002827   GODBOLE E, TYAGI S, KULKARNI P, SINGLA S, MALI S, HELGE S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, People’s Coll of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: eva.godbole@gmail.com) : Efficacy of liquorice and propolis extract used as cavity cleaning agents against Streptococcus mutans in deciduous molars using confocal microscopy: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019, 12(3), 194–200.

Cavity disinfection before restoration aids in reducing the number of residual bacteria, thus, decreasing the rate of secondary caries. Propolis, at low concentrations, inhibits the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Liquorice roots are known to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Evaluation and comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of liquorice and propolis extract gels used as cavity cleaning agents against Streptococcus mutans in deciduous molars by confocal laser scanning microscopy (in vitro study). Liquorice and propolis extracts were converted into gels after recording the minimum inhibition concentration. Class I cavity was prepared on 135 extracted deciduous molars and subjected to inoculation with S. mutans. Teeth were randomly divided into groups I, II, and III which were treated with gels of liquorice, propolis, and distilled water, respectively, for 60, 120, and 180 seconds each. Specimens were sectioned and stained with fluorescent dyes and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The data obtained were statistically evaluated. The mean nonviable/viable bacterial count and the depth of penetration were found to be maximum in group I and minimum in group III. A statistically significant difference was found to be between groups I and II and groups I and III, while with groups II and III, it was nonsignificant at all 60, 120, and 180 seconds. The bacterial depth penetration between groups I and II at 180 seconds was nonsignificant. Though liquorice showed better antimicrobial potential as compared to propolis extract, both can be used efficiently as cavity disinfectants.

1 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

002847   POKALA N, ALASYAM N, RASAMAL K (Pharmacology Dep, Vishnu Dental Coll, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, Email: naveenalasyam@gmail.com) : Evaluation and comparison of antipyretic activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Vitex negundo and Andrographis paniculata in rabbits. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(6), 556-61.

Vitex negundo and Andrographis paniculata have a multitude of remedies for several diseases. As the treatment of fever was one such remedy, we found that not much work has been done on the antipyretic effect of these plants. The aims and objective of this study were to evaluate and compare the antipyretic activity of aqueous leaf extracts of V. negundo and A. paniculata in rabbits. Laboratory breed New Zealand strains of rabbits of either sex weighing 1000–1500 g were used in the study. The animals were divided into five groups (n = 6) in both the sets. The rabbits of all the groups were made febrile by administrating misoprostol (prostaglandin E1) subcutaneously in the dose of 100 mcg/kg. For Groups 1 and 2, normal saline 2 ml/kg as control and aspirin 28 mg/kg as standard were given, respectively, in both the sets. V. negundo and A. paniculata in the doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg were given in remaining three groups of both sets, respectively. Rectal temperatures were monitored for every 30 min after treatment started up to 240 min, and its effects were compared to aspirin. Aqueous extracts of V. negundo and A. paniculata produced highly significant (P < 0.001) antipyretic effect in 400 and 800 mg/kg doses. However, the onset of action was fast with V. negundo. The study concludes that aqueous extract of V. negundo has fast onset and sustained antipyretic action in New Zealand rabbits, whereas A. paniculata has delayed onset and sustained antipyretic effect.

2 tables, 34 ref

002861   SHRIVASTAVA S K , DAVE R , SHRIVASTAVA A (Physiology Dep, Chirayu Medical Coll, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rdave1987@gmail.com) : Nerve conduction study of median nerve with severity of airway obstruction. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(6), 534-9.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with significant extrapulmonary manifestations. Hypoxemia resulting in peripheral neuropathy is known to occur as a systemic manifestation of COPD. This study aims to analyze the abnormalities of sensory and motor component of median nerve in stable COPD patients and correlate the changes with severity of COPD, duration of disease, and pack-years. The study comprised 60 stable COPD patients (40–50 years) with no clinical neuropathy. Duration of illness, pack-years, and spirometric indices (forced expiratory volume in 1 s % [FEV1%], FEV1/forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rate %) were assessed. Electrodiagnostic study of the right and left median nerve was done using root mean square EMG MKII. Distal latency, nerve conduction velocity, and action potential (compound motor action potential [CMAP] and sensory nerve action potential [SNAP]) for median motor and sensory nerve were analyzed. COPD patients were classified on the basis of the level of airway obstruction (FEV1 >50% and FEV1< 50%) into two groups and correlation of electrodiagnostic variables of these two groups with duration of illness, pack-years, and level of airway obstruction was established. CMAP of the left median motor nerve was reduced with increasing severity of disease. Significant correlation was established with spirometric variables, quantum of smoking, and duration of illness. Airway obstruction leads to changes in arterial blood gas analysis (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis) resulting in impairment of nerve conduction.

6 tables, 17 ref

002844   PATIL K, REDDY S K (Pharmacology Dep, J J M Medical Coll, Davangere, Karnataka, Email: dr.sukure76@gmail.com) : Dose comparative evaluation of analgesic activity of simvastatin in wistar rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(6), 472-5.

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation and emotional experience associated with or without tissue damage. Analgesics are the drugs that relieve pain. Statins are mainly employed in the treatment of hyperlipidaemias. Simvastatin belongs to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, which is the rate limiting step in the cholesterol synthesis. Analgesic effect of Simvastatin is a pleotropic effect, but the exact mechanism is not known. During our literature search we came across limited number of studies that evaluated the analgesic activity of simvastatin at different doses; however, the results were controversial at lower doses. Hence this study was under taken to evaluate analgesic activity Simvastatin at different doses in Wistar rats and also to compare its analgesic activity with Tramadol. (i) To evaluate analgesic activity Simvastatin at different doses in Wistar rats; (ii) To compare the analgesic activity of Simvastatin with Tramadol. Analgesic activity of simvastatin was evaluated wistar rats using Tail Flick Model and Eddy’s Hot Plate Model. Normal saline with Polyethylene glycol (2 ml/kg), Tramadol (10 mg/kg), Simvastatin (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) dissolved in Polyethylene glycol, were given orally to the randomly divided 5 groups of 6 animals each. Maximum possible analgesia was calculated at 30, 60 and 90 min in both the models and compared between the 5 groups. Observations were analysed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test. Simvastatin at doses 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg body weight produced significant Maximal possible analgesia at 30 and 60 min in both the models (<0.001). Whereas dose of simvastatin i.e 30 mg/kg body weight produced significant Maximal possible analgesia at 30, 60 and 90 min in both models. (<0.001). These results were comparable to tramadol in both the models. Simvastatin showed analgesic activity in both Tail Flick model and Eddy’s Hot Plate.

2 tables, 13 ref

002809   AHMADU A A, LAWAL B A, HARUNA A, MUSTAPHA L (Pharm and Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Kaduna State Univ, Kabala Costai, Kaduna, NIGERIA, Email: ahmadu2001@yahoo.com) : Tetrahydroxy flavone from Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn ex benth. (Fabaceae) with novel kinase activity. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 559-63.

The decoctions of the bark of Acacia auriculiformis are used in folkloric medicine to relieve pain and inflammation and as remedy for cancer. The aim of this work is to screen the extract and fractions of Acacia auriculiformis for protein kinase inhibitory activity and also to isolate and characterize chemical entities from this plant and evaluate their protein kinase inhibitory activity. Kinase inhibitory activity were assayed in appropriate buffer, with either protein or peptide as substrate in the presence of 15 µM (33-P) ATP (3,000Ci/mmol; 10 mCi/ml) in a final volume of 30 µL. Controls were performed with appropriate dilutions of dimethyl sulphoxide. A portion of the Chloroform extract, ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the stem bark of Acacia auriculiformis were screened against a panel of disease-related protein kinases and the active fractions was tested over a wide range of concentrations from 0.016 to 50 µg/ml and the IC₅₀ values were determined from the dose response curve. The most active fraction was subjected to chromatographic separation using Silica gel G column chromatography and sephadex LH-20 to give compound I. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated using NMR and LCMS. The Primary screening of the extract and fractions showed that the chloroform extract was inactive against all the protein kinases investigated, while the ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions inhibited all the protein kinases tested. Compound I also inhibited all the kinases tested. The IC₅₀ of the active fractions and compound were also evaluated. Ethylacetate fraction inhibited all the kinases tested with the highest activity against Haspine kinase with IC₅₀ of 1.0 µg/ml, while n-butanol also gave the highest activity against Haspine kinase with 1C₅₀ of 1.3 µg/ml. From the active ethylacetate fractions 3, 4’, 7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated. The Compound exhibited the maximal activity against DYRK1A kinase with an IC₅₀ of 2.05 µg/ml followed by CDK9 with an IC₅₀ of 2.28 µg/ml. 3, 4’,7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated was found to be a DYRK1A and CDK9 inhibitor which might justify the anticancer potential of this plant.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

002815   ANAND T, SUNDARARAJAN M, ANBUKKARASI M, THOMAS P A, GERALDINE P (Animal Science Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli- 620 024, Tamil Nadu, Email: gerryarchup@yahoo.co.in) : A methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum exhibits antioxidant effects and prevents selenite-induced cataract formation in cultured lenses of wistar rats. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 496-504.

An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 µM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 µM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 µg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro

3 illus, 2 tables, 63 ref

002822   CASTILLO Q A, PADRON J M, EMILIANO A (Autónoma de Santo Domingo Univ, Santo Domingo, D.N., Dominican Republic, Email: qcastillo55@uasd.edu.do) : Secondary metabolites from Pterocaulon alopecuroides and their antiproliferative activities. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 493-5.

To isolate secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Pterocaulon alopecuroides, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activities on selected human cancer cell lines. The ethanolic extract of P. alopecuroides afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of all isolates were evaluated. The compounds 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-6-methoxycoumarin (1), 5,6-methylenedioxy-7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) coumarin (2), Dihydrokaempferol (3), 5,7,4´-trihydroxy6-(α,α-dimethylallyl)dihydroflavonol (4) and 5,4´-dihydroxy-7-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol (5) were isolated. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds was evaluated in a panel of six human solid tumor cell lines showing GI₅₀ values for the most active compounds in the low micromolar range. Compound 2 is reported for first time from P. alopecuroides. Isolated coumarins show no antiproliferative activity, whilst among flavonoids compound 5 showed the best antiproliferative activity.

1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

002849   PRASEDYA E S, MARTYASARI N W R, HAMDIN C D, MIYAKE M, KABOYASHI D, WIDYASTUTI S, HAZAMA A, SUNARPI H (Biology Dep, Mataram Univ, Mataram-83115, INDONESIA, Email: ekasprasedya@unram.ac.id) : Effectiveness of methanol solvent extraction for red macroalgae acanthophora spicifera antitumoric activity. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 450-4.

Red macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera is commonly found in most parts of Indonesia coastal areas. However, information regarding their potential pharmaceutical uses remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the antiproliferative activity of Acanthophora spicifera collected from Indonesian extracted with different solvents of ethanol and methanol. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of A. spicifera crude ethanol extract (AS-EtOH) and A. spicifera crude methanol extract (AM-MetOH) were evaluated with Lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and Trypan blue exclusion assay in Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells for 72 h. Concentration of extracts treated in HeLa cells were 6.25 to 200 μg/mL. Viability staining with fluorescence stain Hoechst33342/PI was conducted to investigate apoptotic activity. Potential apoptotic activity of treatments was confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. AS-MetOH demonstrated high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells with IC₅₀ of 127.3 ± 33.13 μg/mL. However, AS-EtOH IC₅₀ values could not be determined in this study. Antiproliferative activity was highly significant in AS-MetOH treated cells as cell density was suppressed to 20 x 10⁴ cells/mL compared to AS-EtOH (73 x 10⁴ cells/mL) and untreated cells (83 x 10⁴ cells/mL). Finally, apoptotic activity could be determined in AS-MetOH treated cells with increase PI fluorescence emitting cells and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, apoptotic activity was not observable in AS-EtOH treated cells based on fluorescence viability staining and DNA fragmentation assay. Current results show methanol solvent as an effective solvent to promote potential pharmaceutical properties of macroalgae A. spicifera. Further advanced studies in a compound level from A. spicifera methanol fraction would be reasonable for development of macroalgae based anticancer agent.

5 illus, 24 ref

002838   MUBAROKAH W W, NURCAHYO W, PRASTOWO J, KURNIASIH K (Pathology Dep, Gadjah Mada Univ, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia, Email: kurniasih_1951@yahoo.co.id) : In vitro and in vivo Areca catechu crude aqueous extract as an anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli infection in chickens. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 877-82.

Intestinal parasites cause severe diseases at poultry farms, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Infections cause significant decreases in productivity at poultry farms. Ascaridia galli is a common nematode found in chickens with a prevalence of up to 92%. This study evaluates the in vitro and in vivo effects of Areca catechu crude aqueous extract (AAE) as an anthelmintic against A. galli. In the in vitro study, already-infected slaughtered chickens were collected from local slaughterhouses in Yogyakarta. The chicken intestines were carefully examined and transported to the Parasitological Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. A. galli was collected from the intestines and put into a Petri dish containing 0.62% saline solution. Sixty A. galli individuals were soaked in different concentrations of the AAE for 3-6 h. The number of deceased A. galli was recorded by ascertaining whether they had ceased movement using a stereo microscope. The morphological characteristics of the parasites were studied. The in vivo study used 40 female chickens that were 1.5 months old and infected with the eggs of A. galli. Approximately 3000 infective eggs were found in each chicken. There were four treatment groups; Group A served as the control and was treated with Aquadestilata, Group B was treated with 26 mg/ml of AAE, Group C was treated with 79 mg/ml of AAE, and Group D was treated with 50 mg/ml of pyrantel pamoate. The AAE was applied using a pipette for 14 days. The observed parameters include the effect of the treatments on hematology, body weight (BW), and the number of A. galli eggs within each gram of fecal matter. The AAE damaged the morphology, including the anterior end, posterior end, and vulva, of A. galli in vitro. The tegument of the anterior and posterior ends was slightly rougher, wrinkled, and damaged. The vulva and spicule ducts were irregular and indistinct. The average eggs per gram (EPG) in the untreated control increased in vivo from 1450 ± 355.90 to 1975 ± 325.96. The average EPG decreased from 1485 ± 386.62 to 0 ± 0.00 during 14 days of treatment of 79 mg/ml of AAE. The mean BW gain in the treated chickens was significantly (p<0.5) higher than the control. The treatment with 79 mg/ml of AAE increased the total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume values in the chickens. AAE can cause morphological changes and subsequent death in adult A. galli in vitro and effectively decrease ascariasis severity in chickens, therefore increasing overall BW in vivo.

1 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

002867   YUDANIAYANTI I S, PRIMARIZKY H, NANGOI L, YULIANI G A (Veterinary Clinical Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia, Email: irasari.vet@gmail.com) : Protective effects of honey by bees (Apis dorsata) on decreased cortical thickness and bone impact strength of ovariohysterectomized rats as models for menopause. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 868-76.

This study aimed to determine the potential of honey as anti-osteoporosis by evaluating its effectiveness in increasing bone impact strength and cortical thickness, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Forty-five female rats at 3 months of age, weighing 150-200 g were used in the study. They were placed in individual cages and adapted to food and environment for 10 days. On the 11th day, after the animals were adapted for 10 days, the animals were randomly divided into five treatment groups (n=9): Sham operation group (SH); ovariohysterectomized (OVX) group with no treatment; OVX with treatment Apis dorsata 1 g/kg BW (AD-1); OVX with treatment A. dorsata 2 g/kg BW (AD-2); and OVX with treatment A. dorsata 4 g/kg BW (AD-3). Furthermore, those nine rats in each treatment group were divided into three groups. Three of them were observed at months 1st, 2nd, and 3rd so that in each observation taken three rats in each treatment group. At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized and necropsy for taking their second femoral bone, i.e. dexter region for examining their bone impact strength, while the sinister region was used for measure the cortical thickness of the femoral diaphysis and examining their bone microarchitecture using SEM analysis. Based on results of the ANOVA test, the cortical thickness measurements of femoral diaphyseal can be seen that from month 1 to month 3 the lowest result was found in the group of rats that were OVX-I. Meanwhile, the highest result was found in the group of rats that were not OVX (SH-III). It was significantly different from the other treatment groups (p<0.05). The groups of rats were OVX with honey supplementation at doses of 2 g/kg BW had shown an increasing pattern in the cortical bone thickness from month 1 to month 3. Even on the observation of the 3rd month, the cortical bone thickness in the AD-2 (AD-2-III) group was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that in the group of rats was not OVX in month 1 (SH-I). The results of the bone impact strength measurement from month 1 to month 3 indicated that the groups of rats were OVX without the administration of honey supplements had the lowest value. The highest bone impact strength was found in the group of rats that was not OVX, but not significantly different (p>0.05) with the groups of rats that were OVX administered honey supplement with a dose of 2 g/kg BW (AD-2) and 4 g/kg BW (AD-3). The supplement of honey A. dorsata at doses of 2 g/kg BW in the group of rats was that OVX can inhibit the decreasing of the cortical bone thickness and repair damage in microarchitecture to generate bone impact strength. As a result, bones are not easily broken.

5 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

002851   QOSIMAH D, ARYANI D E, BELTRAN M A G, AULANNI’AM A (Brawijaya Univ, Malang, Indonesia, Email: dahlia_qosimah@ub.ac.id) : Diabetes sepsis on Wistar rat strain (Rattus norvegicus) induced by streptozotocin and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 849-54.

Sepsis is characterized by loss of control of the inflammatory response, which can be triggered by various microorganisms and toxic secretions. The mortality rate increases due to impaired endothelial function caused dysfunctional organ systems. Diabetes is closely related to sepsis. The study aimed to determine the method of using animal models of sepsis diabetes through a combination of streptozotocin (STZ) and Staphylococcus aureus infection based on biological marker parameters. A total of 30 male Wistar rats of 2.5-3 months old weighing approximately 150-250 g body weight (BW) divided into six treatment groups with five replications per group were used in the study. Treatment A was negative control (healthy rats) and Treatment B was the positive control (with diabetes) where rats were given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8 intraperitoneally (IP). The blood glucose was measured on day 10, Treatment C was a positive control (bacteria), rats inoculated with S. aureus with a concentration of 10⁸ CFU/mL on day 8 given IP and observed sepsis conditions on day 10^th. Treatment group (D, E, and F): Rats given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8^th by IP and measured blood glucose on day 10^th, then inoculated with S. aureus with different concentrations of 10⁵ CFU/mL, 10⁶ CFU/mL, and 10⁷ CFU/mL on the 10th day, respectively, and were later observed the condition of sepsis on day 12th. Data on diabetes bacteremia were quantitative used blood glucose levels, the bacterial count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) and were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test with a confidence level of 95%. Physical examination (temperature and respiration) is qualitative. Physical examination showed that all treatments had a normal temperature, an increased pulse in Groups D, E, and F and a decrease in respiratory rate in the treatment of E and F, the bacteria found in the vital organs in all groups, and CRP levels were not significantly different at all. Animal model of diabetes sepsis can be observed through a combination of pancreas damage, and respiration, the bacteria in the vital organs.

3 illus, 23 ref

002837   MIKAIL H G, AKUMKA D D, ADAMU M, ZAIFADA A U (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Abuja Univ, Abuja, Nigeria, Email: mghudu@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and sedative-hypnotic activity of the methanol leaf extract of Ficus exasperata in mice. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 830-3.

Sedative drugs mostly cause dose-dependent depression of the central nervous system which results in hypnosis and anesthesia possibly; however, these agents are associated with some side effects ranging respiratory, digestive, immune system dysfunctions, tolerance, cognitive function deterioration, and physical dependence; hence, investigations of newer and safer agents are, therefore, imperative. The current study was aimed at investigating the sedative-hypnotic (S-H) effects of the methanol leaf extract of Ficus exasperata in mice. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract was conducted, and S-H activity of the plant extract was evaluated. Twenty Swiss Albino mice were randomly divided into four groups of five mice each. The mice in Groups A and B were injected with the extract intraperitoneally (IP) at the dose rate of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively, those in Group C were injected with xylazine at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg, while Group D mice received distilled water at the dose rate of 2 ml/kg. All the four experimental groups were injected with ketamine (IP) at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg after 30 min. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids and triterpenes, saponins, tannins, condensed tannins, and flavonoids, while anthraquinones, anthracene derivatives, and alkaloids were absent. Results from the S-H evaluation show no significant difference (p≥0.05) on the onset of sleep time between the four experimental groups; however, statistically significant difference (p≤0.05) was recorded in the sleep duration time between the groups treated with only ketamine and the other experimental groups pre-treated with either the extract or xylazine before ketamine administration. The group pre-treated with a high dose of the plant extract (200 mg/kg) and the treated with ketamine after 30 min exhibited longer sleeping duration time. The plant extract, xylazine and ketamine, sedated the mice for some period of time after arousal from sleep. Our finding suggests that methanol leaf extract of F. exasperata possesses S-H potential that may require further scientific investigations.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

002814   AMINATUN A, HANDAYANI F D E, WIDIYANTI P, WINARNI D, SISWANTO S (Physics Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia, Email: aminatun@fst.unair.ac.id) : In vivo approach on femur bone regeneration of white rat (Rattus norvegicus) with the use of hydroxyapatite from cuttlefish bone (Sepia spp.) as bone filler. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 809-16.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) from bovine bone has been widely used as bone filler in many fractures cases. HA can also be made from cuttlefish bone (Sepia spp.) that has abundant availability in Indonesia and contains 84% CaCO₃ , which is a basic ingredient of HA. However, research on the effects of HA from cuttlefish bone on bone regeneration parameters has not been done yet. This study aimed to determine femur bone regeneration of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) through the use of HA from cuttlefish bone (Sepia spp.) as bone filler. HA was made using the hydrothermal method by mixing 1M aragonite (CaCO₃ ) from cuttlefish bone and 0.6 M NH₄H₂PO₄ at 200 °C for 12 h followed by sintering at 900°C for 1 h. In vivo test was carried out in three groups, including control group, bovine bone-derived HA group, and cuttlefish bone-derived HA group. The generation of femur bone was observed through the number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, woven bone, lamellar bone, havers system, and repair bone through anatomical pathology test for 28 days and 56 days. Anatomical pathology test results are showed that administration of bovine bone-derived HA and cuttlefish bone-derived HA increased the number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, woven bone, lamellar bone, havers system, and bone repair at recuperation of 56 days. Statistical test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-test was resulted in significant differences between the bovine bone-derived HA control group and the cuttlefish-derived HA control group. There was no significant difference toward the indication of bone formation through the growth of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, woven bone, lamellar bone, havers system, and bone repair in the bovine bonederived HA and cuttlefish bone-derived HA groups. It can be concluded that cuttlefish bone-derived HA has the potential as bone filler based on the characteristics of bone regeneration through in vivo test.

7 illus, 28 ref

002848   PRAMUDYA M, WAHYUNINGSIH S P A (Biology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: manikya.pramudya@fst.unair.ac.id) : Immunomodulatory potential of polysaccharides from Coriolus versicolor against intracellular bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 735-9.

For many years, people use natural products from the plant and fungal to improve immune response against microorganism. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides (PS) from Coriolus versicolor in mice infected by intracellular bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Thirty-six female BALB/C mice were divided into six groups: Normal control, negative control, positive control, P1 (PS before infection), P2 (PS after infection), and P3 (PS before and after infection). PS were administrated for 10 days. N. gonorrhoeae was infected twice with 2 weeks gap from the first to second exposure with a dose of 10⁶ cells. 1 week after the end of treatment, level of oxidants, innate immune responses, and adaptive immune responses were measured. This study showed that PS administration could restore the number of leukocytes as normal but could not enhance the number of phagocytes and its activity. PS administration also showed immunosuppression activity by lowering nitric oxide levels in P2 and P3 groups (p<0.05). This result showed that PS prevent over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by decreasing phagocytic activity. Contrast with innate immune response result; PS administration could significantly increase interferon-gamma level in P1, P2, and P3 groups (p<0.05). Level of antibodies was significantly increased in the P3 group (p<0.05). PS administration also showed an increased level of tumor necrosis factor-α, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05). PS enhance adaptive immunity due to the capability of N. gonorrhoeae that able to survive and replicate in phagocytes. Thus, PS from C. versicolor could be potentially be used as a natural immunomodulator against intracellular bacteria.

4 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

002812   ALNAEEM A A, HEMIDA M G (Microbiology and Parasitology Dep, King Faisal Univ, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia, Email: mhemida@kfu.edu.sa) : Surveillance of the equine infectious anemia virus in Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia during 2014-2016. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 719-23.

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is one of the most important threats to the equine industry globally. This is due to the poor performance of the affected horses, which requires euthanization of the infected animals upon the infection confirmation. Infected animals remain carriers throughout their life. EIAV infection has been reported in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. However, the EIAV status is never assessed in horses in the Gulf area, especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study aimed to perform molecular and serological surveillance among some horse populations in Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia. Sera and whole blood were collected from 361 horses and 19 donkeys from the eastern and central regions of Saudi Arabia during January 2014-December 2016. Sera were tested by the commercial EIAV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Moreover, the collected blood samples were tested by the commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction kits. Our serological surveillance revealed the absence of any antibodies against EIAV in the tested animals. Similar results were reported for the tested horses’ plasma. This study confirms the absence of EIAV in horses and donkeys from Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia during the tenure of the current study. However, careful monitoring of the EIAV is highly recommended to avoid the emergence of such a virus in the horse population in Saudi Arabia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first EIAV surveillance conducted not only in Saudi Arabia but also in the Gulf area. This study confirms the absence of EIAV in the tested equine population in the eastern and central regions of Saudi Arabia during 2014-2016.

1 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

002860   SHARMA R N, THILLE K, PIECHOWSKI B, TIWARI K (Pathobiology Dep, St. George’s Univ, Grenada, West Indies, Email: rsharma@sgu.edu) : Detection of serum antibodies against Leptospira spp. in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 696-99.

Leptospirosis is an emerging disease of animals and humans. Among rodents brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are an important reservoir of bacteria Leptospira. There is a paucity of information on reservoirs of Leptospira in Grenada. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in brown rats in a densely human populated area of Grenada. Blood samples from 169 brown rats were collected and sera screened for antibodies against Leptospira spp. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among a total of 169 brown rats trapped in two parishes in Grenada, 77/169 (45.5 %) were positive for Leptospira spp. antibodies. A significant difference in seropositive population of brown rats between two collection sites was observed. No differences were found between sex and age of seropositive rats. Due to the close contact of brown rats with humans in Grenada, rats should be considered a high-risk factor in transmission of Leptospira to humans. Appropriate preventive measures should be instituted to prevent the transmission of Leptospira infection to humans.

28 ref

002850   PURWANTO B, WIYASIHATI S I, MASYITHA P A, WIGATI K W, IRWADI I (Physiology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: irfiansyah@fk.unair.ac.id) : Golden sea cucumber extract revives glucose transporter-4 and interleukin-6 protein level in diabetic mouse muscle. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 684-88.

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced free radical oxidant activity resulted in muscle wasting due to protein carbonyl (PC), glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein alteration. Antioxidant ingredient in the golden sea cucumber extract was found in promising level to inhibit free radical activity. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of golden sea cucumber extract on PC, IL-6, and Glut-4 level of STZ induced diabetes mouse. This study was performed using mice, which were grouped into non-diabetes, diabetes, and diabetes-treated extract groups. The golden sea cucumber was extracted using 70% ethanol, which was administered by oral gavage twice a day for 5 consecutive days. The extract reduced PC level and improved muscle Glut-4 and IL-6 protein level of diabetic mouse. The extract of golden sea cucumber revived muscle Glut-4 and IL-6 protein level in protection against muscle wasting

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

002821   BURRI L, HEGGEN K, STORSVE A B (Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, Lysaker, Norway, Email: lena.burri@akerbiomarine.com) : Phosphatidylcholine from krill increases plasma choline and its metabolites in dogs. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 671-76.

Choline and its metabolites have multiple physiological roles in the body, which are important for muscle function, memory, methylation reactions, and hepatic lipid transport. This study aimed to investigate, if inclusion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) can increase the concentration of choline and its metabolites in plasma of sled dogs in comparison to a control group. Ten adult Alaskan Huskies of both genders were supplemented with PC from 8 % dietary krill meal inclusion for 6 weeks, while another ten dogs received no krill meal supplementation. Blood measurements of the two groups were taken at baseline and end of the study and compared for choline and its metabolite concentrations. The choline concentration of the krill meal-supplemented dogs was significantly higher after 6 weeks of krill meal feeding compared to the control group (mean increase = 4.53 µmol/L in the supplemented versus 1.21 µmol/L in the control group, p=0.014). Furthermore, krill meal-supplemented dogs showed significantly more pronounced increases in betaine (p<0.001), dimethylglycine (p<0.01), trimethylamine-N-oxide (p<0.001), and trimethyllysine (p<0.001) compared to the control group. Significant correlations between changes in choline and changes in its metabolites were observed. The results showed that krill meal supplementation was associated with significantly higher plasma choline concentrations, which correlated with changed concentrations of choline metabolites.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

002834   KARUNAKARAN M, GAJARE V C, MANDAL A, MONDAL M, DAS S K, GHOSH M K, RAI S, BEHERA R (ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, Email: drmkarunakaran@gmail.com) : Electrophoretic profile of seminal proteins and their correlation with in vitro sperm characters in Black Bengal buck semen. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 621-8.

This study aimed to study the electrophoretic properties of seminal plasma and sperm proteins of Black Bengal buck semen and their correlation with in vitro sperm characters and freezability. Semen ejaculates from nine Black Bengal bucks were collected by artificial vagina (n=20/buck). Ejaculates were evaluated for in vitro sperm characters and electrophoretic profile of seminal protein. In vitro sperm characters were evaluated immediately after collection, after completion of equilibration period, and after freeze-thawing. For seminal protein studies, seminal plasma proteins were precipitated by ice-cold ethanol method, and sperm proteins were extracted by Triton X detergent extraction method. Discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to assess the molecular weight of seminal proteins. Correlation between in vitro sperm characters and protein bands was determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and two-way ANOVA was applied to find the individual buck differences. Significant difference (p<0.01) among the bucks was noticed in the in vitro sperm characters evaluated at all the three stages of semen evaluation such as immediately after collection, after completion of equilibration period, and post-freeze thawing. Progressive loss of sperm motility, membrane integrity, and other in vitro sperm characters were noticed during cryopreservation. A total of ten protein bands in the molecular weight ranging from 17 to 180 kDa were found in the SDS-PAGE of seminal plasma proteins, while nine bands of 17-134 kDa were observed in sperm proteins. Seminal plasma proteins of molecular weight 75, 62-49, 20, and 17 kDa and sperm proteins of 75, 20, and 17 kDa were present in all the nine bucks (100%) screened, and variation among the bucks was noticed for the presence of other proteins. Seminal plasma protein of 180-134 kDa showed a negative correlation with individual motility (−0.716) and functional membrane integrity of sperm cells (−0.724) in post-freeze–thaw analysis and 48 kDa protein had a positive correlation with individual motility (0.649) and functional membrane integrity of sperm cells (0.664) in post-thaw analysis. Sperm proteins of 63 kDa had a negative correlation (−0.616) with sperm concentration in neat semen. Variation among the bucks was noticed in the in vitro sperm characters and semen freezability. Correlation between seminal proteins and in vitro sperm characters and semen freezability had been found which might be useful as a tool to select breeding bucks.

6 tables, 39 ref

002866   TRIPATHI A, KUMAR A, RAIZADAY S, KHARE S, JAIN S, KAUSHIK R K, KAUSAR H, SHWETA (Anatomy Dep, Swami Vivekanand Subharti Univ, Meerut- 250005, UP, Email: drajaykumar2008@gmail.com) : A comprehensive study of sternal foramen in dry sternum. J Anat Sci 2019, 27(1), 30-3.

Congenital defects during the development of sternum give rise to sternal foramen. These defects are due to incomplete fusion of sternebrae. Serious life-threatening complications can occur during sternal puncture for bone marrow biopsy. Therefore, knowledge of the presence of sternal foramen is important to prevent these life-threatening complications. Our aim was to observe the incidence, location, number and shape of the sternal foramen in dry sterna. The present study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Meerut in 100 dry sterna. Various types of sternal variations were observed and documented. In our study, 10 % of the sterna had a sternal foramen. Single sternal foramen was present in 8 specimens (8 %). Double foramina were present in 2 bones (2 %). Sternal foramen are not uncommon. Knowledge of these variations are important for radiologists and surgeons during bone marrow biopsy.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

002810   AKRAM W, FARUQI N A (Anatomy Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical Coll and Hospital, Aligarh, UP, Email: waqarakram0306@gmail.com) : Histopathological and histomorphometric studies on the effects of olanzapine on kidney: An experimental study in albino rats. J Anat Sci 2019, 27(1), 1-4.

Olanzapine, a widely used atypical antipsychotic agent is known to cause nephrotoxic effects after prolonged use. Aim of the study was to find out detailed histopathological and histomorphometric information which might throw light on the mechanism of toxicity of olanzapine. Twelve albino rats were divided into equal number of experimental and control groups i.e. 6 each. Experimental rats received olanzapine, 4mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. Kidney tissue was processed for H/E stain.  Extensive degenerative changes with generalized edema was observed as histopathological findings. Histomorphometry showed shrinkage of Bowman’s capsule and glomeruli. Degeneration of kidney due to prolonged use of olanzapine is confirmed which might be due to direct effect on the organ or indirect effect due to toxicities on other organs.

4 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

002807   AHMAD A, NAJMI A K, ALAM M N (Pharmacology Dep, Monad Univ, Hapur, (U.P.), Email: akfin.ahmad@gmail.com) : Combination of estriol and vitamin D assists in improving stress incontinence stage. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6263-66.

In world population, almost one in every group of five female suffers from inability to retain urine . This loss of urine occurs due to various reasons but main reasons is the age factor, after crossing fifty this conditions comes to prevail as women are already experiencing pre- and post menopause stage. We selected 120 female mice of age 11- 25 months old for the study. We evaluated the level of vitamin D in all of them by vitamin D ELISA assay kit. 40 mice were clubbed together as they were suffering from stage 1 and other 40 were suffering from stage 2. All of them were given the dose of estriol (0.005 mg) together vitamin D at (10 I.U/kg) i.p 3 times a week for a period of 6 weeks. More than one-third of mice are now able to retain urine in both the category. In I category where mice were suffering from stage 1 stress incontinence. Urine loss quantity was reduced 35-50 % while coughing and sneezing. For II category 25 % remarkable decrease. Therefore, mice in our study being incapable of retaining urine improved their body conditions by using a combination of i.p administered estriol and high dosed vitamin D.

1 table, 5 ref

002818   ANIL KUMAR H V, MURALIDHAR T S (Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Beneficial and harmful properties of Lectins. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 29-32.

In food, lectins have been found beneficial for the consumers they were identified in cereals and their germs and seeds, fruits and vegetables and their seeds too, nuts, cocoa, coffee, edible mushrooms, algae, invertebrate including seafood, lectins also exhibited therapeutic responses like antimicrobial and antiparasitic actions, antitumor cells proliferation, immuno-stimulation, inhibition of some viruses replication, including HIV. If it is harmful lectins in foods, that induce disruption of gut mucosa, leptin resistance, an increase of pancreas, thymus, liver, hormonal imbalance, it could be in cooked food, are due to the fact that many of the lectins are resistant to pH and proteases attack during gastrointestinal passage. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) may contribute to immunoglobulin-mediated complement activation in both ischemia-reperfusion and rejection. The interaction of MBL with IgM may be of importance to explain some of the conflicting results on beneficial and harmful effects of the lectin pathway. In this present review is focused on the beneficial and harmful properties of Lectins.

35 ref

002836   MAITRA S , CHATTERJEE D , BANDYOPADHYAY A R (Anthropology Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata – 700 019, Email: abanthro@caluniv.ac.in.) : Skin color variation: A study on Eastern and North East India. Asian J Med Sci 2019, 10(3), 13-6.

Skin pigmentation is one of the most variable phenotypic traits and most noticeable of human polymorphisms. Skin pigmentation in humans is largely determined by the quantity and distribution of the pigment melanin. The literature review on skin color variation revealed a few works on skin pigmentation variation has been conducted in India from Southern, Western and Northern part. To best of the knowledge, the present discourse is the first attempt to understand skin color variation from Eastern and North Eastern part of India among three populations. The present study consisted of 312 participants from Chakma and Tripuri groups of Tripura, North East India, and participants from Bengalee Hindu caste population from West Bengal. Skin color was measured by Konica Minolta CR-10 spectrophotometer which measures and quantifies the colors with a 3D color space (CIELAB) color space created by 3 axes. All the skin color measurements from each participant were taken from unexposed (underarm) left and right to get a mean and exposed (forehead) to sunlight. The distribution of skin color variation among the three populations demonstrated significant (p<0.05) difference in lightness for unexposed and exposed indicating lightness in unexposed area. Furthermore, the present study revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in skin color among the ethnic groups across the body location and all three attributes (lightness, redness and yellowness). Generally, skin color variation may be elucidated by two main factors: individual differences in lightness and yellowness and by and large due to ethnicity, where diversity in redness is due to primarily due to different body locations. Variation in lightness have more characteristic probability reflecting the large influence of environmental factors such as exposure to sun. The present study first time reports the wide range of quantitative skin color variation among the three ethnic groups from Eastern and North East India and highest yellowness (b*) among the population from North East India.

2 tables, 18 ref

002832   IYER S, KUSHAWAHA R, SINKAR P, SELVARAJ S, VELUMANI A (Biochemistry Div, Thyrocare Technologies Limited, Turbhe, Navi Mumbai - 400703) : Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in relation to lipid markers: A pan-India correlation study. Asian J Med Sci 2019, 10(3), 1-6.

Conventional serum markers are routinely recommended to assess heart health. However, many new biochemical markers like lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) has been studied as an efficient cardiac risk marker. The current study was designed to link the correlation between traditional lipid markers and Lp-PLA2 in a pan-India cohort. The study cohort included a total of 10347 pan-Indians including 5945 males and 4402 females respectively. The serum lipid parameters estimated include triglycerides, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol as well as total cholesterol by the technology of photometry. The frequency of high Lp-PLA2 detected in our study was 6.4 % and the frequency between males at 9.3 % and females at 2.5 % was detected to be significant at p<0.0001. Linear regression analysis detected significant positive association of high Lp-PLA2 with LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol at p<0.05, while the trend with HDL-cholesterol was also significant. However, Lp-PLA2 as an independent marker was not detected to be significant in relation to the lipid indices studied. Lp-PLA2 has been associated with risk factor for acute coronary crisis; its clinical value remains controversial. Our report though detected significant association of Lp-PLA2 with various lipid parameters, independent value remains questionable.

2 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

002864   THAKUR PS, PARDHI BN (Zoology Dep, Shankarlal Agrawal Science Coll, Salekasa, Gondia, Maharashtra) : Strategy evaluation of ecology and evolution by model selection: An overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2102-6.

We present extensive literature reviews that demonstrate that temperament traits are heritable, and linked to fitness and to several other traits of importance to ecology and evolution. Furthermore, we describe ecologically relevant measurement methods and point to several ecological and evolutionary topics that would benefit from considering temperament, such as phenotypic plasticity, conservation biology, population sampling, and invasion biology. We propose that temperament can and should be studied within an evolutionary ecology framework and provide a terminology that could be used as a working tool for ecological studies of temperament. Our terminology includes five major temperament trait categories: shyness-boldness, exploration avoidance, activity, sociability and aggressiveness. This terminology does not make inferences regarding underlying dispositions or psychological processes, which may have restrained ecologists and evolutionary biologists from working on these traits.

99 ref

002830   HATAI J, BANERJEE S K (Techno India Univ, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Study the molecular docking for established phytochemicals of Cissus quadrangularis against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) for the prevention of inflammation of arthritis as a major risk of urinary incontinence. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2094-8.

Cissus quadrangularis is a medicinal plant. It has been used for the treatment of inflammation related diseases. The local name of Cissus quadrangularis is harbhanga. This plant are used in all over the countries medicinally due to their potent anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties. Tumor necrosis factor or TNF-α is a pro inflammatory cytokine protein, which increases during inflammation and causes pain related diseases. Different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that has been used for pain relief but this drugs have adverse side effects. For this reason researchers are showing interest for medicinal plants or Phytomedicine without any adverse side effects. The main aim of this work was to know the inhibitory activity by observing binding affinity and energy value of TNF-α towards different phytochemicals present in Cissus quadrangularis through the molecular docking study.

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

002823   DEBOPRATIM D, TASRINA R (Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Azara, Guwahati, Assam) : Phytochemical screening and pharmacological activity with respect to muscle relaxant property of methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea (flower). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1846-8.

The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical screening and muscle relaxant property of methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea flower (MECT) belonging to the family Papilionaceae using Swiss albino mice in comparison with that of diazepam. The phytochemical evaluation of the extract was done as per the standard methods. Acute toxicity studies were done by using Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 25-35 gm as per OECD 425 guidelines.The extract was evaluated for its muscle relaxant action compared with control (using normal saline 0.9% NaCl solution) and standard drug diazepam at the dose of 10 mg/kg/ po using Rotarod apparatus. Fifteen mice of either sex were taken and divided in to five groups of 3 each. First group was considered as control, second as standard (Diazepam), third, fourth and fifth as test group (with three different doses of MECT like 50 mg/kg/p.o,100 mg/kg/p o and 200 mg/kg/p o).The extracts were administered orally. The phytochemical screening exhibits that the extract contains various phytoconstituents like Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Carbohydrates, Resins, Steroids, Saponins, Flavonoids and Phenols. The extract was found to be non-toxic upto the dose of 2000 mg/kg after the acute toxicity test. All the three doses of MECT i.e. 50 mg/kg (11 ± 0.023 sec), 100 mg/kg (7.67 ± 0.014 sec) and 200 mg/kg (5 ± 0.032) significantly reduced the fall off time in the Rotarod apparatus as compared to control ( 49.33 ± 0.028) (p value <0.0001). The result is also quite satisfying when compared with the standard drug at 10 mg/kg/p o (6 ± 0.019). The result of the given study demonstrated that the methanolic extract of flower of Clitoria ternatea is possessing dose dependent muscle relaxant property.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

002842   OYAGBEMI T O, ASHAFA A, ADEJINMI J O (Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology Dep, Ibadan Univ, Nigeria) : Evaluation of acaricidal activity of leaves of Ficus exasperata on dog ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1148-53.

The research investigated phytochemical constituents of leaves extract of Ficus exasperata (FE) and its acaricidal activity on dog ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Essential oils of FE were extracted using direct steam distillation (DSD) and tested for their relative toxicity as contact acaricides. In an in-vitro technique for evaluation of efficacy, percentage mortality of larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus is 100 % at 0.15 mg/ml of N-hexane extract and 100 % at 0.24 mg/ml of methanol extract of FE. Similarly, percentage mortality of the adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus is 100 % at 0.15 mg/ml of N-hexane extract and 98 % at 0.18 mg/ml of methanol extract. Lethal dose (LD50) of Ficus exasperata is 0.12. Chromatographic analysis of Fiscus exasperata revealed seven potential essential oil with insecticidal property namely Neophytadiene, Citronellyl propionate, Lavandulyl acetate, Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, Yadanzioside, Tridecanoic acid and Pentanoic acid, 4-methyl- (Methylvaleric acid).

3 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

002813   AMIN U, KAMIL S A, MIR M S, QURESHI S, REHMAN M U, BANDAY M T, BHAT R R (Veterinary Pathology Div, SKUAST-K, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir) : Estimation of infective dose₅₀ (ID₅₀) of Salmonella gallinarum in broiler chicken in temperate climatic conditions of Jammu and Kashmir. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 898-900.

Fowl typhoid is an acute septicemia disease of all ages of chickens. The disease is caused by Salmonella gallinarum. The term LD50 is defined as the least dosage that should be expected to cause 50% of mortality in animals that received it. Several methods have been proposed for estimations of the LD50. Present study for estimation of LD50 of Salmonella gallinarum in poultry is based on moving average method. Five animals were dosed per infective doses (n = 5) and the following mortalities resulted: 1 of 5 at 0.5 ×10⁹ , 2 of 5 at 1 ×10⁹ ,2 of 5 at 2 ×10⁹ , and 3 out of 5 at 4 ×10⁹ . So from above it can be postulated that ID₅₀ of Salmonella gallinarum in day old poultry birds is 2.08×10⁹ CFU. The determination of LD50 of each strain of Salmonella gallinarum is important for effective control and treatment of diseases caused by Salmonella.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

002803   ABIRAAMI T V, NAITAM M (Microbiology Dep, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110 012) : Application of quantitative proteomics in understanding cellular functions in prokaryotes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 548-52.

The vision to understand the cellular functionalities by using several omics technologies is gaining momentum in the present decades. The proteins are the real key players that perform the cellular machinery, enzyme activities etc. The proteomics, the study of proteins far lagged behind the genomics till 1980 but with the advancement of Mass spectrometry inventories, the genomics era is shifting more towards the proteomics. Within the proteomics also the shift towards quantifying the protein expression becomes the major trend as it has a significant impact on comparative studies. The quantitative proteomic techniques range from classical gel-based to modern MS-based (Mass spectrometry is not inherently quantitative) that includes the introduction of stable isotope commonly by chemical modification or by metabolic labelling and also a label-free approach. Among the many formats for quantitative proteomics, stable-isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (Vasileva et al. 2018) and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (Kumar et al. 2018) has emerged as a simple and most widely used technique. The approaches used in the proteomics with the techniques for quantitative proteomics with the concise applications are mentioned in the review.

1 illus, 25 ref

002829   HARISH R, CHAUHAN J B (Biotechnology Dep, Mahajana Post Graduate Centre, Mysuru, Karnataka) : Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytoprotective action of ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root against CCl₄ induced damage on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 247-53.

Ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root was investigated with antioxidant, antimicrobial and Cytoprotection assays in different in vitro models. Diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, inhibition of Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Reducing power, total phenolic content were some of the antioxidant assays performed. From the results obtained it was observed that the DPPH radical activity and ROS showed IC₅₀ of 55 and 20 µg respectively and LPO with IC₅₀ of 6 µg. The extract also showed good reducing activity, which is an index of hydrogen donor. Total phenolic content was recorded 100 mg/g of the extract. Further the extract showed cytoprotective effect on xenobiotic induced (CCl₄) oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast cells). Cell viability, ROS, TBARs, LDH leakage in yeast cells were studied. From the obtained results it shows that the ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra is having potent radical scavenging molecules which minimized the damage and protected cell, which was evident with decrease in the level of ROS, LPO and LDH leakage. The extract also showed antimicrobial activity with inhibition in growth of different Microorganism, B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. Aerogens and E. coli. The broad range of activity of the extract suggests that Glycyrrhiza glabra is a source of natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytoprotective, which could be considered as nutraceutical with health promoting properties in the prevention, and amelioration of degenerative diseases.

7 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

002858   SHANTI VASUDEVAN C N, KARIYIL B J, NEERAKKAL I (Sacred Heart Coll, Thevara, Kochi, Kerala) : Antipyretic activity of aqueous extract of heart wood of Pterocarpus santalinus L. in yeast induced pyrexia. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 244-6.

Pterocarpus santalinus have been traditionally used in the treatment of headache, skin diseases, fever, boils, scorpion-sting and to improve sight. However, anti-pyretic efficacy has not been scientifically validated. Therefore the study aims to investigate the antipyretic activity of its heart wood aqueous extract using brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method. A total of thirty Wister Albino male rats weighing between 100-200 g were used for this study. The method was standardized by subcutaneous injection of yeast suspension (10 m/kg body weight) which increased the rectal temperature after 20 hours. Rectal temperatures were recorded at regular intervals using a digital thermometer. The aqueous extract 400 mg/kg & 800 mg/kg) of heart wood of P. santalinus possessed significant antipyretic activity but the effect was slow when compared to the standard antipyretic drug paracetamol (150 mg/kg body weight).

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

002808   AHMAD S B, MUZAMIL S, HUSSAIN I, BHAT S A, MUNEEB-U-REHMAN , MIR M-U-R (Veterinary Biochemistry Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) : Rheum emodi (Rhubarb) root powder accelerates dermal wound healing by up regulating the expression of Ccr1, EGF, K6 and EGR-1. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 115-21.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Rheum emodi (Rhubarb) root powder on the expression of wound healing genes Ccr1, EGF, Keratin 6 and EGR-1 in rabbits of different age groups. The wounds treated with Rhubarb powder showed enhanced expression of Ccr1, EGF, K6 and EGR-1 by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction against normal saline treated wounds in all the groups. The expression was more pronounced in group A and B treated wounds as against group C treated wounds. The Rheum emodi (Rhubarb) root powder demonstrated wound healing activity by enhancing the expression of Ccr1, EGF, K6 and EGR-1 thereby confirming the therapeutic potential of Rheum emodi.

5 tables, 41 ref

002857   SHAHINA, MURAD S, QUDOOS A, FATIMA E, SHAFIQUE A, GHAFFAR A (DANTH/IMDC, Islamabad, Pakistan) : Thymol, γ-terpinene, para-cymene, and α- and β- pinene containing seeds are antioxidant. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 101-3.

Reduction in dietary cholesterol levels produces regression of atherosclerosis and restores endotheliumdependent relaxation of extracranial arteries toward normal in experimental animals. Susceptibility to vasoconstriction in response to activation of platelets and leukocytes is reduced or abolished by regression of atherosclerosis. The research work was single blind placebo-controlled, conducted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. It was conducted from April 2018 to October 2018. Number of patients and their Age: Seventy five already diagnosed primary and secondary hyperlipidemic patients were selected with age range from 17 to 65 years. Diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking/alcohol addictive patients, peptic ulcer disease, hypothyroidism, kidney dysfunction, any heart disease and liver disease. All patients were divided in three groups (group-I, group-II, group-III), 25 in each group. Their baseline lipid profile data were taken and filed in specifically designed Performa, at start of taking medicine. Twenty five patients of group-I were advised to take 10 grams of Flaxseeds in three divided doses after meal. Twenty five patients of group-II were advised to take Ajwain seeds 10 grams in three divided doses after each meal for two months. Twenty five patients of group-III were provided placebo capsules, (containing grinded rice), taking one capsule after each meal. All participants were advised to take these medicines for eight weeks. All participants were called fortnightly for their query and follow up. Their LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol was determined at the hospital laboratory. In two months therapy by Flaxseeds decreased LDL-cholesterol from 195.11 ± 2.11 mg/dl to 190.22 ± 3.11 mg/dl, which is significant statistically. HDL was increased from 34.53 ± 1.65 mg/dl to 38.97 ± 2.29 mg/d, which is also significant change. In two months therapy by AJWAIN, LDL-c reduced from 201.51 ± 2.62 mg/dl to 197.11 ± 2.66 mg/dl, which is significant statistically. HDL-cholesterol increased by Ajwain from 36.97 ± 3.32 mg/dl to 37.45 ± 1.87 mg/dl, which is insignificant statistically. It was concluded from this study that Ajwain and Flaxseeds reduces LDL-cholesterol moderately. Flaxseeds have more effect on HDL-c but Ajwain has lowest effect on this parameter.

3 tables, 26 ref

002805   ADJILEYE R A A, AMOUSSA A M O, LAGNIKA L (Abomey-Calavi Univ, Cotonou, Bénin) : Trema orientalis L. and Dialium guineense Wild. used to manage hypertension in Bénin: phytochemical study and antioxidant activity. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 43-8.

Trema orientalis L. (Celtidaceae) and Dialium guineense Wild. (Caesalpiniaceae) are used traditionally as remedy against headache, pains, diarrhoea, fever and hypertension. Despite their approved efficacy there are little scientific data available on their biological potential. The present study investigated the phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Trema orientalis and Dialium guineense. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures. The phenolic and flavonoids contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride reagent. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, Ferric reducing capacity, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide methods. Tremas orientalis was the most active in the ferric reducing capacity with 6007.8 ± 175.57 µmol AAE g^-1. The superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities ranged from 88.52 ± 0.68 % to 91.33 ± 4.01 %. The DPPH scavenging activity was dose dependent. Dialium guineense was the most active with an inhibitory percentage of 96.06 ± 0.34 % comparable to ascorbic acid (99.46 ± 0.37 %).

1 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

002831   IGHODARO O M, ASEJEJE F O, ADEOSUN A M, UJOMU T, BAKRE S R (Lead City Univ, Ibadan, Nigeria, Email: macigho@gmail.com) : Anti-diabetic potential and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) profile of a formulated polyherbal drug (FPD). J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(3), 129-34.

Conventional treatments for diabetes mellitus apparently lack the desired therapeutic interventions and are relatively expensive for a number of individuals suffering from the diseases. Hence, several formulated polyherbal drugs are currently utilized as treatment options for diabetes. In view of this, the present study investigated the acclaimed antidiabetic potential of a formulated polyherbal drug (FPD) popularly sold in a major city (Ibadan) in Nigeria as Merry Herbal Tea. FPD was screened for its active constituents and antidiabetic efficacy using GC-MS technique and alloxan-induced diabetic rats respectively. The diabetic rats were randomized into a diabetic control group and three diabetic groups separately treated with FPD (5 mL/kg), FPD (10 mL/kg) and Metformin (12 mg/kg) BW (p.o) twice daily, for a period of five days. Blood glucose (FBGL) was monitored at different time intervals using acucheck glucometer and pancreas was harvested from each animal and processed for histological examinations. Although FPD at the studied doses lowered blood glucose levels in the experimental rats but unlike metformin, its hypoglycemic effect was not significant (P˂0.05) when compared to the initial diabetic glucose level of the animals. This observation was substantiated by the pancreatic histological architectures of the FPD and metformin treated animals relative to their untreated diabetic counterparts. Conversely, FDP significantly lowered the number of diabetes-induced mortality (28.6 %) relative to the untreated diabetic group (60.1 %). Contained in FDP among other bioactive compounds is Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate which has been associated with diabetic functions in previous studies.The blood glucose and mortality lowering effects, as well as the presence of Lup20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate demonstrated by FPD within the evaluation period tend to suggest a possible antidiabetic relevance for the formulated polyherbal drug. However, we recommend that the antidiabetic effects of FDP be assessed for a longer period and more assays related to diabetes be conducted before a definite conclusion is made on its antidiabetic relevance.

6 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

002862   SIMO R V, ATEBA S B, ZINGUÉ S, PIEME C A, NJAMEN D (Animal Biology and Physiology Dep, Yaounde I Univ, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon, Email: dnjamen@gmail.com) : Baillonella toxisperma improves sexual performance and protects against stress-induced reproductive dysfunction in male Wistar rats. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(3), 117-23.

Baillonella toxisperma Pierre (Sapotaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in Central Africa against several diseases including erectile dysfunction and male infertility. However, no study dealing with these male reproductive dysfunctions has been published until now. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken. It evaluated the capacity of an aqueous extract of stem bark of B. toxisperma (BT) at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg/d to induce aphrodisiac effects and prevent the stress-induced reproductive dysfunction in males using normal non-experienced (an 8-day oral treatment) and stressed (a 6-h/day immobilization stress for 35 consecutive days) male Wistar rats. Both in normal and stressed animals, BT at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg decreased (p < 0.05) the mount and intromission latencies, and increased (p < 0.05) the number of total penile licking, mount and intromission as well as ejaculation frequencies. In stressed animals, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm levels, sperm mobility as well as in the relative weight of androgen-dependent organs (testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles) was observed at the same doses compared with the stressed control. These results suggest that this aqueous extract of B. toxisperma might endow with aphrodisiac and androgenic properties in normal and stressed male Wistar rats.

2 illus, 5 tables, 73 ref

002852   RACELINE G K, AUBIN N K B, JAURES T N M, DUCOS Y F, FLORENCE N T, DESIRE D D P, THÉOPHILE D, VÉRONIQUE P B (Animal Biology and Physiology Dep, Yaounde I Univ, Yaounde, Cameroon, Email: fotsingrace@yahoo.fr) : Anti-inflammatory potential of Tapinanthus globiferus (Loranthaceae) leaves as an alternative treatment against arthritis. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(3), 96-103.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease which treatment remains a challenge, due to adverse effects caused by conventional medicines. The study assesses the effects of aqueous extract of Tapinanthus globiferus leaves on complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rat. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by inoculation of 0.1 mL of CFA under the plantar aponeurosis of rat. Animals were daily treated for 10 days with distilled water (10 mL/kg), sodium diclofenac (5 mg/kg) and aqueous extract of T. globiferus at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Healthy animals received distilled water (10 mL/kg). The volume of edema of the hind paw was measured using a plethysmometer. At the end of the treatment the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Some organs such as liver, kidney and tibiotarsal joint were used for biochemical and histological analyses. The administration of the aqueous extract of T. globiferus to diseased rats significantly alleviated physiological impairement by reducing of paw volume (p < 0.001), protecting animals from anemia (p < 0.001), leukocytosis (p < 0.001), transaminases activity increasing (p < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01) and hypercreatininemia (p < 0.001). The plant extract has improved the antioxidant status of animals (p < 0.001) and the architectural organisation at joint level. The beneficial effects generated by the aqueous extract of T. globiferus leaves against the physiological dysfunctions caused by CFA justify its current use in the traditional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

7 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

002841   ORIANNA K M N, RAISSA A S R, ALAIN S, ALFRED S-B T (Pharmacopoeia and Traditional Medicines Institute, Libreville, Gabon, Email: madnoreen01@gmail.com) : Endothelium-dependent and independent effect of Guibourtia tessmannii (Caesalpiniaceae) on vascular contractility of rat. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(3), 91-5.

The stem barks of Guibourtia tessmannii (Caesalpiniaceae) are used in traditional Gabonese medicine as antihypertensive remedies. In the present study, we investigated vasorelaxant properties effect of aqueous extract from G. tessmannii and fuller understanding these mechanisms of action in vitro. The activity of Guibourtia tessmannii was evaluated on isolated aorta rings of rat constricted with KCl (80 mM) and norepinephrine (10^-4 M). Cumulative concentrations (1 mg/mL - 100 mg/ml) of G. tessmannii provoked a dose-dependent relaxation of the thoracic aorta precontracted by norepinephrine or KCl (95.69 ± 0.6 % and 91.34 ± 4.90 %, respectively). The vasorelaxant effect induced by G. tessmannii on the aorta precontracted by KCl was significant decreased in presence of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (11.30 ± 4.3 %, p<0.05), tétraéthylammonium (52.2 ± 9.20 %, p<0.01). Indomethacin and atropine modify the vasorelaxant effect of plant extract (57.13 ± 6.9 %, p<0.01 and 58.83 ± 5.9 %, p<0.01, respectively. These results suggest that the vasorelaxant action of G.tessmannii was mediated via the muscarinic receptors. The direct effect of G.tessmannii to be mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors and potassium channels.

5 illus, 29 ref

002820   BAKHSHALIYEVA K F, MURADOVA S M, MAMMEDALIYEVA M G, NAMAZOV N R, JABRAILZADE S M (Institute of Microbiology of ANAS, Baku, Azerbaijan, Email: konul.baxsh@mail.ru) : Evaluation of some plant materials used for feed, food, and medical purposes by the species composition of toxigenic mycobiota and frequency of occurrence. Adv Life Sci 2019, 9(1), 7-10.

The purpose of the present work was dedicated to the study of toxigenic fungi by species composition, by the dominant species of fungal biota and their frequency of occurrence which involved in the formation of mycobiota of materials of some plants used for feed, nutritional and medical uses in Azerbaijan. In research, from the analysis taken from plants become clear that in the formation of their mycobiota in generally involved 85 species of fungi and 76,5 % of them have toxicity. It became clear that fungi such as Aspergillus flavus Link, A.ochraeus K. Wilh., Cladosporium herbarium (Pers.) Link, Fusarium moniliforma J. Sheld., F.oxysporum Schltdl., Penicillium citrinum Thom and P.cyclopium Westling are the dominant species of the mycobiota of all studied plant materials. The obtained results can be useful as base data in the preparation of the principles of mycology safety in the use of plant materials for food, nutrition, and medical purposes.

2 tables, 21 ref

002806   AFSHARI-SAFAVI A, HOSSEINI S M, TALAEI M , ROOHAFZA H , SARRAFZADEGAN N , SADEGHI M (Epidemiology and Biostatistics Dep, Isfahan Univ of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Street, Isfahan, Iran, Email: hosseini@hlth.mui.ac.ir) : 12 Year follow up study of the C-reactive protein in Iranian middle aged women: Isfahan cohort study. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(2), 129-34.

As an important inflammatory marker, study of C‑reactive protein (CRP) changes over time may lead to better identification of risk factors of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the relationship between CRP changes and lifestyle, metabolic syndrome (MS) and body mass index (BMI) in middle-aged women and explored potential bias from attrition. We studied 1234 participants in the Isfahan cohort study – a longitudinal population-based study of adults older than 35 years living in urban and rural areas of three counties in central Iran. Data were collected every 6 years since 2001 (3 points). Random effects model was used to evaluate the effects of behavioural risk factors and MS on CRP, with pattern mixture model to account for cohort attrition. Mean CRP levels decreased over time (Est = −0.066, P < 0.001). MS (Est = −0.195, P < 0.001), BMI (Est = 0.022, P < 0.001), physical activity (Est = −0.009, P = 0.002) and history of smoking (Est = −0.399, P = 0.002) were independently associated with increases in CRP. Pattern mixture model showed that CRP decreased in participants with monotone measurement (Est = −0.032, P < 0.001), as well as intermittent measurement (Est = −0.022, P < 0.001), with no association in participants who responded at all points (Est = −0.015, P = 0.083). In this study, the rate of changes in CRP level in middle-aged women over time was higher in participants who were irregularly measured than those who measured continuously. MS, BMI and physical activity may be related to the CRP changes over time in middle-aged women.

1 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

002853   ROSHANKHAH S, SADEGHI E, JALILI C, SALAHSHOOR M R (Anatomical Sciences Dep, Kermanshah Univ of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: reza.salahshoor@yahoo.com) : Impacts of low protein diet on the hippocampal CA1 neurons and learning deficits in rats. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(2), 124-8.

Proteins are the essential part of all organism cells. Nutrition plays the most important role in the structure and function of the brain. CA1 region belongs to hippocampus and plays a vital role in converting short-term to long-term memory. This study was designed to assess the effects of low‑protein diet on hippocampal region CA1 and learning deficit in rats. In this study, 30 male rats were randomly assigned to two groups: control group and low‑protein diet group (8 % protein). Animals in a low‑protein diet group have eaten food with low protein daily for 10 months. Body weight was measured. Transcardiac perfusion method was applied to tissue fixation. Passive avoidance learning of animals was examined by the shuttle-box apparatus technique. The number of dendritic spines was investigated by the Golgi staining technique. Furthermore, Cresyl violet staining method was used to determine the number of neurons in the hippocampal region CA1. The passive avoidance learning of the low‑protein diet rats was reduced significantly compared to the control ones (P < 0.001). Low-protein diet decreased the body weight, number of neuronal dendritic spines and neurons compared to the control group (P < 0.001). It seems that administration of low-protein diet had harmful effects of structure and function of hippocampal region CA1 in rats.

6 illus, 36 ref

002840   NIGAM A, KULSHRESHTHA M, PANJWANI D (Pharmacology Dep, Babu Banarasi Das Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dvcology@gmail.com) : Pharmacological evaluation of Hibiscus abelmoschus against scopolamine induced amnesia and cognitive impairment in mice. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(2), 116-23.

Progressive loss of memory has a prominent role in devastating neurodegenerative diseases such as amnesia, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The present study was, thus, designed to investigate the potential of Hibiscus abelmoschus (H. abelmoschus) in scopolamine-induced amnesic Swiss Albino mice. Phytochemical and acute toxicity studies of H. abelmoschus ethanolic extract (HAEE) were performed. Memory loss was induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p), a muscarinic antagonist, and evaluated by using Morris water maze (MWM), elevated plus maze (EPM) and modified passive avoidance tests on Swiss Albino mice. Besides this, locomotor activity, serum biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were evaluated. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT) activity were also checked. HAEE at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight administered orally to the animals. Donepezil hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) was taken as standard. Pre‑treatment of mice with HAEE significantly reversed scopolamine‑induced memory impairments, as evidenced by a significant decrease in escape latency in the MWM task, transfer latency in EPM task and an increase in step‑down latency in the modified passive avoidance task. HAEE also exhibited a remarkable cholesterol and triglyceride‑lowering property in the present study. Moreover, treatment with HAEE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) to scopolamine‑induced rats significantly decreased the LPO and increased the GSH and catalase levels. The memory restorative effects of H. abelmoschus in amnesia may involve its multiple functions including antioxidative and lipid-lowering properties and the presence of phytoconstituents. Thus, H. abelmoschus may act as memory enhancer and may also be useful as a supportive adjuvant in the treatment of impaired memory functions.

8 tables, 56 ref

001521   BALI A, SINGH R, SINGH A (Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand) : Assessment of interleukin- 6 level in children with dental caries. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2019, 7(4), 42-4.

Dental caries is a process that may take place on any tooth surface in the oral cavity. The present study was conducted to assess interleukin- 6 level in children with dental caries. The present study was conducted on 162 patients of age ranged 3-8 years with dental caries of both genders. Saliva sample collection and saliva was collected in sterile Eppendorf tubes. Salivary IL-6 assessment was done using the Salimetrics ELISA kit. We found that age group 3-4 years had 24 patients, 4-5 years had 54, 5-6 years had 46, 6-7 years had 26 and 7-8 years had 12. Mean IL- 6 level in boys was 94.2 and in girls was 96.4. Authors concluded that there was high level of IL- 6 in children with dental caries.

2 tables, 9 ref

001499   ABÉ H, DADJI G A F, TAMESSE J L (Animal Biology and Physiology Dep, Yaounde I Univ, Yaoundé, Cameroon) : Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Piper umbellatum leaf. essential oil on the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae S.L and Culex quinquefasciatus. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 59-67.

The prevention of Arthropod borne diseases is based on the use of synthetic insecticides. Because of the development of vector resistance to the advocated insecticides, plant essential oils could be an eco-friendly alternative against vector resistance. The study present dealt with the chemical composition and insecticidal property of Piper umbellatum leaf essential oil on Anopheles gambiae S.L and Culex quinquefasciatus. Piper umbellatum leaf essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation with a Clevenger type apparatus and analysed by GCMS. Bioassays were performed on third instar larvae and 2-5 days old non-blood fed female adults of the laboratory and field strain of Anopheles gambiae S.L and Culex quinquefasciatus. Chemical analysis of Piper umbellatum leaf essential oil revealed the presence of terpenes compounds reported effective on insects and various pest. For larvicidal tests, the lethal concentrations killing 50 % and 95 % of the larvae were 0.51 %; 0.61 %; 0.09 % and 0.91 %; 1.09 %; 0.23 % for 24 h exposure respectively for Anopheles gambiae S.L and Culex quinquefasciatus. These concentrations were 0.43 %; 0.58 %; 0.05 % and 0.79 %; 1.05 % and 0.16 % for 48 h exposure respectively. Knockdown time for 50 % and 95 % of knocked down mosquitoes were: 05+0.4 min; 09+0.2 min; 19+0.57 min and 40+0.32 min; 47+0.54 min; 51+0.49 min respectively. Concentrations killing 50 % and 95 % of adult females were: 0.40 %; 0.43 %; 0.24 % and 0.73 %; 0.76 %; 0.52 % respectively. Piper umbellatum leaf essential oil was effective against the third instar larvae and adult females of Anopheles gambiae S.L and Culex quinquefasciatus.

4 illus, 5 tables, 53 ref

001511   AMIN R, SHETTY P (Oral Pathology and Microbiology Dep, A B Shetty Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte - 575 018, Email: reshyesh@yahoo.com) : Salivary gland oncocytoma and evolution of oncocytes. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(14), 1196-8.

Various glandular and secretory epithelia show oncocytes. Most of the oncocytic lesions are benign with a relatively low rate of proliferation. Oncocytomas form less than 1 % of all benign salivary gland tumours, 82 % to 90 % of them occur in the parotid gland, sometimes in the submandibular gland (9 %) and uncommon in the intraoral minor salivary glands. The oncocytomas occur in adults in their sixth to eighth decades, with no sex predilection. The morphological and functional alteration in unusual oncocytes is due to a compensatory mechanism to overcome energy deficient state in the cell undergoing changes. Several theories on biochemical changes occurring in mitochondria explain the formation of these oncocytes. The mitochondrial DNA point mutations due to altered oxidative phosphorylation complexes are one of the main downsides for the oncocytic genesis. The hypothesis of their origin of transformation has been put forward by several researchers. The role of the numerous mitochondria and their functional inability to maintain the bioenergetics pathway forms the basis for these oncocytic changes.

2 illus, 24 ref

001561   MOREPATIL V, MALIK S, RAMAKRISHNAN M, BANGERA J (Microbiology Dep, K. J. Somaiya Medical Coll, Mumbai - 400 076, Email: sapnawadhwan@hotmail.com) : Microbial keratitis- microbial pattern in a tertiary care centre of a metropolitan city. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(14), 1145-9.

Microbial keratitis is a potentially vision threatening state requiring prompt diagnosis & treatment, and is a leading cause of preventable blindness. We wanted to study the spectrum and sensitivity of microbiological isolates from patients of microbial keratitis at a tertiary care centre of a metropolitan city. Descriptive data collection and analysis was carried out in a tertiary care centre over a period of 3 years. The cases were the grouped based upon their positivity in microscopy and culture results and correlated with clinical data. 258 clinical cases were studied, of which 173 cases were bacterial keratitis, and 85 were fungal keratitis. Of 173 (67.05 %) bacterial cases, 68 (39.30 %) cases showed positive findings on gram stain, and 25 (36.76 %) of these cases were confirmed by culture. Of 85 (32.94 %) fungal cases, 37 (43.53 %) cases were positive on KOH mount & 21 (56.76 %) of these cases were confirmed by culture. Incidence of bacterial keratitis is higher than fungal keratitis. Emphasis should be on using microbiological diagnosis as an important tool to aid the ophthalmologist in appropriate management of these cases.

1 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

001585   SHARMA B, SAKSENA R, JAIN M, GAIND R (Microbiology Dep, Vardhman Mahavir Medical Coll and Safdarjung Hospital, Sarai Rohilla, New Delhi, Email: manisha_jain29@yahoo.com) : Emerging drug resistant streptococcal isolates from skin and soft tissue infections. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(14), 1131-4.

Streptococcal species are the cause of a variety of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) some of which are severe and can be lifethreatening. There are currently 74 species under the genus Streptococcus. Streptococcus pyogenes is the most pathogenic bacterium in the genus Streptococcus. We wanted to assess pyogenic potential of different species Streptococcus and their drug susceptibility patterns. This is a retrospective descriptive study done from Jan 2017 to Nov 2017. Total enrolled pus samples were 3300. The samples were processed conventionally and antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) of all isolates was performed by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. 4.63 % were culture positive for streptococcal isolates. Among streptococcal isolates, 128/153 (83.66 %) were Enterococcus species, 12/153 (7.84 %) were Streptococcus pyogenes and 10/153 (6.53 %) were Streptococcus agalactiae and 3/153 (1.96 %) were Streptococcus pneumoniae. For all Streptococcal isolates (153), 64 % (102/160) were male patients and 36 % (58/160) were female patients. Drug resistance is increasing for all the streptococcal species, and resistance to even high-end drugs like vancomycin was seen to be around 7.5 % in Enterococcus spp. Almost one third of the isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes were resistant to Erythromycin and Gentamicin. No resistance was seen to Linezolid in any of the Streptococcal isolates. Streptococcus species such as S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are seen to be increasing in SSTIs. Bacterial isolates exhibited high to moderate levels of resistance against different classes of antibiotics. A continuous inspection should be carried out to monitor the susceptibility of these pathogens and chose appropriate regimens both for prophylaxis and treatment of surgical wound infections. There is a need to create a viable antibiotic policy and draft guidelines to prevent or reduce undirected use of antibiotics, and conserve their effectiveness for better patient management. Consistent dialogue between the microbiology department and the surgeons is required for management of such cases.

3 tables, 29 ref

001576   RAHMAN N, AKHTER K, SEN A, DEY S (Microbiology Dep, Katihar Medial Coll, Katihar - 854 105, Email: sangeetadey@rediffmail.com) : Comparison between conventional blood culture and lysis-centrifugation method in suspected cases of sepsis in children in Katihar, Bihar. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(14), 1107-10.

Blood cultures are a valuable diagnostic tool and indicate whether there is clinical evidence of sepsis or an unknown systemic infection. There are two types of manual blood culture methods: conventional and lysis-centrifugation. Lysis-centrifugation is more sensitive and requires less time. We wanted to isolate and identify pathogens from blood cultures by lysis-centrifugation and conventional method and also to estimate the recovery and contamination rates by these two methods. Blood was obtained from children, with suspicion of sepsis. Collection was done in blood culture bottles and in test tubes with saponin and sodium polyanethol sulphonate. Samples were processed and identified as per standard protocol. Out of 400 samples 118 (29.3 %) showed growth of various organisms and contamination was seen in 27 (6.75 %). The overall culture positivity by the conventional blood culture method was 118 (29.3 %) and 60 (15.0 %) by the lysis centrifugation method. The most common organism isolated by the conventional method was Escherichia coli. Lysis centrifugation method did not prove to be as efficient as conventional blood culture. However, contamination rates were lower and the turnaround time for recovery of isolates was lesser by the lysis centrifugation method.

4 tables, 12 ref