000428   HASAN H R, MATHKOR T H (Chemistry Dep, Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: hathamahasan@scbaghdad.com) : Alteration in serum & saliva α-amylase activity & levels of some hormones associated with exposure to chemicals: A case study on Iraqi undergraduate chemistry students. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 410-6.

Numerous studies have pointed a link between exposure to environmental chemicals and disturbance of hormones. The present study consisted of 22 chemistry undergraduate final year students (11 males and 11 females) of Baghdad University, Iraq. Samples (serum and saliva) were collected in the middle of September, 2017 (before exposure group) and after 3 months of their practical study at chemistry teaching laboratory (after exposure group). All studied hormones (TSH, testosterone and cortisol) were found to increase in both male and female subgroups. The increase was statistically significant for serum TSH and testosterone (p < 0.05) and insignificant for cortisol. Insignificant variations were reported for salivary hormones (testosterone and cortisol). Serum and salivary α-amylase activity was found to be insignificantly decreased and increased respectively, in the exposure groups.

2 illus, 4 tables, 79 ref

000396   ALI A, KHICHI K K, GEHLOT A, RATHORE R (Pharmacology Dep, Dr. S.N. Medical Coll, Jodhpur, Rajasthan) : A study on albino rat for anticonvulsant properties of Cuminum cyminum: An experimental study. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 103-5.

To evaluate the Anticonvulsant property of Cuminum cyminum in albino rats. This experimental study conducted on albino rats by MES method. Adult albino rats of either sex (100-150g) were divided into three groups for each parameter under study. Group I consisting of six animals, served as control and received distilled water. Group II subdivided into three groups II-A, II-B, II-C, consisting of six animals each, received Cuminum cyminum in three doses of 300 mg, 750 mg, 1000 mg per orally respectively. Group III subdivided into three groups III-A, III-B, III-C, consisting of six animals each, received the Phenytoin in three doses per orally. Cuminum cyminum decreased extension period. Although the extension period was not significant [P > 0.05] in 300 mg per kg dose, while the extension period was highly significant [P < 0.001] in higher doses (750, 1000 mg per kg). Cuminum cyminum is having Anticonvulsant property in the albino rat. However further study needed to find out its mechanism of actions and chemical constitutes responsible for these activities.

1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

000417   FOWA A B, FODOUOP S P C, FOKUNANG C N, DJOUEUDAM F G, FAMEN L-C N, ONGBAYOKOLAK N S, GATSING D (Dschang Univ, P.O. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon) : Antityphoid and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Adenia lobata Jacq. (Passifloraceae) on Salmonella typhi infected Wistar rats. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 13-22.

Typhoid fevers are a major public health problem, especially in developing countries where they are endemic. In order to contribute to the search for new antityphic substances, medicinal plants are a good source of new antityphic molecules accessible by everyone. In this study, the in vivo antisalmonellal activity of the hydroethanolic leaves extract of Adenia lobata was evaluated in albino rats infected with Salmonella Typhi (ATCC 6539) and the antioxidant activity of this extract was evaluated after treatment. In vivo antisalmonellal activity was assessed by the blood culture method on Wistar rats infected by S. Typhi (ATCC 6539), and oxidative stress biochemical parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide) were evaluated after treatment. Phytochemical screening was performed to justify these activities. The hydroethanolic leaves extract of Adenia lobata at different doses (5. 45 and 90 mg/kg of body weight) resulted in the healing of infected rats between the eighth and twelfth day of treatment. Extract treatment reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased SOD, catalase, glutathione, and nitric oxide levels in infected rats by normalizing some of this content compared to neutral controls. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, phenols, saponins, anthocyanins, triterpenes and anthraquinones in the hydroeyhanolic leaves extract of Adenia lobata. These results show that the hydroeyhanolic leaves extract of Adenia lobata cures typhoid fever and reduces the state of oxidative stress caused by S. Typhi during infection.

4 illus, 7 tables, 34 ref

000485   SINDHURA G, GOWDA K P S (Pharmacology Dep, PES Coll of Pharmacy, Bengaluru - 560 050, Email: shivalinge65@gmail.com) : Anti-osteoporotic activity of Cucurbita pepo and low level laser beam on glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in rats. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 947-59.

The main aim of the present study is to investigate the activity of the anti-osteoporotic activity of Cucurbita pepo seed powder (CPSP) and low level laser beam (LLLT) on glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in rat model. Animals were randomly divided into six groups containing six rats each (n=6). Group I normal control, Group II dexamethasone induced osteoporotic control (7 mg/kg b.w i.m.), Group III received dexamethasone + LLLT irradiation (180 sec/day daily), Group IV received dexamethasone + CPSP (100 mg/kg b.w p.o), Group V received dexamethasone + sodium alendronate (3 mg/kg b.w p.o), Group VI dexamethasone + CPSP + LLLT. The treatment is made for 8 weeks. On the end of 4^th and 8^th week body weight were recorded, behavioral parameters, locomotar activity using actophotometer and anxiety levels using elevated plus maze (EPM) was studied. Urine parameters (calcium, phosphorous, creatinine), the blood was withdrawn from retro-orbital plexus and the serum was used for the estimation of ALP, calcium, phosphorous, creatinine. At the end of the 8^th week the bone mechanical parameters were measured. CPSP as well as LLLT significantly decreased the increased body weight, improved the locomotar activity and decreased the anxiety levels. Significant reduction in the urine parameters and significant increase in the serum levels of calcium, phosphorous and creatinine was observed along with decreased ALP levels. Significant improvement in biomechanical parameters when compared to group II was observed. Group VI showed improved activity when compared to the singly administered groups proving its synergistic activity. From this study it can be concluded that, CPSP and LLLT has anti-osteoporotic activity and when given in combination exhibited synergistic activity.

1 illus, 13 tables, 23 ref

000404   BOGORIANI N W, PUTRA A A B, HELTYANI W E (Biochemistry Dep, Udayana Univ, Bali, Indonesia, Email: bogi_wayan@yahoo.com) : The effect of intake duck egg yolk on body weight, lipids profile and atherosclerosis diseases in male Wistar rats. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 926-32.

Duck egg yolks contained fat and higher cholesterol than chicken eggs. A high-fat diet has caused obesity to impact for the development of diseases such as type II diabetes, stroke, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and certain forms of cancer. The purpose of using laboratory animals determined the effects of duck egg yolk to body weight, lipids profile, and atherosclerosis diseases. The study design is randomized post-test only control group design with Wistar rats. Twenty-seven rats were divided into three groups (nine rats per group): control, group I and II. The control group was given standard diet, and other groups received their respective agents (pellet duck egg yolk and raw duck egg yolk). After rats were treated for 30 days, blood samples were taken for examination of blood plasma lipids profile. These results have indicated that an increase in body weight of rats in both treatment as well as increase total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, atherogenic index (AI), VLDL, and decreased in blood plasma HDL cholesterol were significantly (p<0.05) in both treatment well with duck egg yolk pellets or raw duck egg yolk. Based on these study results can be concluded that the duck egg yolk intake caused an increase in body weight of rats and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, AI, VLDL, and decreased HDL cholesterol and thus potentially lead to obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease.

1 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

000415   FABIYI-EDEBOR T D, FASANMADE A A (Physiology Dep, Afe Babalola Univ, Ekiti State, Nigeria, Email: debbyteefab@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the characteristics of diabetes induced by the administration of alloxan to fructose fed Wistar rat. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 881-9.

Several type II diabetic models have been developed to evaluate the effects of potential antidiabetic agents. However, there seems to be a paucity of literature evaluating the characteristics of diabetes-induced with fructose and alloxan. Therefore, this study was conducted to characterize fructose-alloxan diabetes. Thirty rats were grouped equally into Control, Fructose and Fructose plus 150 mg/kg-IP alloxan. Twenty percent fructose solution was freely administered via gavage drinking for 2-weeks before alloxan. After that, rats were observed for 14-weeks. Lee-index of obesity was determined using bodyweights and nose-anal lengths. Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI) and blood glucose (FBG) were determined using ELISA and glucometer. Insulin Resistance (IR), Insulin sensitivity (IS) and Beta cell function (BCF) were evaluated via the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA). Response to metformin and Insulin were assessed. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fishers LSD post-hoc test at α_0.05. Administration of alloxan to rats pre-treated with fructose elevated FBG (378.3 ± 40.0 vs. control 60.8 ± 2.5 mg/dL), which was not reduced significantly by insulin (351.8 ± 30.4 mg/dL) but was significantly decreased in response to metformin (259.8 ± 38 mg/dL). Also, the fructose alloxan group showed significantly (p < 0.001) increased IR and decreased IS and BCF while fructose group showed significantly increased weight and lee-index. These findings reveal that fructose and alloxan-induced diabetes have characteristics mimicking human type II diabetes. These include obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia that is unresponsiveness to insulin but responsive to metformin.

10 illus, 59 red

000462   MUNGLE A N, ITTADWAR A M, BEGDE D N (Gurunanak Coll of Pharmacy, Nagpur - 440 026, Email: archanamungle@gmail.com) : Natural alternatives to treat cancer: A study on anticancer activity of Lawsonia inermis Linn. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 869-74.

Henna (Lawsonia inermis) is widely used cosmetically and medicinally. Literature survey reveals that the plant henna also has anticancer activity. Most of the anticancer activities of Lawsonia inermis plant are carried out using total leaves extract, and purified individual compounds also. The cytotoxicity profile of the extracts, as well as purified fractions, was determined by MTT assay on HeLa cell line. As the total ethanolic extract demonstrated growth inhibition in cancer cells, attempts were made to isolate the active compound from total ethanolic extract, with potent activity. Lawsone, 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone is the active constituent of Lawsonia inermis (Henna), L. alba, and other species of Lythraceae family. It is reported to posses various medicinal properties. The present study reports the anticancer activity of lawsone, naphthoquinone derivative isolated from the henna leaves, and its predictive conformation by spectral studies. Isolated lawsone was tested for the anticancer activity, which showed significant results.

8 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

000440   KHATHEEJA S, SAFIULLAH A, ALSAWALHA M, PRABHAKARAN A R, VEERARAGHAVAN V P, MOHAN S K (Physics Dep, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed Coll for Women, Chennai - 600 018, Email: sairajbas@gmail.com) : Comparative studies on biochemical, histopathological and FTIR-ATR spectral studies of hyperlipidemia induced by cholesterol-rich diet in rats. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 836-45.

To compare the routine biochemical and histological techniques with FTIR-ATR spectroscopic methods in diagnosing hyperlipidemia. Compositional changes in the serum and tissues reflects the healthy and pathological status of animals. FTIR-ATR was attempted as an additional tool for evaluating the composition in the serum as well as in tissues materials. To achieve this Wistar rats are administered with high cholesterol suspension with coconut oil orally for 30 days. Hyperlipidemia achieved with oral feeding of cholesterol-rich diet (200 mg/dl) on rats with body weight of 180 ± 10.0 g led to a rapid progression of hyperlipidemia resulting might cause atherosclerosis. In blood, cholesterol level (269 ± 8.72), Triglyceride (194 ± 5.03), LDL (165 ± 5.10) increased and a decrease in the serum HDL level (39 ± 3.09) obtained in the cholesterol-rich fed hyperlipidemia was observed. FTIR- ATR spectral peaks were obtained (1165 cm^-1 for ring vibration mode of C-O-H and C-O-C bonds cholesterol ester with phosphoric acid, 1742 cm^-1 responsible for C=O group of cholesterol ester (HDL) and 2961 cm^-1 for triglycerides, etc.,) and internal peak ratio were calculated for different biomolecules analysis. The histopathological studies indicated that the high cholesterol diet fed to Wistar rat liver showed the appearance of microvesicular steatosis. Hepatocytes showed hydropic degeneration, swollen, vacuolated cells and fatty liver. The results of FTIR-ATR spectral analysis supports the biochemical and histopathological changes obtained in control and experimentally induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rat and could be considered as the additional technique diagnostic sector.

3 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

000486   SINGH K G, LAD S A, KHAWAS B D (Chemistry Dep, Mount Carmel Coll, Bangalore - 560 052, Email: kavi182@yahoo.co.in) : The effect on cell viability and reduction of cortisol activity by aqueous extracts of green coffee bean. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 795-801.

A recent surge of lifestyle disorders such as obesity, Type II Diabetes Mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, has led to a search of dietary changes that could be adopted into the daily lifestyle to prevent these lifestyle disorders. A nutraceutical is an upcoming option that has garnered a lot of attention and has warranted a lot of research. Green coffee beans are unroasted coffee beans which have high levels of antioxidants and caffeine thus making it a potential nutraceutical against Type II Diabetes Mellitus and obesity. In this study, water-soluble brews of caffeinated and decaffeinated green coffee beans were used to evaluate the ability of these extracts to alter the viability of muscle cells of Sus scrofadomesticus and also their effects on cortisol-induced (stress) hepatocytes by ex-vivo studies. The green coffee bean extracts were found to have low cytotoxicity. These extracts also highly controlled the release of glucose and regulated the gluconeogenic pathway by regulating glucose synthesis induced by cortisol in Sus scrofadomesticus hepatocytes when compared with the standards.

4 tables, 26 ref

000508   ZIA A, RAI M K, AGARWAL V, DHOLE T N (Microbiology Dep, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow - 226 014, Email: tndhole@gmail.com) : Role of CD4⁺t cell subsets in the determination of the clinical outcome of Japanese encephalitis infection. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 742-6.

Japanese encephalitis is the most common arthropod-borne human encephalitis in the world. JEV clinical outcomes vary from complete recovery to recovery with neuropsychiatric sequelae to death. Contribution of T cells to the control and immunopathology of JEV infection has been reported in various studies. CD4⁺ T cells were found to be major T cells that has role in protection as well as affecting the clinical outcome in murine Japanese encephalitis model. Role of the CD4⁺ T cells subset in determining outcome of JEV infection is incompletely understood. Therefore, we sought to determine how quantitative difference in CD4⁺ T cell subsets influences JEV infection outcome. A total of 544 Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) cases were admitted in ICU and AES ward of Kushinagar District Hospital during a period from Aug 2013 to Dec 2015. A diagnosis of JEV infection was based on clinical symptoms and anti-JEV IgM antibody in the acute phase cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples measured by IgM antibody capture (MAC)-ELISA. Blood samples were drawn, and flow cytometry analysis was performed. The outcome was recorded as death, recovered, recovered with sequelae. Percentage of T cell subset CD3⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ IFNγ⁺ (Th1), CD4⁺ IL-4 ⁺ (Th2), CD4⁺ IL17⁺ (Th17) and CD4⁺CD25^high+Foxp3⁺ T reg cells were analyzed and compared between patients with different outcome. CD4⁺ Th1 percentage was found to be significantly in recovered patients when compared to other disease groups. A positive correlation was observed between GCS and Tregs cells (r=0.34 P=0.002). We conclude that CD4Th1 might be associated with recovery after JE infection. Treg cells expansion during JEV infection may lead to improvement in neurological manifestation.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

000420   GHOSH S, SINHARAY R, BANGODI N, GOWDA K P S, LOGANAYAKI N, KUMAR S, VENKATESWARLU K (Pharmacology Dep, PES Coll of Pharmacy, Bengaluru - 560 050, Email: shivalinge65@gmail.com) : Anticoccidial and antioxidant activity of gastro-immune -polyherbal formulation on cocci oocysts infected mice jejunum. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 736-41.

Herbal drugs are prescribed widely as an anti-coccidial agent even when their biologically active compounds are unknown, because of their effectiveness, lesser side effects, and relatively low cost. So, in the current study, a poly-herbal formulation was used to find out its effect as an anti-coccidial effect. In the present study, the parameters evaluated were the WBC count, Glutathione levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the invitro nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. All the altered parameters significantly brought back to normal by the administration of the polyherbal formulation in comparison to the standard drug Co-trimoxazole (20 mg/kg p.o.). The histopathology of the jejunum further revealed the healing effects of the polyherbal formulation in Eimeria papillata induced coccidiosis.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

000397   BABU T S, MICHAEL B P, JERARD C, VIJAYAKUMAR N, RAMACHANDRAN R (Biogenix Research Center for Molecular Biology and Applied Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, Email: biogenixresearchcenter@outlook.com) : Study on the anti metastatic and anticancer activity of triterpene compound lupeol in human lung cancer. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 721-7.

ne compounds for their diverse biological properties. Natural triterpenoids gain pre-eminence in cancer research owing to their effects in regulating transcription factors and pathways associated with cell proliferation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of Lupeol on human adenocarcinomic human cell lines A549, and expression of anti-apoptotic genes. A549 cell line used in the present study as an in-vitro model of non-small cell lung cancer provides an insight into the apoptotic and anti-metastatic potential of Lupeol. Antiproliferative effects and apoptotic potential was measured using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide staining method respectively. Invasion assay was used to mimic an experimental system to determine metastatic activity and effect of Lupeol on apoptosis-related genes was validated with RT-PCR. The results revealed that Lupeol decreased the cell viability in a dosedependent manner with an LD50 value of 62.53 $\mathrm{\mu }$g.mL^-1 . Presence of apoptotic bodies with membrane blebbing suggests the apoptotic potential of Lupeol after treatment with Acridine orange and Ethidium bromide. Addition of Lupeol decreased cell migration authenticating anti-metastatic potential of Lupeol. mRNA expression analysis shows Lupeol treated cells down-regulated expression of anti-apoptotic genes like BcL-2 and Bcl-xL confirming the apoptotic potential of Lupeol. Based on the results, our study concludes the anti-neoplastic effects of Lupeol against non-small cell lung cancer and induction of apoptosis by Lupeol administration can render its application as a potent chemotherapeutic agent.

6 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

000478   SAINI P, VERMA P K (Pharmacy Dep, Government Polytechnic, Palwal - 121 103, Email: poojasaini1985@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the wound healing properties of Mimosa pudica Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 661-5.

Mimosa pudica Linn. (Fabaceae) It is traditionally used to treat wounds and diabetes mellitus. The study was designed to evaluate the wound healing properties of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of seeds of Mimosa pudica in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats at dose levels of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. Both extracts decrease the fasting blood glucose in a dose-dependent manner. A significant decrease in blood glucose level was also observed in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extract treated rats at different dose levels. The maximum percentage contraction in wound area (25.52 to 97.37, 23.65 to 93.12) was observed in diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extract at 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg dose respectively and with a significant percentage contraction in wound area (21.34 to 96.87, 20.71 to 95.22) was observed in diabetic rats treated with ethyl acetate extract at 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg dose respectively on 15^th day. The results exhibit that Mimosa pudica possesses considerable antidiabetic and wound healing activity in diabetic rats.

2 tables, 29 ref

000451   MAHFUDH N, FAJRIN A (Ahmad Dahlan Univ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: nurkhas@gmail.com) : The effect of subchronic administration of rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract on levels of ureum, creatinine, and renal histopathology. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 649-54.

Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx traditionally used to treat various diseases. There is limited evidence based could be found including the efficacy and safety. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of subchronic administration of Rosella calyx extract on the renal function of female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The rosella calyx was extracted by 70 % ethanol and evaporated with a rotary evaporator to get concentrated extract. The Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups including control group which was given CMC Na 0.5 % and treated groups were administered orally with the extract of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg bw for 35 days. The satellite group was conducted for observing the reversibility, the observation in this group was conducted 14 days after 35 days of treatment. The biochemical function including ureum and creatinine was analyzed from a blood sample using enzymatic UV-test, and creatinine level were observed by the Jaffe method. The histopathology profile of kidney was observed with Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and followed by microscopic observation. The results showed that ureum levels in treated groups (50, 100, 200, and satellite groups was significantly difference (p < 0.05) compare to the control group. The creatinine levels also were found to show significant differences (p < 0.05) between the control group with treated groups (50, 100, 200 and satellite group). But the increasing creatinine levels are still within normal range. However, the histopathological profile of animals did not reveal any morphological damage.

1 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

000465   PADMAJA V, ESHWARAIAH M C, NAYAK A S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Satavahana Univ, Karimnagar - 505 001, Email: padmajakandagatla@gmail.com) : Evaluation of muscle relaxant and locomotor activities of Malpighia emarginata and Holoptelea integrifolia. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 642-8.

The present study was designed to evaluate the muscle relaxant and locomotor activities of petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanolic (MA) extracts of Malpighia emarginata (ME) and Holoptelia integrifolia (HI). The different concentrations were used to evaluate the toxicity in rats and revealed that they are nontoxic up to 2000 mg/kg. From the toxicity study, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses were selected for the pharmacological activities. Muscle relaxant and locomotor activities were done by Rotarod and Actophotometer respectively. The leaves and fruit extracts of PEME, EAME, and MAME with 200 and 400 mg/kg were showed a significant reduction in the time spent by the animals on the revolving rod when compared to the control (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) at 2 h. The MAHI of leaves and bark extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) were more significant towards muscle relaxant effect (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) than PEHI and EAHI (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) when compared with control at 1 h. Treatment with both doses of leaves and fruit extracts PEME, EAME and MAME significantly (P<0.01, P< 0.001) reduced the number of movements was observed at 2 and 3^rd h when compared with control. The leaves and bark extracts of PEHI, EAHI and MAHI shown significant (P < 0.05) reduction in locomotor activity at 1 and 3 h with 400 mg/kg whereas treatment with 200, 400 mg/kg and diazepam significantly reduced (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) when compared with control at 2 h. From the above results, we concluded that both the plants have potent muscle relaxant and depressant activities.

4 tables, 26 ref

000453   MANUSHA S, SUDHAKAR K, REDDY K P (Zoology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad - 500 007, Email: pratapkreddyou@gmail.com) : Protective effects of Allium sativum extract against sodium fluoride induced neurotoxicity. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 625-33.

Fluoride becomes toxic at higher doses which leads to Fluorosis. In addition to dental and skeletal fluorosis, it also affects soft tissues including liver, heart, kidney, muscle, brain, etc. The aim of this study to examine the fluorideinduced oxidative stress and the protective role of Allium sativum ethanolic extract (ASEE) against underlying fluoride induced neurotoxic effects in the brain of rats. Three months old (250-280 wt.) Wistar rats were randomly categorized into 4 groups which were control (received normal tap water), sodium fluoride (NaF) (20 ppm fluoride through IP), NaF (20 ppm) + ASEE (120mg/kg body wt; through oral with plastic gavage), and ASEE. The doses are continued for 15 days, and on completion of treatments behavioral (Rotarod and Hot plate test), oxidative stress markers (LPO, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) and Histological (Golgi Cox staining) observations were made. NaF treated rats showed significantly (p < 0.01) decreased motor coordination, thermal pain response, SOD and Catalase activity. Whereas, LPO levels and GSHPx activity increased in NaF treated rats. Moreover, they also showed a decreased number of dendrites, synaptic connections and neural networks with compared to control. Oral administration of ASEE to fluoride-treated rats, the aforesaid parameters are significantly reversed concerning NaF treated rats. Thus the present study evidenced that ASEE has therapeutic importance to prevent NaF induced behavioral alterations, oxidative damage, and neuro-degeneration in the brain of the rat.

7 illus, 57 ref

000401   BHARATH E N, MANJULA S N, BHAVIMANI G, MRUTHUNJAYA K (Pharmacology Dep, JSS Coll of Pharmacy, Mysuru - 570 015, Email: snm.manjula@gmail.com) : In-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of root extract of Lawsonia inermis against inflammatory paradigm. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 619-24.

The study was carried out to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of alcoholic extract of roots of Lawsonia Inermis (LILAC). In-vitro antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by Cyclooxygenase inhibitory assay wherein the LIALC showed a dose-dependent inhibition of both the enzymes with IC₅₀ values of 58.2 μg/ml for COX-1 and 7.38 μg/ml for COX-2. In RBC membrane stabilization activity, LILAC at the concentration of 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml exhibited membrane stabilizing activity. Acute oral toxicity of extract was determined by OECD 423 guidelines wherein mortality was not observed when the extract was administered orally up to 2000 mg/kg. Carrageenaninduced paw edema model evaluated in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity; Paw edema was induced by injecting 0.1 ml of 1 % w/v carrageenan into the subplantar tissues of the left hind paw of each rat. LILAC at all the three doses, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg, showed maximum inhibition of 31.8, 40.9 and 50.8 % respectively at 180 min. In Cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, Sterile, weighed, cotton pellets (10 ± 1 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in the groin regions of the rats under light anesthesia, the dry weight of cotton pellet was significantly reduced by 36.4, 46.4 and 50.5 % at 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg of LILAC respectively. The research findings substantiate the promising antiinflammatory activity of alcoholic extract of roots of Lawsonia Inermis in all the tested in-vitro and in-vivo models.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

000450   MAHAJAN N, RAINA K, GUPTA A (Panjab Univ, Chandigarh - 160 014, Email: nidhi242@yahoo.co.in) : High fructose induced adipogenesis and inhibitory potential of trigonelline on murine mesenchymal stem cells: A morphological study. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 528-36.

Regular intake of carbohydrate diet containing high fructose or sucrose increases adipogenesis resulting in conditions like weight gain, high blood pressure, elevated blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, raised triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, with metabolic syndrome as a leading consequence. Since intricacies of adipogenesis are of major relevance to human health; present study aimed to evaluate the morphological effects of trigonelline on mesenchymal stem cells, C₃H₁₀T_1/2 treated with high fructose (equal to that in high fructose corn syrup) in comparison to the adipogenic cocktail. In this regard, cells were given trigonelline alone as well as in combination with an adipogenic cocktail or high fructose to evaluate its potential to affect adipogenesis morphologically. The cells of positive control (containing only adipogenic differentiation media) depicted morphological changes towards spherical structure, a feature definite of adipocytes. Similar observations were seen in cells treated with high fructose (1 mM and 30 mM) but not in cells treated with trigonelline alone (75 μM and 100 μM). However, the cells treated with high fructose along with trigonelline or adipogenic cocktail with trigonelline depicted less change in morphology, as it was more like fibroblast than globular. The morphological changes were observed in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological assessment of scratch assay revealed trigonelline did not alter cellular proliferation alone or in combination with high fructose. Moreover, oil red O staining of trigonelline treated cells showed less adipocytic like cells suggesting its ability to interfere with adipocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

6 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

000426   HARISH S, SHANTARAM M (Studies and Research in Biochemistry Dep, Mangalore Univ, Kodagu - 571 232, Email: manjula59@gmail.com) : A comparative and correlative study between blood and salivary glucose with blood HbA1c in type 2 diabetes. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 401-6.

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease characterized by increased blood glucose. As regular monitoring of glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic individual’s blood causes psychological stress, development of a non-invasive technique to quantify glucose and HbA1c are essential. This study was carried out to compare and correlate the blood and salivary glucose and blood HbA1c levels in diabetic individuals. Results showed that mean blood and saliva glucose levels were higher in the uncontrolled diabetic group than controlled diabetic and control groups. Blood HbA1c level was also elevated in uncontrolled type-2 diabetes (T2D) group, followed by controlled diabetic and control groups. A significant difference was noticed between the blood and saliva glucose levels of control and uncontrolled T2D groups. Further, the difference in serum HbA1C levels between control, controlled T2D, and uncontrolled T2D groups was also significant. Taken together, these results explicated the use of saliva as a non-invasive, painless technique in the management of T2D patients.

7 tables, 30 ref

000482   SHARMA S, VERMA A, CHAUHAN R, KEDAR M, KULSHRESTHA R (Pharmacy Dep, Banasthali Univ, Banasthali - 304 022, Email: suman.bagra24@gmail.com) : Study of cyclooxygenase-3 on the bases of its facts and controversies. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 387-92.

Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases, usually known as cyclooxygenases (cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2), catalyze a key step in the formation of biologically effective prostaglandins. In recent times, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant protein, called cyclooxygenase-3 used to be found and characterized. COX-3 is studied recent along with significant margin for the formation of antiinflammatory, analgesic and anticancer agents. In a pharmaceutical area, various drugs targeted on this enzyme are Acetaminophen, Dipyrone, Antipyrine, Dimethylaminopyrene, Diclofenac, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Thalidomide and Caffeine. It is a new era for COX family that contains numerous significant applications that's the reason it is the center of attraction for researchers. Currently, the role of COX-3 in human is unclear, but scientists continue to do work in this area. The objectives of this review article are to gather all newest data literature related to developments in the structural and biochemical features of the cyclooxygenase-3 isoenzyme along with discussing its application for the various pharmacological effects of drugs.

1 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

000488   SIRISHA S N V L, PRABHU K, RAO A S (JNTU Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad - 500 085, Email: snvlscops@gmail.com) : Hepatoprotective activity of berry extracts of Diospyros kaki Linn. against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage model. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 381-6.

Currently, nutrition and health linkages focused on the emerging strategy of diet based regimen to combat various physiological threats including cardiovascular disorders, oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus, etc. Berry / Fruit part of Diospyros kaki Linn. was extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol consecutively and the obtained extracts were screened for hepatoprotective activity using CCl₄ induced liver damage model. The activity was assessed by comparing the serum enzyme levels such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase of fruit extracts treated group with carbon tetrachloride treated animals and results showed dose-dependent activity, ethanolic extract treated group showed highly significant activity, whereas chloroform extract treated group has shown the significant action but less compare to ethanolic extract, petroleum ether treated group showed moderate action and petroleum ether extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w showed least significant action. The results were further supported by histopathological studies.

1 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

000403   BHATIA S, SARDANA S, NAVED T, SHARMA A (Amity Univ, Manesar - 122 413, Haryana, Email: sbsaurabhbhatia@gmail.com) : Effects of Porphyra vietnamensis extract on TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 337-46.

This study aimed to investigate the intestinal antiinflammatory activity of a methanolic extract of Porphyra vietnamensis in the TNBS model of intestinal inflammation in rats. The study included (i) Identification and quantification of Porphyra-334 in P. vietnamensis, (ii) investigation of the effect of methanolic extract on DNA cleavage induced by H₂O₂ UV-photolysis, (iii) 500 µg/ml Porphyra methanolic extract (PE) loaded 20 % pluronic F127 gel was prepared, and its gelation, gel melting temperatures as well as bio-adhesive strength were determined, (v) anti-inflammatory potential of PE against the intestinal inflammatory process induced by TNBS (trinitro-benzesulphonic acid) in rats was evaluated. The protective effects were evaluated as follows: evaluation of intestinal damage (damage score, colon weight) and adherence to adjacent organs, colon malondialdehyde (MDA) estimation. 0.0317% w/w of P-334 with Rf value of 0.48 was calculated from the methanolic extract of Porphyra. PE showed a dose-dependent (300-500 µg/L) protective effect on DNA cleavage. In contrast with Mesalamine (a standard anti-inflammatory drug), treatment with purified P-334 and gel (500 µg/L) formulation containing PE showed significant protective effects in the TNBS-induced colon damage. PE treatment positively scored on histopathological parameters. The post-treatment intestinal features showed restoration at par with the healthy intestine. 1000 mg of PE per kg rat weight showed significant mucorestorative in TNBS-induced colonic damage rats. The observed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may be associated with the presence of P-334 in P. vietnamensis.

4 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

000400   BHAGAT V C, KONDAWAR M S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Rajgad Dnyanpeeth’s Coll of Pharmacy, Pune - 412 206, Email: vishwasbhagat@rediffmail.com) : Antitubercular potential of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.) and Tridax procumbens (L.) plants extracts against H37Rv stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 251-9.

The increasing incidence of MDR and XDR tuberculosis worldwide highlight the urgent need to search for newer anti-tuberculosis molecules. This research article presents a phytochemical study and antitubercular potential of methanol: water (MW), ethanol: water (EW) and dichloromethane: methanol (DM) of extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.) and Tridax procumbens (L.) tested against of H37Rv Mycobacterium tuberculosis using microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) method. Preliminary phytochemicals studies and HPTLC fingerprint analysis revealed the presence of phytochemical like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, a phenolic group, glycosides, terpenoids with different R_f values. Fractions of active extracts analyzed by GC-MS shows a finding of probable phytoconstituents. Findings are useful to establishing standards for identification, purity, quality of the plant. The ethanol: water and methanol: water extracts of Tridax procumbens and D. falcata exhibited significant anti-tuberculosis activity with the MIC values of 0.8 μg/ml, 6.25 μg/ml compared to standard drug Pyrazinamide, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin with the MIC values of 3.125 μg/ml 6.25 μg/ml using MABA respectively against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv strain) ATCC no.-27294. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, the phenolic group may contribute to the observed anti-tubercular activity. The study demonstrated that extract from T. procumbens and D. falcata could be evaluated further that might provide compounds for developing a new drug to control M. tuberculosis.

12 illus, 3 tables, 48 ref

000423   HAMZELOO-MOGHADAM M, SHAHRESTANI R, KERAMATIAN B, MOHEBBY S (Traditional Pharmacy Dep, Shahid Beheshti Univ of Medical Sciences, 1516745811, Tehran, Iran, Email: mhmoghadam@sbmu.ac.ir) : Cytotoxic activity of Crocus pallasii subsp. haussknechtii in human cancer cell lines. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 117-20.

Crocus pallasii subsp. haussknechtii grows in the west of Iran where local people consume the corm. It belongs to a saffron family (Iridaceae), which has shown several biological activities including cytotoxic and anti-angiogenesis properties. The corm (the nut and the surrounding fibers) and aerial parts of the species have shown anti-angiogenesis properties in HUV-EC-C cells previously; in the present study, the cytotoxic activity of different parts of the plant was evaluated. As people consumed the nuts, the aerial parts, nuts, and fibers were dried and ground and extracted separately. The methanol extract and petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol fractions were prepared by maceration and evaluated in A-549, HepG-2, MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines through MTT assay. The aerial parts showed no toxicity to any of the cancer cell lines up to the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The methanol extract and fraction of the fibers showed cytotoxicity to all cell lines while the methanol extract and fraction of the nuts and the chloroform fraction showed cytotoxicity to HepG-2 and A-549 cells, respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

000413   DO T T T, NGUYEN H T T, DUONG Q H T, LE S H, NGUYEN P T V (Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Univ, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Email: nguyenthuyvietphuong@gmail.com) : Virtual screening of saponin derivatives targeting enzymes endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome P450 2E1. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 70-82.

Saponin derivatives from Vietnamese ginseng are proven for their efficacies in modulating oxidative stress, but there had been no reports about the interaction between them and two enzymes, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). eNOS and CYP2E1 are proposed to be attractive targets for the development of inhibitors against oxidative stress, a contributing factor in aging, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the binding abilities of the saponin derivatives on both enzymes eNOS and CYP2E1 using structure-based approaches. An in-house library of 50 saponin derivatives from Vietnamese ginseng was computationally analyzed for their binding affinities and interactions with eNOS and CYP2E1 using Autodock Vina 1.5.6. The results showed that ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside R3, vina-ginsenoside R20, ginsenoside Re, notoginsenoside R1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh1 established the favorable interactions and exhibited high binding affinities with eNOS and CYP2E1. These compounds are potential candidates for in-vitro and in-vivo assays to assess their promising application in inhibition of these enzymes. This study also contributed to the understanding of saponin derivatives interactions with eNOS and CYP2E1 in antioxidative stress process.

6 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

000393   AGRAWAL M, HUNDEKARI J (Physiology Dep, Government Medical Coll, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, Email: Vjhundekari_31@yahoo.in) : The role of septal nuclei in modulation of sexual behavior in young male rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(2), 121-5.

The septal region has attracted the attention of many due to its apparent involvement in variety of motivational, emotional, and associate process. This study was done to assess the effect of the septal lesion on sexual behavior in male albino rats. In this experimental study, 16 sexually experienced male albino rats were selected randomly out of which 8 rats were septal lesioned (participants) and remaining 8 rats were shamoperated (control). To assess the effect of septal lesion, we compared the latencies and frequencies of male sexual behavior components (pursuit, mount, intromission, and ejaculation) in sham and septal lesion rats. The occurrence of each pursuit, mount, intromission, and ejaculation was scored according to classical criteria. Compared to sham-lesioned, the sexual behavior is significantly reduced in septal lesioned rats as indicated by an increase in latencies of different components and shows a significant decrease in intromission and ejaculation frequency, decrease in sex drive but no change in pursuit and mount frequency. The result indicates that the sexual behavior is modulated in bilateral septal lesioned male rats which proves the role of septal nuclei in controlling the reproductive functions in male rats.

1 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

000468   PATEL A P, VERMA S, JADHAV P R, DESHMUKH Y A (Pharmacology Dep, MGM Medical Coll and Hospital, Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: drshashwatverma@gmail.com) : Anticonvulsant activity of gabapentin in mice - An experimental study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(2), 117-20.

Gabapentin (GBP) is used as an adjuvant drug in the treatment of partial seizures. However, there exist limited data demonstrating its antiepileptic activity in generalized seizures. This study aims to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of GBP using experimental models in mice. The study was conducted after the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approval. Anticonvulsant activity of GBP in mice was evaluated against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions. MES is a standard model used to evaluate drugs which are effective in grand mal epilepsy, whereas PTZ is used to evaluate drugs effective in petit mal epilepsy. A total of 12 mice were assessed in each model, six mice in each group for control and test. The control group was administered 0.2 ml normal saline single dose per day i.p and test group was administered GBP (0.468 mg/g body wt. of mice) single dose per day i.p for 5 consecutive days. On the 5^th day, the anticonvulsant activities were evaluated using both models. In MES model, we observed 83.34 % protection against tonic hind limb extension (THE) in GBP group while there was 0 % in control group. However, in PTZ model, GBP was ineffective in preventing seizures but was effective in reducing the severity of seizures and mortality (16.67 %) compared to control (100 %). The results obtained showed that GBP significantly inhibited generalized seizures (protection against THE) induced through MES. However, GBP has partial protective effect on PTZ-induced seizures.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

000463   MUNISHAMAPPA V, SEETHALAKSHMI, VIJAYAKUMAR A E, RAJATHILAGAM T (Pharmacology Dep, ESIC Medical Coll, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: drmvinay@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of donepezil - In vitro study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(2), 108-10.

Donepezil is a cerebroselective anticholinesterase which is majorly used for memory enhancement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The main action is through increasing central cholinergic neurotransmission but also indicated that it protects neurons from neuroinflammation mediated by free radicals which has been implicated in the pathology of the AD. Hence, in this study, we have evaluated the antioxidant potential of drug using 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazine (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) synthase assay. It was found that donepezil has significant antioxidant activity which can be useful as antioxidant also along with increasing central cholinergic neurotransmission. The objective of the study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant property of donepezil. In this study, we have demonstrated in vitro antioxidant activity of donepezil. DPPH and NO synthase assay tests were done for different concentrations of donepezil. In our study, it showed that the free radical scavenging activity of donepezil was less in lower concentration and increased in the higher concentration in DPPH assay. The free radical scavenging activity of drug donepezil was 33.5 % at 10 µg/ml and 42.3 % for the concentrations of 1000 µg/ml in DPPH assay. NO scavenging activity was 1 % at 10 µg/ml and 14.9 % at 1000 µg/ml. Thus, the in vitro antioxidant analysis of donepezil was proved to be a potent antioxidant.

2 tables, 19 ref

000391   ABDULWAHID-KURDI S J, GOH Y M, EBRAHIMI M, HASHIM Z B (Preclinical Sciences Dep, Putra Malaysia Univ, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, Email: ymgoh@upm.edu.my) : Effects of methanolic leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans on body weight and fatty acid composition in male obese mice. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(1), 33-42.

In general, obesity refers to abnormal accumulation of fat associated with negative effects on health. It is a severe public health challenge in the 21^st century in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the world. Obesity results in reduced life expectancy and causes enormous economic and social problems. Therefore, the prevention and management of obesity is a key focus of population health. This study aims to estimate the potential antiobesity effect of a methanolic leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans (MECN) on high-fat diet-induced male mice by evaluating the body weight, visceral fat, and muscle saturated fatty acid (SFA) compositions (15.57 %) (F = 16.24, P = 0.0001). A total of 60 4-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly assigned into two groups. Group 1 consists of 10 mice that were fed with normal diet (NC), while Group 2 consists of 50 mice that were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) of 60 % dietary energy from fat for 16 weeks. When these mice turned 20 weeks old, those in Group 2 were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 mice each, while animals from Group 1 continued to be fed with the Normal chow diet (NC). The five HFD groups derived from Group 2 were divided into mice treated with HFD only (HFDC), mice fed with an HFD and orlistat at 15.9 mg/kg (HFD + Orlistat). Mice in three other HFD groups were treated with MECN at 500 mg/kg (HFD + CN500), 1000 mg/kg (HFD + CN1000), and 1500 mg/kg (HFD + CN1500). All animals were then subjected to 21 days of the treatment. The results showed that the MECN significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the body weight (33.38 ± 1.12 g) (F = 2.46, P = 0.04), visceral fat (1.62 ± 0.27) (F = 6.39, P = 0.0002), and muscle saturated fatty acid compositions (15.57 %) (F = 16.24, P = 0.0001), especially in mice fed with 1500 mg/kg of MECN compared to the HFDC group. Therefore, MECN is a potentially useful natural supplement for alleviating obesity and obesity-mediated metabolic diseases.

2 illus, 3 tables, 49 ref

000501   YANG Y, FU Z, MENG C, ZHAO P, LUO B (Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Dep, Jinan Univ, Shenzhen- 518 020, Guangdong, China, Email: luobin720515@126.com) : Effects of raloxifene on the aortic valve function of mice fed with high-sugar and high-fat diets. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 156-61.

The current study aimed to explore the effects of raloxifene on the aortic valve function of mice fed with high-sugar and high-fat diets. C57 mice were randomly divided into five groups, 10 mice per group, normal diet group or control group, high-sugar, high-fat group, raloxifene 4.5 mg/kg+high-sugar, high-fat group, raloxifene 9 mg/kg+high-sugar, high-fat group, and raloxifene 18 mg/kg+high-sugar, high-fat group. Raloxifene was intragastrically administered every day for a total of three months. Steatosis and calcification of aortic valve was detected through hematoxylin and eosin staining and alizarin red staining and relative expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-8 using immunohistochemical staining and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Compared with the high-sugar, high-fat group, both the hematoxylin and eosin staining and alizarin red staining showed that aortic valve steatosis and calcification in mice significantly improved after treatment with raloxifene, especially in the group administered with 18 mg/kg. In addition, quantitative immunohistochemical staining and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that raloxifene treatment sharply decreased mRNA expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-8 compared to the high-sugar, high-fat group. Raloxifene at certain concentrations induced inhibitory effects on calcification and apoptosis in the aortic valves of mice after high-sugar, high-fat diet, thereby laying a foundation for therapeutic benefits raloxifene.

5 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000494   TALLURI M R, GUMMADI V P, BATTU G R, KILLARI K N (Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Email: gummadi.veda88@gmail.com) : Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Zanthoxylum armatum on paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 138-45.

The present study was carried out to identify phytochemical compounds and to study the hepatoprotective activity of Zanthoxylum armatum rhizome. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures to quantify total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity was determined using paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Zanthoxylum armatum extracts showed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, oils, tannins and carbohydrates. The methanol extract has more phenolic and alkaloid contents than other extracts. The methanol extract at 500 mg/kg showed greater hepatoprotective activity with 66.87, 64.84, 67.95, 60.76 and 65.85 % protection on aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and total protein enzyme levels of the liver, respectively. The results of the present study and previous reports indicated that a variety of phytochemical constituents in Zanthoxylum armatum and its' extracts contributed to the observed antioxidant, antibacterial and hepatoprotective activities.

3 illus, 5 tables, 51 ref

000439   KHAN F U, WAQAS N, IHSAN A U, KHONGORZUL P, WAZIR J, GANG W, MENGQI Y, XIAOQIAN L, HAN L, XIAOHUI Z (Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy Dep, China Pharmaceutical Univ, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People’s Republic of China, Email: zhxh@cpu.edu.cn) : Analysis of the qualities matching new classification of clinical pharmacist. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 2-10.

Clinical pharmacy, a lifesaving profession that was traditionally related to compounding and dispensing of medicine has now shifted to more patient-centered activities such as pharmaceutical care. A clinical pharmacist could better provide this service as he/she is directly related to patient care. In this review, clinical pharmacists were classified into three stages, learning, applied and creative pharmacist so that he/ she can provide better services to the patient. Furthermore, the qualities, which are essential for the clinical pharmacist to be a competent person including strong medical science background, good communication skills, up-to-date knowledge, creativity and innovation, advanced clinical skills, leadership, behavior and social expectations, and intellectual ability were also discussed. The aim of this review is to make the clinical pharmacists aware of their role and responsibilities at each stage, to fulfill these roles effectively rectifying the flaws at each stage by identifying solutions. Moreover, acquiring these qualities specified in this review, it would help clinical pharmacist to transform into a competent health care provider leading to provision of better health care services.

2 illus, 67 ref

000414   DUMAN R, ERTEKIN T, DUMAN R, ASLAN E, SABANER M C, CETINKAYA E (Ophthalmology Dep, Afyon Kocatepe Univ, Afyonkarahisar,Turkey, Email: resatduman@gmail.com) : The novel model: Experimental optical coherence tomography–guided anterior segment imaging chick embryo model. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019, 67(1), 54-8.

The aim of this study was to present an experimental optical coherence tomography (OCT)– guided anterior segment (AS) imaging chick embryo model. Through this model, we aimed to reveal similarities and differences between human cornea, AS tissues, and chick embryo tissues by quantitative image analysis. Ex vivo, the chick embryos’ globes were determined by detailed AS camera of spectral‑domain (SD)‑OCT in 10 fertilized specific pathogen‑free eggs on the 20^th day. Quantitative image analysis of anterior chamber tissues was performed with SD‑OCT in detail. After imaging, cross sections of the chick embryo globes containing cornea with anterior chamber were histologically examined and compared with human tissues. The similarities of our model with data in the human cornea and AS studies in the literature were compared. SD‑OCT imaging was able to successfully delineate the AS tissues of chick embryos such as the cornea, iris, lens, pupil, conjunctiva, ciliary body, anterior chamber, and lens. Quantitative semi‑automated measurements showed the following: mean central corneal thickness: 213.4 ± 7.05 µm (197–223 µm), mean anterior chamber depth: 878.9 ± 41.74 (804–919 µm), mean anterior chamber area: 2.43 ± 0.16 mm² ( 2.17–2.73 mm² ), mean corneoscleral junction (limbal) thickness: 322.8 ± 20.05 µm (289–360 µm), and mean iris thickness: 230.4 ± 13.27 µm (203–245 µm). In addition, detailed histological comparisons of the AS tissues with human tissues were evaluated to be very similar. In conclusion, this chick embryo model mimics human tissues and it can be considered as a platform for the study of teratogen‑induced malformations and AS dysgenesis during gestation of AS tissues. In addition, this study demonstrates the feasibility of SD‑OCT in the quantitative assessment of AS structures in chick embryo model.

5 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

000411   DAS S, SAMANTARAY R, MALLICK A, SAHU S K, SHARMA S (L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar - 751 024, Email: sujatadas@lvpei.org) : Types of organisms and in‑vitro susceptibility of bacterial isolates from patients with microbial keratitis: A trend analysis of 8 years. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019, 67(1), 49-53.

To report the distribution and trends of types of organisms and antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates obtained from patients with microbial keratitis. Microbiology records of culture‑positive microbial keratitis that underwent a diagnostic corneal scraping and cultures were reviewed. Fungal, bacterial, and parasitic culture results and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria were analyzed and comparisons were made between two halves of the study period (2007–2010 vs. 2011– 2014). A total of 3981 corneal scrapings were processed during the 8‑year study period. Pathogen was recovered in culture in 1914 (48.1 %) samples. Fungi, bacteria, and parasites constituted 38.7 %, 60 %, and 1.3 % of the total isolates, respectively. The common fungal isolates were Aspergillus spp. (224/868, 25.8 %) and Fusarium spp. (200/868, 23.0 %), while common Gram‑positive bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (217/1125, 19.3 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (185/1125, 16.4 %), and common Gram‑negative bacteria was Pseudomonas spp. (99/219, 45.2 %). There was no significant difference in proportion of bacterial (P = 0.225) and fungal (P = 0.421) keratitis between the first half and second half of the study period. There was a significant increase in proportion of Gram‑positive isolates (P = 0.015) [353/758 (46.6 %) vs. 772/1482 (52.1 %)] and decrease in proportion of Gram‑negative organisms (P = 0.044) [88/758 (11.6 %) vs. 131/1482 (8.8 %)] in the recent years. In‑vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing showed decrease in susceptibility to moxifloxacin for Pseudomonas spp. (P = 0.016) in recent years. Prevalence of fungal and bacterial keratitis has remained unchanged over the years. This study shows a significant increase in Gram‑positive bacterial infection and decrease in Gram‑negative bacterial infection of the cornea in the recent years.

1 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

000493   SURESH A, RANI A S S, BABU S, ANBUKUMARAN A, AMBIKAPATHY V, PANNEERSELVAM A (Botany and Microbiology Dep, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam Coll, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of xenobiotic antibiotics against UTI microbes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 144-5.

The urinary tract infections one of the important microbial infection which affecting the different age group of people. The analysis of antibacterial activity of commercial antibiotics against urinary tract infections of bacteria were determined. In the five UTI samples were collected from Thanjavur medical college and hospital, Thanjavur and isolated bacteria identified by using biochemical test and morphological observation were performed. The bacterial species isolated from urine samples were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteussp, Pseudomonassp and Staphylococcus aureus was 5, 6, 8, 2 and 6 colonies recorded from the patients respectively. The antibiotic sensitivity of zenobiotic antibiotics like A-Ampicillin, S- Streptomycin, P- Penicillin, C- Chloramphenicol, E-Erythromycin, CIPCiprofloxacin, G- Gentamycin, and PB- Polymyxin-B against UTI bacteria were performed respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition of bacteria Pseudomonas sp, followed by E.coli, Proteussp, K.pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was observed and minimum zone of inhibition of bacteria K.pneumoniae recorded respectively. The important of zenobiotic antibiotics showed maximum antibacterial properties from urinary tract infections patients and detect the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacteria.

2 tables, 7 ref

000498   VIJAYALAKSHMI N R, SWAMY M (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Raichur Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka) : Morphological and biochemical characterization of Azospirillum isolates from rhizoplane of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.]. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 114-8.

Azospirillum represents the best characterized genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Forty different strains of Azospirillum spp. were isolated from the different rhizoplane samples of foxtail millet grown in forty different locations in Raichur and Koppal districts of Northern Karnataka and were studied for their morphological and biochemical characters. Out of 40 isolates, 17 isolates were positive for biotin requirement, glucose utilization and acid production tests. 21 isolates were negative for denitrification test and all forty isolates were positive for nitrate reduction test. Out of forty isolates, twenty three isolates were identified as A. brasilense and remaining seventeen as A. lipoferum.

2 tables, 18 ref

000473   RADHA G V, SADHANA B, SASTRI K T, GANAPATY S (GITAM Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) : Bioactive umbelliferone and its derivatives: An update. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 59-66.

Umbelliferone (UMB) is 7-hydroxycoumarin which is a natural constituent of the coumarins family which synthesized and is regarded as the basis of a synthetic procedure (synthon) for a wider variety of coumarin-heterocycles and is also synthesized in E. coli. UMB has broadly circulated inside the Rutaceae and Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) families and is extracted utilizing methanol. It is widely used as antibacterial and anti-fungal, for the treatment of diabetes, cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, has antioxidant property, in the treatment of cerebral ischemia, Parkinson ’s disease, in the treatment of bronchial asthma. UMB is incorporated into biodegradable polymers to form SLNS and phytosomes and deliver the drug easily into the body. UMB having the capacity to be a defender against the adverse effects of anti-inflammatory agents.

1 illus, 1 table, 90 ref

000496   THOMAS N, KRISHNAPILLAI R, BINDHU P R, THOMAS P (Oral Pathology and Microbiology Dep, Annoor Dental Coll and Hospital, Muvattupuzha - 686 673, Email: nirupathomas@gmail.com) : Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Indian J Dent Res 2019, 30(1), 102-6.

Oral cancer is a major health problem in South East Asia. The immunohistochemical (IHC) overexpression of COX-2 in squamous cell carcinoma is well documented. This IHC study was undertaken to understand the COX-2 expression in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to compare the COX-2 expression in OSCC and normal mucosa. A total of 30 cases of OSCC and 10 cases of normal mucosa and positive control colon cancer were studied for IHC expression of COX-2. Of the 30 cases studied 10 cases each of well, moderately and poorly differentiated carcinoma were studied. COX-2 staining was evaluated on the basis of presence or absence of the positive tumor cells and percentage of positive tumor cells. The various statistical tests used in this study were t-test and Chi-square test which was carried out using SPSS for Windows 22.0.0 and Minitab version 17.1.0 software package. There was significant increase in COX-2 staining intensity from well to poorly differentiated OSCC. Significant difference was observed in staining intensity between moderately and poorly differentiated SCC. The percentage of positive tumor cells were high in poorly differentiated SCC compared to well and moderately differentiated OSCC. No significant expression of COX-2 was noted in normal mucosa. Our results revealed that the COX-2 enzymes were expressed, suggesting that they play complementary roles during oral carcinogenesis. In near future researches on administration of chemoradiation therapy combined with COX-2 should be evaluated to improve therapy response.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

000470   PRABHAKAR A R, MANDROLI P S, BHAT K (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, Email: pedopravin@rediffmail.com) : Pulpotomy with curcumin: Histological comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate in rats. Indian J Dent Res 2019, 30(1), 31-6.

It is important to develop new therapeutic materials that have requisite clinical actions, are safe and economical. This study aims to histologically evaluate curcumin, an extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa) as a pulpotomy agent in rat molars and to compare it to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Animal study. Twelve Wistar‑Albino rats were randomly divided into two groups of 6 each. Pulpotomies were performed on caries free maxillary first and second molars on both sides of the arch, with MTA and curcumin (24 teeth each), respectively. Access cavities were sealed with resin‑modified glass ionomer cement. Postoperative histological evaluation of pulpotomized teeth in both groups was done at 7, 14, and 30 days under a light microscope (×10). Data were evaluated with Freidman’s test and Mann–Whitney test at 0.05 level. (a) There was a gradual reduction in inflammatory cell response in both groups across time periods tested (MTA P = 0.074, curcumin P = 0.039). (b) The overall architecture of pulp was maintained better in the curcumin group across all time periods tested (P = 0.368). (c) Dentinal bridge formation was consistently seen across time periods tested in MTA group (P = 0.9094) and was feeble in curcumin group (P = 0.9094) across time periods tested. Curcumin has been shown to have wound healing properties. It has the potential to be developed into a predictable and cost‑effective vital pulp therapy medicament.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

000474   RAJEH N A, AL-SHEHRI A M (Anatomy Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah- 21598, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: drnisreen73@gmail.com) : Antioxidant effect of Ferula hermonis Boiss on acrylamide induced testicular toxicity in male rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 138-44.

Acrylamide (ACR) is potentially carcinogenic to humans. It is also a food toxicant, geno-neuro and reproductive toxicant to wide variety of laboratory animals. ACR stimulates release of free radicals, which cause oxidative stress inducing many toxic effects in body, particularly testis. Antioxidants are known to decrease the toxic effect of ACR and Ferula hermonis Boiss root extract is a known natural antioxidant. This study investigates the antioxidant effect of Ferula sp. root extract on acrylamide induced testicular toxicity in male rats. Sixteen adult male virgin Wister rats were used and divided into four groups (control, ACR, ACR+Ferula sp., Ferula sp.). Histopathological studies for the right testis and caudal sperm count were carried out. Significant reduction in sperm count and testosterone serum level was found in ACR treated group. However, histopathological study did not show significant difference between ACR and ACR+Ferula sp. groups. ACR produced histopathological changes in testes and liver of rats. Ferula sp. root extract can be used as a weak antioxidant against ACR induced testicular toxicity. We recommend restriction of ACR in food and use of Ferula sp. plants with caution especially in patients with impotence.

3 illus, 37 ref

000466   PARADKAR P H, VAIDYA A D B, TALWALKAR S C, MISHRA L S, AGASHE S V, VAIDYA R A (Kasturba Health Society & Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: prajakta.hsp@gmail.com) : Bovine whey protein and other biological fluids as alternative to fetal bovine serum in supplementing cell culture media. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 123-30.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is still the mainstay as supplement to cell culture media for cell-culture practices. The collection method of FBS is a violent, ethically objectionable and repugnant. Moreover, FBS is cost-prohibitive for biomedical research. Here, we explored easily procurable and less expensive bovine whey protein (BWP) and other putative biological fluids for their growth promoting activity. BWP with minimal amount of FBS effectively supported cell growth in short term (72 h) and long term (21 days) cultures in Chinese hamster ovary and Jurkat E6.1 cells. The combination also protected the cells during cryopreservation and facilitated revival of the cell culture. However, BWP without FBS didn’t support the growth for longer and the cells changed their morphology. Further, BWP was enriched with human platelet lysate and it maintained the cell growth and morphology at a very low concentration.

6 illus, 34 ref

000443   KUMAR S D, ANANTH S, SANTHANAM P, AHAMED A P, THAJUDDIN N (Marine Science Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, Email: sanplankton@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of photoperiod (PP) and photosynthetic photon flux intensity (PPFI) on nutrients consumption, growth and lipid profile of unusual microalga Picochlorum maculatum (PSDK01) in shrimp culture effluent. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 105-15.

Microalgae have been known for broad spectrum of ecological and industrial applications. However, continuous mass culturing of microalgae is still a challenging task. In this context, studies on optimization of culturing conditions like photoperiod and light intensity on nutrients consumption are not uncommon. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the effect of different photoperiod (PP) and photosynthetic photon flux intensity (PPFI) on the nutrient consumption and algal growth of Picochlorum maculatum in shrimp culture effluent. The experiment lasted for 15 days at five different PP cycles (24:0, 18:06, 14:10, 10:14 and 6:18 h light:dark) and four PPFI (50, 100, 150 and 200 µmol m^-2 s^-1) at 28 ºC temperature. Every five days the samples were analyzed and results showed that the PP of 18 h light and 6 h dark and 150 µmol m^-2 s^-1 of PPFI favouring the growth of P. maculatum with a maximum nutrients consumption (PO₄³⁺ 91 %, NO₃- 68 %, NO₂- 64 %, NH₃⁺ 77 %), maximum growth (0.876 ± 0.001 abs) and biomass production (9.93 ± 0.19 g L⁻¹) with highest yield of 9.2 % total lipid. Among the photoperiod and photosynthetic photon flux intensity tested, 18:6 h light:dark and 150 µmol m^-2 s^-1 showed the highest nutrients removal and algal growth. This study strongly suggests that P. maculatum PSDK01 was a potential candidate for further commercial development in larger scale.

6 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

000402   Bhat B, Bajaj B K (Jammu Univ, Jammu Tawi-180 006, Email: bajajbijenderk@gmail.com) : Hypocholesterolemic potential of probiotics: Concept and mechanistic insights. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 73-85.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become one of the leading causes of global mortality. The raised serum cholesterol levels and its progressive accumulation in arterial walls results in development of atherosclerosis that leads to most of the heart attacks and strokes. Use of probiotics has been implicated for several health benefits including their cholesterol lowering potential and hence management of CVDs. The current review aims to describe the association of gut microbiota, probiotics and their potential mechanisms responsible for hypocholesterolemic effects. Probiotics execute hypo-cholesterolemic effects through several mechanisms such as bile salt hydrolase activity (BSH), deconjugation of bile salts, cholesterol assimilation, coprecipitation of cholesterol with deconjugated bile salts, removal of cholesterol with cellular surfaces through physical forces, incorporation of cholesterol in the cell membrane of the probiotics, intestinal conversion of cholesterol in coprostanol, and inhibition of Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) cholesterol transporter in the enterocytes. However, the health benefits including the hypocholesterolemic effects appear to be a strain specific phenomenon. Further studies are necessary for better understanding of the in-depth molecular mechanisms governing the hypocholesterolemic effects and to establish the probiotics as a potential non-pharmaceutical approach for management of CVDs.

4 illus, 1 table, 86 ref

000435   JETHANI H, PATEL P, MUDLIAR S N, SARADA R, CHAUHAN V S (Plant Cell Biotechnology Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru - 570 020, Email: vikas@cftri.res.in) : Growth and biochemical response of an indigenous oleaginous microalga Scendeesmus obtusus cultivated in outdoor open ponds. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(1), 40-9.

Understanding the response of microalgae to outdoor culture conditions is necessary for the development of large open pond cultivation system for various value added applications. In this context, we evaluated the response of an indigenous oleaginous green microalga Scenedesmus obtusus CFR 1-09/FW to outdoor culture conditions. The microalga was cultivated in open ponds at various culture depths under nutrient replete condition. The pond with 3 cm culture depth showed highest biomass productivity (49.05 ± 11.74 mg L^-1 day^-1). The high surface solar irradiance (1831 µmol m^-2 s^-1) led to a decrease in chlorophyll content (from 12.21 to 4 µg mg^-1). The long duration exposure to lower temperatures (≤ 20 $°$C) during night led to an increase in poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content (47.21 ± 2.83 % w/w mass fraction of FAME). The omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA) content rose significantly reaching 31.01 ± 3.79 % (w/w) mass fraction of FAME. The high content of carbohydrate (23.4 ± 0.64 % w/w), protein (37.62 ± 2.15 % w/w), lipid (21.55 ± 1.43 % w/w), palmitic acid (30.97 ± 4.02 % w/w mass fraction of FAME) and ALA in outdoor cultures makes this microalga a potential candidate for outdoor cultivation for food and feed applications. The study provides valuable insights for developing outdoor open pond cultivation protocol.

7 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

000419   GHOLAMNEZHAD Z, BOSKABADY M H, HOSSEINI M, AGHAEI A (Mashhad Univ of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Email: boskabadymh@mums.ac.ir) : Effect of different loads of exercise and Nigella sativa L. seed extract on serologic and hematologic parameters in rat. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(1), 21-9.

There are many recommendations for prophylactic usage of Nigella sativa L. for healing fatigue and body strengthening. However, a scientific and standard method for diagnosis and management of overtraining in athletes has not been introduced. Here, we studied the effect of different loads of exercise and N. sativa treatment on serologic and hematologic parameters in rat was examined. Male Wistar rats were divided into control sedentary (C), moderate trained (MT), overtrained (OT), control sedentary + N. sativa (NC), moderate trained + N. sativa (NM) and overtrained + N. sativa (NO) treatment. Animals’ performances were evaluated before and during the study. Immediately, 24 h and two weeks after the last bout of exercise serum concentration of corticosterone and lactate as well as total and differential WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, corpuscular indices and platelets were also measured. Increasing training load caused a significant performance decline in OT and OR groups (P < 0.01-P < 0.001). Compared to control group, serum corticosterone and lactate concentrations were significantly increased after moderate exercise and overtraining (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), total WBC count (P 0.001), lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and monocytes (P < 0.01) were decreased in overtraining animal. N. sativa treatment caused a significant decrease in lactate concentration in overtraining (P < 0.01) and serum corticosterone in all exercised (P < 0.05) compared to untreated groups. Overtraining induced chronic inflammatory like changes, performance decline, stress hormone elevation, and WBC count decrement. N. sativa administration improved corticosterone elevation and metabolic state.

1 illus, 4 tables, 44 ref

000438   JOSHI M, SAGAR A, KANWAR S S, SINGH S (Biosciences Dep, Himachal Pradesh Univ, Shimla - 171 005, Email: madhavi.joshi1986@gmail.com) : Anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Cordyceps militaris. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(1), 15-20.

Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link has become popular as a medicinal mushroom. Here, we explored the mushroom C. militaris for possible bioactive molecules by studying its biological activities. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts was tested using DPPH. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts were estimated using broth microdilution method. Observed IC₅₀ value was 0.72 mg/mL compared with standard L-ascorbic acid (IC₅₀= 0.062 mg/mL).The MIC’s of the extracts ranged from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL against S. aureus and 0.625 to 5 mg/mL against E. coli. Additionally, cytotoxicity was also investigated towards cancer cell line HEp-2 using MTT. C. militaris extracts reduced HEp-2 cells viability with IC₅₀ value 20 µg/mL. Bioactive components (phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and lycopene) were estimated spectrophotometrically. Present study revealed that C. militaris has significant antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer effects which may be the scientific basis of its medicinal use by herbal practitioners.

2 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

000475   RAMTEKE P, YADAV U C S (Central Univ of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382 030, Email: umeshyadav@cug.ac.in) : Hesperetin, a Citrus bioflavonoid, prevents IL-1β-induced inflammation and cell proliferation in lung epithelial A549 cells. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(1), 7-14.

Hesperetin, a Citrus bioflavonoid, exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, its action and mechanism in inflammation-induced lung cancer is unknown. We have investigated anticancer effects of hesperetin in IL-1β-stimulated lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and COX-2 -mediated inflammation. The human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were serum-starved with or without HN (100 μM) for overnight and stimulated with IL-1β for varying durations. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed by MTT and wound healing assays. Cell cycle progression was measured by flow cytometry, and RT-PCR and immunoblotting methods were used to examine the expression COX-2 mRNA and protein, respectively. Protein stability assessed by cycloheximide chase assay. IL-1β caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation, expression of COX-2 at transcription as well as translation levels, increased the stability of COX-2 protein, and PGE2 production while  HN significantly decreased these changes. Further, IL-1β stimulated increased phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 and p65 subunit of NF-κB, which were reversed by HN in A549 cells. These results show that HN could inhibit IL-1β-stimulated cell proliferation, COX-2 expression and its regulation at translation level and PGE2 synthesis in A549 lung epithelial cells, indicating its anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential in lung cancer cells.

5 illus, 29 ref

000487   SINGH V, SINGH A P, SHARMA I, SINGH L C, SHARMA J, BORTHAKAR B B , RAI A K, KATAKI A C, KAPUR S, SAXENA S (National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi - 110 029, Email: sunita_saxena@yahoo.com) : Epigenetic deregulations of Wnt/β‑catenin and transforming growth factor beta‑Smad pathways in esophageal cancer: Outcome of DNA methylation. J Can Res Ther 2019, 15(1), 192-203.

Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is a well‑reported portent in carcinogenesis; hence, it is worthy to investigate this in high‑risk Northeast population of India. The study was designed to investigate methylation status of 94 TSGs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Further, the effect of OPCML promoter methylation on gene expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, in silico protein–protein interactions were examined among 8 TSGs identified in the present study and 23 epigenetically regulated genes reported previously by our group in ESCC. Methylation profiling was carried out by polymerase chain reaction array and OPCML protein expression was examined by tissue microarray‑based immunohistochemistry. OPCML, NEUROG1, TERT, and WT1 genes were found hypermethylated and SCGB3A1, CDH1, THBS1, and VEGFA were hypomethylated in Grade 2 tumor. No significant change in OPCML expression was observed among control, Grade 1, and Grade 2 tumor. Conclusively, hypermethylation of the studied OPCML promoter in Grade 2 tumor produced no effect on expression. Unexpectedly, OPCML expression was downregulated in Grade 3 tumor in comparison to other groups signifying that downregulation of OPCML expression may lead to higher grade of tumor formation at the time of diagnosis of ESCC in patients. Significant interactions at protein level were found as VEGFA:PTK2, CTNNB1:CDH1, CTNNB1:VEGFA, CTNNB1:NEUROG1, CTNND2:CDH1, and CTNNB1:TERT. These interactions are pertinent to Wnt/β‑catenin and TGF‑β‑Smad pathways. Deranged OPCML expression may lead to high‑grade ESCC as well as epigenetically regulated genes, that is, CDH1, CTNNB1, CTNND2, THBS1, PTK2, WT1, OPCML, TGFB1, and SMAD4 may alter the Wnt/β‑catenin and TGF‑β‑Smad pathways in ESCC. Further study of these genes could be useful to understand the molecular pathology of ESCC with respect to epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated by Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling pathways.

8 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

000395   ALEM M, SHAHBAZFAR A A, ZARE P, TAYEFI-NASRABADI H (Pathobiology Dep, Tabriz Univ, East Azerbaijan, Iran, Email: mahsa.alem@gmail.com) : The effects of coadministration of tilorone dihydrochloride and culture supernatants from Lactobacillus reuteri on the mouse hepatoma cell line. J Can Res Ther 2019, 15(1), 176-84.

Tilorone dihydrochloride is a therapeutic agent with a different mechanism in cancer. The species of Lactobacillus have an important role in cytotoxic effect. Because of unknown effects of tilorone and culture supernatants from Lactobacillus reuteri on hepatoma, the aim of this study is to evaluate apoptotic, cytotoxic, and therapeutic effects of tilorone on mouse hepatoma cell line with and without culture supernatants from L. reuteri. To do so, after cell line culture, cells were divided into different groups such as negative control, treatment with four doses of tilorone, positive control of supernatant (single dose), and combination therapy groups of different doses of tilorone with supernatant (constant doses), for 48 h. All groups were studied with pathologic tests, biochemical study, tetrazolium dye (3‑(4, 5‑ dimethylthiazol ‑2‑yl)‑2, 5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT]) assay, and absolute real‑time‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) were done to assess Bax and Bcl‑2 genes expression, as molecular studies. MTT assay results revealed that the tilorone tissue culture IC₅₀ (TCIC₅₀) on the Hepa1‑6 cell line was 50 µg/ml. RT‑PCR analysis showed that tilorone dihydrochloride induced upregulation and downregulation in expression of Bax and Bcl‑2, respectively. Simultaneous, antioxidant effect has also seen in a way that prevented necrosis, in biochemical analysis. These results were dose dependent and statistically significant compared to the control group. Based on these results, it appeared that this agent could be a good candidate for further evaluation as effective chemotherapy acting through the induction of apoptosis in hepatoma. The cell death caused through bacterial supernatant was rather necrosis than apoptosis.

9 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

000497   TUPONCHAI P, KUKONGVIRIYAPAN V, PRAWAN A, KONGPETCH S, SENGGUNPRAI L (Pharmacology Dep, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen- 40002, Thailand, Email: laddas@kku.ac.th) : Myricetin ameliorates cytokine‑induced migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells via suppression of STAT3 pathway. J Can Res Ther 2019, 15(1), 157-63.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer with considerable metastatic potential. Various cytokines secreted by tumor cells or cells in the tumor environment can promote the metastasis of CCA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of myricetin on the inhibition of cytokine‑induced migration and invasion and the associated cellular mechanisms in human CCA cells. CCA KKU‑100 cells were treated with a pro‑inflammatory cytokine mixture consisting of interleukin‑6, interferon‑γ, and tumor necrosis factor‑α. The migratory and invasive ability of KKU‑100 cells were determined using a wound‑healing assay and transwell invasion assay. The effect of myricetin on cytokine‑induced STAT3 activation in CCA cells was determined using Western blot analysis. The real‑time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine messenger RNA expression. Myricetin significantly inhibited cytokine‑induced migration and invasion of KKU‑100 cells. Detailed molecular analyses revealed that myricetin suppressed the activation of the STAT3 pathway, evidently by a decrease of the active phospho‑STAT3 protein expression after myricetin treatment. The cytokine‑mediated upregulation of metastasis‑ and inflammatory‑associated genes, which are downstream genes of STAT3 including the intercellular adhesion molecule‑1, matrix metalloproteinase‑9, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclo‑oxygenase 2 (COX‑2), were also significantly abolished by myricetin treatment. Moreover, the anti‑migratory and anti‑invasive activities of a widely prescribed COX inhibitor, indomethacin, were also revealed. This finding reveals the anti‑metastatic effect of myricetin against CCA cells which is mediated partly through suppression of the STAT3 pathway. This compound could be potentially useful as a therapeutic agent against CCA.

5 illus, 27 ref