014300   Verma Y;Rana S V S (Toxicology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Ch. Charan Singh Univ, Meerut-250 004, Email: rana@gmail.com ) : Modulation of CYP₄₅₀2E1 and oxidative stress by testosterone in liver and kidney of benzene treated rats. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 568-72.

Bilateral castration increased lipid peroxidation and consequently reduced glutathione in both liver and kidney. Testosterone administration reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of castrated and benzene treated rats, however, reduced glutathione status could not be restored. Benzene depleted CYP₄₅₀2E1 in castrated rats, however, the enzyme was restored in liver and kidney both after testosterone treatment. The results suggest that testosterone affects the metabolism and disposition of benzene by influencing CYP₄₅₀2E1. Other hormonal and cellular/molecular factors may also alter the actions of testosterone. Testosterone dependent mechanism of toxicity of benzene in the liver and kidney has been discussed.

2 illus, 34 ref

014299   Venkata Rao N;Pujar B;Nimbal S K;Shantakumar S M;Satyanarayana S (Pharmacology Dep, V L College of Pharmacy, Raichur-584 103, Email: vrngadda@rediffmail.com) : Nootropic activity of tuber extract of Pueraria tuberosa (roxb). Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 591-8.

Nootropic effect of alcoholic (ALE; 50, 75, 100 mg/kg) and aqueous (AQE; 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) extracts of P. tuberosa was evaluated by using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), scopolamine-induced amnesia (SIA), diazepam-induced amnesia (DIA), clonidine-induced (NA-mediated) hypothermia (CIH), lithium-induced (5-HT mediated) head twitches (LIH) and haloperidol-induced (DA- mediated) catalepsy (HIC) models. Piracetam was used as the standard drug. A significant increase in inflexion ratio (IR) was recorded in EPM, SIA and DIA models. A significant reversal effect was observed on rectal temperature in CIH model, reduction of head twitches in LIH models. However no significant reduction in catalepsy scores in HIC models were observed with test extracts and standard piracetam. The results indicate that nootropic activity observed with ALE and AQE of tuber extracts of P. tuberosa could be through improved learning and memory either by augmenting the noradrenaline (NA) transmission or by interfering with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release. Further, the extracts neither facilitated nor blocked release of the dopamine (DA). Thus ALE and AQE elicited significant nootropic effect in mice and rats by interacting with cholinergic, GABAnergic, adrenergic and serotonergic systems. Phytoconstituents like flavonoids have been reported for their nootropic effect and these are present in both ALE and AQE extracts of tubers of P. tuberosa (Roxb) and these active principles may be responsible for nootropic activity.

6 tables, 40 ref

014298   Vasudevan P;Tandon M (Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: padmav10@hotmail.com) : Microbial quality of rainwater from roof surfaces. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(6), 432-5.

Rainwater samples (54) were tested to study efficacy of H₂S strip test by comparing with MPN (Most Probable Number) and other tests. Both H₂S strip test and MPN agree in approx. 65-75% of cases. Disagreement is more pronounced at low bacterial content. Feasibility of local treatments of rainwater harvested for drinking purpose by exposure to sunlight is also studied.

2 tables, 17 ref

014297   Vagarali M A;Karadesai S G;Patil C S;Metgud S C;Mutnal M B (Microbiology Dep, J N Medical College, Belgaum-590 010, Email: drmanjulavagrali@yahoo.com) : Haemaggutination and siderophore production as the urovirulence markers of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 68-70.

Total of 160 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urine of patients with clinically diagnosed urinary tract infection were included in the study and 50 faecal isolates of E. coli were studied. They were studied for virulence factors, namely mannose-resistant and mannose-sensitive haemagglutination (MRHA, MSHA) and siderophore production.Among 160 urinary isolates of E. coli, 40 (25%) showed MRHA, siderophore production was seen in 156 (97.5%). In 50 faecal isolates, two (4%) were MRHA, four (8%) MSHA and siderophore production in two (4%). The results suggest that MRHA and siderophore production positive strains can be considered as UPEC.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014296   Uma Devi P;Utsumi H;Takata M;Takeda S (NO, , Pathirissery Mana, ARA-B-35A, Palvilakonam, Thachottukavu, Peyad, Trivandrum-695 573, Email: devi_puma32@yahoo.com.sg) : Enhancement of radiation induced cell death in chicken B lymphocytes by withaferin A. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(6), 437-42.

Withaterin A (WA), a plant withanolide, has shown significant radiosensitizing effect in vitro and in vino. Inhibition of DNA repair has been suggested as a mechanism of radiosensitization by WA, To test this, the effect of withaferin A on survival of DT40 chicken B-lymphocyte cell line and its repair deficient single gene mutants Rad54⁺, Ku70⁺ and double mutant Ku70⁺/Rad54⁺ after irradiation was studied. Exponentially growing cells were treated for 1 hr with 5 μM WA and then exposed to different doses of X-rays. Cell survival was studied by clonogenic assay. WA significantly reduced survival of DT40, Ku70⁺ and Ku70⁺/Rad54⁺, but not Rad54⁺ cells, suggesting that WA enhances radiosensitivity by interfering with homologous repair, the major pathway of DSB repair in these cells. Inhibition of DNA repair is further indicated in a significant decrease in surviving fraction of DT40 cells by post-irradiation incubation with WA. This could have relevance to cancer radiotherapy.

7 illus, 18 ref

014295   Turkyilmaz O;Cetin M (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag Univ, 16059, Bursa, Turkey) : Milk protein polymorphism in Saanen goats. Indian vet J 2008, 85(2), 215-16.

^ssc9 ref

014294   Turker L;Gumus S;Tapan A (Chemistry Dep, Middle East Technical Univ, 06531, Ankara, Turkey, Email: lturker@metu.edu.tr) : Biohydrogen production: molecular aspects. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(11), 994-1016.

Study reviews biohydrogen systems, molecular and genetic aspects of hydrogen production and technologies of biohydrogen production. An enormous investment is needed to understand hydrogen-producing mechanisms better in cells of microorganisms at molecular level on evolution of artificial organisms, which could produce abundant, at least satisfactory, quantities of hydrogen with a suitable rate of production.

1 illus, 256 ref

014293   Tripathi P;Banji D;Banji O;Tripathi R (Pharmacology Dep, S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mehsana Kherva-382 711) : Comparative assessment of the effect of quinapril and captopril on inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 97-100.

Quinapril and Captopnl posses many pharmacological activities and currently they are used as Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). Captopril when it is investigated for anti-inflammatory activity in our laboratory; it has shown dose dependent activity at various doses studies. Inspired with that result, we, therefore, wanted to know and assess the anti-inflammatory activity of Quinapril. Wistarrats of either sex, weighing from 130-170 gm were maintained at standard laboratory conditions. The rats were divided in six groups of five animals each. Drug solutions of Captopnl and Quinapril were prepared using 1% acacia. 3 mg & 5 mg/kg body weight were the doses selected for both Captopril and Quinapril and it was administered orally to test animals. Control animals received 1 % acacia prepared in saline & the standard group of animals was given ibuprofen at the dose of 30 mg/kg orally. Inflammation was produced by sub plantar injection of 0.1 ml of 1% of carrageenan in saline to all the groups as per the study design. Paw volume was measured plethysmometrically at 1,2,3,4.5 & 6 hrs after carrageenan injection. All the results were statistically analyzed using student 't' test at p > 0.05 significance level. Quinapril & Captopnl at the doses of 3 & 5 mg/kg body weight have shown dose dependent anti-inflammatory activities which are significant compare to control animals. However, between Quinapril & Captopnl treated animals, Quinapril has exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity. Quinapril has shown better & prolonged anti-inflammatory activity than Captopril.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

014292   Tembhurne S V;Jagtap A G;Shaikh F (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Bombay Colleg of Pharmacy Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098) : Possible anticholinesterase mechanism of MP-1 A polyherbal formulation: reversal of scopolamine induced dementia in maze performance.. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 29-36.

Central cholinergic system is considered as the most important neurotransmitter involved in regulation of cognitive function. Cholinergic neuronal loss in hippocampal area is the major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the enhancement of central cholinergic activity by use of anticholinesterase is presently the mainstay of the pharmacotherapy of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. In the study the effectiveness of MP1, a polyherbal formulation was investigated on cognitive performance and its possible anticholinesterase mechanism in mice. The effect of oral administration of the formulation in cognitive function was evaluated using scopolamine induced dementia in Elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM). Possible mechanism in cognitive performance was evaluated by Anticholinesterase assay in scopolamine induced dementia in mice. The results of the study indicate that, oral administration of MP1 at a dose of 300 mg and 400 mg/kg for 6 days in MWM and 2 days in EPM augmented the cognitive function. The results also indicate the ability of MP1 to inhibit cholinesterase enzyme as evaluated by ex-vivo assay. Results in both invivo cognitive performances as well as anticholinesterase activity were comparable to standard Mentat used. The results suggest the possible nootropic action of MP1 involving cholinesterase mechanism.

3 tables, 15 ref

014291   Teja V D;Sudha T;Lakshmi V (Microbiology Dep, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-500 082, Email: s_talasila@hotmail.com) : Emergency department based HIV screening: an opportunity for early diagnosis in high prevalent areas. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 167-71.

Emergency Medicine Department (EMD) is an ideal place for public health interventions and provides ready access to the health care system, offering a great opportunity for HIV testing and counselling. Between 2003 and 2005, rapid test was requested for 59.39% of 10,752 cases from EMD, where as ELISA was requested for 40.61%. Of the 317 HIV reactive cases, available medical records of 249 were reviewed for epidemiological and clinical information. Nearly 42% of total reactive cases detected in our Institute were from EMD. Three percent (317/10,752) were diagnosed as HIV reactive, 1.52% of the total samples were reactive by rapid test and the other 1.43% by ELISA. Two and half percent (163/6386) of those who had rapid testing and 3.53% (154/4366) who had ELISA testing, were identified as HIV reactive. All these cases were diagnosed within a mean EMD stay of 2.5 days. Eighty-five percent of HIV reactive individuals were unaware of their reactive status. Additional 53 cases of asymptomatic spouses were diagnosed as HIV reactive, thus making it possible to seek early treatment for HIV infection. The study emphasizes the importance of offering HIV testing to all patients who present to emergency department.

^ssc2 illus, 13 ref

014290   Taneja S K;Mandal R (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: sktaneja@gmail.com) : Beneficial effect of modified egg on serum T₃, T₄ and dyslipidaemia following dietary Zn-supplementation in wistar rat. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(3), 171-9.

Fall in serum T₃ and T₄ along with increase in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c and VLDL-c and decrease in HDL-c was observed in albino Wistar rats when fed on semi-synthetic diet containing either 40 or 80mg Zn/kg diet. Zn concentrations were observed to increase with decreased concentration of Cu and Mg in their tissues. On including modified egg (Indian Patent Application No.2264Del2005) in the Zn supplement diet, the levels of T₃ and T₄, lipid profile in serum and mineral status approached closer to control group-I. The data suggest that hypothyroidism and dyslipidaemia caused by excessive Zn in diet can be ameliorated on consuming these modified eggs due to restoration of mineral status in the body.

7 tables, 63 ref

014289   Taha A;Mishra M;Baquer N Z;Sharma D (School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067, Email: deepak57in@yahoo.co.in) : Na<. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(12), 852-4.

Influence of exogenously administered dehydroepiand-rosterone (DHEA) on the activity of Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase was investigated in synaptosomal fraction from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and medulla regions of brain of 12 and 22 months old rats. DHEA was administered daily at the dose of 30 mg/kg/body wt, intraperitonially (ip) in both the age groups of rats for 1 month. Results showed that Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase activity, increased in DHEA treated rats in both the age groups. In terms of per cent increase, 22 months old animals showed significant increase in Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase activity in the synaptosomal fraction of all the four brain regions than in 12 months old DHEA-treated rats. This showed that exogenous DHEA modulated the activity of Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase and also protected the age-related loss of membrane integrity and functions. It was concluded that exogenous DHEA might be beneficial in terms of neuroprotection against age-related loss of Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase mediated brain functions like learning and memory.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

014288   Sunil Kumar G;Saikishore;Malipatil M;Patil M B (NO, Karnataka College of Pharmacy, Bidar-585 401) : Evaluation of leaves of Amaranthus spinosus for antimicrobial and wound healing activity in rats. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 71-4.

The plant Amaranthus spinosus belongs to Amaranthaceae family. In the research the preliminary phytochemical investigations, antimicrobial and wound healing activity of leaves of Amaranthus spinosus were studied. Sterols, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, proteins, carbohydrates and flavonoids were the active principles present. The shade-dried leaves were subjected for extraction by maceration process using polar and non-polar solvents. Further all the extracts were subjected for antimicrobial activity against both gram- positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram- negative (Escherichia coli) organisms at the concentration of 50 to 200 μg/0.1 ml by using DMF as solvent. Streptomycin was used as the standard. The benzene and alcoholic extract shown significant antimicrobial activity so they were taken up for the screening of wound healing activity using excision, incision and dead space wound models. Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing about 150-250 gms each were used for the study. The dose selected for study was 1/10th of LD50 value i.e 200 mg/kg b.w.

2 tables, 6 ref

014287   Soni H;Pandey H;Pathak A K;Nayak G;Singhai A K;Parihar A;Singh V;Rathur A S (Pharmacy Dep, Barktullah Univ, Bhopal-462 026) : Evaluation of antioxidant potential of hydro-alcohlic extract of Coleus aromaticus. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 75-82.

The in vitro and in-vivo antioxidant activity of Coleus aromaticus leaves has been investigated by 1,1, Diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl free radical(DPPH), Reducing power and Nitric oxide, Lipid peroxidation scavenging Method. The hydro-alcoholic extract (70:30) of leaves showed significant antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH, Reducing power and when compared with standard ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity by Nitric oxide assays revealed that IC50 of Coleus aromaticus was less comparable with Standard (Curcumin) IC50, In-Vivo antioxidant activity Coleus aromaticus on ethanol-induced changes were more or less similar and comparable with the vitamin C treatment.

10 ref

014286   Sokindra Kumar;Maheshwari K K;Vijender Singh (Pharmacy Dep, Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational & Technical Education, 3-Knowledge Park I, Kasna Road, Greater Noida-201 306, Email: sokindra_kumar@yahoo.co.in) : Central nervous system activity of acute administration of ethanol extract of Punica granatum L. seeds in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(12), 811-16.

Role of ethanolic extract of P. granatum seeds on central nervous system (CNS) in animal models of elevated plus maze test, barbiturate-induced sleeping time, tail suspension test, hot-plate and tail-flick test was studied. P. granatum (PG) extract was administered to young and aged mice at single doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, perorally while diazepam (1 mg/kg), morphine (5 mg/kg) and imipramine (30 mg/kg) were used intraperitoneally as standard drugs. The results showed that PG extract at all dose levels significantly exhibited the anxiolytic activity. In another study PG extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly increased the sleeping latency and reduced the sleeping time. Tail suspension test showed that PG extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) was able to induce a significant decrease in the immobility time, similar to imipramine, a recognized antidepressant drug. Tail-flick and hot-plate tests exhibited antinociceptive property of PG extract, similar to morphine, a recognized antinociceptive agent. Phytochemical investigation of ethanol extract for the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, sugars and saponins was also carried out. Phytochemical screening and measurement of reducing power revealed the CNS activity of ethanol extract of PG seeds may be due to its antioxidative profile.

3 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

014285   Singh S;Nair V;Jain S;Gupta Y K (Pharmacology Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110 029, Email: ssmangla@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of plant lipids containing α-linolenic acid. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(6), 453-56.

Two groups of fatty acids are essential to the body, the ω6 (n6) series derived from linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and the ω3 (n3) series derived from α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3). Fatty acids provide energy, are an integral part of the cell membranes and arc precursors of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes collectively known as cicosanoids. Eicosanoids participate in development and synthesis of immunological and inflammatory responses. The fixed oils (1, 2, 3 ml/kg) containing α-linolenic acid, obtained from the seeds of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum), Soyabean (Glycine max) and Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) were screened for their antiinflammatory activity using carrageenan, leukotriene and arachidonic acid induced paw edema models in rats and the antiinflammatory effects were compared with the standard drug indomethacin. Significant inhibition of paw edema was produced by all the oils in the highest dose (3ml/kg) in all the models. While O. sanctum oil produced the maximum percentage inhibition in leukotriene induced paw edema, L. usilalissimum oil produced maximum percentage inhibition in carrageenan and arachidonic acid induced paw edema models. The results show that oils with higher α-linolenic acid content (L. usitatissimum and O. sanctum) produced a greater inhibition of paw edema suggesting that modulation of the course of inflammatory disorders may be achieved by altering the eicosanoid precursor (i.e. poly unsaturated fatty acids: PUFA) availability through dietary manipulation.

1 table, 18 ref

014284   Singh S L;Deshpande S B (Physiology Dep, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: desh48@yahoo.com) : Vasosensory responses elicited by Indian red scorpion venom last longer than capsaicin-induced responses. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(11), 755-9.

The study was conducted to compare the time-related cardiorespiratory changes occurring after the injection of Mesobuthus tamulus (BT; 1 mg/kg) venom and capsaicin (1.2 ng/kg) in the peripheral end of femoral artery in urethane anaesthetised rats. Blood pressure (BP), electrocardiogram (for heart rate; HR) and respiratory movements were recorded for 60 min after venom/capsaicin intra-arterially. Minute ventilation (MV) was computed by using appropriate calibrations. After intraarterial injection of BT venom, there was immediate (within 2 sec) increase in respiratory rate (RR) and MV which reached to 40% within 30 sec, followed by a 40% decrease in RR without any change in MV. Further, there was sustained increase in RR (50%) and MV (65%) up to 60 min. The BP began to increase at 40 sec, peaking at 5 min (50%) and remained above the initial level up to 60 min. The bradycardiac response began after 5 min which peaked (50% of the initial) at 25 min and remained at that level up to 60 min. In capsaicin treated group, there was immediate hyperventilatory (increase in RR and MV) changes within 2 sec which returned to the initial level within 2 min and remained at that level up to 60 min. The capsaicin-induced hypotensive response began within 5 sec which returned to the initial level by 5 min and remained at that level throughout. Capsaicin did not produce any change in HR. These observations suggest that intraarterial injection of BT venom produces prolonged cardiorespiratory alterations as compared to the capsaicin-induced responses.

2 illus, 26 ref

014283   Singh P K;Singh S V;Singh A V;Sohal J S (Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Div, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, PO-Farah, Mathura-281 122, Email: shoorvir.singh@gmail.com) : Evaluation of four methods of DNA recovery from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis present in intestine tissue of goats and comparative sensitivity of IS900 PCR with respect to culture for diagnosis of Johne's disease. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 579-82.

Low sensitivity of PCR reaction for detection of Mycoobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in tissues and fecal samples is mainly attributed to false negative results. Present study was undertaken to compare four methods of DNA isolation from tissues of infected animals and to determine most sensitive protocol for the recovery of DNA, suitable for IS900 PCR based detection of Johne's disease infection. Method I, the traditional van Soolingen² method of DNA isolation was adopted for the isolation of DNA from tissues. Method II was modification (hexadecyl pyridinium chloride-HPC treatment) of van Soolingen² method. Method III was traditional tissue DNA isolation method based on tissue lysis buffer. Method IV was modification of method III (HPC treatment). Using four methods of DNA isolation from 25 intestinal tissues of clinically infected goats, DNA was isolated from 15 (60.0%), 18 (72.0%), 13 (52.0%) and 13 (52.0%) tissues using method I, II, III and IV, respectively. All isolated DNA preparations were positive for MAP in IS900 PCR. HPC treatment enhanced the recovery of DNA from tissues of infected animals using method II. Therefore, method II can improve the diagnosis MAP infection using IS900 PCR.

2 illus, 12 ref

014282   Sing A;Tybus K;Fackler I (Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (AS), , Veterinarstrabe 2, 85764 Oberschleibheim, Germany, Email: andreas.sing@lgl.bayern.de) : Acute urticaria associated with Dicrocoelium dendriticum infestation. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 97-8.

^ccr1 illus, 4 ref

014281   Sindhulina C;Geethalakshmi S;Thenmozhivalli P R;Jose J M;Brahmadathan K N (Microbiology (SC, SG, PRT) Dep, Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai-600 001, Email: sindhulina@yahoo.com) : Bacteriological and molecular studies of group a streptococcal pharyngitis in a south Indian hospital. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(2), 197-8.

1 table, 5 ref

014280   Shrestha B;Basnett H;Dilly Babu V;Patel S S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, E.Sikkim-737 136) : Antihelmintic and antimicrobial activity of the chloroform extract of Pergularia daemia Forsk. leaves. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 13-16.

Chloroform extract of the shade dried leaves of Pergularia daerniu were prepared and evaluated for their antihelmintic and antimicrobial activity. The extract showed significant antihelmintic activity in close dependent manner against Pheritima posthuma (earthworm) when compared with standard drug albendazole. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against both bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aeruginosa and Streptococcus aureus) and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) and compared with standard drug Erythromycin and Miconazolc. The extract showed moderate antibacterial and mild antifungal activity against the tested microorganisms.

3 tables, 16 ref

014279   Shivhare U D;Dorlikar V P;Bhusari K P;Mathur V B;Duragkar N J;Mirani B N (NO, Sharad Pawar College of Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hinga Road, Nagpur-441 110, Email: udshivhare@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of transdermal film using hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 21-8.

Transdermal films of carvedilol were prepared using four different polymers either individual or in combination, Eudragit RL100 (ERL100), Eudragit RS100 (ERS100), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K 15 LV (HPMC), and ethyl cellulose (EC), of varying degrees of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. The effect of the polymers on the technical properties, i.e., drug release, water vapour transmission rate (WVTR), and percentage moisture loss (ML), percentage moisture absorption (MA), folding endurance and thickness was investigated. Different formulations were prepared in accordance with ERE 100 being the parent polymer. The patch containing ERE 100 alone showed maximum WVTR, % MA and % ML, which could be attributed to its hydrophilic nature. As expected, substitution with ERS100, HPMC, and EC decreased all the above values in accordance with their decreasing degree of hydrophilicity. Drug-polymer interactions was studied by DSC study, which indicate there is no interaction between drug and polymer. Moreover, the release of the drug was sustained and it extended over a period of 24 h in all formulations. A5 emerged as the most satisfactory formulation.

1 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

014278   Shastry R A;Mahadevan K M;Habbu P V;Patil B S;Patil J P (Post Graduate Studies in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, S.E.T's, College of Pharmacy, S.R. Nagar, Dharwad-580 002) : Evaluation of antiamnesic potential of corm of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (DENNST) in mice. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 1-12.

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (A.P) is commonly known as elephant foot in Indian system of medicine. The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the plant on cognitive functions and brain cholinesterase activity in mice. The ethyl acetate (EAAP) and ethanolic extracts (EtAP) of corm were selected for the study. Exteroceptive behavioral models such as elevated plus maze and Water maze were used to assess the short term memory, where as, scopolamine and natural ageing induced amnesia served as interoceptive models. The whole brain acetyl cholinesterase activity was measured to assess the effect of A. paeoniifolius on central cholinergic system. Scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the transfer latency significantly (p<0.01) in young mice on first and second day as compared to control indicating impairment of memory. Pretreatment with EtAP (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p< 0.01) reduced scopolamine and ageing induced amnesia as compared to (EAAP). Escape latency time (ELT) was recorded in water maze model as an index of acquisition, and trials were conducted for 4 days. The mean time spent in target quadrant (TSQT) during retrieval trial on 5th day was taken as the index of retrieval (memory). EAAP (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) administered before training trial (from day 1 to day 4), significantly (p<0.01) reduced scopolamine and ageing induced in TSQT during retrieval test on 5th day. EtAP (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased whole brain AChE activity of both young and aged mice thus exhibiting anti-acetyl cholinesterase activity in whole brain homogenate compared to Piracetam, scopolamine and control groups of mice.

7 tables, 32 ref

014277   Sharma M;Vijayaraghavan R;Ganesan K (Defence Research and Development Establishment, , Gwalior-474 002, Email: jai_vijay@hotmail.com) : Comparison of toxicity selected mustard agents by percutaneous and subcutaneous routes. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(12), 822-30.

Comparative toxicity of nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2 and HN-3) and sulphur mustard was carried out in mice. Based on LD₅₀, the toxicity pattern was HN-2 < HN-1 < HN-3 < sulphur mustard by percutaneous route whereas, by subcutaneous route the toxicity pattern was sulphur mustard < HN-3 < HN-2 < HN-1. Single dose of 1 LD₅₀ of nitrogen mustards and sulphur mustard was administered percutaneously and various oxidative stress parameters were also evaluated. The weight loss was more in HN-2 on day 3 and in sulphur mustard on day 7. There was a drastic fall of WBC count on day 3 in all groups with a recovery in nitrogen mustard groups on day 7. The RBC count and haemoglobin content showed a significant increase on day 7 in sulphur mustard group. The plasma enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) showed an increase in all groups on day 3 and day 7. The hepatic GSH and GSSG contents were reduced and MDA content increased in all groups, with a further change in sulphur mustard on 7 day. Extensive DNA fragmentation was observed in all the nitrogen mustard groups compared to sulphur mustard group, on day 3. However, on the day 7 the DNA fragmentation was same in all groups. This study showed that the nitrogen mustards and sulphur mustard were extremely toxic by percutaneous route and caused oxidative stress. Sulphur mustard was more toxic by the percutaneous route and the effects were delayed and progressive.

1 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

014276   Sekar Babu Hari Ram;Pillai S;Uma Devi (Biotech & Biomedical Dep, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajahmundry-533 294) : Neuro-toxic effect of combination pesticide spark EC 36 (trizophos (OP) 35% + deltamethrin (pyrethroids) 1%)) on the psychopharmacological changes in wistar rats. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 61-6.

Trend in agricultural practice to control pest animals by using a mixed formulation of synthetic or natural pyretheroids with different proportions of organophosphates to reduce the toxic effect of organophosphate compounds toxicity on the human, domestic animals and environment. The mixed formulation selected for the study spark EC 36 (Aventis Bombay) was used for sub acute and Acute toxicicity studies. Wister rats weighing around 90-120 gms of either sex were selected. Acute studies were carried out to fix the LD 50 dosage of the selected pesticide. Based on the LD 50 values the subacute doses were fixed (l/40th, 1/20th, 1/10th of the LD 50 Dosage). Since lot of data available regarding neuro toxicity of constituent pesticide (organophosphates and pyrethroids) hence the present work has been designed to asses the neuro toxicity of a combination pesticide through behavioral parameters (Psychopharmacological observation) and instrumental analysis such as spontaneous motor activity for 28 days. It is evident from the results that 1/ 20 and 1/10 of LD 50 dosed animals of either sex showed marked differences in the behavioral patterns when compare to 1/40 of LD 50 dose animals. When compare the neurotoxicity symptoms of constituent pesticide results show.

3 tables, 5 ref

014275   Sehgal S;Mishra B;Thakur A;Dogra V;Loomba P S;Banerjee A (Microbiology Dep, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi-110 001, Email: bobbyf48@yahoo.co.in) : Hydatid cyst of mediastinum. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 80-1.

Reports a case of hydatid cyst of the mediastinum in a 32-year-old female patient who was admitted with chest pain. CT scan reported posterior mediastinal mass towards the right side. Surgical exploration revealed a loculated cyst in posterior mediastinum on the right side, adherent to the overlying lung and underlying bone. Posterolateral thoracotomy was performed for cyst aspiration and excision. The patient was discharged on albendazole.

^ccr1 illus, 8 ref

014274   Sehgal R;Kanwar S S;Sanyal S N (Biophysics Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: sanyalpu@gmail.com) : Inhibition kinetics of G-6-phosphatase system with NaF in the nonidet-P40 treated microsomes in rat liver and human term placenta. Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2007, 57, 203-12.

At millimolar concentration, NaF was found to inhibit the Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) enzyme system using Glucose-6-Phosphate as the substrate. The kinetics revealed sigmoidal pattern indicating allosteric behavior of the enzyme. Addition of NaF produced a linear non-competitive inhibition in the intact microsomes in both liver and human term placenta, while in the detergent treated microsomes, the inhibition changed to the uncompetitive type. Also, NaF allosterically inhibited the G-6-Pase activity at a low substrate concentration. It was biphasic in the initial rate velocity versus the substrate in a Hanes-Woolf plot and a Hill coefficient of more than 1 obtained from the Hill plot.

4 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

014273   Sehgal R;Kanwar S S;Sanyal S N (Biophysics Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: sanyalpu@gmail.com) : Thermal stability of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase in rat liver and human term placenta in nonidet-P40 treatment. Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2007, 57, 189-201.

Effects of temperature on G-6-Pase in rat liver and human term placenta have revealed that only the enzyme activity of intact microsomes exhibited non-linear Arrhenius relationships, whereas the detergent modified microsomes showed a linear temperature response. A transition temperature of 25 °C was calculated while the energy of activation from the slope of the line relating to 1/T versus log V_max from the continuous line in the detergent treated microsomes and in case of the intact microsomes from the line below the transition temperature, do correspond reasonably well. The absence of discontinuity in the Arrhenius line in the detergent treated microsomes may relate to the phospholipid effect on the enzyme in the membrane environment. The thermal stability of G-6-Pase in rat liver and human term placenta microsomes was examined in untreated and NP-40 treated microsomes. Heat treatment upto a temperature of 44 °C did not cause the enzymatic activity to decline to zero but resulted in a small residual activity that was relatively stable, which was further stimulated by the addition of detergent. The decline in enzyme activity followed a first order kinetics with a single rate constant (K_inact). The Arrhenius plot of log K_inact versus the reciprocal of temperature showed proximity and parallelism with intact and detergent treated microsomes. Also, it showed typically large inactivation enthalpies (ΔH) with relatively small value for entropy change (AS). Detergent treatment led to a large decrease in AH in placenta, while ΔS revealed a large increment but no significant difference in ΔG. The data may suggest different pathways of G-6-Pase inactivation to thermal treatment in the intact and detergent treated microsomes.

7 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

014272   Sehgal R;Kanwar S S;Sanyal S N (Biophysics Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: sanyalpu@gmail.com) : Sensitivity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase to the non-ionic detergent nonidet-P40 in rat liver and human term placenta. Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2007, 57, 175-87.

Sensitivity of the microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) to a non-ionic detergent, nonidet P-40 which is an octyl phenol ethylene oxide was studied by the substrate kinetic characterization, thermal stability and the latent behavior of the enzyme in rat liver and human term placental microsomal membranes. Nonidet P-40 stimulated the activity about 2-fold at a 0.085% detergent concentration when incubated the membrane for 30 min at 37 °C. The kinetics was studied using two substrates, G-6-P and NaPP_i at a concentration of 3-30mM. The detergent treatment caused an elevation in the V_max and a decrease in K_m with both G-6-P and NaPP_i Also, in the detergent disrupted microsomes, two apparent K_m are visible, K_m (max) and K_m(min) indicating the presence of a multicomponent system. The enzyme also showed an extreme latency, 78% and 66% of G-6-Pase and NaPP_iase activity, in the intact membrane. It showed very little non-specific phosphohydrolase activity as revealed by using β-glycerophosphate which amounted upto 2-5% of the G-6-Pase activity in both the intact and detergent disrupted microsomes. The results of the present study suggest that the detergent induced changes in the kinetic properties of G-6-Pase represents the removal of the constraints imposed by the membrane environment on the catalytic subunit and the putative transport proteins of the enzyme.

3 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

014271   Sarkar S;Guha D (S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, Calcutta Univ, 244B, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata-700 020, Email: debjaniguha@rediffmail.com) : Effect of ripe fruit pulp extract of Cucurbita pepo linn. in aspirin induced gastric and duodenal ulcer in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(9), 639-45.

A significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and mucosal thickness and increase in ulcer index (UI) was observed in aspirin treated stomach and duodenum of albino rats. However, pretreatment with C. pepo fruit pulp extract for 14 consecutive days showed increase in AP activity and mucosal thickness along with decrease in UI, suggesting gastro-duodenal protective and anti-ulcerogenic properties of C. pepo.

8 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

014270   Rodrigues C;Jai Kumar N;Lalwani J;Mehta A (NO, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mahim, Mumbai-400 016, Email: dr_crodrigues@hindujahospital.com) : Ciprofloxacin breakpoints in enteric fever - time to revise our susceptibility criteria. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 91.

1 table, 2 ref

014269   Raveendran R;Wattal C;Sharma A;Oberoi J K; Prasad K J;Datta S (Clinical Microbiology Dep, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi-110 060, Email: chandwattal@sgrh.com) : High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from blood. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 50-3.

Over the last few years, resistance to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica has become a global concern. The study was undertaken to find out the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica isolates in our hospital. Blood cultures were done using BacT/ALERT 3D system. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI breakpoints. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for ciprofloxacin-resistant strains using E-test and Vitek-1 automated system. A total of 25,953 samples of blood culture yielded 431 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and 198 serotype Paratyphi A isolates. Twenty-two isolates of serotype Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin, while two isolates of Typhi and two Paratyphi A were intermediately susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin resistance is 5.6% (24 isolates) among Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi appears to have decreased to 14.9% (64/431) in comparison to the 27% (55/205) during 2003. All isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Ciprofloxacin can no longer be considered as the drag of choice in treating Salmonella infections. While first-line antimicrobials may still have a role to play in the treatment of enteric fever, ceftriaxone remains the sole defence against ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella infections.

1 illus, 21 ref

014268   Rastogi N;Domadia P;Shetty S;Dasgupta D (Biochemistry Dep, The Institute of Science, 15 Madame Cama Road, Mumbai-400 032, Email: drdebjanidasgupta@yahoo.com) : Screening of natural phenolic compounds for potential to inhibit bacterial cell division protein protein FtsZ. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(11), 783-7.

FtsZ plays an important role in bacterial cell division by polymerizing to form the Z ring at the site of cytokinesis. Phytochemicals are known to disrupt bacterial cell division through inhibition of FtsZ assembly. In the present study phytochemicals like eugenol, trans-cmnamic acid, 4-formyl cinnamic acid, naringenin and caffeic acid were were tested for their potential to inhibit cell division. Effect of these antimicrobial compounds on the growth of E. coli was determined and the inhibition of FtsZ assembly in vitro was investigated. The present study revealed trans-cmnamic acid as the most potent inhibitor of FtsZ assembly.

3 illus, 25 ref

014267   Rao T V;Suseela I J;Sathiavathy K A (Microbiology Dep, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, East Fort, Thrissur-680 005, Email: tvraodoctor2000@yahoo.co.in ) : Estimation of antibodies to HBsAg in vaccinated health care workers. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 93-4.

1 table, 4 ref

014266   Purushotham Rao K;Mohanta G P;Krantikumar S; Veerabhadrappa H;Bhimalli S (NO, H.K.E.'s College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga, Karnataka) : Design of theophylline tablet lozenges for kids. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 37-42.

Anhydrous theophylline was formulated as a tablet lozenge to provide slow release medicament for the treatment of bronchial asthma associated with wheezing, breathlessness, tightness in chest and cough in pediatric patients. There are dosage forms like syrups, tablets, inhalers in the market but still there is a need for new dosage forms which acts effectively and locally. So the present investigation aims to design, prepare and evaluate tablet lozenge of Theophylline that the benefits of these prepared lozenges are increased bioavailability, reduction in gastric irritation by passing first pass metabolism. The lozenges were prepared by heating and congealing method in a candy based industry on request using sucrose as base. All the formulations prepared were subjected to various physico-chemical parameters like hardness, content uniformity, friability, weight variation etc. The prepared formulations have a hardness of 10-12 Kg./cm², free from gritty particles, and good taste. Stability study of selected formulations were also carried out at 37°C for a period of six months. Selected formulations were tested for drug excipient interactions subjecting to IR Spectral analysis. In-vitro drug dissolution studies showed 81.57% for F₁ and 75.20% for F₂ release of drug in 30 minutes, 92.03% in 7 minutes from F₀ formulation. The tablet lozenges can provide an attractive alternative formulation in the alleviation of bronchial asthma and other respiratory disorders.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

014265   PrakashYoganandam G;Biswas D;Vijender Kumar; Santhanam A;Bhuwaneshwaran B;Jayanthi S;Lavanya R;Senthil R;Bhaskar R B (SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur-603 203) : Potential hypoglycemic effects of Cassia auriculata in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 121-4.

Aqueous extract of leaves of Cassia auriculata linn (Caesalpinlaceae) was investigated for its anti-hyperglycemic activity. The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Cassia auriculata in two different doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight) on blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in alloxan induced diabetic rats against standard drug Gliclazide (25mg/kg body weight). Results of biochemical estimations were reported as mean ± SEM. The total variation present in the data was analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANNOVA). It was concluded that from these studies the extract prepared from the leaves of Cassia auriculata possess potential hypo glycemic effects when compared with standard drug Gliclazide.

2 illus, 11 ref

014264   Prakash A;Medhi B;Puri A;Saikia B (Pharmacology Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh-160 012, Email: drbikashus@yahoo.com) : Effect of propofol in altering pentylenetetrazol induced seizure threshold in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(3), 196-200.

Study was undertaken to evaluate the role of propofol in altering pentylenetetrazol induced seizure threshold in rats. Total 42 Wistar rats were used to evaluate different parameters (onset of action, duration of seizure, seizure severity score and number of seizure) following propofol injection. The present results showed that there was significant reduction in the time required for onset of seizure in propofol treated groups following PTZ treatment. If treated with propofol alone (2 and 5mg/kg), there was no significant difference as compared to controls. In seizure severity score assessment, there was no significant difference with various doses of propofol alone treated groups, but the difference was observed in propofol (2 and 5 mg/kg) treated groups following PTZ treatment. Duration of seizure also significantly increased in propofol (5mg/kg) treated group, but at 2mg/kg of propofol treatment, no significant difference was observed. The present results showed that propofol ameliorate seizure threshold and caused prolongation of duration of seizure. However, further study and trials are needed to confirm the present results.

4 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

014263   Patil P H;Surana S J (Pharmacology Dep, R.C.Patel College of Pharmacy, Shirpur, Dist: Dhule-425 405) : Gastroprotective effect of Eranthemum roseum R. BR Linn root extracts in albino rats. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 81-93.

Gastric hyperacidity and gastroduodenal ulcer is a very common global problem today. It is now generally agreed that gastric lesions develop when the delicate balance between some gastroprotective and aggressive factors is lost. Eranthemum roseum T. Andres in Journ. Linn an herbal plant which is traditionally used as antiulcer by triable peoples of Nandurbar & Dhule district. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the antiulcer effect of Eranthemum roseum roots extract (ER) on Restrained stress induced ulcer (RSU), pyloric ligation(PL) and ethanol (EtOH) induced gastric ulcer models. Hydroalcoholic & Petroleum ether extract of Eranthemum roseum Linn, viz, petroleum ether (60-80°C), hydroalcoholic extract in doses 100, 200 and 400mg/kg are administered orally for the evaluation of gastroprotective activity. Treatment with ER significant dose dependant inhibition of the gastric lesions induced by RSU (76.6%), PL (80.1%) and EtOH (70.6%), respectively, with equal or higher potency than esomeprazole. ER showed concomitant attenuation of gastric secretory volume, acidity and pepsin secretion in ulcerated rats. In addition, all extract of ER (100,200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.)) and refrence drug esomeprazole (10 mg/kg) shows significant increase in level of defensive mucin secretion in terms of TC:P ratio, also shows significant increase in level of individual carbohydrate like total hexoses, sialic acid leading to increase in total carbohydrate in the gastric juice. The severity of the reaction of ulcerogen and the reduction of ulcer size by ER was evident by histological findings. Toxicity studies of ER have also been carried out for its safety evaluation. ER, thus, offers antiulcer activity by balancing defensive & offensive factors. These results further suggest that ER was found to possess antiulcerogenic properties, which might also be due to its antisecretory activity.

2 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

014262   Pathak J P N;Yadav U;Gupta A;Shouche S; Choudhary L (Microbiology and Zoology Dep, Govt. Madhav Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Vikram Univ, Ujjain-456 010) : Impact of parasites on the haemogram of Spahaerodema rusticum FABS (heteroptera). Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 55-8.

The natural infection by Bradynema sp. (nematode) affects the haemogram of Sphaerodema rusticum. The infected adults have low total haemocytes counts specifically the percentage of granular cells, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids decreased. The percentage of prohaemocytes increased significantly. The dividing cells appear in circulations which were not found in normal healthy insects.

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

014261   Pande M;Pathak A (NO, NRI Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, Sajjansingh Nagar, Opp. Patel Nagar, Raisen Road, Bhopal-462 022) : Aphrodisiac activity of Ocimum gratissimum (ram tulsi) ethanolic extract in mice. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 149-56.

Study is aimed to investigate the effect ethanolic extract of ram tulsi on libido effects on sexually normal male Swiss Albino mice. The suspension of the extract was administered orally at the dose of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg, to different groups of male mice (n = 6) once a clay for seven days. The female Swiss Albino mice involved in mating were made receptive by hormonal treatment. The general mating behaviour, libido and levels of hormone testosterone was determined and compared with the standard reference drug sildenafil citrate. Oral administration of the extract significantly increased the levels of testosterone. The most appreciable effect of the extract was observed at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The results indicated that the echanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Labiatae) produced a significant and sustained increase in the sexual activity of normal male mice adverse effects. Thus, the resultant aphrodisiac affectivity of the extract lends support to the claims for its traditional usage in sexual disorders.

3 tables, 14 ref

014260   Pande M;Pathak A (NO, NRI Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, Sajjan Singh Nagar, Opp. Patel Nagar, Raisen Road, Bhopal-462 021) : Effect of ethanolic extract of Blepharis edulis (utangan) on sexual behaviour in normal mice. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 53-60.

Seeds of Blepharis edulis (family Acanthaceae) have been used in Ayurvedic medicine since ancient times for the treatment of male sexual disorders. The study is aimed to investigate the effect ethanolic extract of Blepharis edulis (family Acanthaceae) on general mating behaviour along with its likely gastric ulceration and adverse effects on sexually normal male albino mice. The suspension of the extract was administered orally at the dose of 100, 250, and 500 mg / kg, to different groups of male mice (n = 6) once a day for seven days. The female albino mice involved in mating were made receptive by hormonal treatment. The general mating behaviour, libido and potency were determined and compared with the standard reference drug sildenafil citrate. The probable gastric ulceration and adverse effects of the extract were also evaluated. Oral administration of the extract significantly increased the Mounting Frequency, Intromission Frequency; Intromission Latency, Erections as well as aggregate of penile reflexes and caused significant reduction in the Mounting Latency and Post Ejaculatory Interval. The most appreciable effect of the extract was observed at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of Blepharis edulis (family Acanthaceae) produced a significant and sustained increase in the sexual activity of normal male mice, without any gastric ulceration and adverse effects. Thus, the resultant effectivity of the extract lends support to the claims for its traditional usage in sexual disorders.

3 tables, 18 ref

014259   Panda B B;Panda P K;Pradhan D;Kar D M (University Dep of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UDPS), Utkal Univ, Bhubaneswar-751 004) : Hepatoprotective activity of petroleum ether extract of aerial part of Jatropha gossypifolia in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxic rats.. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 43-8.

To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Petroleum ether extract of aerial part of Jatropha gossypifolia in carbon tetrachloride induced rats. The powder of aerial part of Plant i.e., Jatropha gossypifolia were extracted by successive solvent extraction by soxhlet apparatus in petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and finally maceration in water at room temperature. Then hepatoprotective activities of 3 extracts (petroleum ether, methanol, aqueous) were assessed against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxic in rats. The CCl₄ produced significant changes in histological and biochemical parameters Though All the extracts showed protective activity, the petroleum ether extract showed maximum protectivity i.e. 87.41%, 95.38%, 99.81%, 94.93%, 77.12%, 74.42% and 79.4% in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Cholesterol and Protein Respectively and 58.31%, 92.21%, 40.58% in SOD, Catalase, protein of liver tissue respectively. The present study indicates that though all the 3 extracts have hepatoprotective activity, petroleum ether extract showed greater protectivity and Alcoholic extract showed the minimum activity.

2 tables, 10 ref

014258   Olatunji L A;Soladoye A O (Physiology Dep, College of Health Sciences, Ilorin Univ, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, 240001, Nigeria, Email: tunjilaw04@yahoo.com) : Oral contraceptive-induced high blood pressure is prevented by renin-angiotensin suppression in female rats but not by sympathetic nervous system blockade. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(11), 749-54.

The use of oral contraceptive (OC) steroids is associated with high blood pressure, although mechanisms responsible are still unclear. This study sought to investigate the possible roles that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may play in the development of OC-induced hypertension. Administration of OC led to significant increases in blood pressure, heart weight and significant decrease in urinary output in OC-treated and OC+clonidine-treated groups but not in OC+captopril-treated group. The pressor response to angiostensin II was significantly greater in the OC-treated rats than in the control rats. However, the pressor responses induced by norepinephrine were not significantly affected by OC administration. The results of the present study demonstrate that OC-induced high blood pressure is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, enhanced pressor response to angiotensin II and preserved pressor response to sympathetic activation. The study also suggests that the development of the OC-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy is mediated by RAS, but not by SNS.

1 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

014257   Nomoto K (NO, Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachishi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan, Email: koji-nomoto@yakult.co.jp) : Prevention of postoperative microbial infection by synbiotics. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(8), 557-561.

Prevention of infectious complications after major surgeries including those for cancer has been a major concern in the clinical field. To overcome this problem, probiotics and synbiotics (combination of probiotics and prebiotics have recently been introduced for post-operative treatment. Clinical application of synbiotics in severe cases, such as severe pediatric surgical cases, acute pancreatitis, liver transplantation, and biliary cancer, has been reported. The present article deals with the clinical effect of such synbiotic therapies for the patients under emergency medical care, and discusses the possible mechanism of action and prospect of synbiotic therapy.

^iia2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

014256   Nessa A;Islam M N;Tabassum S;Munshi S U;Ahmed M;Karim R (Virology Dep, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical Univ (BSMMU), Shahabag, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: saifmunshi@yahoo.com) : Seroprevalence of rubella among urban and rural Bangladeshi women emphasises the need for rubella vaccination of pre-pubertal girls. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 94-5.

1 table, 5 ref

014255   Nazir P;Khanna M;Kulshrestha R (Respiratory Virology Dep, Vallabhbhai Patel, Chest Institute, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: madhukhanna@hotmail.com) : Time course of pulmonary pathology, cytokine influx and their correlation on augmentation of antigen challenge by influenza A virus infection. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(3), 151-8.

Murine model of influenza A virus exacerbation of allergen induced airway inflammation, pulmonary histopathological changes, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis, cytokine influx and the time course of these events have been studied. The study was undertaken to determine the relative contributions of Th1/Th2 cytokines to the histopathological changes in the lungs observed at 9, 12, 24 and 48 hr following antigen challenge in mice previously immunized with influenza A virus. BALF analysis of acute phase group revealed statistically significant increase in neutrophils at 9 hr, macrophages at 12 hr, lymphocytes and eosinophils at 24 hr, as compared to OVA-sensitized control mice. These changes were associated with an alteration in the levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ. A peak of IL-4 at 24 hr significantly enhanced bronchiolar and perivascular histopathology, whereas increased IL-5 level peaking at 24 hr was correlated with the enhanced infiltration of eosinophils in both BALF and lung tissue. There was simultaneous depletion of IL-10 an anti-inflammatory cytokine leading to persistence of pulmonary inflammation in case of acute phase group. Histopathology at 24 and 48 hr showed severe denudation of bronchiolar lining epithelium surrounded by dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Chronic interstitial infiltrate with focal loss of architecture, marked oedema, extravasation of RBCs from congested blood vessels and laying down of reticulin fibres was observed in acute phase. Thus, infection with influenza A virus on pre-existing asthmatic immunopathology elicits a cascade of Th2 cytokines with influx of inflammatory cells in BALF, mucosal and interstitial inflammation leading to asthma exacerbations.

3 illus, 26 ref

014254   Nayak V;Patil P A (Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, J.N. Medical College, Belgaum-590 010, Email: drpapatils@yahoo.co.in) : Antidepressant activity of fosinopril, ramipril and losartan, but not of lisinopril in depressive paradigms of albino rats/and mice. Indian J expl Biol 2008, 46(3), 180-4.

Fosinopril, ramipril and Iosartan significantly decreased the duration (sec) of immobility in forced swim test and were comparable to amitriptyline. The duration of immobility were significantly decreased in fosinopril, ramipril and losartan in the tail suspension test and were comparable to amitriptyline. Only losartan significantly increased the rearing number of entries, time spent (sec) in open arm and in light area in comparison to control animals. Fosinopril and ramipril and not lisinopril showed significant antidepressant activity while losartan showed a significant antidepressant and anxiolytic activity. Present findings suggest that these drugs could be better antihypertensives in hypertensive patients with co-morbidity like depression or anxiety.

2 tables, 30 ref

014253   Narmadha Selvamathy S M K;Saranya P;Annie Jeyachristy S;Geetha A (Biochemistry Dep, Bharathi Women's College (Affliated to Univrsity of Madras), Chennai-600 108) : Antioxidant and H<. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 1-10.

Swertia chirayita is traditionally used for gastric complications including ulcer. The extracts of the aerial parts of Swertia chirayita obtained with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, hydroalcohol and water were used to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-ulcer activity in vitro. The anti-ulcer effect was assessed by the capacity to inhibit H⁺K⁺-ATPase activity of sheep gastric mucosa. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide scavenging models and by assessing the reducing power. Results indicated that various solvent extracts of Swertia chirayita possess inhibitory effect on sheep mucosal H⁺K⁺-ATPase activity. The maximum inhibition was observed with hydroalcoholic extract. Among all the fractions, hydroalcohol fraction has shown to exhibit greatest free radical scavenging activity when compared to corresponding standards. The free radical scavenging effects were found to be concentration dependent and this study indicates that hydroalcoholic extract of Swertia chirayita has significant anti-ulcer and antioxidant properties when tested in vitro. The antioxidant property of the plant might be accounted for the anti-ulcer activity.

6 illus, 40 ref

014252   Narang P;Mendiratta D K;Deotale V S;Narang R (Microbiology Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha-442 102, Email: vijayshree_khairkar@rediffmail.com) : Changing patterns of Vibrio cholerae in Sevagram between 1990 and 2005. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 40-4.

A retrospective analysis was done to note changes in prevalence, distribution of biotypes, serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and phage types of Vibrio cholerae isolated in Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram over a period of 16 years. A total of 535 strains of V. cholerae were isolated from 10,406 stool samples and rectal swabs from January 1990 to December 2005. These comprised of serogroups O1 - 427 (79.89%), O139 - 86 (16.07%) and non Ol, non O139 - 22 (4.11%). No classical V. cholerae was isolated. Vibrio cholerae serogroup Ol serotype Ogawa was the predominant isolate till 1992. During 1993, serogroup O139 became the main isolate; however, it completely disappeared during 1995-1996 only to reappear in 1997. Serotype Inaba in our area was conspicuous by its absence with only two strains being isolated till June 1999, but during July-December 1999, 11 out of 15 V. cholerae O1 isolates were El Tor Inaba. T4 was the predominant phage type till 1990, T2 during 1991-1994 and T27 (as per the new scheme) thereafter. Resistance to tetracycline varied between 2 and 17% for V. cholerae O1. The paper reports on the changing epidemiological markers of V. cholerae isolated from a rural hospital over a period of 16 years.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

014251   Nagmoti J M;Patil C S;Nagmoti M B;Mutnal M B (Microbiology Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Karnataka-590 010, Email: jyotinagmoti@yahoo.com) : Detection of extra-cellular enzymes of anaerobic gram negative bacteria from clinically diseased and healthy sites. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(1), 65-7.

Anaerobic gram-negative bacteria (AGNB) produce enzymes that play a significant role in the development of disease. We tested 50 AGNB isolates, 25 each from clinically diseased and healthy human sites for in vitro production of caseinase, collagenase, etc. Majority of the isolates were Bacteroides fragilis and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which more commonly produced collagenase and haemolysin. Comparatively larger number of clinical AGNB produced collagenase (P = 0.004). No such difference was observed with other enzymes. Hence, collagenase is probably one of the key virulence markers of pathogenic AGNB, and the inhibitors targeting collagenases might help in the therapy of anaerobic infections.

^ssc3 tables, 15 ref