001596   VERMA N, SINGH A P, RAO C V (J. K. Institute of Technical Excellence, Lucknow - 226 026, Email: neerajcology@gmail.com) : Antioxidant mediated ulcer healing potential of hyperin isolated from flowers of Rhododendron arboreum in experimental rat. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1524-33.

Hyperin, a flavonoid is an active phytochemical constituent gift in numerous plants as well as, Hypericum perforatum, Drosera rotundifolia, Stachys byzantina, Prunella vulgaris, Rumex acetosella, Abelmoschus manihot and Rhododendron arboreum. It’s protecting result on cultured PC12 cells against toxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Hyperin, isoquercitrin and quercetin isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of the root of A. chiisanensis showed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production in rat peritoneal macrophages. As a crucial bioactive compound, hyperoside (hyperin) has been documented to possess antihyperglycemic, antiviral activity, antinociceptive, medicament, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and gastricmucosal protecting result. The current study evaluates the ulcer healing potential of hyperin against absolute ethanol- (necrotizing agent), aspirin- (non-steroidal medicament drug) and histamine- (gastric secretion stimulator via H2 receptor) iatrogenic ulcers in rats. Hyperin (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) was administered orally to the long fasted rats, one hour before the absolute ethanol/ aspirin/ histamine challenge. The ulcer index, gastroprotective potential, the status of the inhibitor enzymes enzyme (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) along with reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation were studied the models altogether. Pre-treatment with hyperin showed a dosedependent decrease within the ulcer index altogether models. Hyperin at each dose, induced vital inhibitor activity by attenuating the ulcer elevated levels of MDA and fixed the ulcer-depleted levels of GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR. Hyperin possesses potent antiulcer activity, which can be attributed to an underlying antioxidant activity.

1 illus, 6 tables, 50 ref

001513   ANBURAJ R, JOTHIPRAKASAM V (Microbiology Dep, MIET Arts and Science Coll, Tiruchirapalli - 620 007, Email: raji.anburaj@gmail.com) : Enhanced mechanism of metal nanoparticles using Syzygium cumini as a potential synthesizer and its inhibitory effect. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1448-54.

In recent years metallic nanoparticles, represent one of the most comprehensively studied materials because of their application in biology The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biological entities has received immense attention in the area of research. Medicinal plants have attracted interest over antibiotics due to a rapid increase in the rate of infections, development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and side effects of antibiotics. In the present study biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was performed using Syzygium cumini. Spectrochemical studies indicate the surface plasmon resonance band and the presence of a capping agent responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. The results revealed that S. cumini along with synthesized AgNP found to possess microbicidal effect. 400 µl of synthesized AgNP was found to be resistant against Bacillus sp. (23 mm), followed by S. epidermis and A. niger (22.5 mm). HPLC chromatogram reveals the presence of flavonoids such as quercetin and myricetin responsible for bioassay.

7 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

001504   AKHITHA N, RAGHAVENDRA M, KUMAR M V K (Pharmacology Dep, CMR Coll of Pharmacy, Hyderabad - 501 401, Email: mittargv@gmail.com) : Protective effect of Bauhinia tomentosa L. extract against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar male albino rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1412-9.

The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of aerial parts of Bauhinia tomentosa extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. Animals served as Group I (normal control 5 ml/kg b.wt, p.o), Group II (toxic control), and Group III and IV (treatment groups 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt, p.o) and Group V (standard cystone group 5 ml/kg b.wt, i.p). All groups except group I received gentamicin (80 mg/kg b.wt, i.p) for 10 days. On the 11th day, serum profile (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferases, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) and lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were estimated in the homogenates of the kidney. Results showed that administration of extract significantly minimized elevated serum levels of biomarkers, decreased kidney lipid peroxidation, increased levels of reduced glutathione content, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the study revealed that ethanolic extract of Bauhinia tomentosa has a good protective effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

12 illus, 9 tables, 30 ref

001562   MUMTAZ A, SHAH S N H, ZABTA M, AYAZ M M, JAVED H, BASHIR N (Pharmaceutics Dep, Bahauddin Zakariya Univ, Multan, Pakistan, Email: j_hani2003@yahoo.com) : Transmission of hepatocurative effect of Spilanthes acmella extract based gel. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1360-5.

Spilanthes acmella (SA) commonly known as “Akarkara” frequently available in most of the areas of India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, China, Japan, and Thailand; is well reputed in the indigenous system of medicine for its medicinal use in toothache and rheumatic fever. The present study was aimed to evaluate its traditional use in liver diseases using the in-vivo model of rabbits. The Spilanthes acmella extract (SAE) based gel was investigated for its hepatocurative activities in Paracetamol intoxicated (2 g/kg) rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three groups, normal control (saline-treated) hepatotoxic control (Paracetamol treated) and remaining one was hepatotoxic treated with the SAE -based gel (400 mg/kg) for 7-14 days. One serving as control another as hepatotoxic and last one as treated with Paracetamol and then SAE-based gel Group 2nd and 3^rd were intoxicated with Paracetamol. After the 3^rd day of the treatment with Paracetamol, increased serum transaminases (sGOT and sGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were observed. In the case of hepatocuration of SAE -based gel caused a significant reduction in all the above serum markers for liver functioning. These data and histopathological study suggest that the presence of the hepatocurative constituents in SAE -based gel rationalizes its medicinal use in liver dysfunction.

1 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

001547   KAFA F, SULAIMAN A A, HADDAD S (Biochemistry and Microbiology Dep, Damascus Univ, Damascus, Syria, Email: fatenkafa@yahoo.com) : Association between vitamin D receptor Foki polymorphism and chronic periodontitis in Syrian population. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1336-41.

Chronic periodontitis (ChP) is the most common form of periodontal diseases. The progression rate may be influenced by local, systemic conditions and environmental factors that can alter the normal host response to bacterial plaque and affect the susceptibility to disease. Several studies have reported a role for vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms in numerous immunological activities. The present study purpose was to investigate whether FokI polymorphisms in the VDR gene were associated with the incidence of ChP in a Syrian population. The study sample comprised eighty Syrian subjects who were allocated into two groups. 50 patients were included in the group (ChP), whereas 30 matched individuals with no periodontal disease were included in the group (R). DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells. Subsequently, genotyping of the (VDR) polymorphism was performed by a polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis using FokI enzyme. Statistical analysis was carried out to assess the differences between study groups. Alleles T and C were present at frequencies of 54 % and 46 % respectively in group ChP compared to 57 % and 43 % in group (R). No significant differences were found between the study groups in the frequencies of alleles and genotypes (p>0.05). Similarly, no significant association was observed between the severity of the disease and the frequencies of genotypes TT, CT and CC (p>0.05). VDR FokI polymorphism is not associated with chronic periodontitis in the studied Syrian population.

4 tables, 19 ref

001529   DADUPANTHI P (Zoology Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Rajasthan - 302 004, Email: drpriyankadadupanthi81@gmail.com) : Protective effects of aloe vera against radiation induced biochemical disorders in liver of swiss albino mice. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1275-80.

In this study, radioprotection against radiation-induced hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice has been observed by Aloe vera. When individuals are exposed, the radiation energy is absorbed by the biological systems, which causes radiolysis of tissue water and generates free radicals. Animals were given Aloe vera leaf extract orally 1000 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 consecutive days before radiation exposure 0.5, 3 and 5.5 Gy gamma radiation. Mice were autopsied at day ¼, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 after irradiation to evaluate the radio modulator effect in terms of protein, cholesterol, and glycogen. In control set animals radiation treatment showed an increase of protein, glycogen, and cholesterol, however, the animals of experimental group, i.e., Aloe vera and radiation combined group showed a significant decrease in protein, glycogen and cholesterol but values remained below normal. It can be concluded that Aloe vera modulate the radiation-induced biochemical alterations in Swiss albino mice.

3 illus, 26 ref

001542   JAIN N, JAIN R, JAIN S K (Sagar Institute of Research Technology & Science-Pharmacy, Bhopal - 462 041, Email: nilujain01@gmail.com) : Antidiabetic potential of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. in alloxaninduced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1180-5.

Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. (Malvaceae) is described in medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The monech seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus having potential in the development of a drug for diabetes due to their antidiabetic activity. The hypoglycemic effect of the extract was tested in normal, glucose loading and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight), were administered orally to male Wistar albino rats. The parameters studied included oral glucose tolerance test in blood, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and glycated hemoglobin levels, liver glycogen content, serum lipid profile, and changes in body weights. The extracts produced a dose-dependent fall in fasting blood glucose (FBG). After 15 days of treatment with extracts, the maximum reduction in FBG (35.14 %) was observed in diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extract 500 mg/kg dose. Serum lipid levels were reversed towards near normal, and control in the loss of body weight was observed in treated rats as compared to diabetic control. The extract treatment also showed a significant increase in the liver glycogen and a significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin levels.

3 tables, 29 ref

001518   AWARI D M, SOMANI R S (Pharmacology Dep, Smt. Kashibai Navale Coll of Pharmacy, Pune - 411 048, Email: dev_awari@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of the ameliorative effect of Alpinia officinarum methanol extract in an experimental model of depression. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1160-71.

The active ingredient flavonoids especially Flavones, e.g., Quercetin was identified from the methanol extract of Alpinia officinarum. This study evaluates the antidepressant activity of Alpinia officinarum (L.) wild Hance (Zingiberaceae) in Swiss Albino mice models. The antidepressant activity was evaluated by using different animal models viz. tail suspension test, despair swim test, potentiation of norepinephrine toxicity test, 5-hydroxytryptophan potentiation in Swiss Albino mice. The methanol extract of Alpinia officinarum significantly increases Na⁺ , K⁺ -ATPase level in the brain in the tail suspension test model. An antidepressant effect in the despair swim test was confirmed by the increase in monoamines (NE, DA, 5HT) and γ-aminobutyric acid levels in the brain. Alpinia officinarum methanol extract also contributes to the normal regulation of the HPA axis by significant (P<0.001) decreased in plasma corticosterone level. Alpinia officinarum (400 mg/kg) showed antidepressant potential by increasing the number of head twitches induced by 5 HTP. Antidepressant effect of an extract of Alpinia officinarum at a dose of 400 mg/kg could be via modulation of brain monoamines and normalizing hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.

4 illus, 5 tables, 47 ref

001598   WANI T U, RAZA S N, KHAN N A (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar - 190 006, Email: syednaiem369@gmail.com) : Rosmarinic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles for wound healing in rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1138-47.

Drug release properties from dosage forms can be modified by using many rate controlling polymers. Such controlled release properties from carrier systems are desirable since efficient drug delivery is achieved. The aim of the present study was to develop efficient chitosan nanoparticles loaded with rosmarinic acid (RA) and evaluate its drug release properties and wound healing efficiency in rats. Antimicrobial activity and wound healing effect of RA is well established and reported by many workers. Chitosan is also well known for possessing rate controlling properties. For proper application over wounds, the nanoparticles were incorporated into carbopol 940 hydrogel. A fourteen-hour invitro release study was carried out to evaluate the drug release efficiency and drug release kinetics of the nanoparticles. Other parameters evaluated were particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, morphology. Carbopol 940 hydrogel was evaluated for optimum viscosity (18.43 ± 1.7), swelling (250 ± 7.9) and spreadability (31 ± 1.5). The in-vivo study was carried out in three groups of animals, those treated with gel containing RA loaded chitosan nanoparticles (RA-NP gel), gel containing only drug (RA gel), and untreated control group. Excision wound model in Wistar rats was used for the investigation of effective healing of wounds. The wound healing efficiency was evaluated by measuring the percentage of wound closure throughout 21 days. Best results were observed in the case of gel containing RA loaded chitosan nanoparticle in comparison with other animal groups.

11 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

001520   BADR G M, ALGEFARE A I (Biological Sciences Dep, King Faisal Univ, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: gmahmoud@kfu.edu.sa) : Induced coagulation as a complication of inflammatory reactions in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1133-7.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a familiar food additive processed to enhance the taste. This work was carried out to investigate the effect of MSG on platelets profile and indices of thrombus formation together with the detection of some plasma inflammatory markers. The study used adult male mice divided into five groups: a control group and four groups treated with different doses of MSG (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/kg, respectively for 30 days, orally). The mice treated with 8 and 16 mg/kg of MSG resulted in significant high levels of plasma inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Creactive protein (CRP). Also, thrombocytosis, significant increase in fibrinogen (FIG) concentration, low values of prothrombin time (PT) and the associated international normalized ratio (INR) compared to the control group. Our study suggests that MSG initiates inflammatory reactions, which may induce thrombocytosis and coagulation complication in mice model.

3 tables, 41 ref

001558   MAHAJAN B, SNEHI S K, SINGH V (Microbiology Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal - 462 026, Email: bhartimahajan44@gmail.com) : Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum MCC3216 on progression of type 2 diabetes with their anti-inflammatory activity in high fructose fed diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1122-32.

The antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum MCC3216 was investigated in high fructose-fed type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding high fructose diet to male albino Wistar rats. A single daily dose of 2 × 10⁸ CFU/ml of L. fermentum MCC3216 was given to Wistar rats for 8 weeks. The fasting blood glucose, body weight, oral glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, liver glycogen, lipid profile, and oxidative stress parameters were measured. The level of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 were also measured in serum. Histopathology analysis of pancreas and liver injury were performed. At 8 week L. fermentum MCC3216 significantly (P<0.05) decrease FBG, body weight, glucose intolerance, HbA1c, insulin, liver glycogen, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, lipid peroxidation and IL-6 level as compared to diabetic rats. The values for HDL-C, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and IL-10 were significantly (P<0.05) increased in L. fermentum MCC3216 treated group as compared to diabetic rats. Islets of Langerhans and hepatic cells in L. fermentum MCC3216 treated group were protected from destruction as compared to the diabetic rats. L. fermentum MCC3216 exerts the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effect on high fructose-fed type 2 diabetic rats and significantly improves hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and regulates immunological responses. These results suggest that further research is required in other diabetic models for clinical application of L. fermentum MCC3216 in progression and delay of T2DM.

4 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

001560   MOHAMED N A, ABDOU H M, MOHAMED A G (Zoology Dep, Alexandria Univ, Alexandria, Egypt, Email: science20111@hotmail.com) : Flaxseed oil ameliorates methotrexate-induced oxidative stress and hepto-renal toxicity in male rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1101-14.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of flaxseed oil against hepato-renal toxicity induced by methotrexate. Rats treated with methotrexate exhibited elevations in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, γGT, LDH, urea, creatinine, uric acid, and bilirubin. Furthermore, the levels of MDA, NO and the relative ratio of the gene expression of COX-2 and iNOS were significantly increased, accompanied by a decrease in the total protein, SOD, GPx, total thiol as well as the GSH content. Alterations in the lipid profile and hepatorenal histology were observed in rats treated with methotrexate. Also, up-regulation of α-SMA and loss of DNA bands integration were observed in methotrexate-treated rats. However, the oral treatment of flaxseed oil exhibited a protective effect against methotrexate toxicity in rats that could be attributed to its potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities.

9 illus, 8 tables, 79 ref

001537   GHOSH D, MONDAL S, RAMAKRISHNA K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, Email: logonchemistry@yahoo.co.in) : Phytochemical properties of a rare mangrove Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb. leaf extract and its influence on human dermal fibroblast cell migration using wound scratch model. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(4), 335-42.

Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb. is a small mangrove plant traditionally used for curing pain arising from sundry injuries. At present, there are no scientific evidences of its wound healing properties and few reports have claimed that reduction of pain could accelerate the wound healing process. The present work deals with the qualitative and quantitative study of the phytoconstituents present in A. rotundifolia Roxb., ethanolic leaves extract and also evaluate its wound healing properties in vitro. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed using preliminary phytochemical tests whereas the quantitative determination of phytochemicals was evaluated spectroscopically using ultraviolet spectroscopy. The in vitro wound healing activity was determined on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells using the wound scratch assay. The quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that total phenolics was the most abundantly found phytochemical followed by a total flavonoid, total flavonol, total tannin, total alkaloid, total proanthocyanidin, and total saponin. In the in vitro wound healing assay, the sample was first examined for possible cytotoxicity on HDF cells where the results showed that it was slightly toxic at higher concentration (inhibit cell growth by 50 %: 157.41 ± 3.4 µg/mL); thus, a concentration of 40 and 80 µg/mL was taken to carry out the scratch assay. The wound scratch assay revealed significant (P < 0.01) wound healing activity in a dosedependent manner at 40 and 80 µg/mL concentrations. Thus, the extract proved effective in wound healing which may have been attributed by the presence of several bioactive phytochemicals.

5 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

001548   KAMAT S K, SINGH K N M (Pharmacology Dep, Seth GS Medical Coll and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: kritarth1989@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the effect of Aegle marmelos and Punica granatum in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(4), 312-9.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a debilitating condition associated with many complications. The current treatment regimen includes the use of anti-inflammatory agents such as sulfasalazine and corticosteroids which are associated with multiple adverse effects due to which, patients of UC tend to have a reduced quality of life from continuing disease activity. Textbooks on Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine, have described plants with property to provide strength to the body tissues and protecting them from damage. We planned to study the effect of two such plants, Aegle marmelos and Punica granatum individually and in combination regimens in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. In Phase I, 42 Swiss albino mice were divided into seven groups (n = 6/group) and treated as follows: Normal control and disease control (normal saline), positive control (sulfasalazine - 100 mg/kg) and the four test groups with A. marmelos - 0.39 g/kg/day and 0.78 g/kg/day and P. granatum - 5.20 g/kg/day and 10.40 g/kg/day. In Phase II, 30 mice were divided into five groups (n = 6/group) as follows: Normal control, positive control, A. marmelos - 0.78 g/kg/day + P. granatum - 10.40 g/kg/day, A. marmelos - 0.78 g/kg/day + sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg, and P. granatum 10.40 g/kg/day + sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg. All groups received treatment from day 1 to 14 and the inducing agent DSS from day 8 to 14 (except normal control). Variables assessed were colon length, colon weight-by-length ratio (analyzed using one-way ANOVA) and disease activity index, colitis macroscopy, and colon histopathology (analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test). A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The high dose of A. marmelos caused a significant improvement in all the variables (P < 0.05) and was comparable to positive control (P > 0.05) while the high dose of P. granatum only decreased the colon weight-by-length ratio. The plant drug combination significantly improved all variables except histopathology. A. marmelos + sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg combination was not significantly different compared to positive control on all variables (P > 0.05), whereas P. granatum+sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg significantly improved all variables (P < 0.05) except the colitis score and histopathology. The combination of A. marmelos + P. granatum and that of each plant drug with low dose sulfasalazine were as effective as the standard dose of sulfasalazine in the model of DSS induced colitis.

2 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

001506   ALI M D, NASEER M A, MIRZA M A, ALAM M S (Pharmacology Dep, Shobhit Univ, Gangoh, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dali.niper@gmail.com) : Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study of the plant extract of Terminalia chebula Reitz., Aloe vera Linn., and Tamarindus indica Linn. on animal model: A comparative study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(3), 268-75.

Terminalia chebula Reitz., Aloe vera Linn., and Tamarindus indica Linn. are used in the treatment of different kinds of ailments. Their comparative toxicity profile is very important because all three drugs also affect on vital organ. The foremost objective of the current study was relative evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of the plant extracts of T. chebula Reitz., A. vera L., and T. indica L. in rats. Acute toxicity was conducted by the taking limit dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. Utterance was completed and recorded for 24 h 1 time daily up to 14 days. Rats were supervised for mortality and behavioral changes 1 time daily throughout all days of study. Meant for subacute study, diverse group of animals was treated for all the three plant extracts at three distinct dose levels at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of freshly prepared extracts, respectively, every 24 h orally for 28 days. Control group only administered distilled water and normal feed. At the last moment of the study, biochemical parameters, hematological investigation, and histopathological examination of organs such as liver and kidney were examined. The relative analyses of histopathological investigation were done for all the three plant extracts in comparison to controls. Not at all significant different (P > 0.05) or histopathological changes were detected in terms of hematological, biochemical parameters, and histopathological changes with respect to the control. None of any mortality and behavioral changes were noted. Overall, analysis of the results concluded that medium-term oral administration of all three plant extracts does not show toxicity for 28-day treatment.

7 illus, 34 ref

001582   SANTHOSH KUMAR M, LATHA S (Pharmacology Dep, JJM Medical Coll, Davangere, Karnataka, Email: lathas1224@gmail.com) : Evaluation of aminace, a proteolytic enzyme combined with whey protein supplement in comparison with whey protein alone for improvement of protein status in albino rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(3), 235-8.

Whey protein is a commonly used protein supplement among patients with malnutrition, post gastrointestinal surgeries, and chronic diseases. After consumption, this protein is broken down into smaller peptides by endogenous peptidases and absorption occurs within 90 min or else the larger undigested peptides are excreted, thus poor protein absorption. Furthermore, the larger peptides composed of more than seven amino acids may trigger an immune response, causing discomfort and even inflammation in the gut. To overcome such drawbacks, exogenous digestive peptidases like aminace, which is a proteolytic enzyme on addition with whey protein helps in effective degradation and absorption of proteins. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of aminace, a proteolytic enzyme combined with whey protein compared with whey protein alone in the improvement of protein status in albino rats. A total of 18 male albino rats weighing about 150–300 g were divided into three groups of six rats each. Group 1 (standard) - whey protein (200 mg/kg) alone, Group 2 (test) - whey protein (200 mg/kg) with proteolytic enzymes (aminace), and Group 3 (test control) - proteolytic enzyme (aminace) alone were administered orally daily for 2 weeks. The efficacy parameters analyzed were body weight and the total serum protein levels. Oneway ANOVA was used to compare the mean of all the groups followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. There was a statistically significant improvement in weight gain in Group 2 animals compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Though there was rise in the total serum protein levels among the Groups 2 animals, it was not statistically significant. Addition of aminace, a proteolytic enzyme, helped in better utilization of protein and hence could be taken along with protein supplements for better absorption.

3 tables, 12 ref

001530   DAYANA K, MANASA M R (Pharmacology Dep, Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karwar, Karnataka, Email: dr.manasamr@gmail.com) : Comparative study of analgesic activity of Lagenaria siceraria root extract with pentazocine in albino mice. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(3), 231-4.

Medicinal plants have been the source of innumerable drugs. Opioids derived from plants are commonly used analgesics. However, they are associated with side effects ranging from vomiting, constipation to tolerance, and dependence. Hence, the search for safe and efficacious analgesic is on-going. The aim of the study was to assess the analgesic potential of the ethanolic extract of L. siceraria roots (EELSR) in albino mice by radiant heat method and to compare it with pentazocine. Albino mice were divided into four groups randomly. Group 1 was given saline (0.1 mg/kg) orally (control). Group 2 was injected pentazocine 4 mg/kg (standard) intraperitoneally. Groups 3 and 4 were test groups and were administered EELSR 100 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW orally, respectively. Radiant heat method was used to screen for analgesic potential. Our study demonstrated the steady increase in reaction time in the test groups which received EELSR at both the doses. Maximum analgesic activity was observed at 60 min. EELSR has good analgesic activity in comparison with control. However, pentazocine has significantly better activity than EELSR at both the doses. EELSR at 200 mg/kg BW has comparable analgesic activity to pentazocine only at 15 min. The EELSR has analgesic potential, but pentazocine is more potent analgesic than EELSR.

1 table, 21 ref

001590   SUDHA MADHURI A, ROOPA C R (Pharmacology Dep, Navodaya Medical Coll, Raichur, Karnataka, Email: allellisudhamadhuri@gmail.com) : Evaluation of skeletal muscle relaxant activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves in albino rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(3), 206-9.

Hibiscus rosa sinensis which belongs to family Malvaceae is traditionally used in various diseases due to its medicinal properties. Most of the uses were studied in detail by many researchers, but the studies evaluating the skeletal muscle relaxant activity of H. rosa sinensis leaves are limited. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the skeletal muscle relaxant activity of the methanolic extract of H. rosa sinensis leaves (MEHRL) in albino rats. MEHRL was prepared and tested for skeletal muscle relaxant activity in albino rats weighing 200–250 g. The animals were divided into four different groups. Group I (control) received normal saline 10 ml/kg, Group II (standard) received diazepam 10 mg/kg, and Groups III and IV received MEHRL 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Skeletal muscle relaxant activity (motor coordination) on rotarod and locomotor activity on photoactometer was performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of variance, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests. The results from the actophotometer and rotarod test showed that MEHRL significantly reduced the motor coordination and locomotor activity of tested animal. MEHRL showed significant dose-dependent skeletal muscle relaxant activity.

2 tables, 17 ref

001568   PANDEY Y, KHAN M A, MEHDI S H, SATI S C, BHATT P, PANT C K (Chemistry Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital, Uttarakhand) : Synergistic effect of galangin and TNF inhibits the cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis through activating caspases pathways in breast cancer. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2024-30.

Breast cancer is reported as the most frequent tumor with limited treatments among the female worldwide. Galangin, bioflavonoids, has been shown anti-cancer properties in various cancer cells including breast cancer. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been linked to breast cancer development. It strives multiple functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated whether galangin could enhance TNFmediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. We further focused to investigate the molecular mechanism of inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis induced by the synergistic effect of galangin and TNF against human breast cancer cells. Cytotoxicity induced by galangin and TNF alone and in combination was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by DNA fragmentation assay and measured by real time PCR and western blotting. The study clearly showed the dose dependent cytotoxic effect of galangin in combination with TNF in all the breast cancer cells. The dying cells showed characteristics of apoptosis such as, DNA fragmentation in combined treatment with galangin and TNF in human breast cancer cells, compared to single treatments. Furthermore, we also found that treatment with galangin enhances TNF-induced apoptosis by increasing expression of apoptosis-related proteins including caspase-3, 8, 9 and Bax whereas by decreasing the expression of Bcl-2. The data in the present study clearly demonstrates that galangin sensitizes human breast cancer cells to TNF mediated apoptosis and could have a potential therapeutic significance in treating cancer.

3 illus, 39 ref

001577   RAISAGAR A, KAUR C D, SAWARKAR H A, KUMAR L, RAISAGAR A, KARMAKAR A, SAHU M (Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy, Kumhari Durg, Chhattisgarh) : Comparative study of wound-healing effect of bark extracts of Ficus religiosa & Ficus benghalensis by mice model. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1815-21.

The aim of the study was the comparative study of the wound healing potential of the bark of Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis. The locally available plants like Ficus religiosa and Ficus bengalensis have the capability to cure diseases traditionally since long years, due to this reasons these two plants were selected for the study. It was found that ethanol and hydroalcoholic extraction of two plants that is Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis showed high wound healing activity. The plant extracts were used to study their phytochemical compositions i.e. total phenols contents, flavonoids contents, terpenoids content and proteins contents. Most of the biologically active phytochemical presents in the ethanol extract. The results obtained that Wound healing potential of the bark of Ficus religiosa is higher than the bark of Ficus benghalensis. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well diffusion method while wound healing effect in rats was evaluated using the in vitro and in vivo wound model infected. In case of antimicrobial activity the ethanolic extract of Ficus religiosa showed better antimicrobial activity. The ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of bark of two plant that is Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis compared for in vitro wound healing activity. For in vitro Wound healing activities including Inhibition of RBC haemolysis was performed. In Inhibition of RBC haemolysis, when the decrease in absorbance at 517 nm it increases the RBC membrane stabilization activity of the plants sample. For RBC membrane stabilization experiment Soframycin taken as the standard solution and for in vitro wound healing activity using excision wound model was performed. In both case in vivo and in vitro wound healing model ethanolic extract of Ficus religiosa having higher wound healing activity as compared to hydroalcoholic extract.

4 illus, 6 tables, 39 ref

001522   BANGAR V R, KADAM J J, VALVI H T (Plant Pathology Dep, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli, Maharashtra) : Effect of spore suspension of pathogen causing diseases on dodder (Cuscuta gronovii) parasitized on green gram. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1805-8.

Pulses are cultivated in Konkan region during Rabi season after harvest of Kharif rice, the major threat on this pulses is plant parasite. Cuscuta causes a serious problem in pulses. In view to management of such serious plant parasite, we used different pathogenic suspension viz. Fusarium incarnatum, Alternaria dianthicola and Curvularia pallescens at diverse concentration. Cuscuta gronovii parasitized on green gram host plants were inoculated with different concentration of spore suspension of previous obtained pathogens. The maximum disease severity on C. gronovii were recorded by A. dianthicola @ 2 x 10⁵ and F. incarnatum @ 2 x 10⁵ concentrations parasitizing on green gram and the host plant reaction was found to be immune. At 21 DAI, A. dianthicola @ 2×10⁵ and F. incarnatum @ 2×10⁵ showed maximum disease severity 86.33 % and 84.00 % respectively. These concentrations of spore suspension of pathogens were act as a mycoherbicide or bioherbicide and applicable to control Cuscuta parasitized on green gram plants effectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

001552   KIRAN B, ANUSHA N, MANASA JAIN N D, CHAUHAN J B (Microbiology Dep, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana P.G. Centre, Metagalli, Mysore, Karnataka) : In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potentiality of Linum usitatissimum L. (seed) against four important species of bacteria. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1744-7.

In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of aqueous seed extract of Linum usitatissimum L. were tested against four bacterial species viz., Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at 10 to 100% concentration. Maximum inhibition was observed in S. aureus and recorded 34.0 mm inhibition at 100 % concentration, followed by P. vulgaris and recorded 32.0 mm inhibition at 100% concentration. B. subtilis recorded 28.0 mm inhibition at 100 % concentration and minimum inhibition was observed in E. coli and recorded 23.0 mm inhibition at 60.0 % concentration. Compare to control tetracyclin and chloramphenicol at a recommended concentration of 25 mg, E. coli recorded 30.0 mm, P. vulgaris recorded 18.0 mm, S. aureus recorded 26.0 mm and B. subtilis recorded 23.0 mm inhibition respectively. In chloramphenicol, maximum inhibition was observed in P. vulgaris (31.0 mm) followed by E. coli (30.0 mm) and S. aureus and B. subtilis recorded 28.0 mm inhibition respectively.

1 table, 21 ref

001525   BHASKAR P, SRIVASTAVA S K, ABHIRAM P (Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of copper stress on biochemical changes in Philosamia ricini’s gland. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1678-84.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of Copper sulphate stress on total protein, protease, and level of free amino acids in silkworm. Enzymatic activity of alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase in silkworm were also assed. For this study collected eri silkworm eggs from Regional Sericulture Research Station, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (Central Silk Board). These eggs were hatched after seven days at 26℃. The larvae at early stage were fed with the chopped green variety of castor leaves (Ricinus communis). After the larvae enter to the second instar, it fed with Copper sulphate treated castor leaves at different concentration of 5, 10, and 15 ppm with control. During the time of experiments also analyze the length and weight of the larvae. At 15 ppm Copper sulphate treatment both third and fourth instars maximum length (2.7 and 3.8 cm), weight (0.29 and 0.79 gm), total protein (65.11 ± 0.08 and 58.86 ± 0.09 mg/gm), free amino acid third instar 15 ppm (13.48 ± 0.08 µg/ml), In fourth instar highest on 5 ppm (14.97 ± 0.05 µg/ml) of the larvae observed and minimum was observed at Copper sulphate of 10 ppm concentration. In this study also analyzed Protease activity, AAT and ALAT was highest at 10 ppm concentration.

7 illus, 39 ref

001587   SINGH S K, ZAINAB S, SINGH S K, SINGH R N (Entomology & Agricultural Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Paradesh) : Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus Urticae Koch) induced biochemical alterations across different Okra varieties. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1632-6.

Tetranychus urticae is a prolific feeder of vegetable crops. The present study aimed at studying the biochemical changes and qualitative loss due to the mite feeding in the form of major (N, P and K) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) from okra leaves. Sixteen varieties of okra were randomly raised in experimental plots at Horticulture farm of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. The healthy and mite infested leaves were plucked from the field and their biochemical analysis was conducted at laboratory. It was observed that there was considerable reduction in nutrients across all varieties due to mite feeding. The nutrient of healthy and infested leaves was correlated against mite population. Among infested leaves, it was found that the N, P, K and Cu concentration were nonsignificantly positively correlated to mite population whereas a significant negative correlation was noticed with Fe, Zn and Mn to mite infestation. It was observed that mite infestation besides degrading the nutritional value of crop also reduces the yield.

3 tables, 22 ref

001572   PORE P M, INGOLE R S, HEDAU M, HAJARE S W, KHOSE K K, INGAWALE M V (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Krishi Nagar, Akola, Maharashtra) : Effect of Andrographis paniculata on hematobiochemical profile during monensin induced toxicity in Japanese quails. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1465-8.

The present investigation was carried out to study the ameliorative effect of Andrographis paniculata on hematobiochemical profile during monensin toxicity in Japanese quails. At the end of 28 day quails fed with monensin @ 150 mg/kg of feed showed adverse effect on haematological profile of Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, heterophil and lymphocyte count, whereas birds given monensin along with dried leaves powder of Andrographis paniculata showed dose dependant (@ 3g/kg and 5 g/ kg feed) beneficial effect. Monensin only toxicated birds showed significant increase in serum AST, creatinine, and phosphorus whereas birds given monensin along with dried leaves powder of Androgrphis paniculata showed significant decreased values and suggested beneficial property of plant during monensin toxicity. Increased serum calcium level in monensin treated birds showed restoration when given Andrographis paniculata along with it. Thus it is concluded that dried leaves powder of Andrographis paniculata showed hematinic, hepatoprotective and renoprotective effect @ 3g/kg and 5 g/ kg feed during monensin sodium toxicity in Japanese quails given @ 150 mg/kg in feed.

4 tables, 24 ref

001532   DHUNGYAL B, SHARMA C, JHA D K (Physiology Dep, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Tadong, Gangtok-Sikkim) : Antihyperglycemic effect of leaves and inflorescences of Girardinia heterophylla on Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic male albino wistar rats. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1423-6.

Leaf and inflorescence of Girardinia heterophylla is believed to be beneficial for diabetic patients by the local community of Sikkim, thus its degree of use is very high. Present study evaluated the antihyperglycemic activity of hydroethanolic extract of these two plant parts. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed number of phytocompounds. Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced Type-II diabetic male albino Wistar rats were orally fed with plant extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) for 28 consecutive days. There was significant (p<0.05) dose dependent decrease in the blood glucose level in the experimental group as compared to the diabetic control group (percentage reduction of 37.29 % and 45.54 % by leaf extract, 65.46 % and 66.67 % by inflorescence extract at two different concentrations). Normalization of body weight was also observed. Results of the present study strongly indicate that leaves and inflorescences of Girardinia heterophylla have antihyperglycemic potential and can be source for the isolation of active compound(s).

4 tables, 23 ref

001501   ADEDOKUN R A M, AZEEZ O I, ADEOYE A O, OLAOGUN S C, OLA-DAVIES O E (Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Dep, Ibadan Univ, Ibadan, Nigeria) : Toxicological studies of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia fistula on haematological and biochemical parameters of Wistar albino rats. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1407-12.

Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant used in folklore medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions such as astringent, febrifuge and purgative. But the effects have not been well elucidated. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of Cassia fistula on haematological and serum biochemical indices in Wistar rats. Phytochemical constituents from the ethanol extract of C. fistula were identified by qualitative techniques and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats each. Group A, the control, received 0.2 ml of corn oil each daily for 7 days; Group B rats were given 100 mg/kg b.w. of Cassia fistula extract, Group C were given 200 mg/kg b.w. of the extract while the rats in Group D were given 300 mg/kg b.w ethanol extract of Cassia fistula orally for 7 days. Blood samples were collected afterward for determination of haematological parameter while plasma biochemistry was carried on the plasma after 7 days of treatment with the extract. Frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was also determined from blood Giemsa stained smear. Qualitative analyses revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardenolides, and phenols. In GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds including phytol, oleic, myristic acids etc. were detected from the ethanol leaf extract of C fistula. Oral treatment of Cassia fistula was found to be safe up to the 300 mg/kg b.w dose because haematological and biochemical parameters in treated rats were comparable to the untreated control. In fact, the extract showed nephroprotective and hepatoprotective activity at 200 mg/kg. This study showed that ethanol leaf extract of Cassia fistula is not toxic upto 300 mg/kg b.w, instead the extract showed some protective effects on liver and kidney functions at the 200 mg/kg b.w dose. This dosage should therefore be explored further for therapeutic purposes.

2 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

001533   DILEEP R, RESHMI K, THARAN S, SARVADHA A D, SWETHA S, JAYASURYA G, PRADEEPA D, MANJULA K (Biochemistry Dep, Dr. N.G.P Arts and Science Coll, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Alpinia purpurata rhizomes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1373-7.

The present study was undertaken to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of rhizomes of Alpinia purpurata. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli (MTCC 25922), Enterococcus aerogenes (MTCC 29212). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 25923) and Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 7299) by disc diffusion assay method. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The rhizomes of Alpinia purpurata exhibited significant antioxidant inhibitory activities with an 93.82 % and 88.56 % respectively at the concentration 80 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml and well compared with standard ascorbic acid drug. As the concentration of rhizomes of Alpinia purpurata increased from 20-100 µg/ml, the inhibitory actions of the Alpinia purpurata increased towards all the strains used in this study. At concentration 100 µg/ml, the rhizomes of Alpinia purpurata exhibited the antimicrobial activity all the five bacteria and five fungal pathogens, but was more susceptible against Escherichia coli (20 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm) at concentration 100 µg/ml., followed by the highest activity against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans (10 mm zone of inhibition) at 100 µg/ml, followed by the highest activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida vulgaris and Candida tropicalis (9 mm zone of inhibition). The result confirms that the rhizomes of Alpinia purpurata antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested bacteria.

3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

001595   VEERAMANI S, BABU S, THARANYA M, RANI A S S, AMBIKAPATHY V (Botany and Microbiology Dep, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam Coll, Poondi. Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu) : Studies on optimization of enhanced in a biomass production from marine Actinobacteria. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1112-4.

The study aimed at optimizing the biomass production of Actinobacteria by submerged fermentation. Conventional factor at a time was used as an initial screening process, i.e., one factor was varied, while keeping all the others constant. Different factors like pH, temperature, carbon nutrient source and incubation period were selected for the optimization process. The optimum pH, temperature, incubation periods and nutrient content were recorded are respectively. Different carbon and nitrogen sources were screened for optimum biomass production. Glucose at a concentration of 1.5 % w/v and yeast extract at a concentration of 0.25 % w/v was found to be the most effective for the mycelial biomass production. Further, inoculums were found to be the best for mycelial biomass production of Actinomyces. The maximum dry mycelial biomass obtained after combining these optimum conditions.

1 table, 10 ref

001514   ANJUGAM M, BHARATHIDASAN R, RANI A S S, AMBIKAPATHY V (Microbiology Dep, Marudupandiyar Coll, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu) : Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungal metabolites against clinical importance microbes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1004-7.

Antimicrobial activity of crude fungal metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of Avicennia marina. Four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100µl) of endophytic fungal metabolities act against microorganisms such as B. subtilis, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, P. aeroginosa, S. typhi, A. niger, A. ochraceous, C. geniculata, F. moniliforme and T. viride was carried out by agar well diffusion method. The maximum zone inhibitions were measured in 100 µl of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum fungal metabolities against microbes. But, no zone of inhibition detected in T. viride against Aspergillus flavus fungal metabolites Findings from the research indicated that the studies could also pave a way for new therapeutic agents who can be used as potential drugs against the selected microorganisms.

2 tables, 24 ref

001546   KADWALIA A, BHOOMIKA, THAKUR P, VIVEKANANDHAN R, JAISWAL S, PATEL P K, RANI B (Veterinary Public Health Div, ICAR-IVRI, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh) : Antimicrobial resistant: A glance on emergence, spread and combat. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 995-8.

The discovery of antibiotic in middle of nineteenth century was revolutionized era for mankind suffering. Antibiotic was considered as magic bullet for untreatable infection after its use in therapeutic purpose. Lamentably, the use or rather the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has been accompanied by the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance in hospital settings has become a inevitable and even become major problem for treatable infection. Leading outcome of antibiotic resistance in public health are morbidity, mortality, substantial economic loss. Beside use of alternate therapy antibiotic resistance can be managed by many ways; proper hygienic policy, rational use of antibiotics in hospitals or antibiotic stewardship, public health awareness, globally collaborative action plan.

30 ref

001524   BHARDWAJ R, SHARMA R A (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Boerhavia diffusa-GC-MS analysis of alkaloids and their inhibitory activity against pathogenic microorganisms. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 756-60.

Boerhavia diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family which is commonly known as tar vine, punarnava meaning that which rejuvenates or renews the body, Boerhavia belongs to family Nyctaginaceae the plant holds tremendous potential of medicinal value and has been traditionally used in various ailments like syphilis, leukoderma, blood disorders to name a few. The plant has gained prominence due to presence of some prominent secondary metabolites. The present study focuses on the GC-MS analysis of extracts of all the plant parts of B. diffusa which revealed the presence of certain bioactive compounds like stigmasterol, sitosterol, thiazoline, phytol, pthalic acid, methyl alpha ketopalmitate and so forth. A total of about 20 bioactive compounds were identified. Antimicrobial activity of crude alkaloids obtained from different plant parts i.e roots stems and leaves. alkaloids from roots showed highest activity against F. oxysporium (15.33+1.52) and E. coli(17.33 ± 0.58), alkaloids from stems showed highest activity against C. albicans (20.33 + 2.08)and E. coli (40.56 ±  2.08) alkaloids from leaves showed highest activity against C. albicans (14.33 + 2.31) and S. aureus (22.00 ± 3.6). Alkaloids from the leaf extract also show highest inhibition zone than alkaloids from root and stem extract.

4 tables, 14 ref

001516   APALOWO O E, ADEKOLA M B, ASAOLU F T, ORIYOMI O V, OGUNLEYE G S, AREOLA J O, BABALOLA O O (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Ile-Ife, Nigeria) : GC-MS analysis and inhibitory effect of Kigelia africana leaf extract and fractions on 5- lipoxygenase. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 625-8.

The study investigated the inhibitory role of kigelia africana leaf extracts and fractions on 5- Lipoxygenase oxidative enzyme. GC-MS analysis was carried out on the ethyl acette fraction. Fresh leaves of Kigelia africana was extracted with 70% (v/v) ethanol and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. Plant extract and fractions were estimated for total phenol content and flavonoid content using gallic acid and quercetin as standard respectively. Anti-lipoxygenase activity was determined from the extract and fractions at 0.1 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml. Fraction which exhibited the most favourable inhibitory potential was subjected to GC-MS fingerprinting to identify the phytoconstituents. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content was obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction with values of 22.55 ± 0.55 gallic acid equivalent and 4.63 ± 0.19 quercetin equivalent respectively. Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of the plant extract and fractions showed that the crude extract, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited their highest inhibitory potential at 0.5 mg/ml while n-butanol and nhexane showed their highest inhibitory effect at 0.2 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml respectively. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed the presence of several constituents with anti-inflammatory properties. Kigelia africana leaf extract and fractions could serve as a non-selective redox inhibition of 5- lipoxygenase.

3 tables, 26 ref

001553   KISHORE V P, PUTTARAJU H P (Life Science/Biological Sciences Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Homology modelling and simulation of Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) of Uzifly and study of its in silico protein-protein anti-apoptosis interaction process with ethanol stressed HepG2 Cell line pathway proteins. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 618-24.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacological effect of modelled Wolbachia Surface Protein (WSP) on Ethanol stressed HepG2 cell line and the role of WSP in Antiapoptosis process. The sequence of WSP protein was retrieved from protein databases and subjected to homology modelling. The modelled structure was validated using online tools and softwares and energy minimization was introduced to improve the total quality of the structure. The fine refined structure model of WSP was docked with various proteins involved in Ethanol stressed HepG2 cell line. Finally, the best scored protein-protein interaction was reported. During homology modelling with various templates, the Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 1P4T_A a Neisserial Surface Protein A showed good sequence alignment, least positives with the best Discrete Optimized Protein Energy (DOPE) score of -11,757.60 and 0.611Å root-mean-square deviation (RMSD). Further docking of WSP with seven crucial proteins involved in Ethanol stressed HepG2 cell line was done. Among the seven crucial proteins, apoptosis inhibition was more Favoured through the Fas ligand (Fas L) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases with best energy score of value -34.0318 kcal/mol and -33.16 kcal/mol respectively. Hence, the WSP interaction was studied only with the top scored complex of Fas ligand (Fas L). From the results, it was clearly revealed that anti-apoptosis in Ethanol stressed HepG2 cell line is more Favoured through Fas L and thereby it protects the HepG2 cells from damage. Thus WSP might have a significant therapeutic effect on Ethanol-related liver diseases.

5 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

001515   ANUSHA B G, NAIK M K, GOPALAKRISHNAN S, AMARESH Y S, GURURAJ S (Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : A review on the biological control of plant diseases using various microorganisms. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 506-10.

The excessive use of chemical pesticides to confront pests causes environmental pollution. Furthermore, plant pathogens resist chemical pesticides. When such pathogens accumulate in plants or soil, they will cause harmful effects on humans. Biological control is an alternative method that reduces or terminates the use of chemical compounds in agriculture. Biological control is also carried out by microorganisms. Bacteria are the main group of these microorganisms. Due to the extensive presence in the soil, tolerating changes in temperature, pH, and salinity as well as producing resistant endospore-forming species, Bacillus bacteria are used in biological control of soil. Bacillus species are often found in soil and rhizosphere. These bacteria help with the control of plant pathogens by producing siderophore, secretion of enzymes, production of antibiotics and inducing systemic resistance. In this study, various biological control mechanisms which are carried out by microorganisms have been reviewed.

32 ref

001597   WAGHMARE V, MUTHURAJU R, BRAHMAPRAKASH G P, MURALIMOHAN K, HARINIKUMAR K M (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Study of diversity of culturable gut bacteria in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 443-8.

The diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), a well-known destructive insect pest that infests Bracicaceous (=Cruciferae) crops, like broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, collards, mustard, rapeseed, radish, and turnip worldwide, has developed resistance to synthetic insecticides. Microbial symbionts provide an diverse range of benefits in insect nutrition, e.g. by providing essential amino acids, digestive enzymes or vitamins and responsible for insecticide resistance. The population of DBM was collected from field of Malligere village, Shivamogga district of the state Karnataka, India. The different bacterial strains were isolated from third instar larvae of DBM and characterized each strain based on morphology and biochemical characterization. Most of the isolates were gram negative bacteria. All the isolates were shown positive results for citrate utilization test and catalase test. The genomic DNA, 16Sr RNA sequencing, PCR were done for identification of isolates at genus level. Six different bacterial isolates were identified such as Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus gallinarum, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia sp., Enterobacter hormaechei and Proteus mirabilis. This study aimed to determine the diversity and characterization of gut bacteria of diamondback moth.

5 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

001531   DESMARINI D, ABDULLAH M, SARI P, YUNAINI L, FADILAH F (Internal Medicine Dep, Indonesia Univ, Jawa Barat 16424, Indonesia) : Effects of ethanolic leave extract of soursop (Annona muricata L.) on human colorectal cancer line: cell viability and in silico study to cyclin d1 protein. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 232-7.

Colorectal cancer is a pathological transformation of normal colon and rectum epithelial that becomes an abnormal tissue mass, due to the overexpression of cyclin D1 protein that inducing the high proliferation of colorectal cell. Treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer could be done naturally by consuming leave extract of Annona muricata L. (soursop). Soursop is known for many phytochemical components such as alkaloid, annonaceous acetogenin, phenol, and flavonol that serve as an anti-cancer. The research was used HT-29 colorectal cell that given ethanolic leave extract of soursop with 278 μg/mL concentration, 5-Fluorourasil (5-FU) with 88 μg/mL concentration as positive control, solvent control, dan cells control as negative control. The parameters are cell viability with MTT Assay and analysis of molecular docking from ethanolic leave extract of soursop to cyclin D1 protein with molecular operating environment (MOE) 2013.08 software. Percentage of viable HT-29 cell line decrease in accordance with increasing concentration and the lowest percentage of viable cell is 2 x cytotoxicity concentration 50 (CC50) after ethanolic leave extract of soursop treatment (40,4 ± 1,3 %) was compared to 5-FU (30,68 ± 0,93 %), solvent control (97,2 ± 1,4 %), and cells control (100 %). Analysis of molecular docking to cyclin D1 protein was obtained N-hexadecanoic acid and phytol molecules that have the lowest free energy (ΔG), i.e 9,7755 kkal/mol and -7,2147 kkal/mol. Ethanolic leave extract of soursop causes decreasing cell viability of HT-29 cell line on 2 x CC50 concentration was compared to 5-FU, solvent control, dan cells control. N-hexadecanoic acid and phytol molecules have ability to inhibit cyclin D1 protein.

6 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

001555   KRISWANDINI I L, RAHARDJO M B, BUDI H S, AMALIA R (Oral Biology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: indah-l-k@fkg.unair.ac.id) : The difference in biofilm molecular weight in Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induced by sucrose and soy protein (Glycine soja). Indian J Dent Res 2019, 30(2), 273-6.

Biofilms consist of microbial cells and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomtans are bacteria that can form biofilms and generate EPS. Biofilm formation can be induced by specific substances such as sucrose and protein. To identify the molecular weight that determines biofilm protein profile expression of S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans induced by sucrose (carbohydrate) and soy protein (glycine soja). Experimental laboratory study. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‑PAGE) was used to determine the molecular weight. Nil. The results of analysis of protein SDS‑PAGE showed the presence of 28 protein bands on A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm in the media trypticase soy broth (TSB), 20 protein bands on biofilms of S. mutans in the media TSB, 29 protein bands on biofilm A. actinomycetemcomitans in the media brain heart infusion (BHI) + sucrose 2 %, and 13 protein bands on biofilms of S. mutans in the media BHI + sucrose 2 %. There are differences in biofilm protein profile expression that determine the molecular weight of S. mutans biofilm and A. actinomycetemcomitans induced by sucrose (carbohydrate) and soy protein (glycine soja).

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

001550   KATHIRESHAN A K, PRIYA T, JASMINE K D, GAYATHRI G, KUMAR M R R (Microbiology Dep, VELS Univ, Chennai - 600 117, Email: kathireshanak@gmail.com) : Assessment of in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaf extracts of Melia azedarach Linn. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 380-4.

The present study was aimed to analyse in vitro, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the leaf extracts of Melia azedarach. Leaves were extracted using different solvents such as ethanol, methanol and acetone by hot percolation method. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was measured using agar well diffusion assay and broth microdilution methods, respectively against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Thin-layer chromatography-directed bioautography was performed to determine the phytochemicals of the extracts and their antimicrobial activity. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was performed for the isolated active components exhibited antimicrobial activity. Among the various extracts tested, ethanol extract showed significant antimicrobial activity and exhibited zone of inhibition of 16 mm against Bacillus subtilis, 15 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 14 mm against both Vibrio cholerae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 12 mm against both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethanol extract showed minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 μg/ml against both Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Phytocompounds in the ethanol extract were separated using TLC chromatogram and it showed seven spots. The bioautography of TLC chromatogram showed single band exhibited antibacterial activity and phytocompound from this band was isolated and identified as 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine-3- amine using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses. The ethanol extract of leaf of Melia azedarach exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and the compound 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine-3- amine might be responsible for antimicrobial activity.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

001573   PRASTYA M E, ASTUTI R I, BATUBARA I, WAHYUDI A T (Biology Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor 16680, Indonesia, Email: aristri2011@gmail.com) : Antioxidant, antiglycation and in vivo antiaging effects of metabolite extracts from marine sponge-associated bacteria. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 344-53.

In vitro antioxidant, antiglycation activities of marine sponge-associated bacterial extracts and potential antiaging properties on the model organism, fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) were investigated in the present study. Spectrometry method was used to assess the chemical contents of the extracts. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulphonic acid) radicals, while antiglycation was a fluorometric assay. Antiaging activity was tested using the spot test and chronological life span assays. In addition, mitochondrial activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species level and cell cycle analysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were evaluated to understand fully the effect of the selected extract. Highest amount of phenolic compounds was found in HAL-13 extract of 215.15 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract. PTR-21 extract has the highest flavonoid and tannin contents of 6.42 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract and 5.88 mg catechin/g extract, respectively. The best antioxidant activity was found in HAL-08 extract with IC₅₀ value of 17.10 and 59.39 µg/ml in the two antioxidant assays employed, while the highest activity of antiglycation was reported in the PTR-21 extract with IC₅₀ value of 157.50 µg/ml. PTR-21 (500 µg/ml) extract exhibited antiaging properties in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Indeed, PTR-21 extract could extend G1 phase of the cell division from 26 to 40 %. Interestingly, the corresponding extract could enhance the stress tolerance of phenotype in Schizosaccharomyces pombe against H₂ O₂ -induced oxidative stress. Such phenotypes might be induced by mitochondrial-reactive oxygen species adaptive signalling, as the extract application significantly enhanced yeast mitochondrial respiratory activity.

6 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

001575   RAHIMNEJAD T, BESHKAR P, BAGHERI R, POURGHEYSARI B (Pathology and Hematology Dep, Shahrekord Univ of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, Email: Bat238@yahoo.com) : Pterostilbene enhances anticancer effects of L-asparaginase in lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 226-33.

Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of pterostilbene were examined in combination with L-asparaginase in Jurkat cell line. Jurkat cells were incubated with different concentrations of pterostilbene alone or in combination with L-asparaginase for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-5-3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay. Induction of apoptosis was measured by annexin-V fluorescein isothiocyanate and the level of active caspase 3 positive cells by intracellular staining and flowcytometry. Decline of cell viability to 50 % was observed at 67.78 ± 3.88, 60.97 ± 3.36 and 52.11 ± 2.50 µM concentration after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation with pterostilbene, respectively. Pterostilbene at a concentration of 30, 50 and 70 µM in combination with 0.5 and 0.7 IU/ml L-asparaginase reduced relative cell growth to a significant level. The rate of apoptosis was significantly higher than control at 80 µM concentration of pterostilbene and a combination of 60 µM pterostilbene with 0.5 and 0.7 IU/ml L-asparaginase, but not with L-asparaginase alone. The level of caspase 3 positive cells was significantly higher than control at 80 µM concentration of pterostilbene. Pterostilbene increased antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of L-asparaginase in Jurkat cells. These results suggested that pterostilbene might be a potential anticancer agent in lymphoblastic leukaemia and potentiate the effect of L-asparaginase. Unravelling the mechanism of pterostilbene-induced cell apoptosis in this cell line could help in the development of a targeted therapy.

5 illus, 39 ref

001551   KIM N H, KIM H J, IM J Y, KWAK W R, KIM Y H, KIM D K, LIM S, LEE Y (Oriental Pharmacy Dep, Wonkwang Univ, Iksan 570- 749 , South Korea, Email: ymlee@wku.ac.kr) : Pulsatilla koreana Nakai downregulates C/EBPs/PPARγ and suppresses fatty acid synthase via activation of AMPKα in 3T3-L1 cells. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 219-25.

Pulsatilla koreana Nakai, or pasque flower has been used as a medicinal plant for the treatment of amoebic dysentery, malaria, and internal haemorrhoids. The extract of Pulsatilla koreana Nakai, itself, has not been yet investigated for potential antiobesity effects. In this study, the antiobesity effect was evaluated on preadipocyte differentiation of Pulsatilla koreana Nakai extracted by 70 % ethanol in 3T3-L1 cells. Pulsatilla koreana Nakai ethanol extract at doses of 20 μg/ml significantly decreased lipid droplet accumulation, the expression of transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, β, δ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase. Moreover, Pulsatilla koreana Nakai ethanol extract also activated the phosphorylation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α. In conclusion, Pulsatilla koreana Nakai ethanol extract suppressed preadipocyte differentiation via down-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and fatty acid synthase by phosphorylation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α in adipocytes. This data suggested that Pulsatilla koreana Nakai ethanol extract be further explored as a new preventive and therapeutic agent against obesity.

6 illus, 34 ref

001500   ABEDIAN Z, JENABIAN N, MOGHADAMNIA A A, ZABIHI E, TASHAKORIAN H, RAJABNIA M, SADIGHIAN F, BIJANI A (Babol Univ of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran, Email: n.jenabian@yahoo.com) : Antibacterial activity of high‑molecular‑weight and low‑molecular‑weight chitosan upon oral pathogens. J Conserv Dent 2019, 22(2), 169-74.

One of the common oral bacterial infectious diseases is dental caries. Control of dental plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus leads to prevention and treatment of caries. Chitosan (1‑4, 2‑amino‑2‑deoxy‑b‑D‑glucan), a deacetylated derivative from chitin, is an antimicrobial polysaccharide that exerts broad‑spectrum activity against pathogenic bacteria and has been suggested as a preventive and therapeutic material for dental caries. The aim of this investigation is whether chitosan has effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against common cariogenic microorganisms. The effect of 0.019–5 mg/ml of high‑molecular‑weight (HMW) and low‑molecular‑weight (LMW) chitosan on S. mutans and S. sobrinus was evaluated, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericide concentration (MBC) were determined. In addition, the effects of HMW and LMW of chitosan on bacterial adhesion to surfaces and biofilm formation were assayed by tube method. The results showed that chitosan is capable of inhibiting S. mutans and S. sobrinus growth (P = 0.001). MIC of HMW chitosan for S. mutans and S. sobrinus was 0.62 mg/mL and MIC of LMW chitosan for S. mutans and S. sobrinus was 0.62 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. MBC of HMW chitosan for S. mutans and S.sobrinus was 1.25 mg/mL, respectively, and MBC of LMW chitosan for S. mutans and S. sobrinus was 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. On the other hand, HMW chitosan was more effective than LMW chitosan. In addition, S. mutans showed equal MIC and MBC values for both MWs chitosan, but S. sobrinus was more resistant to LMW chitosan. Regarding biofilm growth, chitosan inhibited S. mutans and S. sobrinus adhesion and biofilm formation. The results of tube test showed weak adherence and biofilm formation in concentration of 0.312 and 0.625 mg/ml, but 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml concentrations of both MWs could completely inhibit biofilm formation. These results display the potential of chitosan to be used as an effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agent for oral hygiene and health care.

2 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

001517   AWAN A, SAEED A, KHAN U, RAFIQ M (Hamdard Univ, Karachi – 74600, Pakistan, Email: drasim@baariz.com) : Therapeutic effects of Silybum marianum in the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Asian J Med Sci 2019, 10(2), 20-5.

Cirrhosis is the late, symptomatic stage of chronic liver disease which occurs when scar tissue (fibrosis) largely replaces healthy liver tissue, compromising the function of the organ and predisposing to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is mainly caused by hepatitis B and C virus infections or prolonged excessive consumption of alcohol. To study the therapeutic effects of Silybum marianum on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection with Child Pugh Stage A & B. In this study 119 patients were treated for 6 months with Silybum marianum, their Liver stiffness measurements were carried out through Fibroscan, which is a non-invasive technique to assess liver fibrosis. Liver Fibrosis Scores viz; Aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4) were also employed at baseline and end of treatment. Pre-treatment Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) score was 22.54 kilopascals (kPa) and post-treatment was 17.30 kPa, a statistically significant change of 5.24 kPa (P < 0.01) was observed, the mean percent change was 23.24 %, its impact was observed in all METAVIR stages. Of the 72 (60.5 %) patients with LSM ≥ 12.5 kPa (cirrhosis) at baseline 23 (32 %) proved to have no cirrhosis (≥ 1 decrease in fibrosis stage) at post-treatment. Similarly, 19 patients moved to stage F0-F1, 28 patients in F2 and 23 in F3. Overall fibrosis stage was improved ( ≥ 1 decrease in fibrosis stage) in 46 (38.7 %) of 119 patients after 6 months of treatment. Serum fibrosis scores APRI and FIB-4 significantly decreased in comparison to baseline values. APRI values drooped from 1.24 to 0.83. FIB-4 score changed from 3.90 to 2.10. Our result suggests significant improvement with Silybum marianum in the patients status of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C related chronic liver disease. Silybum marianum shows therapeutic effect in real life setting on the entire aspect of disease, as evaluated with the fibroscan and serum fibrosis score.

2 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

001503   AGANOVIC-MUSINOVIC I, AVDAGIC N, BABIC N, ZACIRAGIC A, LEPARA O, HUSKIC J, TODIC-RAKANOVIC M (Immunology Dep, Sarajevo Univ, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Email: izeta.aganovic@mf.unsa.ba) : Immunoglobulin free light chains and interleukin-6 levels in prediction of kidney injury in patients with multiple myeloma. Asian J Med Sci 2019, 10(2), 1-7.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of B cell population with excessive secretion of immunoglobulins and presence of free light chains (FLCs) that are by products of immunoglobulin synthesis. Free light chains play crucial role in causing renal damage. Interleukine-6 (IL-6) supports the survival and/or expansion of MM cells by stimulating cells as well as by preventing programmed cell death. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum and urine free light chains (FLC)measurement and compare with IL-6 levels in patients with different stages of Multiple Myeloma (MM) and control group of subjects and to determine their relevance in acute kidney injury occurrence. Recruitment of patients with MM (n=62) made the hematologist that followed clinical Solomon-Durie MM classification. Control group consisted of 20 healthy individuals. Patients with MM and renal function injury had significantly higher concentration of urine κ chains compared to control group and group of MM without renal function injury (p < 0.005), whereas this difference was not observed when the patients were divided into disease stages groups. Concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher in patients at MM steady stage compared to control group (p < 0.001) and significant difference was also detected in patients with MM at relapse stage and control group (p < 0.0005). Concentration of IL-6 in MM patients without renal function and with renal function injury was significantly higher compared to control group (p < 0.001; p < 0.0005 respectively). Statistically significant correlation was determined between sera κ and urine κ chains (rho=0.437; p<0.01) as well as between urine λ and sera λ chains (rho=0.505; p < 0.01) and between urine κ and urine λ chains (rho=0.364; p < 0.01). Results showed that urine κ chains, sera κ chains and IL-6 are constructing a fine tuned net and point to conclusion that FLC and IL-6 are important for an early treatment response detection for patients with potentially reversible renal failure.

1 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

000409   CHITTORA D, MITTHOLIYA S, MEENA B R, SHARMA K (Botany Dep, Mohanlal Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: deepalichittora@yahoo.com) : Screening of antimycotic activity of bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacteria against food spoilage fungi. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 250-8.

The preservative approach of foods using bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a novel approach. They are often called as “GRAS” organisms (Generally Regarded as Safe). The main aim of the research was to isolate bacteriocins producing LAB from various fermented and non fermented food products and to evaluate their antifungal activity. On the basis of colony characteristics of LABs 30 bacterial isolates were isolated from diverse sources and based upon the distinct morphology, phenotypic characteristics and genotypic characteristics sixteen lactic acid bacterial isolates were identified from 30 isolates. These LAB isolates were selected for screening of bacteriocins production and then antifungal activity. Only 6 lactic acid bacterial isolates had a high-quality of bacteriocin production activity against indicator pathogenic or food spoilage Bacteria. These LABs isolates was further tested for antifungal activity against food spoilage fungi. These food contaminating fungi were isolated from spoiled fruit (Papaya) and spoiled vegetables (Tomato, Brinjal, and Onion) etc. The indicator fungi were Fusarium moniliformis and Penicillium notatum. The LAB isolates and their metabolites have antifungal and antibacterial activity, as a result representing the use of lactic acid bacteria use as a potent food preservative agent.

3 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

000499   VIKRAM V, KAUSHAL S (Baba Farid Univ of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, Email: virvikram76@gmail.com) : Beneficial effect of extracts of Momordica charantica, Emblica officinalis, Tribulus terrestris and Trigonella foenum graecium in combination against streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 226-32.

Present study evaluates the synergistic effect of Momordica charantica, Emblica officinalis, Tribulus terrestris and Trigonella foenum graecium in combination on the streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. Diabetes was induced in all the animals by single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ at a dose of 55 mg/kg. Animals were treated STZ + MC + EO group which receives STZ + Momordica charantia (250 mg/kg) + Emblica officinalis (250 mg/kg); STZ + MC + EO+ TT group which receives STZ + Momordica charantia (250 mg/kg) + Emblica officinalis (250 mg/kg) + Tribulus terrestris (250 mg/kg); STZ + MC + EO+ TT+TF group which receives Momordica charantia (250 mg/kg) + Emblica officinalis (250 mg/kg) + Tribulus terrestris (250 mg/kg) + Trigonella foenumgraceium (250 mg/kg); STD group which receives lisinopril 1 mg/kg for the duration of 28 days. Effect of MC+EO+TT+TFG was determine by estimating blood glucose level and body weight on 1^st, 14^th and 28^th day of protocol. Biochemical parameters of renal function, level of oxidative stress and histopathology was also determined for the estimation of synergistic effect of MC+EO+TT+TFG treatment on the STZ induced DN rats. Result of the study suggests that treatment with MC+EO+TT+TFG ameliorates the altered level of blood glucose and body of STZ induced diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, level of parameters of oxidative stress and renal function was also found to be attenuated in MC+EO+TT+TFG treated STZ induced diabetic nephropathy rats. Histopathology study also suggests that TS of kidney tissues of MC+EO+TT+TFG treated rats show improvement compared of DN rats. In conclusion, data of the study reveals that treatment with MC+EO+TT+TFG in combination shows potential effect for the management of DN by reducing oxidative stress.

4 illus, 14 ref

000427   HARITHA V H, SHAJI B V, ANIE Y (Mahatma Gandhi Univ, Kottayam, Kerala, Email: aniey@mgu.ac.in) : Visualization of extracellular trap by light microscopy. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 221-5.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (N(ET)) are structures made of DNA studded with antimicrobial peptides, that are ejected out of many types of white blood cells including neutrophils. They are released as a defense strategy to trap/kill pathogens. NET-DNA is usually observed after staining with fluorescent stains specific to DNA or NET-proteins. As this method is costly and requires expertise, this study focused on visualizing NET using light microscopy. Neutrophils were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. The cells were adhered on a gelatin-coated coverslip and stimulated using S. aureus cell-free culture supernatant for 10 or 30 minutes for N(ET) release. The slides were stained with a combination of Hoechst and Giemsa stains and viewed under the light microscope. NET-DNA was observed more clearly and prominently by this double staining method using a light microscope. This method helped in seeing NET-DNA with more resolution under the light microscope. Since the dyes used for staining are cost effective, this method can be employed for preliminary NET research in labs with limited resources.

1 illus, 24 ref

000437   JOGENDER, KULSHRESTHA A, JITENDER, JITESH, RISHI S (Microbiology Dep, PMCH, Udaipur, Email: anjalikulshrestha2185@gmail.com) : Changing trends in distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from various clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital, Jaipur. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 55-62.

The changing epidemiology from Candida albicans to Non-albicans Candida along with increasing antifungal resistance is a matter of great concern in health care settings. The studies on Candida have largely been carried out by the morphological identification but to the best of my knowledge very little work has been done in Rajasthan to find out antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species. Keeping in view the above facts, this study was undertaken for identification and evaluation of antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital, Jaipur. A total of 51 candida species were isolated during a period from Jan 2017- May 2017 and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Antifungal susceptibility testing was carried out on the basis of CLSI M44-A guidelines. Out of 51 Candida isolates, 23 were candida albicans and 28 were Nonalbicans candida. Among Non – Candida albicans, 17 isolates were C.tropicalis, 9 and 2 isolates were C. krusei and C. glabrata respectively. Candidiasis was more commonly found in female patients and in 20-39 years of age group. Overall, antifungal susceptibility of Candida species to Fluconazole was 57 %, Voriconazole 76 %, 88 % to Amphotericin B and 94 % to Nystatin. Therefore, The changing trends in epidemiology of candidiasis, necessitates the speciation of candida species which inturn facilitate the development of effective measures to prevent and control transmission of resistant pathogen.

6 illus, 25 ref

000480   SHAFI S, TABASSUM N (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Kashmir Univ, Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, Email: sabeehashafi@gmail.com) : Effect of ethanolic extract of fruits of Eriobotrya japonica on lipid profile and body weight in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2019, 11(1), 1-6.

Eriobotrya japonica locally called as loquat in Kashmir has been studied in various parts of the world but little work has been reported on Kashmiri loquat. The chemical nature of fruits and vegetables offers a great diversity of biological properties and plays an important role in the field of pharmacology. There is a quest for newer drugs with few adverse effects and this poses a challenge for the development of new drugs. The study was undertaken to study the activities of ethanolic extract of Eriobotrya japonica fruits in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The phytochemical screening of the plant was also done. The animals were divided into five groups. Normal Control group received only the vehicle. Toxic group included those animals in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. The 3^rd group was those animals which received streptozotocin and standard antidiabetic drugglibenclamide. 4^th group included those diabetic animals which received 50 mg/kg b.w dose of fruits of Eriobotrya japonica. 5^th group animals included those diabetic animals which received 100 mg/kg b.w of the plant extract. The biochemical parameters that were evaluated were blood glucose levels and lipid profile tests. The body weight was also checked. Histopathology of pancreas was also done. The results showed significant decrease in blood glucose levels, lipid profile tests in animals treated with different doses of the plant extracts. Histopathology of pancreas also showed positive results.

5 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref