T D;Pulimood S A;Sridharan G (Clinical Virology Dep, Christian Medical College, Vellore-632 004, Email: rajeshkannangai@hotmail.com) : Genotypic resistance profile of HIV-1 protease gene: a preliminary report from Vellore, South India. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 151-4.

HIV-1 subtypes other than B are responsible for most new HIV infections worldwide; virus sequence data for drug resistance is described only from a limited number of non-B subtype HIV-1. This study is on mutations and polymorphisms of HIV-1 protease gene that can predict drug resistance in subtype C. The genotypic resistance assay was carried out on 38 HIV-1 strains with their plasma RNA and in nine, the proviral protease gene was sequenced. The treatment naive strains showed minor resistance mutations, there were no major resistance mutations in the protease gene. Suggests the use of resistance testing to monitor individuals on therapy and also before initiation of therapy, gathering more sequence information for a data bank of Indian strains.

^ssc2 tables, 16 ref

014228   Joshi H;Joshi A B;Sati H;Gururaja M P; Subrahmanyam E V S;Satyanarayana D (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575 022) : Hepatoprotective activity of Memecylon umbellatum roots against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 83-8.

The ethanol extract of the roots of M. umbellatum Burm. (Melastomataceae) was tested for hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury model in rats. M. umbellatum root extract exhibit significant hepatoprotective activity that was evident by in vivo studies, histopathological studies and were also supported by functional parameters. i.e. barbiturate sleeping time. Based on results, it was observed that M. umbellatum root extract protect liver from oxidative stress induced by CC1₄ treatment in rats.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

014227   Joshi H;Joshi A B;Sati H;Gururaj M P; Chandrashekar K;Subrahmanyam E V S;Satyanarayana D (NO, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangalore-574 160) : Anti-inflammatory potential of Memecylon umbellatum root extract. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 11-15.

Anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract obtained from the roots of Memecylon umbellatum Burm. (Melastomataceae) were evaluated using two different models on rats: an acute model by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and a sub-acute model by cotton pellet induced granuloma. The ethanol extract showed a dose-dependent and a significant anti-inflammatory activity in both animal models, and the weight of adrenal glands was also found to be significantly increased in treated animals. The results showed that M. umbellatum root extract has a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in the two test models used in this study.

2 tables, 15 ref

014226   Joshi A;Iyer V;Balasubramaniam U;Kagal A; Bharadwaj R (Microbiology Dep, Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: renu.bharadwaj@gmail.com) : Comparison of efficacy of three commercially available antibiotic discs. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 160-2.

Study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available antimicrobial discs manufactured by Oxoid, UK, HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai and Span Diagnostics, Surat. The discs were evaluated for their performance on the basis of percentage of coefficient of variation (%CV) which is a measure of reproducibility, mean zone diameters which is a measure of accuracy and range of zone diameter using both standard ATCC strains and clinical isolates. The data showed variation for all three manufacturers and therefore routine and regular quality control of discs as well as meticulous following of good laboratory practices is strongly advocated in clinical laboratories.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

014225   Joseph A Y;Babu V S;Dev S S;Gopalakrishnapai J;Harish M;Rajesh M D;Anisha S;Mohankumar C (Molecular Biology Laboratory, SCMS Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Develpment, South Kalamassery, Cochin-682 033, Email: directorsibb@scmsgroup.org) : Rapid detection and characterization of Chikungunya virus by RT-PCR in febrile patients from Kerala, India. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 573-8.

There has been a resurgence and prevalence of fever with symptoms of Chikungunya (CHIK) and increased death toll in Kerala, the southern-most state of India. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid detection method to determine the presence of CHIK- virus in the serum samples collected from febrile patients in Kerala, India. Serum specimens were analyzed for CHIK viral RNA by RT-PCR using primers specific for nsP1 and E1 genes. Five out of twenty clinical samples were positive for CHIK virus. The partial sequences of the E1 and nsP1 genes of the strain, IndKL01 were highly similar to the Reunion strains and the recently isolated Indian strains. A novel substitution, A148V, was detected in the El gene of the isolate, IndKL02. The detection procedure used in this study was simple, sensitive and rapid (less than 4 hr). This result suggests that CHIK viruses similar to the Reunion strains, which had resulted in high morbidity and mortality rates, may have caused the recent Chikungunya outbreak in India. The effect of the variant, E1-A148V, in the virulence and the rate of transmission of the virus deserves further investigation.

3 illus, 34 ref

014224   Jindal N;Aggarwal A A (Microbiology Dep, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab-143 001, Email: neerjarajender@hotmail.com) : Prevalence of sypjilis and biological false positive reactions in VDRL test among injecting drug users: a preliminary study. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 199-200.

4 ref

014223   Jasmeet Kaur;Bansal M P (Biophysics Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: mpbansal@pu.ac.in) : Effect of vitamin E on alcohol-induced changes in oxidative stress and expression of transcription factors NFKB and AP-1 in mice brain cerebral hemispheres. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 562-7.

Redox sensitive transcription factors nuclear factor KB (NF-KB) and activator protein-1 are involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced disorders. Because of its antioxidative properties, vitamin E may help prevent oxidative stress-induced disorders. The aim of the present study was to delineate the molecular mechanisms associated with alcohol-induced oxidative stress and to see whether vitamin E supplementation counters the alcohol-induced adverse effects. The results showed that vitamin E supplementation restored the redox status and thus prevented the alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Further measurements of the mRNA expressions of cjun, cfos, p65 (NFKB) indicated an increase in their expression during oxidative stress. Although Vit E inhibited NFKB activation, it stimulated AP1 expression. The results support the findings that alcohol induces oxidative stress in nervous tissue. The data further show that vitamin E can mitigate the toxic effects of alcohol and thus can be suitable as a potential therapeutic agent for alcohol-induced oxidative damage in brain.

1 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

014222   Jarald E E;Joshi S B;Jain D C (Herbal Drug Research, B.R. Nahata College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Mhow Neemuch Road, Mandsaur-458 001, Email: jaraldpharm@rediffmail.com) : Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract and non polysaccharide fraction of Cynodon dactylon pers.. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(9), 660-7.

Petroleum ether (60 °-80 °C), chloroform, acetone, ethanol, aqueous and crude hot water extracts of the whole plant of C. dactylon and the two fractions of aqueous extract were tested for antihyperglycaemic activity in glucose overloaded hyperglycemic rats and in alloxan induced diabetic model at two-dose levels, 200 and 400 mg/kg (po) respectively. The aqueous extract of C. dactylon and the non polysaccharide fraction of aqueous extract were found to exhibit significant antihyperglycaemic activity and only the non polysaccharide fraction was found to produce hypoglycemia in fasted normal rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with aqueous extract and non polysaccharide fraction of the plant decreased the elevated biochemical parameters, glucose, urea, creatinine, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, haemoglobin and glycosylated haemoglobin significantly. Comparatively, the non polysaccharide fraction of aqueous extract was found to be more effective than the aqueous extract.

4 tables, 28 ref

014221   Iyer R N;Hittinahalli V (Microbiology Dep, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, Email: ranganathaniyer@yahoo.com) : Modified pap method to detect heteroresistance to vancomycin among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates at a tertiary care hospital. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 176-9.

Study was an attempt at developing, establishing, validating and comparing the modified PAP method for detection of hetero-vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (h-VRSA) with the routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing (using the BSAC standardized disc diffusion method), minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin using standard E-test methodology and the Hiramatsu's screening method. A total of 50 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus obtained from various clinical specimens, along with the Mu 3 and Mu 50 strains as controls, were studied. No VRSA isolates were obtained. However, four of the test strains were positive by the Hiramatsu's screening method, of which only one isolate could be confirmed by the modified PAP analysis method. This isolate was a coloniser from the drain fluid of a liver transplant recipient. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the overall efficiency of the Hiramatsu's screening method with the modified PAP analysis as the gold standard were found to be 100, 93.8, 25 and 94%, respectively. It is very essential for clinical laboratories to screen for h-VRSA, given the increasing use of glycopeptide antibiotics in therapy and the potential for failed therapy in patients infected with these strains.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

014220   Iqbal J;Hanel F;Ruryk A;Limmon G V;Tretiakov A;Durst M;Saluz H P (Pathology and Microbiology (JI) Dep, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, Email: jiqbal@unmc.edu) : Fabrication and evaluation of a sequence-specific oligonucleotide miniarray molecular genotyping. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 13-20.

Molecular genotyping relies on the identification of specific microbial DNA sequences. Accurate genotyping not only requires discrimination between low- and high-risk pathogens for effective diagnosis or disease management but also requires the identity of the specific strain or type of the microbe involved in pathogenesis. The majority of these assays require DNA amplification followed by genome identification either through sequencing or hybridization to specific oligonucleotide probes. We evaluated the use of a DNA microchip assay as a simple and easy-to-use procedure for genotyping. Various methodological parameters were optimized for single-base mismatch discrimination on a DNA microarray. The fabrication procedures involved substrate chemistry for immobilization. The effect of various buffers and features associated with oligonucleotide sequences were standardized. The assay was evaluated on a low-density genotyping chip containing the sequences of various (Human Papilloma Virus) HPV subtypes. The specific subtype was identified with high specificity by hybridization in miniaturized condition. The DNA microchip provides a rapid and cost-effective genotyping procedure for microbial organisms and can be implemented easily in any laboratory.

6 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

014219   Huq F;Yunos N M (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Sydney, Australia, Email: F.Huq@usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analysis of the metabolism of andrographolide. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(4), 359-69.

Andrographolide (ANDRO) is believed to possess hepatoprotective property, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity including that against HIV, and ability to assist antiplatelet aggregation. ANDRO has been widely used in clinic for the treatment of a number of ailments including fever, cold, malaria, inflammation and diarrhoea and has shown antitumour activities both in vitro and in vivo breast cancer tumour models. Molecular modelling analyses based on molecular mechanics, semi-empirical (PM3) and DFT (at B3LYP/6-31G* level) calculations show that ANDRO and its metabolites have moderately large to large LUMO-HOMO energy differences ranging from 4.6 to 5.7 eV, indicating that the compounds would be moderate to highly inert kinetically. The molecular surfaces of all the compounds are found to abound in neutral green and electron-rich red and yellow regions so that the compounds may be subject to lyophilic and electrophilic attacks. The presence of electron-rich regions renders antioxidant attributes to the molecules, thus providing an explanation for the hepetoprotective role played by andrographolide. Some of the metabolites are also found to possess electron-deficient blue regions so that they may be subject to nucleophilic attacks. Nucleophilic attacks may be due to glutathione and nucleobases in DNA as a result of which depletion of glutathione and oxidation of nucleobases in DNA may occur. The former would induce oxidative stress and hence cellular toxicity whereas the latter would cause DNA damage. However, because of kinetic inertness of the molecules, the rates of such adverse reactions are expected to be low unless speeded up enzymatically.

19 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

014218   Huq F (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Sydney, Australia, Email: F.Huq@usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analysis of the metabolism of lumiracoxib. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(4), 377-85.

Lumiracoxib (LUM) is a selective COX-2 inhibitor used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and acute pain. It is chemically distinct from other COX-2 selective inhibitors in having a carboxyl group that makes it weakly acidic. It has good oral bioavailability of the order of 74% and is rapidly absorbed reaching maximum plasma concentrations within 2 h after intake and is highly bound to plasma proteins. It has short elimination half-life from plasma of about 4 h. LUM is extensively metabolized by hepatic CYP2C9 to produce over twenty different metabolites. The major pathways include oxidation of the 5-methyl group and/or hydroxylation of the dihaloaromatic ring. The oxidative pathways are catalyzed primarily by CYP2C9 with minor contributions from CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. LUM undergoes extensive metabolism in humans. Molecular modelling analyses based on molecular mechanics, semi-empirical (PM3) and DFT (at B3LYP/6-31G* level) calculations show that LUM and its metabolites have moderately large LUMO-HOMO energy differences ranging from 4.62 eV to 5.07 eV from DFT calculations. Thus, although the molecular surfaces of LUM and its metabolites have some electron-deficient regions, the rates of their reaction with cellular nucleophiles such as glutathione, and nucleobases in DNA are expected to be low. This means that any induction of cellular toxicity associated with oxidative stress and DNA damage associated with oxidation of nucleobases may also be low.

14 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

014217   Huq F (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Sydney, Sydney, Email: F.Huq@usyd.edu.au ) : Molecular modelling analysis of the metabolism of trilostane. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(4), 353-8.

Trilostane (TR) is an orally active synthetic steroid used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. It can block the synthesis of steroids, making it useful for the treatment of hormone-dependent mammary cancers in post-menopausal women where its main action is the selective inhibition of 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which is a key enzyme necessary for the production of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens. Not much is known about the side effects of TR and its metabolites. Molecular modelling analyses based on molecular mechanics, semi-empirical (PM3) and DFT (at B3LYP/6-31G* level) calculations show that TR and all its metabolites have large LUMO-HOMO energy differences so that they would be kinetically inert. Thus, although the molecules have some electron-deficient regions on their surface so that they could potentially react with glutathione and nucleobases in DNA, the high kinetic inertness of the molecules is believed to provide protection against such adverse reactions.

7 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014216   Huq F (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Syndey, Australia, Email: F.Huq@usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analysis of the metabolism of duloxetine. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(3), 297-302.

Duloxetine HC1 (DX; LY248686) is a potent and balanced dual reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine and serotonin, used in the treatment of depression, peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain and female stress urinary incontinence. However, treatment with DX is frequently associated with such adverse effects as nausea, dry mouth, fatigue, insomnia and constipation although serious adverse effects are rare. The oxidative metabolism of DX is catalyzed by CYP3A, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Metabolism of DX by CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 produces a risk of interactions with other drugs that share these metabolic pathways. Molecular modelling analyses based on semi-empirical and DFT calculations show that DX and its metabolites have LUMO-HOMO energy differences ranging from 4.08 and 4.63 eV obtained from DFT calculations. The values suggest neither DX nor its metabolites would be highly inert or extremely labile. Thus, although the molecular surfaces of DX and its metabolites have some electron-deficient regions so that they could potentially react with glutathione and nucleobases in DNA, relative kinetic inertness of the molecules means that the rates of such adverse reactions would be low.

7 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014215   Huq F (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Sydney, Australia, Email: F.Huq@usyd@usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analysis of the metabolism of mirtazapine. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(3), 289-96.

Mirtazapine (MIR) is a second-generation antidepressant that differs in structure and mode of action from other compounds of its class. It is a nonadrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant that acts as an antagonist of a₂-autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, resulting in increased release of norephrine and serotonin. Dry mouth, sedation, and increase in appetite and body weight are the most common adverse side effects of the drug. However, MIR is not found to affect glucose homeostasis. MIR and its metabolites have large LUMO-HOMO energy differences so that they would be kinetically inert. Thus, although the molecular surfaces of MIR and a number of its metabolites are found to abound in electron-deficient regions so that they could potentially react with glutathione and nucleobases in DNA, the kinetic inertness of the molecules means the rates of such adverse reactions would be low. The metabolite MIR-NO has the smallest LUMO-HOMO energy difference so that it would least inert kinetically. MIR-NO also abounds most in electron-deficient regions so that its reaction with glutathione and nucleobases in DNA may be most significant. Hence the metabolite is more likely to cause oxidative stress by compromising the anti-oxidant status of the cell and more likely to cause DNA damage.

14 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

014214   Huq F (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Sydney, Australia, Email: F.Huq@usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modeling analysis of the metabolism of tarceva. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(3), 281-7.

Tarceva is an orally active quinazoline derivative that binds to ATP pocket of the EGFR and inhibits its autophosphorylation. When used alone, it shows activity in non-small cell lung, head and neck and ovarian cancers and has been approved in the United States and Switzerland for treatment against locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that represents a growing global problem and remains a therapeutic challenge. The drug is extensively metabolized in humans with less than 2 excreted as the unchanged drug. Three major biotransformation pathways are O-demethylation of the side chains followed by oxidation to carboxylic acid, oxidation of the acetylene moiety and the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring. In plasma, the unchanged drug represents the major circulating component whereas the pharmacologically active metabolite M14 produced from O-demethylation accounts for only about 5. A number of phase I metabolites are excreted as glucuronides or sulfates. Molecular modeling analyses based on molecular mechanics, semi-empirical (PM3) and DFT (at B3LYP/6-31G* level) calculations show that tarceva and its metabolites have moderately large LUMO-HOMO energy differences so that neither tarceva nor any its metabolites is expected to be highly inert and extremely labile. The molecular surfaces of the compounds are found to abound in neutral (green) and negative (yellow and red) regions so that they may undergo lyophilic interaction and may be subject to electrophilic attack. In addition, all the compounds are found to possess some electron-deficient (blue) regions so that they may also be subject to nucleophilic attack e.g. that by glutathione and nucleobases in DNA. Glutathione depletion will induce oxidative stress and hence cellular toxicity whereas oxidation of nucleobases in DNA would cause DNA damage. However, the moderate kinetic inertness of the molecules means that the rates of such adverse reactions may not be too high or too low.

10 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014213   Huq F (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Sydney, Australia, Email: F.Huq@usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analysis of the metabolism of scopolamine. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(3), 271-80.

Scopolamine (SP) is a tropane alkaloid obtained from solanaceous species of plants such as the roots of Anisodus tanguticus (maxim) Pascher used in Chinese traditional medicine. It is the most effective single agent to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness. Molecular modelling analyses based on molecular mechanics, semi-empirical (PM3) and DFT (at B3LYP/6-31G* level) calculations show that SP and its metabolites have moderately large LUMO-HOMO energy differences ranging from 4.7 to 7.7 eV from DFT calculations, indicating that the compounds would differ in their kinetic lability. The molecular surfaces of M3, M7 and Ml 1 appear to abound in electron-deficient regions so they may react readily with glutathione and nucleobases in DNA although the kinetic inertness of the molecules may serve to reduce rates of the reactions. Reaction with glutathione will induce cellular toxicity by compromising the antioxidant status of the cell whereas that with nucleobases in DNA will cause DNA damage. Since M3 is expected to be more labile than M7 and M11, such adverse reactions may be more significant in the case of M3 than M7 and M11 even though the surface of M7 abounds more in electron-deficient regions.

20 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014212   Huq F (Discipline of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Univ of Sydney, Australia, Email: F.Huq@usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analysis of the metabolism of zileuton. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(3), 263-9.

Zileuton (ZT) is a potent and selective inhibitor of 5-lipooxygenase that converts arachidonic acid to 5-hydroperoxy-eicosa-6,8,11,14-tetranoic acid (5-HPETE) in a pathway that leads to the production of leukotrienes. Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis has many potentially therapeutic benefits for conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease in which synthesis of leukotriene is elevated. The use of.ZT is however associated with liver toxicity limiting its clinical usefulness. There is evidence to suggest that this toxicity is due to its biotransformation producing cytotoxic metabolites. Molecular modelling analyses based on molecular mechanics, semi-empirical (PM3) and DFT (at B3LYP/6-31G* level) calculations show that ZT and its metabolites differ in their kinetic lability. The metabolites Ml and M4 are found to have the lowest LUMO-HOMO energy differences and hence are expected to be most labile. The molecular surfaces of Ml and M4 are also found to abound in electron-deficient regions so that they can react readily with cellular nucleophiles such as the reduced form of glutathione and nucleobases in DNA, causing glutathione depletion and DNA damage respectively. The depletion of glutathione level will induce cellular toxicity associated with the resulting oxidative stress. Another likely toxic metabolite is M6. Although M6 is expected to be less reactive than metabolites Ml and M4, its higher lipid solubility and lower clearance rate and the presence of electron-deficient regions on its molecular surface as well would make M6 to be highly toxic.

9 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

014211   Hemmatzadeh F;Reza Tofighi E;Keyvanfar H; Monadi A;Rohani M;Momtaz H;Rahmani F (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran Univ, P.O. Box : 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran, Email: fhemmat@ut.ac.ir) : Investigation of ENV gene of bovine leukaemia virus in infected cows. Indian vet J 2008, 85(9), 924-6.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is associated with Enzootic Bovine Seukosis (EBL), which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. For detection and comparing of env gene of EBL virus in lymphocytes and tumorous lymph nodes of lymphosarcomatic cows, 29 BLV-infected cattle with lymphosarcomas and persistent lymphocytosis (PL) were selected. Total DNA was extracted from WBC and tumorous lymph nodes and utilized to detect env gene by using conventional PCR. All 29 WBC samples were positive in PCR but only 25 of 29 lymph node samples were positive.

9 ref

014210   Hema M;Subba Reddy C V;Savithri H S; Sreenivasulu P (Virology Dep, College of Biological and Earth Sciences, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Email: pothursree@yahoo.com) : Assembly of recombinant coat protein of sugarcane streak mosaic virus into potyvirus-like particles. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(11), 793-6.

Coat protein (CP) gene of sugarcane streak mosaic virus-AP isolate (SCSMV-AP) was expressed in E. coli and recombinant CP (SCSMV-AP rCP) was purified by linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Observation of purified SCSMV-AP rCP under electron microscope revealed the presence of potyvirus-like particles (PVLPs). The assembled particles were shown to encapsidate CP gene transcripts by slot-blot hybridization.

3 illus, 26 ref

014209   Hegde A;Bhat G K;Mallya S (Microbiology Dep, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore-575 001, Email: gkbhat61@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of exposure to hydrogen peroxide on the virulence of Escherichia coli. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 25-8.

To eliminate pathogenic bacteria, the host presents conditions that are stressful for bacteria. Oxidative stress arises when the concentration of pro-oxidants like hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion increases to a level over the basal defence capacity of the cell. In the studies the effect of oxidative stress on the production of certain virulence factors by Escherichia coli. E. colt was exposed to oxidative stress by growing in the presence of different concentrations of H₂O₂. The effect of oxidative stress on the expression of surface hydrophobicity, adherence, haemolysin production, serum resistance and phagocytosis was studied. Oxidative stress caused a significant decrease in the expression of all the virulence factors of E. coli. Synthesis of virulence factors can be significantly altered by oxidative stress and such changes may affect the pathogenicity of E. coli.

1 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

014208   Gupta G L;Rana A C (Pharmacology Dep, B.N. College of Pharmacy, Udaipur-313 002, Email: acrana4@yahoo.com) : Effect of Withania somnifera dunal in ethanol-induced anxiolysis and withdrawal anxiety in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(6), 470-5.

Withania somnifera (WS) or its psychotropic preparation is known to play a critical role in morphine, alcohol and benzodiazepines addiction. This study investigates the role of WS in acute ethanol and withdrawal from chronic ethanol consumption using elevated plus maze paradigm in rats. Acute administration of ethanol (1.5-2 g/kg, ip) triggered anxiolytic effect and withdrawal from prolonged ethanol (9% v/v ethanol, 15 days) consumption elicited enhanced behavioral despair (anxiety). Acute administration of WS (50 mg/kg, oral) potentiated the anxiolytic action of subettective dose of ethanol (05 or 1 g/kg ip). Moreover, the ethanol withdrawal anxiety was markedly antagonized in dose dependent manner by WS at 200 and 500 mg/kg or higher dose of ethanol (2.5 g/kg). However, co-administration of subeffective doses of WS (50 mg/kg, oral) and ethanol also attenuated withdrawal-induced anxiety due to chronic ethanol (9% v/v ethanol, 15 days) consumption. The results suggest the protective effect of WS in the management of ethanol withdrawal reactions.

2 tables, 24 ref

014207   Gupta A;Gupta N (Animal Science Dep, M.J.P. Rohilkhand Univ, Bareilly-243 006, Email: guptagrawal@rediffmail.com) : Amplification of rat microsatellite loci in Mastomys caucha smith, 1836. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(9), 627-32.

The multimammate rat M. coucha is the most widespread strain to be introduced in biomedical research and various stocks of this strain arc maintained in laboratories across the globe. It is an ideal carrier of normally non-human disease to the domestic environment. In order to analyze genetic purity, strains of M. coucha were subjected to PCR-based DNA fingerprinting using sequence tagged microsatellite markers to evolve molecular signature to them. For this, 10 rats sequenced tagged microsatellite markers were used to investigate for their applicability of cross-species amplification in the genome of M. concha. Out of 10 microsatellite primers tested, four (40%) microsatellite primer pairs [Carboxypeptidase B (CBP), Calmodulin (CALM3), Cell surface protein (CSPMO2) and Insulin like growth factor - I (IGF - 1)] could be amplified successfully with exact with product size of 159, 145, 186 and 203 bps respectively in rat. The results suggest that since the above mentioned microsatellite primers get amplified successfully in M. coucha, they may be useful for genetic characterization, evaluation, strain improvement and biomedical research.

1 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

014206   Gumber S;Arora U;Devi P (Microbiology Dep, Government Medical College, Amritsar-143 001, Email: ushar_ora@yahoo.co.in ) : Occurrence of cytomegalo virus and herpes simples virus infections in pregnancy. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 204-5.

1 table, 5 ref

014205   Garg S;Miglani S;Yadav S;Talwar S (Conservative dentistry & Endodontics Dep, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, MAMC Campus, New Delhi-110 002, Email: gaurav1059@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative evaluation of cyclic fatigue resistance of two rotary nickel - titanium endodontic systems - an in vitro study. Endodontology 2008, 20(2), 22-6.

Compares the fracture resistance of two different rotary Ni Ti instrument systems due to cyclic fatigue. The instruments compared were RaCe (FKG, La- Chaux De Fonds, Switzerland) and a new rotary system - Varitaper (Endomax, Equinox, Holland). The cyclic fatigue testing was conducted with the instrument rotating freely at two different angles of curvature 45U & 90U with maximum curvature at 5mm from the tip. Total 60 instruments were tested in the two groups for both angles of curvature. The instruments were rotated at 350 rpm using the ATR motor (Dentsply, Maillefer) set at maximum torque, until fracture occurred. The time until fracture was recorded in seconds by using a stopwatch, and the number of rotations to fracture was then calculated and results were statistically analyzed. RaCe (FKG, La- Chaux De Fonds, Switzerland) performed significantly better than Varitaper (Endomax, Equinox, Holland) in cyclic fatigue testing.

3 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

014204   Garg R;Anil Kumar (Pharmacology Div, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: kumaruips@yahoo.com) : Possible role of citalopram and desipramine against sleep deprivation-induced anxiety like-behavior alterations and axidative damage in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(11), 770-3.

Sleep is an essential physiological process for maintaining physical, mental, and emotional health. Sleep deprivation and associated disorders like depression and anxiety are one of the major problems now-days. The present study was designed to explore the neuroprotecitve effect of citalopram and desipramine on 72 hr sleep deprivation-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative damage in mice. Various behavioral tests (plus maze, zero maze, mirror chamber, actophotometer), body weight followed by oxidative parameters (malondialdehyde level, glutathione, catalase, nitrite and protein) were assessed. Treatment with citalopram (5 and 10mg/kg, ip) and desipramine (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) for 5 days significantly improved locomotor activity, anti-anxiety like behavior in all paradigms tasks (mirror chamber, plus maze, zero maze) as compared to control (72 hr sleep-deprived). Biochemically, citalopram and desipramine treatment significantly restored depleted reduced glutathione, catalase activity, attenuated raised lipid peroxidation and nitrite level as compared to control (72 hr sleep-deprived) animals. Results of present study suggest that citalopram (5 and 10mg/kg, ip) and desipramine (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) have neuroprotective effect against sleep deprivation-induced behavior alteration and oxidative damage in mice.

4 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

014203   Eswar Kumar K;Mastan S K;Sreekanth N;Chandra Sekher M (Pharmacology Div, Univ College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Influence of crude aqueous ectract of Momordica charantia on gliclazide-induced hypoglycemia/anthyperglycemia in normal/alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 99-104.

Since drugs from oriental medicine are used along with allopathic drug therapy in highly populated countries, such as India and China, and since optimal blood sugar control is needed in diabetes, a herbal drug that influences blood glucose was studied for its effect on Gliclazide response in normal and diabetic rats. In the present study the safety of the herbdrug combination with respect to blood glucose in animal models was studied. Albino rats of either sex were divided into three groups of six each and were fasted for 18 h prior to the experiment with water ad libitum. Three groups received crude aqueous extract of Momordica charantia (CAM), Gliclazide 1.44 mg/200 g body weight and CAM prior to the administration of Gliclazide 1.44 mg/200 g body weight respectively in normal and diabetic rats. All the groups were administered orally. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus at 0 (pre dose) & 1,2,3,4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after drug administration and were analyzed for blood glucose by glucose oxidase/peroxidase (GOD-POD) method. Diabetes was induced by alloxan monohydrate 100 mg/kg body weight administered by i.p route. Gliclazide produced hypoglycemia in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity at 2 h and 8 h. CAM produced hypoglycemia when given alone and prolonged the effect of Gliclazide in combination during 112 h in normal and diabetic rats without hypoglycemic convulsions. The blood levels and of Gliclazide were not altered in the presence of CAM. The study indicated that the combination can be used safely to obtain prolonged and sustained antidiabetic effect.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

014202   Ercis S;Sancak B;Hascelik G (Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Dep, Hacettepe Univ Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey, Email: sercis@hacettepe.edu.tr) : Comparison of PCR detection of MECA with oxacillin disk susceptibility testing in different media and sceptor automated system for both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 21-4.

To evaluate three methods for 406 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) for the detection of methicillin resistance (MR) using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) new interpretive criteria. Uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a gold standard method to evaluate three methods [disk diffusion with Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and mannitol salt agar (MSA) and Sceptor system (Becton Dickinson, USA)] for the detection of mecA gene. The isolates that were methicillin-resistant with any of the three tests were evaluated further for MR by E-test. MHA, MSA and Sceptor showed sensitivities of 100, 100 and 99% for S. aureus and 100, 82.6 and 72.1% for CNS, respectively. The specificities of the same methods were found as 100, 90.1 and 99.3% for S. aureus and 79.2, 95.8 and 97.2% for CNS, respectively. E-test showed 100% sensitivity for both S. aureus and CNS. Forty-eight CNS and 16 S. aureus isolates, which presented discrepancies with the three phenotypic methods (MHA disk diffusion method, MSA disk diffusion method and Sceptor), were correctly classified as resistant/susceptible with the E-test when compared with PCR. Only five CNS isolates, which were mecA-negative with PCR were resistant with E-test. Analysis of 248 S. aureus revealed that MHA is superior to other phenotype-based susceptibility testing methods in detecting MR. When the results were examined of 158 CNS, none of the three methods proved efficient in detecting MR. Concludes that although the accuracy of the MHA disk diffusion test for the detection of MR approaches the accuracy of PCR for S. aureus isolates, the need for easy and reliable methods of detecting MR in CNS still remains.

2 tables, 20 ref

014201   Elseweidy M M;Ek-Baky A E A (Biochemistry Dep, College of Pharmacy, Egypt, Email: mmElseweidy@yahoo.com) : Effect of dietary iron overload in rat brain: oxidative stress, neurotransmitter level and serum metal ion in relation to neurodegenerative disorders. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(12), 855-8.

Excess iron causes cell injury by reacting with superoxide anions (O₂) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and producing hydroxyl radical (OH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Albino rats were fed with biscuits enriched with ferrous sulphate (0.3% w/w) for 10 weeks to have overload iron conditions and observed a significant decrease in serum chromium, brain serotonin and dopamine, while iron and zinc increased significantly in serum. Increasing iron level might be responsible for accelerated dopamine oxidation with subsequent quinone formation. 

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 28 ref