015269   Veena S A;Krishnamurthy H;Mathew M K (Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, National Centre for Biological Sci, , TIFR, GKVK-UAS Campus, Bangalore-560 065) : Na<. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2007, 73(2), 43-50.

Rice (Oryza sativa.), a staple food in Asia, is very sensitive to soil salinity. However, intraspecific variations exist, with the coastal cultivar Pokkali tolerating even brackish water. It is widely accepted that limiting cytosolic Na⁺ should improve the survival of plants subjected to saline stress. However, monitoring Na⁺ concentrations in subcellular compartments of intact plants is technically challenging. We have used two-photon excitation of the sodium-sensitive dye SBFI (Sodium binding benzofuran isophthalate) for the ratiometric estimation of Na⁺ in the cytosol of rice cells in suspension culture. Survival of cells derived from the tolerant cultivar Pokkali and those from the relatively sensitive cultivar laya correlates inversely with cytosolic Na⁺ levels when subjected to saline stress. Pokkali cells employ transporters in the vacuolar and plasma membranes to maintain low cytoplasmic Na⁺ while laya cells appear to adapt moderately over a period of days. After 30 days of growth in 200 mM NaCl, cytosolic Na⁺ in Pokkali (~40 mM) is not significantly different from that at 2 hours, while in laya it drops to 60 mM from >80 mM at two hours. Total cellular Na⁺ does not increase significantly over this period, implicating mechanisms for the export of Na⁺ from the cells. Indeed, we report an H⁺-gradient driven Na⁺ efflux activity in Pokkali cells under severe stress. Blocking this efflux resulted in significant reduction in viability. Most, if not all, of the transport processes involved appear to be regulated by Ca²⁺.

4 illus, 40 ref

015268   Umukoro S;Ashorobi R B (Pharmacology and Therapeutics Dep, Ibadan Univ, Nigeria, Email: umusolo@yahoo.com) : Effect of the methanol leaf extract of Sansevieria liberica on the central nervous system in mice. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 242-6.

Investigates the effects of the methanol leaf extract of Sansevieria liberica (SL) on the Central Nervous System (CNS) in mice. The spectrum of activities studied, includes the effects of SL on hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, on picrotoxin-induced convulsions and on pains produced by acetic acid and by noxious heat. The extract was found to exhibits sedative effect, as it prolongs hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. SL was also found to possess analgesic property, as it reduced the pain episodes produced by acetic acid and by noxious heat in mice. However, the extract did not demonstrate anticonvulsant property, as it failed to prevent convulsions and could not delay significantly the onset of seizures in picrotoxin-treated animals. The results of the study suggest that the leaf extract of Sanseviera liberica contained phytochemically active ingredients with CNS depressant and analgesic effects.

4 tables, 23 ref

015267   Tyagi M G (Pharmacology Dep, Christian Medical College, Vellore-632 002) : Urokinase: an enzyme linking kidney and lung function. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 349.

To evaluate the linkage between the kidney andlungs, conducted studies in groups of Guinea pigs (n=7) weighing between 500 to 700g. Urokinase was injected in a dose of 8000 units/kg intraperitoneally. The respiratory rate was measured before and 15 minutes after urokinase injection. Urokinase was found to increase the respiratory rate by 11.7%. In another group of Guinea pigs (n=7), the gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) inhibitor, Carbenoxolone (50mg/kg i.p) was found to attenuate this increase in therespiraory rate. These studies support the role of urokinase as a critcal constituent of the "Pulmonary-renal cascade" and suggest that this enzyme is thelinkage between lidney and lung function for physiological homeostasis.

^ssc5 ref

015266   Tiwari B K;Khosa R L (NO, Translam Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Meerut-250 003, Email: br_brijesh@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Sphaeranthus indicus flower heads extract. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 173-8.

Investigates the protective effect of Sphaerantkus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism underlying these protective effects in rats. The hepatoprotective effect of Sphaeranthus indicus (Flower heads) extracts was studied using CCl₄ (2 ml/kg, s.c.) induced liver damage in rats. The effect of extract on bile flow was studied in anaesthetised normal rats by surgical cannulation with polyethylene tubing. The drug was given intraduodenally after one-hour bile collection. The animals receiving the extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus has shown to possess a significant protective effect by lowering the serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This hepatoprotective action was confirmed by hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time in mice, which was increased by CCl₄ treatment and in addition the extract-stimulated bile flow (choleretic activity) in anaesthetized normal rats. Methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers produces prominent hepatoprotective activity in animal models.

3 tables, 20 ref

015265   Tareque M I;Islam T M;Rahman M M (Population Science and Human Resource Development Dep, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, ) : Determination of elder abuse in Rajshahi city corporation, Bangladesh: evidence from a micro-level survey. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 411-21.

Although family ties in Bangladesh are still strong and an overwhelming majority of the old live with family members, nevertheless the position of an increasing number of older persons is becoming vulnerable. In the present scenario they cannot take it for granted that their children will look after them when they need care in their old age in view of longevity, which implies an extended period of dependency. There has been little research on elder abuse in Bangladesh. The frightening finding is that in Rajshahi City Corporation there are 17% abused elderly. The study shows that most of the abused elderly were young old. Females who were widow and illiterate were more vulnerable to abuse. The overall finding of this study also seems to suggest a close relationship of abuse with family head, physical condition, living arrangements and educational hackground and this piece of information needs to he scientifically utilized in developing suitable programs addressing the elderly in country. The researcher emphasizes the importance of replicating this research, and incorporating culture specific findings into customized intervention strategies.

6 tables, 7 ref

015264   Sushil Kumar (National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Post Box no. 10531, New Delhi-110 067) : Conventional and new concepts of species and genetic mechanisms for the origin of species. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2007, 73(2), 111-20.

Speciation is a prime multidisciplinary area of biological research. Recent progress in genetics and genomics of diverse species of living organisms has been helpful in resolving the definition of species and understanding the speciation process. The universal species is interbreeding population of individuals that occur, survive and multiply in similar habitat; resemble one another in phenome; possess syntenous genome; and can share the gene pool comprised by them by homologous recombination. Speciation results from induction of genetic divergence in population, by occurrence of mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and duplications, and genome expansion by transposon proliferation; by acquisition of heterologous genes and organelles; and by interspecies genome fusions, leading to non-sharing of gene pool by members of diverging subpopulations of species. New species get selected to occupy the free ecological space. Growing knowledge about evolutionary biology of species is enabling development of tools, techniques and materials necessary for the construction of new species for making progress in biology research and new kinds of agriculturally and industrially important biotechnological products.

1 illus, 1 table, 95 ref

015263   Sudha M;Gnanamani A (Microbiology Div, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, Email: agmani_2000@yahoo.com) : In vitro studies on evaluation of pro- and antioxidant properties of unspent tannins. Curr Sci 2008, 95(1), 87-9.

In vitro pro- and antioxidant effect of unspent tannins generated from leather manufacturing processes was evaluated. DPPH was used to assess the antioxidant behaviour and prooxidant nature was examined with prokaryotic DNA. Results showed that antioxidant effect was observed with ≤50 mg concentration, and prooxidant effect was realized even at 20- 30 μg. Presence of transition elements aggravates the prooxidant property of the tannins.

1 illus, 12 ref

015262   Subash Singh;Dhooria M S (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Biology of red spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on different cucurbits. Indian J Ent 2008, 70(3), 269-72.

Biology of red spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) was studied through leaf disc technique at 27 ±1°C on 12 different cucurbit species. Based on minimum mortality during development, shorter larval plus nymphal development and higher fecundity and longevity, musk melon (Cucumis melo var. reticulata Linn.) was found the most preferred host among different cucurbits. The female longevity was higher in cucumber (Cucumis sativa Linn.), wanga (Cucumis melo sub sp. melo Linn.), wild melon (Cucumis melo var. colossus Linn.) and ash gourd (Benincasa hispida Thunb.), but these cucurbits had prolonged larval plus nymphal development and very poor egg laying as compared to that on preferred cucurbits. Wild melon, ash gourd, cucumber and wanga were less preferred hosts considering longer larval plus nymphal development, and more mortality during development on these cucurbits.

2 tables, 6 ref

015261   Singh G P;Sharma R R (Botany Dep, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: daggur2s@yahoo.co.uk) : Dominating species of lactobacilli and leuconostocs present among the lactic acid bacteria of milk of different cattles. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 173-9.

The presence of dominating Lactobacilli and Leuconostoc spp. in the different cattle milks was studied. Total viable counting and total coliform counting were also checked for all the samples. In samples of cow, buffalo, camel and goat's milk, total 6 Lactobacilli spp. and 5 spp. of Leuconostoc were identified on the basis of their biochemical prosperities. Highest count of total bacterial population was found in the cow's milk and lowest in the goat's milk. Buffalo's milk was found with a significant number of coliforms. Lactic acid bacteria, genus Lactobacilli and Leuconostocs were obsereved in all the milk samples at a little difference in number.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

015260   Singh A K;Radhamani J;Srinivasan k (Germplasm Conservation Div, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource, , Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012, Email: aksingh@nbpgr.delhi.nic.in) : Post collection care and handling of the germplasm. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2007, 73(2), 55-70.

Success of conservation and use of plant genetic resources is directly related to the quality of genetic material collected. To maintain the quality, one of the essential components of germplasm collection is post collection care. The developing world is still in the phase of development in this regard. Therefore, collectors need to be educated regarding the care to be taken after collecting seeds or vegetatative propagules to avoid rapid deterioration and about the conditions to be provided that would limit the process of deterioration during collection and transportation. Discusses various components related to the seed and genetic material, the factors that can contribute to their deterioration, and suggest the appropriate methods and the precautions that need to be followed to restrict deterioration. As the water contents, being the basis of movements of cations and anions for initiation of any metabolic activity at a specific temperature, drying of the seed or the genetic material to safe limits and storage at low relative humidity (32%) and low temperature help retention of equilibrated moisture contents, contributing significantly in improved upkeep of the material during collection and transportation.

1 illus, 6 tables, 36 ref

015259   Siddique Y H;Ara G;Beg T;Afzal M (Human Genetics and Toxicology Lab, Genetics Sect, Zoology Dep, Algarh Mulslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: yasir_hasansiddique@rediffmail.com) : Micronucleus investigation in oral mucosal cells of gutka/pan masala chewers. Indian Biol 2008, 40(1), 1-5.

Micronucleus test (MN) is used as an indicator of genotoxic damage, since it is associated with chromosome aberrations. An increased mutation rate in oral squamous cells, indicatcd by an increased frequency of MN, which in turn is related to the development of oral carcinomas. In the evaluated the frequencies of MN in the oral squamous cells, from three distinct region of mouth of gutka/pan masala chewers. Microscopic examination was made of 1500 cells per individual from each of three distinct areas i.e. palate (A), buccal (B) and tongue (C). A significant increase in the frequency of micronucleus was obscrved in all the three regions of gutka/pan masala chewers, when compared to controls from the same region.

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

015258   Sherman C W;Rosenblatt D E;Antonucci T C (Life Course Development Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) : Elder abuse and mistreatment: a life span and cultural context. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 319-39.

Elder abuse is now recognized as a global social and public health problem threatening older people. Older adults, especially the oldest old, are the fastest growing segment of the population in the United States and many other nations. While increased longevity is generally heralded as a positive development, older adults and family members responsible for their care are often faced with associated problems due, e.g., to chronic illness, family mobility, shrinking public and medical resources. Such factors strain families ability to provide optimal care and increase the likelihood of elder abuse. The violation of a trust relationship, a defining feature of elder mistreatment, suggests that a consideration of social relations across the life span is useful for understanding elder mistreatment. Cultural expectations of intergenerational responsibility and assistance also influence perceptions of and responses to elder mistreatment. Examines social relations and culture as essential to a comprehensive understanding of elder mistreatment. Such understanding is critical to identifying the risk, improving early detection, and providing sensitive intervention for elders in communities with increasingly diverse populations.

78 ref

015257   Shanmugam K R;Ramakrishana C;Mallikarjuna K; Sathyavelu Reddy K (Zoology Dep, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, Email: ksreddy2008@hotmail.com) : Impact of ginger on kidney carbohydrate metabolic profiles inm STZ induced diabetic rats. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 127-34.

Ginger has been mentioned in Indian system of traditional medicine to be of value in the treatment of many diseases. The study was undertaken to assess the effect of ginger on the carbohydrate metabolic profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Wistar strain male albino rats were divided in to 5 groups as stated in the experimental protocol. The parameters studied are glycogen, total carbohydrates, total proteins and pyruvate. These metabolic profiles were decreased in diabetic rats except glycogen. Where as, with ginger treatment in diabetic rats these carbohydrate metabolic profiles were upregulated and glycogen downregulated. The blood glucose levels were also came to normalcy in ginger treated diabetic rats. The observed reductions in carbohydrate metabolic profiles during diabetic condition in renal tissue may be due to the alterations in the carbohydrate metabolism. From the results, its is concluded that ginger posses hypoglycemic property and other pharmacological properties so in diabetic rats, all these carbohydrate metabolic profiles were came to normalcy.

2 tables, 46 ref

015256   Shankardass M K (Sociology Dep, Maitreyi College, Delhi University, South Campus, Delhi) : Critical understanding of prevalence of elder abuse and the combating strategies with specific reference to India. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 422-46.

`Elder abuse' has only recently been a subject worthy of serious academic inquiry and concerted action in India. However, absence of valid statistics and systematic collection of facts related to the problem contribute to it being still under-recognized and insufficiently acknowledged. Lack of conceptual and definitional clarity as well as under-reporting comes in the way of finding ways and means to combat it. Understanding abuse of older people and finding solutions to deal with it are further complicated by social taboo among older people on discussing the subject and consistent denial by family members that abuse takes place in their homes. Also, from the legal discourse angle is the difficulty that not all of the situations characterized as abuse fit into existing legal categories. Consequently, little attention is being given to elder abuse as a major social issue. Even less effort is being devoted to tackling the underlying causes of elder abuse and developing appropriate interventions and adopting combating strategies. Reviews prevalence of elder abuse and its combating strategies in the Indian context based on the author's research, academic interest and engagement with the subject as an activist.

61 ref

015255   Roopalekha Jathanna P N;Latha K S (Health Information Management Dep, Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka) : Care-giving and caregiver stress. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 456-66.

In the Indian society, the cultural values and the traditional practices emphasize that the elderly members of the family should be treated with honor and respect. The families of the aged persons are expected to ensure the needed care and support jar the aged. Elder abuse is seen often in cognitively impaired persons in addition to others with severe physical and psychiatric disabilities. It can take two forms - the patient being abused by the caregiver or caregiver himself being subjected to abuse. Intends to examine these issues of elder abuse in caregiver setting of patients with dementia in the light of available data of a long-term project by the authors and suggests its implications. In addition, the related issues of the problems, stresses, and strains of informal caregivers of the persons with dementia are highlighted.

14 ref

015254   Rezaei Ochbelagh D;Borhanifar A;Asadi A (Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, , P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran, Email: ddrezaey@yahoo.com) : Thermal effects of mobile phone on tissue. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 351-6.

The photons (electromagnetic waves) are scattered by tissues. After scattering the absorbed energy cases molecule vibration and the phonon created. Interaction of photon with tissue has been verified. Assumed a photon interacts with tissue and creates a phonon. Therefore, transferred energy causes to increase temperature. Rising of temperature with photon frequency has been calculated and draw on a curve. In addition, number of photon interaction with tissue elements calculated in one cm³, when incident power is 2W. The effects of incident power on absorbed energy and rising temperature have been depicted on the final section.

^ssc6 illus, 9 ref

015253   Pandya V (Social Work Dep, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kutztown University, Old Main 27, Kutztown, PA 19530) : Resolving elder abuse complaints in homes for the aged: relevance of ombudsman program. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 394-404.

Provides information on the Ombudsman program in the US and other European countries for the consideration of Indian stakeholders in the development of Homes for the aged. Also provides alternative models, processes and potential of these to guide the decision making for the program development similar to the ombudsman programme in India.

1 illus, 19 ref

015252   Pal D K;Kumar S;Chakrabarty P;Kumar M (Natural Products Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jharpokharia, Mayurbhanj-757 086, Email: drdilip2003@yahoo.co.in) : Antioxidant activity of Semecarpus anacardium L.f. nuts. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 160-3.

The objective is to study the antioxidant activity of different extracts of nuts of Semecarpus anacardium in vitro. The in vitro antioxdant activity was investigated by two methods: by estimating degree of non-enzymatic haemoglobin glycosylation measured colorimetrically at 520 nm and by assaying DPPH free radical scavenging activity. It-was found that petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of nuts of S anacardium showed higher antioxidant activity than other extracts of it. The antioxidant activities of the extracts are close and identical in magnitude and comparable to that of standard antioxidant compounds used. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were concentration dependant. The results of the present study justify the use of the nuts as folk remedies.

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

015251   Nahmiash D;Schwartz R (NO, McGill Center for Studies on Aging, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) : Community response to financial abuse of older adults. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 265-90.

Addresses the phenomenon of financial/material abuse against dependent older adults who live in the community and are being cared for by a family member, friend or neighbor or who are living in a residence or nursing home and cared for by paid caregivers. It is hard for us to imagine that such abuse exists and in fact, has always existed in our society. Violence against older adults is yet another manifestation of domestic violence, about which we, as a society, are becoming more and more aware. It is important for all members of society, as well as health care professionals, to be aware of the signs and symptoms of this phenomenon so that we can find ways to detect the presence of such a problem and thus enable the victim to get the help they need. As well, we need to find ways of preventing such abuse from occurring. Therefore, this study has focused on describing the types of financial and material abuse that are perpetrated and how to avoid them.

43 ref

015250   Manjulakumari D;Kumar (Microbiology Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056, Email: manjulakumari_doddamane@yahoo.co.in) : Male contribution of lipids to the female silkmoth Bombyx mori L., during mating. Entomon 2007, 32(4), 297-300.

Lipid content in reproductive tissues of virgin and mated male and female moths of Bombyx mori L. was determined. It was also determined after egg laying in both virgin and mated female moths. Lipid content decreased in the reproductive tissues of male moth after mating. In female, contrary to male, a significant rise was observed in all the tissues. Following oviposition the lipid content decreased in all the tissues of both virgin and mated females; however, the loss was more in mated moths. It is concluded that the male moth contributes lipids to the female moth at the time of copulation.

3 tables, 17 ref

015249   Mallick A (Social Work Dep, Vivekanand Institute of Social Work and Social Sciences, Utkal Univers, Bhubaneshwar-751 009) : Narratives of aged widows on abuse. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 480-500.

Based on in-depth interviews with the widows in the age group of 60 years and above, residing in various old age institutions in Kolkata and its adjoining areas, examines the sufferings and humiliation (in terms of abuse and neglect) the women are subject to undergo by their dear and near ones, after the death of their husbands. Also seeks to analyze the implications for policy, programmes and practices related to abuse and neglect.

10 ref

015248   Mali G V;Bodhankar M G (Microbiology Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth's M.B.S.K., Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Kadegaon, Dist. Sangli-415 304, Email: gajamali@rediffmail.com) : Antifungal and phytohormone production potential of Azotobactr chroococcum isolates from groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) rhizosphere. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 293-7.

A total number of 25 isolates of Azotobacter chroococcum from the rhizosphere soil of groundnut of different varieties from different localities of Sangli District were tested for their ability to produce antifungal metabolites and phytohormones- IAA & gibberellins. Out of these, isolates KG2, KG3 and KG5 were found to be more significant as compared with others. KG 2 exhibited activity against Aspergillus jlavus, Aspergillus terrus and Fusarium oxysporum and produced IAA and Gibberellins in 55 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml amount respectively; KG3 exhibited activity against Aspergillus jlavus and Aspergillus terrus and produced IAA and Gibberellins in 56 μg/ml and 58 μg/ml amount respectively whereas KG5 exhibited activity against Aspergillus terrus, Alternaria altemata and Fusarium oxysporum and produced IAA and Gibberellins in 53 μg/ml and 62 μg/ml amount respectively. Therefore, these three isolates could be successfully exploited to control fungal phytopathogens in the root region and to enhance seed germination of groundnut in order to increase the yield.

^ssc2 tables, 6 ref

015247   Madhurima (Sociology Dep, Correspondence Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014) : Elderly widow as victims of physical abuse: a qualitative study in the state of Punjab. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 501-14.

Rise in the proportion of the aged has posed new challenges for both developed and developing countries. In the traditional Indian society, old people were assigned a position of respect and honour. The most important duty of the son(s) was to look after the aged parents. Failure on the part of the son(s) was considered a serious demerit and social opprobrium. Such a system provided economic, social and emotional security to the aged. Further, the institution of joint family, caste and village community which formed the building blocks of traditional structure in India, assured economic security and high social status to the aged. However, due to changing aged pyramids, value systems and withdrawal of family support system, domestic maltreatment of the elderly in India is emerging as an important social problem. The aged parents who enjoyed the higher status are now at the mercy of their son(s). The condition of widows is very serious due to their complete dependency on their sons or daughters or relatives. The widows' social circle is limited to their family. It causes a rude shock to them when they are physically abused by their sons / daughters-in-law or have to leave their families to seek support from formal agencies (Vidhwa ashrams run by philothropic agencies) as the last resort.

19 ref

015246   Liaqat I;Sabri A N (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590; Pakistan, Email: iramliaq@hotmail.com) : In vitro efficacy of biocides against dental unit water line (Duwl) biofilm bacteria. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 67-75.

Dental unit waterlines (DUWL) are an integral part of dental surgery equipment, supplying water as a coolant, primarily for air turbine and ultrasonic scalers. DUWL when not ªin use remain connected to main water supply providing conditions for biofilm development within 8 hours. Bacteria shed from the biofilm can maintain and support massive number of planktonic organisms. Characteristically biofilm bacteria exhibit 3000 fold more resistance to surfactants, biocides and antibiotics than organisms floating freely in fluids. Biofilms on tubings within DUWL provide a reservoir of microorganisms and must be controlled. This study compared different biocides for their ability to reduce and eliminate the biof1lm bacteria. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Phenol (Phe), Tween 20 (Tw 20), Ethylene dihydro tetraoxide (EbTA), Chlorohexidine gluconate (CHX) and Povidine iodine (PI) were tested against DUWL biofilm bacteria. SDS, H₂P₂ Tw 20 and EDTA completely eliminate viable bacteria when applied singly, however, combmed forms of these were found to be more effective in eliminating the biofilm bacteria. Some combinations effectively reduced the biofilm bacterial population. The most effective combination was of CHX with rest of the six biocides, although CHX gave the most consistent and sustained antimicrobial effect over time. Applying all the biocides simultaneously resulted in elimination of most bacteria.

5 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

015245   Latha K S (Psychiatry Dep, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal University, Manipal-576 104) : Elder abuse and neglect. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 467-79.

Elder abuse /neglect/mistreatment is a widespread and serious problem. The term elder abuse and neglect is commonly used to describe acts of commission or omission that result in harm or threatened harm to the health or welfare of an older adult. There have been attempts to elucidate risk factors for elder mistreatment both for older adults and for their caretakers. These factors are based on etiologic theories for the occurrence of elder abuse and neglect. Touches on the concept of Elder abuse/neglect, the factors which contribute to elder abuse, the reasons why it is not reported by the victim, the characteristics of the abused and the abuser, manifestations of abuse and management issues.

^iia15 ref

015244   Kshirsagar A;Patil P A;Purnima Ashok;Hulkoti B (Pharmacology Dep, K.L.E.S.'s College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-560 010, Email: ksagar.ajay@gmail.com) : Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer effects of Calotropis gigantea R.Br flowers in rodent. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 183-90.

Evaluates the chloroform extract of Calotropis gigantea flowers (CCGF) and ethanol extract of Calotropis gigantea flowers (ECGF) for their possible anti-inflammatory (AI) and anti-ulcer (AU) activities. The anti-inflammatory effect of CCGF and ECGF (200 mg/kg; p.o.) was investigated in carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The AU activity studied in pylorus ligation and aspirin induced gastric ulcers model. The aspirin and ranitidine were used as standards for AI and AU studies respectively. The CCGF and ECGF significantly reduced rat paw edema (p > 0.05 to > 0.01) and dry weight granuloma (p > 0.01). Similarly, both extracts treated group were significantly (p > 0.01) protected from pyloric ligation and aspirin induced gastric ulcers. These effects were statistically significant. The results suggest that the CCGF and ECGF possess significant AI and AU activities. The observed effect may be due to the presence of protease like bioactive constituent.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

015243   Kakad V D;Mohan M;Kasture V S;Kasture S B (Pharmacology Dep, M.G.V.'s College of Pharmacy, Panchavati, Nasik, Maharashtra-422 003, Email: mm_nasik@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of vitis vinifera on memory and behaviour mediated by monoamines. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 164-72.

Investigates the effect of methanolic extract of Vitis vinifera (WE) and methanolic fraction (MF) of methanolic extract on memory and behaviour mediated by monoamines. The effect of WE and MF on memory was studied using Passive shock avoidance paradigm, Elevated plus maze (EPM) paradigm and Object recognition test. The effect of extract on clonidine induced hypothermia, lithium induced head twitches, haloperidol induced catalepsy and sodium nitrite induced hypoxia was observed to study the behaviour mediated by noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine and Acetylcholine respectively. Scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg) was used to induce cognitive dysfunction. Piracetam (100 mg/kg) served as a standard nootropic drug. Methanolic fraction (MF) of extract significantly (P<0.05) reversed scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. The WE and MF exhibited significant (P<0.05) nootropic activity in all three models of memory. WE and MF decreased lithium induced head twitches, modified haloperidol induced catalepsy and decreased percentage mortality induced by sodium nitrite. However, clonidine induced hypothermia was not modified. Thus, the raisins of Vitis vinifera contain bio-active principle(s) which possess prominent nootropic activity. It also modified 5-HT, DA and Ach mediated behaviour.

2 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

015242   Kadam T A;Rupa L;Balhal D K;Totewad N D; Gyananath G (Biotechnology and Microbiology Div, School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded-431 606, Email: gyananath@yahoo.com) : Determination of the degree of hydrophobicity - a technique to assess bacterial colonizationon leaf surface and root region of lotus plant. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 135-9.

Leaf surfaces and root regions are composed of diverse microorganisms including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as yeasts and fungi. Reports the relative distribution of the bacterial populations on the leaf surface and root regions of lotus plant. A marked degree of heterogeneous bacterial populations were found on leaf surface and root region. The degree of hydrophobicity was studied and a high variability was observed which could be attributed to differences in arrays of surface molecules of bacterial cells and composition of biofilms.

2 tables, 12 ref

015241   Jain U C (NO, Indian Gerontological Association, C-207, Manu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur) : Elder abuse: outcome of changing family dynamics. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 447-55.

Traces a pattern of increasing elderly abuse amidst changes in the Indian family structure and function. The transition in interaction pattern, interpersonal relations and communicaªtion pattern leads to a serious threat for healthy aging. The exemplary short case studies reported here indicate that elders are encountering both physical and psychological distancing in joint as well as nuclear families. Youths in general have started asserting strongly for individual self, and are in a great hurry to have every source of pleasure regardless of its legitimacy. Their behavior and unconcerned attitudes towards aged family members are becoming apparent. With increasing individualism family members seem to assert for individual freedom, prefer to live with individualized likings. This life style does not allow them to care for the personal, physical and emotional needs of elders. Many times they actively or passively abuse them. Explores the possible solutions of such a grave social problem.

10 ref

015240   Hema Latha E;Satyanarayana T;Ramesh A;Durga Prasad Y;Routhu K V;Srinivas L A (Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Dep, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: hema.emandi@gmail.com) : Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Argyreia speciosa sweet. in normal and in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 203-8.

Investigates the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of methanolic extract of stem of Argyreia speciosa Sweet (A. speciosa) in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and method: The blood glucose levels were measured at 0 h and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 h after the treatment. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed in normal, diabetic control, plant extract treated normal and diabetic groups and tolbutamide also treated normal and diabetic groups. The alcoholic extract of A. speciosa showed significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent percentage blood glucose reduction in normal (26.42% at 250 mg/kg, 28.50% at 500 mg/kg and 34.25% at 750 mg/kg body weight) and in diabetic rats (24.72% at 250 mg/kg, 31.10% at 500 mg/kg and 40.47% at 750 mg/ kg body weight) respectively at 8 h. The hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of A. speciosa was compared with the reference standard drug tolbutamide (40 mg/kg).

3 tables, 28 ref

015239   Gupta U C;Jain G C (Zoology Dep, Seth G.B. Podar College, Newalgarh, Dist. Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan) : Hypolipidemic activity of Cassia fistula. Legume in rats. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 241-8.

The effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula Linn. (Family: fabaceae) legume was assessed on serum lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats. Oral feeding of cholesterol (500 mg/kg b.wt./day) dissolved in coconut oil (0.5 ml/rat/day) for 90 days caused a significant (P<0.001) elevation in total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipid in serum of rats. Administration of C.fistula legume extract at the doses 100,250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day along with cholesterol significantly prevented the rise in the serum total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipid in a dose dependent manner. The ratio of HDL-cholesterol / total cholesterol ratio was elevated in serum of C. fistula extract treated groups as compared to cholesterol alone fed control rats.

2 tables, 27 ref

015238   Gupta R;Chaudhuri A (NO, School of Social Work, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave-HSS-217, San Francisco, CA, 94132) : Elder abuse in a cross-cultural context: assessment, policy and practice. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 373-93.

Examines the concept of elder abuse in a cross cultural context. Population aging is a global phenomenon. Mortality rates in most developing nations have declined faster than expected over the past two decades, with the result that many nations now have life expectancies approaching, or even exceeding, those of the developed nations. Practitioners often associate elder abuse with physical violence, but analysis of reported abuse in the United States demonstrates that financial abuse is more common. Although elder abuse is widespread it is often under reported as it is difficult to assess and prevent, especially in Asian communities in the United States and in South Asia. The case studies reflect elder abuse in the form of silent treatment, neglect, social isolation, and exploitation and are based on the first author s practice work. Strategies for assessment, intervention, and prevention are discussed.

42 ref

015237   Gupta P (Zoology Dep, Cedic Kanya P.G. College, Raja Park, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: preetiharsh@rediffmail.com) : Antiestrogenic activity of petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea) in female albino mice. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 313-16.

Petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Catharanthus roseus when subjected to mouse uterotrophic test proved to be antiestrogenic when administered alone. It also inhibits the estrogen induced gain in the uterine weight when administered along with estradiol 17 β. Keeping these results in view the leaf extract was injected intramuscularly at the daily dose of 2, 5, 10 mg/day/mouse from day 7 to 9 postcoitum to mated females. The 10 mg dose proved to be highly effective in suppressing preganancy, while the 2 mg and 5 mg doses proved to be subeffective.

2 tables, 12 ref

015236   Guha A;Vinod Kumar K;Kamaraju M V V (Geosciences Div, National Remote Sensing Agency, Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 625, Email: arindam_iit@rediffmail.com) : Influence of look angle and look direction of space-borne SAR sensor in geological feature delineation in metasedimentary terrain of Kurnool group of rocks, Andhra Pradesh. Curr Sci 2008, 95(1), 99-104.

Role of look angle and look direction of space-borne SAR sensors in enhancing signatures of geological elements is an important aspect of study. In the study, two different look angle (IS2 and IS4) data of ENVISAT ASAR are compared to evaluate the significance of look angle in enhancing different lithovariants and structures of the Proterozoic metasedimentary terrain. The ascending and descending modes of data acquisition of ENVISAT ASAR also help to study the significance of look direction in enhancing or subduing geological features. Geometric distortion is similar in both look angles. Low-dipping sedimentary terrain with steep mesa, butte and cuesta ridges creates layover on images of IS2 (18°-25°) and IS4 (28°-36°) acquisition of ENVISAT, but low look angle facilitates less shadow zones at the back slope portion and helps in finding important geological structures. Alternate polarization channels of ENVISAT ASAR are useful in enhancing the lithovaraints based on polarization signatures characteristically developed over each rock type due to variation in surface roughness and moisture content of each rock type. Separabilty of one rock type from another based on polarization signatures is better in low look-angle data. Drainages on the other hand, are enhanced in high look-angle data as the specular surface of drainage returns appreciable energy in low look-angle acquisition. In the study it is found that lineaments of variable trends can be mapped better from dual look-direction data.

5 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

015235   Gokani R H;Kapadia N S;Shah M B (Pharmacognosy Dep, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: mamta_b_shah@yahoo.com) : Comparative pharmacongostic study of Clerodendrum phlomidis and Premna integrifolia. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 222-31.

A comparative study was designed to develop physico-chemical parameters for roots of Clerodendrum phlomidis and Premna integrifolia (Family: Verbenaceae), commonly known as Arni. Roots of C. phlomidis and P. integrifolia were studied for macro and microscopical characters. Clerodendrin-A, a chemical marker was isolated from the root of C. phlomidis. HPTLC method was developed to generate fingerprint profiles for the two roots and to quantify isolated clerodendrin-A (in C. phlomidis and P. integrifolia roots) using n-hexane: ethyl formate (7:3) as a mobile phase, precoated TLC plates (silica gel 60 F₂₅₄) as a stationary phase and H₂SO₄ as derivatizing agent. Morphologically both roots resemble each other except for their color and size. Microscopically they can be differentiated by presence of rhytidoma in roots of P. integrifolia. Further, starch grains are found distributed in C. phlomidis, only in xylem parenchyma and xylem rays, where as in P. integrifolia all tissues except cork show starch. Clerodendrin-A isolated from C. phlomidis was also found to be present in P. integrifolia. Considering clerodendrin-A as a chemical marker, the present study was designed to develop HPTLC method for generation of distinct chemoprofile and quantification of clerodendrin-A in roots of C. phlomidis and P. integrifolia. HPTLC study of n-hexane fraction (diterpenoid rich) of the two roots performed using silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ as a stationary phase, n-hexane: ethyl formate (7:3) as a mobile phase and H₂SO₄ as derivatizing agent revealed presence of a clerodendrin-A, a major diterpenoid at R_f 0.26 (violet color). Clerodendrin-A concentration was found to be 0.073% w/w in C. phlomidis and 0.04% w/w in P. integrifolia.

5 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

015234   Erlingsson C (NO, School of Human Sciences, University of Kalmar, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden) : Investigating emotional reactions to an elder abuse: Pilot study of a triple perspective questionnaire. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 340-55.

Reports the results of a pilot study in Sweden examining lay persons' emotional reactions to a vignette concerning a potential elder abuse situation involving an elderly caregiver and his care receiving spouse. A questionnaire was distributed to visitors at a public exhibition and filled in on the spot. Sixty-nine persons, 11-73 years old, participated. All questionnaires used the same basic vignette but half specified rheumatism and half specified Alzheimer s disease in the potential abuse victim. Participants rated emotional reactions from three different perspectives; how they themselves reacted, and how they thought the caregiver and the care recipient would each react emotionally. Emotional reactions were explored through questionnaire items Anger, Impatient, Shame, Disgust, Concern, Embarrassment, Compassion, Irritation, A desire to help, Insecure, and Frightened. Results showed differences between participants' own reported reactions and the reactions they expected the older persons to experience. These differences were especially noticeable between questionnaire versions. Analysis also indicated differences in response patterns that were related to participants' gender and marital/cohabitation status. The study revealed several fruitful avenues for refinement of the questionnaire and for further investigation of emotional reactions to elder abuse.

5 tables, 15 ref

015233   Decha-Dier U;Hutadilok-Towatana N; Mahabusarakam W;Sawangjaroen K;Pinkaew D (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla Univ, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand, Email: nongporn.t@psu.ac.th) : Anti-atherogenic effects of morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis leaves in cholesterol fed rabbits. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 151-9.

A biflavonoid, morelloflavone isolated from leaves of Garcinia dulcis Kurz was investigated for its ability to reduce plasma lipids and prevent progression of atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Male rabbits were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 received a regular diet. Group 2 received a regular diet with 0.02% (w/w) of G. dulcis derived morelloflavone, Group 3 was fed a diet containing 1% (w/w) cholesterol to induce hypercholesterolemia, and Group 4 to Group 6 had their 1% cholesterol diets supplemented with morelloflavone at concentrations of 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02%, respectively. During a 4 month-experimental period, rabbits were monitored for their body weights and plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels monthly and the extent of aortic atherosclerotic lesions were analysed at the end of the period. The levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and TBARS as well as intimal thickening within aortas were increased in all animals fed with cholesterol diets. Such increases, however, were reduced in the presence of morelloflavone. The concentrations of morelloflavone that showed inhibitory effects in all cases were 0.005% and 0.01%, whereas the 0.02% dosage was ineffective.

1 illus, 30 ref

015232   Clark P;Goldlist B (Geriatric Medicine Dep, University of Toronto, Canada) : Protecting vulnerable older adults in the health care system. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 291-306.

Originally formed in November 1989, the Geriatric/Long Term Care Review Committee to the Chief Coroner for the Province of Ontario has a mandate to improve medical care for the elderly in Ontario and decrease the occurrence of what could be construed as `medical abuse'. The committee believes in the motto of the chief coroner's office: We speak for the dead to protect the living. The committee conducted an independent review of the available records relevant to the specific case and then prepare a final report including recommendations where indicated, to be sent back to the local community jar discussion and implementation with the aim being to prevent future deaths in similar circumstances. Annual reports highlighting systemic concerns are created and distributed widely across Canada. Several cases that highlight common problems in medical care of the elderly were used to illustrate the activities of the committee. The Committee is of the view that systematic review of problem cases in care of the elderly with production and dissemination of annual reports has been an important method for improving the care of the elderly in Ontario and Canada.

1 table, 3 ref

015231   Cimanga R K;Tona G L;Kambu O K;Mesia G K; Muyembe J J T;Apers S;Pieters L;Vlietinck A J (NO, Kinshasa Univ, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 212, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo, Email: kanyanga.cimanga@ua.ac.be) : Antimalarial activity of some extracts and isolated constituents from Morinda morindoides leaves. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 191-202.

Deals with the evaluation of the in vitro antimalarial activity of three crude extracts (ethanol and 80% methanol) from the leaves of Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. (Rubiaceae), that of their respective soluble fractions and isolated compounds, and that of the dichloromethane extract. It also reports the in vivo antimalarial activity of the three crude extracts and the petroleum ether soluble fraction from the ethanol extract as well as the toxicity of crude extracts in mice. The ethanol, 80% methanol and dichloromethane extracts were obtained by maceration and percolation of powdered dried M. morindoides leaves. The ethanol extract was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water and extracted with petroleum ether, and then acidified with HC1 2N (pH 2-3) and successively and exhaustively treated with chloroform and isoamylic alcohol. On the other hand the 80% methanol extract was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water and successively and exhaustively extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. A series of flavonoids, anthraquinones and iridoids were isolated from the 80% methanol extract. All dried samples were tested for their potential in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Congolese the chloroquine-sensitive or the chloroquine-sensitive NF54/64, clone A19 strains of Plasmodium falciparum according to the case. The three extracts and one soluble fraction were tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei berghei in a classical 4-suppressive test. Results: The petroleum ether, isoamylic alcohol and chloroform soluble fractions from the partition of ethanol extract showed an in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Congolese the chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum with IC50 values of 1.8 ± 0.2, 15.3 ± 3.6 and 8.8 ± 2.5 μg/ml respectively. Only the chloroform soluble fraction from the partition of the 80% methanol exhibited good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 value of 8.3 ± 1.6 μg/ml against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54/64, clone A1A9 strain of P. falciparum. Among isolated compounds, quercetin exhibited good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 value of 5.5. ± 1.8 μg/ml, alizarin and chrysarin showed a moderate activity with IC50 ranging from 14 to 26 μg/ml. In vivo test, at a daily oral dose of 200 mg/kg, ethanol, 80% methanol and dichloromethane extracts, and the petroleum ether soluble fraction produced 33%, 54% and 73%, and 75% chemosuppression respectively. Conclusion: These results may partly justify and support the traditional use of Morinda morinoides leaves for the treatment of malaria.

4 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

015230   Chaudhuri P;Datta S;Biswas A;Ghosh I (Home Science Dep (Food & Nutrition), Calcutta University, Kolkata-700 027) : Antifertility effect of Piper betle root on young adult female rats. Indian Biol 2008, 40(1), 33-7.

Studies the effect of Piper belle Linn root on the reproductive system and fertility of Wistar Strain female rats, an aqueous extract of the root at the dosage of 24 mg / rat / day was administered orally for 21 days. The extract produced hypertrophic condition in the ovary and uterus. The oestrus cycles were arrested at diestrus leading to 100% antifertility effect. Some biochemical parameters also have been done. Higher progesterone level was noted in treated rats. The implication of these findings and probable mechanism of action of Piper belle root as an antifertility agent has been pointed out.

4 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

015229   Cairns J (Biological Sciences Dep, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA) : Some consequences of the inability to halt global climate change. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 321-8.

What kind of a world does humankind want? If it is one that closely resembles the one we have it is essential to avoid the consequences of "business as usual." The biological diversity now present constitutes the biospheric life support system that has maintained conditions favorable to the genus Homo for approximately two million years. The precise location of both ecological and societal tipping points is not discemable until they have been passed. In short, the consequences, once tipping points have been passed, are not reversible in time frames of interest to humans. Taking precautions to avoid passing tipping points and thus avoiding the consequences that might well make the planet less habitable for humans seems prudent. All the consequences are interrelated and there are usually interactions between them, which means coping with the problems at a system level. When a tipping point is passed, some consequences are predictable; others are not. However, the consequences already seen are dangerous to humankind, and the dangers lurking beyond the next global, climatic tipping point are likely to be catastrophic.

15 ref

015228   Cairns J (Biological Sciences Dep, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia-24061, USA) : Is homo sapiens just another stochastic event in the history of life on earth. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 285-92.

Surprisingly, mass extinctions probably account for the disappearance of less than 5% of all extinct species - 95% of species extinctions occur between mass extinctions. In short, extinction can occur at any time in Earth's history. The concept of sustainable use of the planet assumes that humans can live on the planet indefinitely - or at least until the sun dies. However, human production of greenhouse gases is resulting in rapid climate change that threatens human society globally. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions are increasing markedly, and no agreement has been reached on specific goals for reducing emissions. Finally, coal is being used to replace diminishing supplies of petroleum, despite evidence that coal produces about twice as many greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy produced than petroleum. Although alternative sources of energy (e.g., wind, solar, geothermal) are becoming increasingly popular, humankind's primary source of energy is fossil fuels. Global climate change resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions has already affected food production, water supplies, natural habitat, and human security. Climate change and other types of habitat destruction threaten the biospheric life support system upon which human survival depends. All these issues suggest that Homo sapiens may be just another stochastic event that is adversely affecting life on Earth.

^iia24 ref

015227   Bryant S;Huerta V;Mihalik K;Crxell S H;Vattem D A (Biology Dep, Texas State Univ, 601 Univ Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, Email: dv11@txsate.edu) : Medicinal plants from Indian subcontinent decrease quorum sensing dependent virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 138-50.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01), an opportunistic pathogen in immune compromised patients is under the regulation of the LasR-RhlR system for quorum sensing (QS) mediated development of virulence. Natural products have recently become a promising source for deriving molecules that can potentially inhibit QS. Medicinal plants from Indian subcontinent used in traditional medicine are well known for their antimicrobial effects on a variety of human pathogens. However, few studies have investigated its QS related antivirulent activities. Our objective was to screen for the QS inhibitory properties of 16 high quality ayurvedic medicinal plants derived from Indian sub-continent, understand their mechanism of action and investigate their effect on the expression of QS regulated virulence factors in PAO1. QS inhibition of sub-lethal concentrations (SLC) of plant extracts was measured in violacein producing Chromobacterium violaceum bioassay model. Effect of these extracts on PAO1 virulent factors pyocyanin, elastase and total protease were quantified by standard protocols. Results indicated that all extracts reduced violacein production significantly. The results from modified screening assay suggested the primary mechanism of QSI was a combination of (1) reduction in Al formation and (2) inhibition of AI activity. The extracts reduced pyocyanin synthesis, inhibited the activity of elastase and other proteolytic enzymes.

7 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

015226   Banerjee A K (NO, , Bolton, England) : Abuse of older people: the english scenario. Indian J Gerontol 2008, 22(3-4), 405-10.

Provides an overview of the problem in the U.K. The various types and aspects of abuse are outlined and approach to handle the suspected cases of abuse discussed. Various international guidelines are mentioned and the last U.K. Government actions are presented. The crucial need for more research in the field is emphasized. Also the importance of ongoing in scientific educational training for professionals and carers is highlighted. A number of regulatory measures recently taken by the U.K. authorities are mentioned. Most importantly the need for an attitudinal change to old age will be of paramount importance.

10 ref

015225   Arora N K;Khare E;Naraian R;Maheshwari D K (Microbiology Dep, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur-208 024, Email: nkarora_net@rediffmail.com) : Sawdust as a superior carrier for production of multipurpose bioinoculant using plant growth promoting rhizobial and pseudomonad strains and their impact on productivity of Trifolium repense. Curr Sci 2008, 95(1), 90-4.

In the investigation five carriers - alginate beads, charcoal, sand, sawdust and sugarcane bagasse were evaluated for the production of bioinoculants. The bacteria used for bioinoculant development were Rhizobium leguminosarum AV1^amp+tet+ and Pseudomonas fluorescens ERN2^amp+strep+. Both bacterial strains were inoculated in all the five carriers separately and in combination with each other (co-inoculants). The bacterial population was determined in each carrier up to six month storage. Sawdust proved to be the best carrier in maintaining the bacterial population for both individual and co-inoculation. Finally the impact of six month-stored inoculants on plant productivity was determined. The co-inoculants containing both rhizobial and pseudomonad population proved much better in enhancing the seedling biomass and the nodule number. The sawdust-based co-inoculant and monoinoculant was much better than any other carrier-based inoculant taken in the study. The study suggests the use of co-inoculants over mono-inoculants.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

015224   Alam P;Ali M (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, Email: mali_chem@yahoo.co.in) : New aliphatic alcohols from root bark of Ricinus communis Linn.. J nat Remedies 2008, 8(2), 216-21.

Phytochemical investigation of the root bark of Ricinus communis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) furnished three new aliphatic alcohols and their structures have been elucidated as 24- phenyl tetracosan- 6-one-19-ol-, n-tricos-lOen-l-ol-3-oneand 24-phenyl-n-tetracosan-10-one-19p-ol on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reaction.

1 table, 11 ref

014304   Yuvaraj G;Vijyalakshmi M;Nema R K (Industrail Biotechnology Dep, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and esearch Inst, Dr.M.G.R. Univ, Chennai-600 095) : Cytotoxic activity of Derris brevipes variety Coriacea induces apoptosis in HCT 116 cells. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 39-44.

Derria brevipes variety coriacea has been used as an herbal medicine in India for epilepsy, nervous disorders, and bronchitis and liver aliments. It is also being used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of cancer. This study shows the cytotoxic activity and mechanism of cell death exhibited by the ethanolie extracts Dem's brevipes variety curiucea against human colon cancer ceil line like HCT 116. Treatment of HCT116 cell lines with various concentrations of MEIT resulted in growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as determined by cell viability. DNA fragmentation and comet assay. These results suggest that MBIT exhibits antiproliferative effect on HCT 116 cells via apoptosis. and it may be a potential candidate in the field of anticancer drug discovery.

5 illus, 20 ref

014303   Wiwanitkit V (Laboratory Medicine Dep, , Wiwanitkit House, Bangkhae, Bangkok, Thailand 10160, Email: wviroj@yahoo.com) : Explanation in nanostructure level based on the view of energy change for G333d mutation relating to drug resistance in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 202-3.

1 table, 4 ref

014302   Wiwanitkit V (Laboratory Medicine Dep, Wiwanitkit House, Bangkhae, Bangkok, Thailand 10160, Email: wviroj@yahoo.com) : Identification of weak points prone for mutation in ferredoxin of Trichomonas vaginalis. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 158-9.

Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent for human trichomoniasis, is a problematic sexually transmitted disease mainly in women. At present, metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis is an infrequent but challenging problem with no universally successful treatment. Genetic mutation is believed to be an important factor leading to increasing drug resistance. Understanding the mutation status will help to design accurate strategies of therapy against mutant strains of T. vagina/is. The author performed a bioinformatic analysis to determine positions that tend to comply peptide motifs in the amino acid sequence of ferridoxin of T. vaginalis. Based on this study, the weak linkages in the studied protein can be identified and can be useful information for prediction of possible new mutations that can lead to drug resistance. In addition, the results from this study can be good information for further research on the diagnosis for mutants and new effective drug development.

^ssc9 ref

014301   Vishalakshi Devi D;Urooj A (Studies in Food Science and Nutrition Dep, Mysore Univ, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Email: asnaurooj@foodsci.uni-mysore.ac.in) : Hypoglycemic potential of Morus indica L. and Costus igneus Nak.-a preliminary study. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 614-16.

Powdered leaves (500 mg/kg body weight) of medicinal plants M. indica and C. igneus known to possess therapeutic effect were supplemented to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Leaf powders of both the plants were able to reduce blood glucose levels in the animals by 38 and 21% respectively after 15 days of supplementation. The preliminary results suggest that both the plants possess potent hypoglycemic activity.

2 tables, 9 ref