001588   SINGH T P, SHERPA M L, PRADHAN A, SINGH T A (Biochemistry Dep, Sikkim Manipal Univ, Gangtok, Sikkim - 737 102, Email: paras.s@smims.edu.in) : Neonatal derived mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly but not from human umbilical cord blood. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(12), 849- 54.

A successful isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) for its clinical application is very important. Isolation of MSCs from neonatal sources like human Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly (hUCWJ) have been reported in many studies and are considered primitive but isolation of MSCs from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) is open to discussion. The MSCs from hUCWJ and hUCB were isolated by explant culture and Ficoll density gradient respectively. The media used for the two sources were Dulbecco’s modified Eagles medium, GlutaMax and fetal bovine serum (FBS) for hUCWJ, and Iscove modified Dulbecco’s medium and FBS for hUCB. Further, the isolated cells were studied as per criteria of International Society of Cellular Therapy to define the cells as MSCs. Finally, we compare the feasibility and ease of isolating the neonatal sources. Unlike hUCWJ, defining hUCB cells to MSCs as per criteria is limited because the number of cells decreases once it reaches 50 % confluence and after 2 weeks, they show differing morphology with an appearance of large dimension of multinucleated cells identifying them as osteoclast-like cells thus restricting further study. The cells derived from both the sources grew into long, spindle shaped cells with prominent nuclei but hUCB has limited proliferation and fulfilled only the first criterion to define as MSCs while the cells isolated from hUCWJ continue to grow for multiple passages and fulfil all the defining criteria. Neonatal derived hUCWJ is more ideal source for isolation of MSCs than hUCB with the potential to use it in regenerative medicine.

4 illus, 28 ref

001544   JITENDRANATH A, VISHWAMOHANAN I, BHAI G (Microbiology Dep, Sree Gokulam Medical Coll and Research Foundation, Venjaramoodu, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, Email: ashishjit11@gmail.com) : Occurrence and detection of ESBL among Enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary care Center in Trivandrum. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(12), 839-42.

Enterobacteriaceae is the primary pathogen isolated predominantly among gram negatives. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae has increased continuously over the past few years. Extended-spectrum β- lactamases (ESBLs) are of particular concern as the rate of resistance has increased over the years. We wanted to characterise Enterobacteriaceae and antibiotic sensitivity patterns with special reference to detection of ESBL. The present study was conducted in the microbiology laboratory of Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation over a duration of 3 months from Oct 2015 to Dec 2015. Using standard techniques and CLSI protocol we identified the organisms with antibiotic sensitivity. 20 % of Enterobacteriaceae were ESBL positive with E coli being the predominant organism. 20 % ESBL production was less compared to studies from other parts of the country.

3 tables, 14 ref

001526   CHAKRABORTY B, SARKAR P, BHATTACHARYA P, GHOSH T, MAITI K (Pathology Dep, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical Coll and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: palubandhu@gmail.com) : Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ki-67 expression with histological grade and stage of renal cell carcinoma. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(10), 706- 11.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant kidney tumour in adults. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is thought to play a major role in tumour angiogenesis. Ki-67 has been shown to be of prognostic significance in RCCs. With the availability of more effective molecular targeted therapy for specific renal neoplasms, immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques play an important role in diagnosis and prognostication of RCCs. This study aims to evaluate the expression pattern of VEGF and Ki-67 in histologically diagnosed cases of RCC and correlate and compare VEGF and Ki-67 expression with grade and stage of RCC and also compare VEGF expression and Ki-67 index if any. This was a cross-sectional observational study. A total of 50 patients of RCC undergoing total and partial nephrectomy were included in this study. The expressions of Ki-67 and VEGF were studied by IHC. Statistical Analysis was performed with the help of Epi Info (TM) 7.2.2.2. p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 50 tumours, 21 tumours were VEGF Grade 1, 19 tumours were VEGF Grade 2. 27 tumours had Ki67 labelling index≥15%. There was significant association of VEGF grades and Ki-67 labelling index with stage and histological grade. Ki-67 labelling index showed significantly increasing trend with the increase in VEGF grades of the tumours. This study suggests that there are significant differences in VEGF expression and Ki-67 labelling index with tumour stage and grade and other prognostic parameters of RCC. These biomarkers can be considered as a prognostic parameters and critical evaluator of targeted chemotherapy in RCC. A wider evaluation involving large number of cases with proper follow up facility is needed to validate these findings.

3 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

001569   PANDYA N, POPAT V (Pathology Dep, Shri M. P. Shah Government Medical Coll, Jamnagar, Gujarat, Email: drchapandya47@gmail.com) : The role of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of lung cancer with correlation of serum tumour marker carcinoembryonic antigen. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(10), 701-5.

Immunohistochemistry is a less challenging, widely available technique which provides clinically meaningful results quickly and allows for cellular localization of proteins in the context of tumour structure. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, regardless of gender. In an era of precision medicine, pathologists are required to classify lung cancer into specific subtypes and assess biomarkers relevant to molecular targeted therapies but overlapping of microscopic features of different types of tumours sometimes makes diagnosis difficult for pathologists. The objectives of this study were- 1. to accurately diagnose small and non-small cell lung carcinoma for targeted therapy. 2. to differentiate between adenocarcinoma lung and malignant mesothelioma. 3. to determine primary site of origin in patients who present with metastatic disease. 4. to correlate serum CEA level and lung carcinoma. A descriptive study of 60 cases which have been diagnosed histopathologically and cases which were difficult to diagnose due to inadequate material, was carried out for six months duration from July 2018 to December 2018 in the Department of Pathology, Shri M. P. Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar. We have studied histopathology slides with different IHC panel markers like TTF-1, Napsin A, CK 7, p63 and EGFR. Results were correlated with serum tumour marker Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) with the help of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. In our study of 60 cases, 24 (40 %) cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 20 (33 %) cases of adenocarcinoma and 15 (25 %) cases of small cell lung carcinoma and 1 (1.66 %) case of metastasis from colon adenocarcinoma were confirmed. Most of the patients belonged to older age group and out of 60 cases, 39 (65 %) were males, and 21 (35 %) were females. Most common age group was 40-60 years. Squamous cell carcinoma is more common than other subtypes of lung cancer with male predominance and was associated with smoking. Serum CEA level is raised (>7 ng/ml) in all the cases of lung carcinoma. Immunohistochemical techniques along with serum tumour marker play critical roles as diagnostic and screening tools for lung cancer.

4 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

001599   YADAV P, TANDON P (Pathology Dep, Gandhi Medical Coll, Bhopal - 462 001, Email: drpuneettandon@yahoo.co.in) : Prevalence of human papilloma virus in a tertiary care centre in central India using p16 immunoexpression as a surrogate marker. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(9), 644-8.

High risk Human Papilloma Virus (HR-HPV) has now emerged as one of the major etiological factors in oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Knowing HPV status is crucial as it has a significant impact on therapeutic front as well as on prognosis. As p16 immunoexpression can serve as surrogate marker for HR-HPV infection, in the current study we used p16 immunoexpression to determine the prevalence of HPV in a tertiary care centre in Central India. This is hospital based cross sectional study conducted in oral biopsy tissues (for neoplastic lesions) received for histopathological evaluation over a period of one and half years. The sections were processed for H & E staining, and 112 cases were chosen for immunohistochemical study. The data was analysed by chi-square and Z-tests using software SPSS. Positive diffuse p16 immunoexpression was present in 23.2 % of the cases irrespective of histological type/grade of the lesion. We found significant correlation between degree of dysplasia and p16 immunoexpression with 16.7 % of cases showing positivity in OIN I cases as compared to 25 % in OIN II and 77.8 % in OIN III. Poorly differentiated tumours had high proportion of cases with positive p16 immunoexpression (75 %) compared to well differentiated (29.3 %) and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (35.5 %). Additionally, higher proportion of female patients (43.8 %) had diffuse p16 positivity than males (17 %). We conclude that HPV prevalence in our tertiary care centre is approximately 23.2 %. This subset of cases was found to be associated more with oropharyngeal lesions and was present in higher proportions in female patients. Apart from serving as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV, p16 immunoexpression also correlates with the degree of dysplasia in oral and oropharyngeal lesions.

2 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

001564   NAIR V R, LAILA RAJI N, MOHAN B P, SANKAR S (Pathology Dep, GMC, Kottayam - 686 008, Email: veenarnair1989@gmail.com) : Histopathological pattern and expression of Ki-67, EGFR in central nervous system tumours. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(9), 580-5.

Central Nervous system (CNS) tumours constitute only about 1-2 % of all neoplasms, but they show a varied histopathological spectrum. A WHO grading scheme is followed in the reporting of these tumours which play a key role in deciding the choice of therapies. Immunohistochemical markers like Ki-67 and EGFR are found to have a significant role in predicting the behaviour of these tumours. Hence in tumours where proper grading becomes difficult, the usage of these markers will be extremely helpful. In this study, the histopathological pattern, grading and expression of Ki-67 and EGFR in CNS tumours, received during the study period of 18 months, are described. Thereafter the relationship between the expression of these markers and the WHO grades is also evaluated. A descriptive study was conducted to describe the histopathological pattern and the expression of Ki-67 and EGFR in CNS tumours received in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam for a period of 18 months (June 2017 -November 2018). The relationship between the expression of these markers and the histological grades was also evaluated. Statistical analysis was done with available software. Among the 80 cases of CNS tumours studied, 48 cases (60 %) were Meningiomas. Most of the cases had a Ki 67 value between 0-5 % (50 cases, 62.5 %). It was found that in all types of CNS tumours studied, Ki-67 increased with increase in WHO grade. Among the glioma cases studied, 70.8 % of them had an EGFR score of 3+ and among meningiomas, 62.5 % had an EGFR Immunoreactive score (IRS) between 11 and 15. By statistical analysis, it was found that both WHO grade and EGFR expression in these tumours are associated. But in case of gliomas, increase in WHO grade improves our prediction for EGFR to be high (3+) and among meningiomas, increase in WHO grade improves our prediction for EGFR to be low (0-5). In case of remaining CNS tumours, majority of them showed EGFR negativity. In our study, Meningiomas were the most common histological type. Ki-67 values in all types of CNS tumours increased with increase in WHO grades. All gliomas and meningiomas showed expression of EGFR. A significant association exists between WHO grades and EGFR expression of these tumours.

5 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

001527   CHAUDHARY S, VERMA H C, GUPTA M K, KUMAR H, SWAIN S R, GUPTA R K, EL-SHORBAGI A-N (Sharjah Univ, Sharjah, P.B. 27272, United Arab Emirates, Email: sachin.nehra84@gmail.com) : Antidiabetic aptitude of Cordia sebestena and its outcome on biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological markers. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 418-23.

The present study investigated the antidiabetic outcome of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (EECSF) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetogenic rodents and evaluated its consequence to improve the level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level, and hematological indices along with its impact on body weight. The albino rodents were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg, body weight) in normal rodents and assessment of blood glucose level after administration of EECSF at 100 and 200 mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was estimated in the chronic biological model by STZ (65 mg/kg/i.p.)-induced diabetes in rodents escorted by the determination of blood glucose. Further pharmacological research was carried out to explore the effect of EECSF on body weight, variations in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein, transformations in serum electrolytes such as Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, and Ca²⁺ along with estimation of hematological indices such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. It was discovered that EECSF significantly lowered the blood glucose level of diabetic rodents along with enhancement in body weight. Correspondingly, EECSF significantly ameliorated the biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological indices. The results demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of EECSF in STZ-induced diabetes in rodents, and it could be selected to benefit from diabetes and its affiliated complexities inclusive of anemia, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hepatitis.

6 tables, 31 ref

001519   AZMI N U, NITYASA A R, SAPUTRI F C (Pharmacology Dep, Indonesia Univ, Depok 16424, Indonesia, Email: fadlina.chany@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : Antithrombotic effect of Mucuna pruriens L. and Coriandrum sativum. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 413-7.

Mucuna pruriens (MP) L. and Coriandrum sativum (CS) have been found for in vitro antithrombotic activity. However, the in vivo studies for both plants have not been discovered yet. The objective of the study is to prove the efficacy of MP L. and CS by conducting in vivo antithrombotic activity test with bleeding time and survival rate as the parameters. MP and CS extracts with three different doses were given orally to the experimental animals for 7 days. Aspirin was used as a positive control. The bleeding time was observed on mice tail that had been cut, and the survival rate was determined by inducing thrombosis with collagen–epinephrine injection. Seven-day treatment of plant extracts significantly prolonged the bleeding time of the treated group compared to the normal control group. The result demonstrated the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Both extracts had shown antithrombotic activity by significantly prolonged the bleeding time and increased the survival rate.

1 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

001583   SARI D M, ANWAR E, NURJANAH, ARIFIANTI A E (Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, Indonesia Univ, Jawa Barat 16424, Indonesia, Email: effionora.anwar@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of ethanol extracts of brown seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as lightening ingredient. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 379-82.

Turbinaria conoides is one of abundant brown macroalgae in Indonesian oceans contains phenolic derivatives. Phloroglucinol is a multifunctional phenolic derivative in brown algae. Phloroglucinol has been known to have activity inhibitor tyrosinase, because phloroglucinol is copper chelating agent. The antioxidant and the tyrosinase inhibitor activities are parameters of the skin lightening active ingredient. The mechanism of tyrosinase inhibitors is to decrease skin pigmentation by inhibit the catalytic steps of the enzyme to the pigmentation associated with melanin production in the pathway of melanogenesis. Antioxidant activity protects skin against oxidative stress mediated by UVR. Numerous report have determine phenolic compound of T. conoides as antioxidant but none is reported as tyrosinase inhibitor. The objective of this study is to determine the activities of T. conoides as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. Turbinaria conoides were extracted with ethanol with different concentration (30 %, 50 % and 70 %) by maceration method. Crude ethanolic extracts of T. conoides were Determined its total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and tyrosinase inhibitor. E50 showed the highest total phenolic content (27.63±1.05 mg PGE/g extract). Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of E50 showed IC₅₀ value of 215.96 µg/mL and 188.85 µg/mL, respectively. Ethanol extract of Turbinaria conoides is potential as antioxidant agent and tyrosinase inhibitor.

4 illus, 25 ref

001574   PUNNIYAKOTTI P, RENGARAJAN R L, VELAYUTHAPRABHU S, VIJAYAKUMAR K, MANIKANDAN R, ANAND A V (Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Dep, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore – 641 046, Email: avamiet@yahoo.com) : Protective effect of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant levels in the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 346-9.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes, cancer, liver disorder etc. The free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxides are causing the oxidative stress and it involves the cellular damage. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines from plant sources are treated to overcome the oxidative stress complications. The aim of the present is to find the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced toxicity rats. Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of doxorubicin and then the animals were treated with a dose of various concentration of ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits (200, 300 mg/kg/b.w) for 21 days. After the treatment, Lipid peroxide (LPO), Reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels are determined. Propranolol 25mg/kg is used as standard drug. In the present study, after the treatment of doxorubicin the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GPX, vitamin C, vitamin E levels are decreased and LPO level is increased. After the treatment of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits the levels were returned to the normal level. The results proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits may protects the cells from oxidative stress induced by the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

001540   ILANKO A, COCK I E (Griffith Univ, Brisbane, Australia, Email: I.Cock@griffith.edu.au) : The interactive antimicrobial activity of conventional antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. extracts against bacterial triggers of some autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 292-309.

An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. In this study, Petalostigma spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against P. mirabilis alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with Petalostigma spp. extracts. Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within Petalostigma spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

10 illus, 8 tables, 34 ref

001541   IZUEGBUNA O, OTUNOLA G, BRADLEY G (Biochemistry and Microbiology Dep, Fort Hare Univ, Alice 5700, South Africa, Email: GBradley@ufh.ac.za) : Estimation of phytochemical, vitamins composition and antioxidant activity of Pelargonium inquinans leaves. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 237-44.

To estimate the phytochemical and vitamins composition and the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium inquinans leaves. Some plants that are used in the traditional setting for the management of different ailments have documented observations and scientific studies. However many other plants lack scientific reports to support their medicinal use. One of such plant is Pelargonium inquinans Ait that is traditionally used to treat headaches and flu by tribes in South Africa. Not much is known about its chemical composition. The phytochemical composition of acetone, aqueous and ethanol extract of leaves of Pelargonium inquinans as well as the vitamins A, C and E of its dried weight leaves and the antioxidant activities were evaluated using standard in vitro methods. The phytochemical composition and vitamins were determined spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum (total) antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis: The One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used to determine the differences among the means of the various samples. The phytochemical composition differ significantly in the various extracts. The total phenolics were higher than other phytochemicals in all the extracts used. The hydrogen peroxide and DPPH scavenging activity were very high and dose-dependent. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity at 98.4 % of control (Hydrogen peroxide), while the ethanol extract had the lowest at 37.5 % control (Nitric oxide). The results supports the notion that the Geraniaceae family and Pelargonium inquinans in particular is rich in polyphenolic compounds and has good antioxidant activity.

5 illus, 2 tables, 55 ref

001592   SUSANTO A, SUSANAH S, PRIOSOERYANTO B P, SATARI M H, KOMARA I (Periodontics Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Email: agus.susanto@fkg. unpad.ac.id) : The effect of the chitosan‑collagen membrane on wound healing process in rat mandibular defect. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019, 23(2), 113-8.

Collagen and chitosan are potential biomaterials for medical applications; chitosan‑collagen membranes are used as a barrier membrane in guided tissue regeneration and guided bone regeneration. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the chitosan‑collagen membrane on wound healing in rat mandibular defect by counting the number of fibroblasts and new blood vessels. As much as 24 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, the treatment and control group. Bone defects were made In the rat mandible with diamond bur with a diameter of 2 mm, then the defect was covered with a chitosan‑collagen membrane, and the control group was covered without application of chitosan‑collagen membrane. After the 3^rd, 7^th, 14^th, and the 21^st day, the defect site was analyzed histologically. The number of fibroblasts and blood vessels was counted under a light microscope, at five fields with ×1000 and ×400 microscope magnification. This study was done by using analysis of variance and unpaired t‑test. The average number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in the treatment group was higher than the control group. There was a significant difference in the number of fibroblasts on the 3^rd and 7^th day (P = 0.001; P = 0.001) and the number of blood vessels on the 3^rd day (P = 0.04). The chitosan‑collagen membrane was able to increase the number of fibroblasts and new blood vessels in the wound healing process.

6 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

001594   UMOH I U, AQUAISUA A N, UDO N M (Anatomy Dep, Uyo Univ, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, Email: umohidorenyin_dr@yahoo.com) : The effect of fresh stem juice extract of Costus afer on the cytohistomorphology of the kidney in aspirin-treated Wistar rats. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 78-81.

The effect of fresh stem juice extract of Costus afer on cytohistomorphology of the kidney in aspirin-treated Wistar rats was evaluated. 25 rats weighing 150–180 g used for the study were divided into five groups with five rats in each group. Group 1 served as control while Group 2 was administered 150 mg/kg bw of aspirin daily for 28 days, Group 3 received 67.08 mg/kg bw of the extract of C. afer for 28 days, Group 4 was administered 150 mg/kg of aspirin and 67.08 mg/kg of the extract for 28 days while Group 5 was administered 150 mg/kg of aspirin for 14 days and then 67.08 mg/kg of the extract for another 14 days. Kidneys were harvested for histological studies. The results revealed that Group 1 showed normal histological features, Group 2 showed tubular necrosis, collapsed urinary space, and distorted glomerulus, Group 3 presented near normal features, Group 4 showed enlarged urinary space, inflamed tubular cells and reduced podocytes in the glomerulus compared to Group 2, and Group 5 revealed regeneration of cellular features already destroyed by aspirin. In conclusion, fresh stem juice extract of C. afer has ameliorative and protective potentials on nephrotoxicity of aspirin in albino Wistar rats.

32 ref

001580   RODRIGUES O G, FALCAO B R M, BARBOSA B C, PEREIRA A V, AQUINO V V F (Federal de Campina Grande Univ, Campina Grande - PB, 58428-830, Brazil, Email: onaldo@cstr.ufcg.edu.br) : In vitro biological activity of the Croton blanchetianus (Baill) essential oil against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 55-8.

Brazil numerous plant species are used for controlling ectoparasites on cattle. However, the need to consolidate this popular knowledge through existing chemical characterization of secondary compounds in these plants and the application of bioassays able to reveal its biological action observed. For this study, we obtained the essential oil of the Croton blanchetianus by hydrodistillation and their chemical compounds identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituents stood out as eucalyptol (16.9 %), β-caryophyllene (15.9 %), and germacrene-D (14.5 %). Various concentrations of the C. blanchetianus essential oil were used in order to test their biological action on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. There was a significant acaricide efficacy, and the results were statistically significant at a confidence level of 95 %.

2 tables, 20 ref

001545   KADISSOLI B, MOUZOU P A, PAKOUSSI T, EKLU-GADEGBEKU K, AKLIKOKOU A K, GBEASSOR M (Lomé-Togo Univ, Lomé, Togo, Email: kadissoliarmiss@gmail.com) : Effect of Trema guineensis leaves (Celtidaceae) on glucose-induced hypertension in Wistar rats. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 42-7.

Trema guineensis’ leaves are used in Togolese’s traditional medicine as an antihypertensive remedy. This study aims at evaluating the protective’s effect of T. guineensis’ extract on glucose-induced hypertension to Wistar rats. Hypertension has been induced to rats through oral administration of 10% D-glucose for 3 weeks. Animals have received the treatments for 3 weeks. At the end of the treatments, blood pressure, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) activity in heart, aorta, liver, and kidney and biochemical parameters in serum have been measured. At the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, T. guineensis has significantly prevented the increase in high blood pressure in glucose’s presence. The extract has significantly prevented the high concentrations of total cholesterol, and triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), atherogenic index, urea, and uric acid induced by glucose treatment as compared to untreated glucose’s rats group. T. guineensis (400 mg/kg) has prevented the increase in glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT but did not affect serum creatinine’s rates. Treatment with plant’s extract has significantly prevented the increase in SOD, MDA, and the decrease in GSH and NO’s concentration in aorta, heart, kidney, and liver. These results have proved that the extracted leaves of T. guineensis could prevent glucose-induced hypertension. These results have allowed the traditional use of T. guineensis.

7 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

001534   DJAMALUDIN H, BINTANG M, PRIOSOERYANTO B P (Biochemistry Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: maria_bintang@yahoo.com) : Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Padina australis against MCM-B2 and K562 cell lines. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 25-9.

The antiproliferative of the brown algae Padina australis extracts against cell MCM-B2 (canine benign mammary gland mixed tumor) and cell K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia) in vitro was examined. The tested samples were water extract (n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction) and ethanol extract (n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction). Cytotoxicity was screened using brine shrimp lethality test. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The antiproliferative activity test was conducted using trypan blue dye method and cells were counted using hemocytometer. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction from water extract exhibited significant cytotoxicity with lethal concentration 50 value of 200.53 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction from water extract was then considered for further examination. Results of antioxidant activity test showed that concentration for inhibitory activity of 50 % of the ethyl acetate fraction reached 113.37 ppm. This fraction at concentration of 400 ppm could inhibit the growth of MCM-B2 and K562 cancer cell lines in vitro reaching 56.90 % and 61.54 %, respectively. Therefore, the present study suggested that ethyl acetate fraction of P. australis extract demonstrated a potential natural anticancer activity.

2 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

001586   SINGH R S, THAKUR S R (Biotechnology Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala - 147 002, Email: rssingh11@lycos.com) : New rabbit erythrocyte specific mycelial lectins from Fusarium sp. with complex saccharide specificity. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 7-13.

Eight Fusarium sp. namely, F. acutatum, F. globosum, F. graminearum, F. lactis, F. nivale, F. proliferatum, F. pseudoanthophilum and F. robustum were screened for the presence of lectins by hemagglutination activity using human ABO, porcine, ovine, goat and rabbit erythrocytes. Mycelial extracts of all the fungal cultures except F. graminearum displayed unique lectin activity with only rabbit erythrocytes. Enzymatic treatment of rabbit erythrocytes with neuraminidase has significantly enhanced the titre of all the lectin-positive extracts of fungal cultures. In contrast, most of the lectins showed a decline in lectin activity with protease treated rabbit erythrocytes. Saccharide specificity studies have shown that majority of the lectins are inhibitory towards O-acetyl sialic acids. None of the lectins from Fusarium sp. were inhibited by dextran, meso-inositol, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Most of the fungal cultures displayed highest hemagglutination activity during the 10^th day of growth in broth cultures. The unique saccharide specificity of Fusarium sp. lectins can be used for elucidating their clinical role in glycobiology research.

1 illus, 4 tables, 55 ref

001539   GUPTA R, CHAUHAN S L, KUMAR S, JINDAL N, MAHAJAN N K, JOSHI V G (Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, Email: renu.gupta@luvas.edu.in) : Carriage of Class 1 integrons and molecular characterization of intI1 gene in multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. isolates from broilers. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 609-13.

The present study was conducted with the following aims: (i) To screen the Salmonella spp. isolates recovered from suspected cases of fowl typhoid for carriage of Class 1 integrons and analyze their association with antimicrobial resistance and (ii) to carry out molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Class 1 integron-integrase (intI1) gene. A total of 43 Salmonella isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to determine the presence of Class1 intI1. Differences between different serotypes in relation to their carriage of integrons and the differences between strains containing or not containing an integron and being resistant to different antimicrobials were analyzed by Fisher exact test using STATA™ (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using MEGA6 software. Out of 43 isolates, 40 (93.02 %) were found positive for Class 1 integrons. 35/40 (87.5 %) intI1-positive isolates were multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistant to ≥4 antibiotics), which support the hypothesis of an association between the presence of Class 1 integrons and emerging MDR in Salmonella. There was no significant difference among isolates resistant to different antimicrobials in Class 1 integron carrying isolates and the Class 1 integron negative isolates (p<0.05). Further, there was no significant difference among different serotypes in respect of their carriage of Class 1 integrons. It can be concluded that the high prevalence of Class 1 integrons indicates a high potential of Salmonella isolates for horizontal transmission of antimicrobial genes, especially among Gram-negative organisms.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

001567   OTMANI I, ABDENNOUR C, DRIDI A, KAHALERRAS L, HALIMA-SALEM A (Biology Dep, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba Univ, Annaba, Algeria, Email: otmani.ines@yahoo.fr) : Characteristics of the bitter and sweet honey from Algeria Mediterranean coast. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 551-7.

This study aimed to compare the physicochemical, the biochemical, and the antioxidant characteristics of unifloral bitter honey and polyfloral sweet honey. Unifloral bitter and polyfloral sweet honey samples were, respectively, harvested in January and July, and then, they were extracted by the traditional method. The markers of refractive index, pH, free acidity, Brix index, density, reducing sugars, total polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing/ antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated. The obtained results showed that the physicochemical parameters are within the normal ranges, in which they meet the international standards (Codex Alimentarius). For biochemical constituents, matching concentrations of reducing sugars (glucose+fructose) were observed in both samples, while that of sucrose were very low in unifloral than polyfloral honey. The levels of the active ingredients showed a difference in total polyphenols and tannins of the two types of honey studied, whereas that of flavonoids were almost similar. The antioxidant activity of various samples evaluated by DPPH and FRAP indicated that unifloral has a superior activity. Compared to polyfloral honey, unifloral bitter honey has lower sucrose, high total polyphenols, and tannins levels, in addition to higher antioxidant potential.

3 illus, 2 tables, 50 ref

001543   JAJERE S M (Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Dep, Maiduguri Univ, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, Email: drmsjajere@unimaid.edu.ng) : A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 504-21.

Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes > 2600 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as “host-restricted” whereas others have broad host spectrum known as “host-adapted” serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host’s intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance.

1 table, 186 ref

001502   AFNABI R B, SAMBO J J N, MOUICHE M M M, NAMEGNI R S P (Microbiology Div, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Wakwa, Cameroon, Email: jjns.sambo@yahoo.com) : Hazard assessment of Staphylococcus with positive coagulase in meat produced and distributed in the Northern regions of Cameroon. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 466-71.

Staphylococcus with positive coagulase (SPC) is a major problem for beef consumers in the northern part of Cameroon. For this purpose, the SPC concentrations in beef produced and supplied in the northern regions were determined, as well as the resistance profile of these bacteria to antibiotics. A total of 125 samples were obtained by the wet and dry swabbing method in traditional slaughterhouses and butcheries to evaluate the SPC concentration in meat, and then, 102 SPC isolations were collected to determine the antibiotic resistance profile. The distribution of concentration of the SPC indicated no significant differences of bacterial evidence in almost all the slaughterhouses except the one in Manwi (with 2.66 log CFU/cm²) and the density in SPC is higher than that one in Guider (1.99 log CFU/cm²). The assessment of density in SPC among the selected slaughterhouse highlighted a superiority of the SPC concentrations in the Ngaoundere butcheries (3.83 log CFU/cm²) in comparison with those of other towns. At the level of the slaughterhouses, a higher proportion of resistance to Penicillin G was recorded than Gentamicin. Some butcheries recorded that all SPC reacted to Kanamycin, whereas they were more resistant to Penicillin G. These results reveal that the SPC found in meat poses a threat to meat consumers in the northern part of Cameroon.

1 illus, 6 tables, 31 ref

001557   LEZZOUM-ATEK S, BOUAYAD L, HAMDI T M (Biology Dep, Bouira Univ, Bouria, Algeria, Email: sara_lezzoum@hotmail.fr) : Influence of some parameters on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Escherichia coli to form biofilms. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 459-65.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the capacity of Listeria monocytogenes (L.m), Listeria innocua (L.i), and Escherichia coli to form biofilms on polystyrene support under different parameters by performing crystal violet (CV) staining technique. Different suspensions were prepared with single strains and with multiple combinations of strains including two serogroups of L.m (IIa and IIb), L.i, and E. coli strains at different microbial load. Selected strains and combinations were grown in biofilms for 6 days attached to polystyrene microplates under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. The evaluation of the power of adhesion and biofilm formation was determined by CV staining followed by the measurement of optical density at 24 h, 72 h, and 6 days incubation time with and without renewal of the culture medium. All the strains tested, presented more or less adhesion power depending on the variation of the studied parameters as well as the ability to form multispecies biofilms. Their development is more important by renewing the culture medium and increasing the initial load of bacteria. The ability to adhere and form biofilms differs from one serogroup to another within the same species. In bacterial combination, strains and species of bacteria adopt different behaviors. The ability to form biofilms is a key factor in the persistence of tested strains in the environment. Our study showed that L.m, L.i, and E. coli could adhere to polystyrene and form biofilms under different conditions. More researches are necessary to understand the mechanisms of biofilm formation and the influence of different parameters in their development.

2 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

001535   ESSA S S, EL-SAIED E M, EL-TAWIL O S, GAMAL I M, EL-RAHMAN S S A (Pathology Dep, Cairo Univ, Cairo, Egypt, Email: saharsamirmah@cu.edu.eg) : Nanoparticles of zinc oxide defeat chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxic effects and histopathological alterations. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 440-8.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) physically showed effective adsorbing property for some insecticides. The study was conducted to estimate the potential effect of ZnO NPs against CPF toxicity. Four groups of male rats were used; control group and three groups received drinking water contained 75 mg/L CPF, combined 75 mg/L CPF and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, respectively. CPF significantly decreased macrophage activity, serum lysozyme activity, and levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6; increased the percentage of DNA degeneration on comet assay of lymphocytes and significantly elevated hepatic and splenic malondialdehyde contents; and decreased their glutathione contents. The liver and spleen showed marked histological alterations after exposure to CPF with decreased expression of acetylcholinesterase. The coadministration of ZnO NPs ameliorated most of the undesirable effects of CPF, through elevation of macrophage and serum lysozyme activities, increased the levels of IL-2 and IL-6, corrected the oxidative stress markers, and alleviated most of the adverse effect exerted by CPF in liver and spleen tissues. The addition of ZnO NPs to CPF-contaminated drinking water may be useful as a powerful antioxidant agent against toxic damage induced by CPF particularly in individuals who are on daily occupational exposure to low doses of CPF.

7 illus, 46 ref

001523   BESSONE F A, PÉREZ M L S, ZIELINSKI G, DIBARBORA M, CONDE M B, CAPPUCCIO J, ALUSTIZA F (Animal Health Dep, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Email: bessone.fernando@inta.gob.ar) : Characterization and comparison of strains of Pasteurella multocida associated with cases of progressive atrophic rhinitis and porcine pneumonia in Argentina. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 434-9.

Pasteurella multocida (Pm) is the causative agent of progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR) and pneumonic pasteurellosis (PN) in pigs. Pm is a member of the porcine respiratory complex responsible for important economic loss in the pig industry. This study aimed to characterize the Pm strains recovered from clinical cases of PN and PAR and to elucidate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the strains. Sixty strains were characterized molecularly by polymerase chain reaction to determine speciesspecific gene, capsular type (A or D), and toxin A production. The agar diffusion method was employed to evaluate antibiotic resistance profiles. We found that 65 % of strains belonged to capsular type A or D, and 15 % of those were positive to toxA gene. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles found were sensitive in decreasing order to: Enrofloxacin, ceftiofur (CTF), ampicillin, tilmicosin (TIL), florfenicol (FFN), spectinomycin (SPC), gentamicin, oxytetracycline (OTC), and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMS). Strains were resistant in decreasing order to: Lincomycin (LIN), tylosin (TYL), erythromycin (ERY), TMS, SPC, OTC, FFN, TIL, and CTF. The toxA gene was detected in many Pm isolates from pneumonic lungs. Capsule type A or D was the most frequently found among the collected isolates. LIN, TYL, and ERY are the drugs which showed higher percentages of resistant isolates.

3 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

001510   ALSULTAN M A, ALHAMMADI M A, HEMIDA M G (Microbiology and Parasitology Dep, King Faisal Univ, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia, Email: mhemida@kfu.edu.sa) : Infectious bronchitis virus from chickens in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia 2015-2016. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 424-33.

This study aimed to isolate some of the currently circulating infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains from some broiler chicken farms in Al-Hasa and to do some molecular characteristics of these strains. We collected 300 tissue specimens, including the trachea, bronchi, lungs, and kidneys from some four commercial chicken farms showing respiratory manifestations. We tested these tissue specimens by the realtime polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gel-based PCR. We selected some PCR positive samples for isolation in the embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). We sequenced some PCR-positive samples and conducted phylogenetic analysis based on the obtained sequences. Our molecular surveillance revealed that 31.6 % of the tested specimens were IBV positive by PCR. We selected some positive specimens showing low Ct values by the qRT-PCR for virus isolation by the ECE. The infected eggs showed hemorrhage, dwarfing, and death in some cases after three passages in the ECE. We sequenced some of the positive PCR specimens and used the obtained sequences to draw the phylogenetic tree based on the partial IBV-ORF-1a, N, and S1 gene sequences. The phylogenetic trees based on the IBV-N and S1 gene sequences showed that the circulating IBV strains in Al-Hasa during 2016 was showing a high degree of identity to some strains from Taiwan and Italy. Meanwhile, the grouping of these strains based on the IBV-S1 sequences revealed that the currently circulating IBV strains in Al-Hasa belonged to Gr.I.7 along with strains from Taiwan. Our results confirmed the continuous circulation of the IBV among the chicken population in Al-Hasa despite the intensive application of vaccines against this virus.

5 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

001566   OKORAFOR O N, ANYANWU M U, NWAFOR E O, ANOSA G N, UDEGBUNAM R I (Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria, Email: madubuike.anyanwu@unn.edu.ng) : Multidrug-resistant enterobacteria colonize commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 418-23.

This study was conducted to isolate generic enterobacteria from day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria, determine the antibacterial resistance profile, and assess multidrug resistance. The birds were sourced from five purposively-selected hatcheries (identified as A, B, C, D and E) in Southwest Nigeria. Non-duplicate cloacal swabs were collected from a total of 75 (15 birds per hatchery) randomly selected apparently healthy birds. Sampling was done in three batches of five chicks per batch at 2-week interval. Isolation of enterobacteria was done using MacConkey agar. The resistance of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method. Of 15 processed samples of birds from each hatchery, all samples from hatcheries B, D, and E, 10 (66.7 %) and 14 (93.3 %) samples from hatcheries A and C, respectively, yielded pure cultures of Escherichia coli. Klebsiella was also isolated from 1 (7.1 %) of the 14 and 2 (13.2 %) of the 15 growth-positive samples from hatcheries C and D, respectively. The range of resistance among E. coli isolates was tetracycline (86.7-100 %), ampicillin (80-100 %), gentamicin (60-85.7 %), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (46.7-92.9 %), enrofloxacin (40-100 %), ciprofloxacin (26.7-86.7 %), streptomycin (10-80 %), cefotaxime (26.7-73.3 %), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (13.3-60 %), and ceftazidime (6.7-40 %). Klebsiella and all E. coli isolate from chicks of hatcheries B, C, and E, 80 and 93.3 % of those from chicks of hatcheries A and D, respectively, exhibited resistance to three or more classes of antibacterial agents. Commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria are colonized by multidrug-resistant coliforms (E. coli and Klebsiella) and are potential reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms.

2 tables, 45 ref

001528   CHOTIGARPA R, LAMPANG K N, PIKULKAEW S, OKONOGI S, SILMAN P, MEKTRIRAT R (Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health Dep, Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand, Email: raktham.m@cmu.ac.th) : Antiseptic effect of natural teat dip containing lactic acid against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 397-401.

This study aimed to estimate the enumeration of total bacteria and coliform on teat skin from dairy cows and evaluate the efficacy of the natural rice gel containing 5 % v/v lactic acid (NGL) against Escherichia coli standard and field strains isolated from bovine teat skin. A total of 100 bacterial teat skin samples (25 cows) were collected from dairy cows in smallholder farm. The cows were housed in freestall barns. The colonization of total bacteria and E. coli on teat skin was measured by 3M Petrifilm method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of lactic acid were evaluated for reference strain of E. coli ATCC 25922 and two field strains of E. coli. The natural teat sanitizer was formulated using 5 % NGL with modified rice gel. In vitro antiseptic efficacy of 5 % NGL was determined by time-kill kinetic assay. E. coli morphology after exposure with 5 % NGL was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The total bacteria and coliform counts from bovine teat skin were 2.11×10⁴ and 1.54×10¹ colony-forming units/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC of lactic acid on the tested bacteria were 0.5 % v/v. The natural teat dip was successfully prepared with minimum change in consistency after 1 year of storage at 4°C. The reduction rate of 5 % NGL on E. coli ATCC 25922 and field strain showed 32.77 % and 27.58 %, respectively. An appearance under SEM of non-viable E. coli after being incubated with 5 % NGL clearly showed atypical form and rough surface cell membrane. The rice gel containing 5 % v/v lactic acid is a promising preparation as a natural teat antiseptic for reducing bacteria on teat skin. It was shown to be effective against E. coli causing bovine mastitis in dairy cows.

2 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

001554   KRASNIKOVA E S, BOUCHEMLA F, KRASNIKOV A V, RADIONOV R V, BELYAKOVA A S (Animal Disease Dep, Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian Univ, Saratov, Russia, Email: faysselj18@yahoo.com) : The hematobiochemical status of Wistar rat line under the bovine leukemia virus experimental infection. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 382-8.

This study aimed to elucidate the ability of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to integrate into cells of heterologous organisms, in particular, Wistar rats, and examine the manifestations of the pathological process that could be seen in them. Wistar rats - were divided into three groups. The first group (I) was fed milk of intact cows, the second (II) - milk of BLV-infected cows, and the third (III) - milk of cows, clinically BLV sick. Rats of all groups were divided into two subgroups: In the subgroup “a”, there were adult rats, and in the subgroup “b”, their offspring were included. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months from the start of the experiment, the animals’ blood of each group was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of BLV provirus and specific anti-leukemia antibodies. A general and biochemical blood test was performed; pathological changes in the internal organs were recorded. Using the PCR, the BLV infection was established in all experimental rats, whose immune response was expressed in varying degrees. At the initial stage of the infection, offspring rats were born healthy. The rats of the control groups Ia and Ib were intact to the BLV throughout the experiment. The biochemical blood tests have shown several signs of intoxication, endocrine disorders, and development of malignant processes in the experimental animals. There are also signs of liver, kidney, and myocardial damages, regardless of whether milk is infected or the cows are clinically leukemic. By the time, the experimental rats developed persistent thrombocytosis with an increase in the average volume of the blood platelets, which may be evidence of the leukemia infection by the megakaryocytic type. The most pronounced character of the change was in the offspring generation. Wistar rats can be considered as a suitable laboratory model to study the BLV pathogenesis. Rats are not BLV natural host, however, they developed the pathognomonic BLV infection symptoms when they were fed infected and leukemic cow’s milk.

8 tables, 24 ref

001559   MARTIANASARI R, HAMID P H (Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: penny_hamid@ugm.ac.id) : Larvicidal, adulticidal, and oviposition-deterrent activity of Piper betle L. essential oil to Aedes aegypti. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 367-71.

Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of many arthropod-borne diseases. One of the diseases, dengue fever, is an endemic disease in Indonesia causing high mortalities for decades. There are no preventive and specific treatments for dengue so far. Therefore, prevention of this disease largely depends on the mosquito control. Since resistance to chemical insecticides occurred worldwide, the study on alternate and new mosquito insecticides are mandatory. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of essential oil from P. betle L. in the larval and adult stages, as well as its influence on oviposition activity of A. aegypti mosquito. P. betle efficacy was evaluated in various stages of A. aegypti development. For the larvicidal activity, larvae instar III stage was used. Adulticidal assay in this experiment was performed using newly emerged A. aegypti. For oviposition assay, mated A. aegypti was tested for their responses to P. betle-treated and non-treated ovitraps. P. betle L.  - adulticide activity was effective with a concentration of 2.5 μl/ml, caused 100 % mortality within 15-30 min. Larvicide activity was observed after 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-treatment with LC₅₀ 183, 92.7, and 59.8 ppm and LC₉₀ 637, 525, and 434.7 ppm, respectively. Oviposition activity index was −0.917 in 1000 ppm. In addition, the eggs number of A. aegypti oviposition with 100 ppm of essential oil P. betle L. was 5 times lower than the control. This study demonstrated clearly that essential oil derived from P. betle L. potentially acts as alternate bioinsecticide to control A. aegypti population. The application can be varied or combined in different stages of mosquito development.

3 tables, 38 ref

001565   OGBU H I, IGBOANUSI E C (Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology Dep, Port Harcourt Univ, Port Harcourt, Nigeria) : Bacterial isolates from surgical wound infection and their susceptibility reaction to Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract and honey. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 163-70.

The management of surgical wound infections has no doubt become more challenging due to widespread resistance to available antibiotics and a greater incidence of infections caused by notable bacterial strains. This therefore demands that a renewed effort be made to select suitable antimicrobial therapy from plant derived substances that will aid in the prompt healing of infected surgical wounds. In the present study antimicrobial activity of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf and honey are investigated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These isolates were obtained from the wound laboratory, microbiology department, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. C. aconitifolius extract was prepared using methanol and water as extraction solvents. The samples were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial examinations using standard methods. Results of phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and steroids. Antimicrobial effects of C. aconitifolius leaf extract, honey, extract/honey combination was in decreasing order: P. fluorescence > P. aeruginosa > S. aureus > E. coli. The variable sensitivity to leaf extract, honey, extract/honey combination seems to relate to the different resistance levels between the microbial species. The susceptibility test carried out using commercial antibiotics shows P. fluorescence and P. aeruginosa as the most susceptible, while E. coli was least susceptible. This may be due to their differences in cell wall composition, metabolism, nature, resistance to antibiotics or local environmental factors. The study highlights the role of natural product in broadening antimicrobial effectiveness against drug resistant organisms.

8 illus, 1 table, 63 ref

001593   UCHE F I, ONUCHUKWU D, OGBU H I (Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Port Harcourt Univ, Port Harcourt, Nigeria) : The pharmacognostic and antimicrobial study of methanolic extract of Dialium guineense leaf against organisms isolated from wound infection. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 39-44.

There is a growing interest worldwide in the use of natural product of various plants as a natural antimicrobial agent especially now where the problems of emerging and reemerging resistant strains of microorganism are becoming the order of the day. The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Dialium guineense leaf was tested to provide a basis for their adoption as an alternative control measure in combating this incidence. The Pharmacognostic/phytochemical screening were carried out using standard methods. Antimicrobial activity was tested against clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method. Results of the pharmacognostic studies revealed the presence of anticlinal walls which are thick and straight, numerous Uniseriate covering trichomes in both upper and lower epidermis. The phytochemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, tannins and alkaloids. The antimicrobial inhibition zone values of the extract ranged between 4 and 18 mm, with E. coli being most sensitive, followed by A. fumigatus and P. mirabilis with least effect. The finding suggests that D. guineense might be a good candidate in the search for a natural antimicrobial agent and further supports its popular and wide traditional applications in the treatment of various illnesses. Further study is ongoing to identify the specific secondary metabolites present in D. guineense which could be responsible for its antimicrobial activity. Study also needs to be done to determine the toxicological profile of the active principles in this plant.

2 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

001508   ALLAN K, LIZZY M, CHRISTINE B, BRIAN K (Biological Sciences Dep, Eldoret Univ, Eldoret, Kenya) : The antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Urtica massaica on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 21-4.

Medicinal plants have great potential for providing novel drug leads with novel mechanism of action. The present study aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical profile of methanol and aqueous extracts of Urtica massaica against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. Inhibition zones of aqueous crude extracts of U. massaica arraigned between 6.50 and 6.67 mm while those of methanolic extracts were between 6.33 and 8.42 mm. The aqueous crude extracts of U. massaica did not show any antimicrobial activity against E. coli. The methanolic extract of the U. massaica showed presence of alkaloids, saponins, tarpenoids, steroids and flavonoids. It was concluded that the methanolic extracts of U. massaica could be potential source of drug formulation against the S. aureus and E. coli.

3 tables, 33 ref

001538   GUNASEKARAN V, SRINIVASAN S, RANI S S (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Kalapet, Puducherry - 605 014) : Potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Gymnema sylvestre related to diabetes. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 5-11.

Diabetes Mellitus is characterised by an elevated blood sugar level and is often associated with damage to multiple organ systems mediated by free radicals. Gymnema sylvestre is a traditional medicinal plant useful in diabetics because of its ability to suppress sweet taste and anti-obesity effects. This study was conducted to assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Methanolic extract was prepared from dried Gymnema leaves. Three different methods – DPPH free radical quenching activity, reducing power assay and hydroxyl free radical quenching activity, were used to study its antioxidant activity. All three methods showed significant antioxidant activity of the extract. Gymnema extract also showed significant antimicrobial activity against the bacteria P aeruginosa, S aureus and the fungus F oxysporum. Gymnema sylvestre has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity as tested by different methods. This raises the possibility that it can provide long term benefits in diabetics by reducing long term complications.

7 illus, 29 ref

001505   AL-OUQAILI M T S, AL-KUBAISY S H M (Microbiology Dep, Anbar Univ, Ramadi, Iraq, Email: ph.dr.mushtak_72@uoanbar.edu.iq) : Molecular genetics study on high and intermediate risk genotypes of human papillomavirus among patients with benign and malignant cervical lesions. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 2062-70.

It is well realized that cervical cancer is one of the most critical diseases in the world. This study has been laid down for molecular detection (qualitatively and quantitatively) and genotyping of high and intermediate risk HPV genotypes in patients with high suspicion of cervical cancer. A total of 120 females were included in this study. DNA has been extracted automatically using Samaga DNA extraction unit. Real time-PCR technique for detection and genotyping of high and intermediate risk genotypes was performed. The genes amplification revealed that only 9(11.3%) out of 80 were positive for high-risk HPV. The genotyping study yielded that the most prevalent genotypes were HPV 16, 18, 39, 33 and 35. Among the result of high-risk genotypes of HPV, the viral load was 6.42 ± 0.71 for clinical status CIN III. Only 11 out of 20(55 %) of FFPE were positive for high-risk HPV. On the other hand, The clinical status of high-risk HPV genotypes from FFPE samples were 4(20%), and 5(25%) for A7 and A9 with clinical status CIN II and viral load was 5.57 ± 0.75 for A7 and 6.28 ± 0.75 for A9. The study concluded that the use of Real-Time PCR as a diagnostic and genotyping tool for HPV has the advantage for women who currently have high-grade cervical lesions and at high risk of developing cervical cancer in the future.

8 tables, 28 ref

001509   ALMOTWAA S M, ALKHATIB M H, ALKREATHY H M (Biochemistry Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia, Email: mhalkhatib@kau.edu.sa) : Nanoemulsion-based camphor oil carrying ifosfamide: Preparation, characterization, and in-vitro evaluation in cancer cells. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 2018-26.

Formulating the essential oils with the chemotherapeutic agents in nanocarrier may develop a potent effect on the cancer cells. A nanoemulsion consisting of the camphor oil (CAM-NE) and Ifosfamide (IFO)-loaded in CAM-NE (CAM-IFO) were physically characterized by the zetasizer and evaluated for in-vitro antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 breast and HeLa cervical cancer cell lines. The cell growth inhibition, cell morphological changes, and apoptosis of the cancer cells, subjected into the CAM-NE, CAM-IFO and the free-drug (IFO), were examined by the MTT assay, light microscopy, and DAPI stain, respectively. It has been found that the dispersed nanodroplets of CAMNE had mean particle diameter and zeta potential of 34.975 ± 9.35 nm and -13.75 ± 1.06 mV, respectively, which had got enlarged to 96.235 ± 9.00 nm and -22.00 ± 0.49 mV, respectively, when IFO was incorporated (CAM-IFO). The results of the cell growth inhibition and cellular uptake have demonstrated that CAM-IFO has the highest cytotoxic effect on both tested cells when compared with CAM-NE and IFO. These findings suggest that the combination therapy of IFO with NE-based CAM oil has potential anticancer activity.

5 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

001563   NAIR T A, VADIVELAN R (Pharmacology Dep, JSS Coll of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Ooty - 643 001, Email: vadivelanr@jssuni.edu.in) : Behavioral studies of dasatinib and resveratrol in rotenone induced Parkinson’s rat model. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 2004-11.

Neurodegeneration accounts for diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, etc. that come under neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The main hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease are progressive loss of motor control and cognitive dysfunction. Current treatments are of reducing the symptoms, do not address the long term complications like motor and cognitive dysfunction and have serious side effects as well. Recent research has linked tyrosine kinase activity dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunctions to the main etiologies of Parkinson’s disease of familial and sporadic origin. Since Parkinson’s disease occur due to multiple etiologies, using a combination of drugs that target different etiologies could be an ideal strategy to address neurodegeneration. In the present study, the neuroprotective efficacy of a combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitor; dasatinib and natural antioxidant resveratrol were studied. Stereotaxic infusion of rotenone was given to rats to induce Parkinson’s disease, with nine treatment groups. The neuroprotective efficacy of the drug combinations was evaluated in different treatment groups by checking, behavioral studies, like learning and memory using radial arm maze, anxiety level using elevated plus maze and muscle grip strength using rotarod. The drug combination results were more inclined towards the sham control and found to be significant for all three experiments compared to rotenone group. Further, the results demonstrated that the drug combinations are potent candidates for rescuing the neurons from neurodegeneration.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

001571   PATIL V V, SURWASE S R, BELURE A S, SURYAWANSHI A G, MANE D V (Biotechnology Dep, Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya, Latur - 413 512, Email: vihang.patil11@gmail.com) : Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial evaluation of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica against enteric poultry pathogens. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 2000-3.

After an increasing concern of sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in poultry to treat enteric and other infections, an interest in alternative and efficient products with antibacterial properties has increased. From ancient time, the plants are constantly contributing as a useful source for the therapeutic and pharmaceutically important compounds. In this study, we therefore tested for the presence of important phytochemicals and antibacterial potential of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica rhizome extracts against poultry enteric pathogens. Pharmaceutically important phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, phenols, glucosides, etc. were found to be present in extracts of C. longa and C. aromatica. The extracts of C. aromatica exhibited excellent inhibitory action against Escherichia coli and Salmonella entertidis. However, C. longa extracts showed zone of inhibition against E. coli alone. This study provides significant insight into therapeutic application of Curcuma spp. against enteric poultry pathogens, suggesting it’s potential as an alternative to antibiotics and opens the way for further use in poultry feed for effective production.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

001536   GAYATRI K V, SOUNDHARI C, PAVITHRA B P (Microbiology Dep, Valliammal Coll for Women, Chennai - 600 102, Email: drcsoundhari@gmail.com) : Biofilm inhibitory effect of chlorella extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1966-71.

Biofilm is a layer like aggregates of bacterial cells which are formed on biotic and abiotic surfaces. Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays an essential role in the aggregation of bacteria on biofilm formation. Quorum sensing and extracellular polysaccharide play a vital role in the biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-biofilm effect of lyophilized extracts of Chlorella The lyophilized aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Chlorella were screened for anti-biofilm activity by MTT assay; microdilution and antibacterial activity were assessed by disc diffusion assay. GC-MS were used to determine the bioactive compound. The lyophilized ethanolic extract of Chlorella showed concentration-dependent inhibition of up to 85% in biofilm, from a concentration of 2 mg/ml to 500 µg/ml by MTT assay. The antibiofilm activity of the significant ethanolic extract of chlorella was ascertained through a scanning electron microscope. The anti-bacterial activity showed a moderate to low inhibition around the disc showing no anti-bacterial activity. GC-MS analyses revealed the presence of 8 major compounds in the ethanolic extract of Chlorella. Cytotoxic results revealed that the ethanolic extract was non-toxic from 1000 µg/ml proving Chlorella extracts to be non-toxic at all concentrations. Current study proves that micro-algae like Chlorella have the potential to inhibit the pathogenic activity of P. aeruginosa in biofilm formation by providing a novel alternative to the conventional anti-microbial agents.

3 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

001579   RAJKUMAR Y, ASMA N, SHLINI P (Chemistry (PG Biochemistry) Dep, Mount Carmel Coll, Bengaluru - 560 052, Email: shlinip1@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of biofilm forming multiple drug-resistant bacteria from patients infected with UTI. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1922-8.

Biofilms are protective organic extracellular polymeric substances secreted by a microbial population which prevents the penetration of antimicrobial substances such as antibiotics. The existence of biofilms has become a significant problem in the case of infections as well as industrial processes. Although, biofilms may act as an advantage to the microbial community, they are found to cause food spoilage, unpleasant odors, pipe blockage, infections, etc. Biofilms play a crucial role in causing persistent UTIs which undergo frequent relapses, seen most commonly in women, children and aging adults. In the present investigation, bacterial samples isolated from UTI samples of infected patients were characterized. The capacity of the UTI isolates to form biofilms is analyzed using biofilm assay done by subjection of samples to primary and secondary screening by ELISA plate reader. Further on, Nacyl homoserine lactone (AHL), an autoinducer responsible for the formation of biofilms in gram-negative bacteria was extracted and estimated colorimetrically and spectroscopically by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The AHL that was extracted showed a characteristic absorbance for C==O bond of lactone ring, and N==H and C—O bond of acyl chain analyzed from graphs obtained by FT-IR.

8 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

001512   AMUTHA R, SUDHA A (Microbiology Dep, Vivekanandha Coll of Arts and Sciences for Women, Tiruchengode, Namakkal - 637 303, Tamil Nadu, Email: sudha29.a@gmail.com) : Murraya koenigii mediated silver nanoparticle synthesis and its activity against enteric pathogens. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1906-11.

The objective of this research was a synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Murraya koenigii leaves in which the particles were characterized by various techniques and to evaluate the potential antibacterial activity of synthesized nanoparticles against various human pathogens. Murraya koenigii aqueous extract of leaves were prepared by the Soxhlet method, and the bioactive compounds were analyzed by phytochemical analysis. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized which are characterized by UV-visible spectroscopic analysis, XRD, TEM, FTIR analysis and antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis of Murraya koenigii aqueous extract of leaves showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, and steroids. The aqueous AgNo₃ solution changed from green to dark brown color after incubation. UV-visible spectroscopic analysis showed the absorbance peak at around 420 nm which indicates the synthesis of Ag NPs. TEM image showed the formation of well-dispersed silver nanoparticles in the range of 5-25 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD)-spectrum as evidenced by the peaks at 2θ values of such peaks 38.43°, 44.40°, and 67.57°, is corresponding to 111, 200 and 220 planes for silver, respectively. Silver nanoparticles showed the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (16 mm), Escherichia coli (15 mm), Salmonella sps. (15 mm), Bacillus sps. (16 mm), Vibrio sps. (14 mm), Enterococcus sps. (13 mm) and Candida (21 mm). This study demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles from curry leaf extract showed that the remarkable antibacterial activity against human pathogens. The extract of Murraya koenigii has the bioactive compounds like alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids and it will become a drug for the therapy of infectious diseases.

9 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

001570   PATIL S, SHAH R (Pharmacognosy Dep, Mumbai Univ, Mumbai - 400 005, Email: rnshah1994@gmail.com) : Standardization, formulation & antimicrobial activity of Cassia tora. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1870-9.

Incidence of fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate, presenting an enormous challenge to healthcare professionals. Despite advances in preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions, the invasive fungal infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. An effective alternative to conventional synthetic antifungal agents can be the use of medicines from natural sources for treatment of fungal infections. The present study is based on a comparative evaluation of preliminary phytochemical screening and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Cassia tora seeds and leaves. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates in all four extracts while anthraquinones were found in ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds. The in-vitro antimicrobial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method. Each of the extracts was screened for antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Ethanolic extract of leaves showed significant antimicrobial activity. The MIC of ethanolic extract of leaves was found to be 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli respectively. Microspheres were prepared as a topical formulation using an ethanolic extract of leaves and evaluated. Particle size, entrapment efficiency of the optimized batch was found to be 65.34 µm and 82.91 % respectively. In-vitro diffusion studies resulted in the sustained release of the developed formulation as compared to the marketed topical formulation.

16 illus, 14 tables, 27 ref

001591   SUPRIYA K A, GROWTHER L (Microbiology Dep, Hindusthan Coll of Arts and Science, Coimbatore - 641 004, Email: lalijps@gmail.com) : In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different extracts of Diospyros melanoxylon roxb. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1820-7.

The present research focuses on the screening of phytochemicals from an Indian medicinal plant Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. by both qualitative and quantitatively and biological activities. Different solvent extracts were prepared and used for this study such as hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals revealed that the methanolic extract comprises alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and triterpenoids than the other extracts. Further, in-vitro antibacterial activity was studied by well diffusion method using four different human pathogens viz. Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. Followed by, 3 different invitro antioxidant activities were performed in 5 different plant extracts. The antioxidant study revealed that the methanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity than the others which indicate that methanol extract played an essential role in biological activities. Thus, Diospyros melanoxylon could be effectively employed as an ingredient in health or functional food to alleviate oxidative stress and related health benefits.

3 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

001507   ALI S, MAITI A, VISHWAKARMA V K (Pharmacology Dep, Rajarshi Rananjay Singh Coll of Pharmacy, Amethi - 227 405, Email: sadiqali_786@yahoo.co.in) : Effects of Anethum graveolense Linn. extract on bile duct ligation induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1795-803.

The present study investigated the protective role of methanolic extract from Anethum graveolense L. (AGME) on bile duct ligation (BDL) produce hepatic fibrosis in the rat. BDL rats were divided into four groups, which received orally distilled water or AGME (200 and 400 mg/kg) for continuously 28 days. The BDL induced hepatic fibrosis by anti-fibrotic effect of AGME in the rats determined by serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBL), direct bilirubin (DBL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine (CRT), glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TGL), cholesterol (CHOL), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and oxidative parameter like glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) level. Biochemical estimation was complemented by histopathological measurement of the liver. Phytochemical in AGME were determined by qualitative and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. All the serological level was elevated on treated with BDL group alone than in the sham control group (P<0.01). Treatment with AGME these elevations was mostly diminished. Also, increase in NO level, and AGME doses produced hepatic MDA in BDL induced cholestasis. Furthermore, the treatment with AGME significantly diminished the serum level of TGF-β1, fibrogenic cytokine. Histopathological finding further showed the protective effect of AGME by BDL induced liver fibrosis in rats. Phytochemical analysis of AGME shown that it contained myricetin, rutin, vitexin, hyperoside, and kaempferol was determined by AGME. These beneficial roles of AGME might be an effective antifibrotic drug in cholestatic liver disease.

5 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

001584   SARKAR S (Pathology and Cancer Screening Dep, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata - 700 026, Email: sinjini1993@gmail.com) : Short-term treatment of elastase-lps induced exacerbation model of emphysema in mice with docosahexaenoic acid, a precursor of antiinflammatory autacoids. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1775-83.

An essential pathological phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is emphysema or lung tissue destruction. The study aims to assess docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a precursor for specialized pro-resolving mediators, as a treatment of emphysema. Albino mice were challenged with porcine pancreatic elastase on day 1 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide on day 21 to induce emphysema. The pathological condition was then treated with docosahexaenoic acid for 7 consecutive days. The animals were treated with three experimental doses of docosahexaenoic acid (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg b.w.) and results were compared with another 2 groups receiving standard drugs, i.e., corticosteroid and bronchodilators. Histopathology, automated morphometry, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung volume measurements were performed. The experiments showed that the 30 mg/kg dose of DHA has treatment effects similar to the standard drugs. The neutrophil is an inflammatory mediator, and the new treatment was able to reduce the neutrophil count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Lung volumes were reduced suggesting lesser hyperinflation. Histopathology confirms more inferior airway obstruction in the treatment groups. Even though the experimental doses of docosahexaenoic acid were not superior to the effects of corticosteroids but has shown some signs of improvement in exacerbation model of emphysema in mice and has promised to become a therapy for management of COPD in future.

7 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

001581   SADIK S, GEETHA K M, VASIA, REDDY A M (Pharmacology Dep, Oxbridge Coll of Pharmacy, Bengaluru - 560 091, Email: shaikpharmacy@gmail.com) : Antinociceptive effects of methanolic extracts of Potentilla anserina in animal models. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1760-4.

Potentilla anserina (Rosaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant in India, and it is available throughout the Northern hemisphere. This study was intended to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of Potentilla anserina in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice and Eddy’s Hot Plate method in Albino rats at the dose level of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg p.o and the study was compared with the standard drug Indomethacin 10 mg/kg. The data were expressed as mean ± S.E.M. The statistical analysis was done using ANOVA followed by Dunnett‟s post hock test. The methanolic extract of Potentilla anserina showed significant antinociceptive activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing method the PAME (75, 150, 300 mg/kg, p.o) 1hr before a pain stimulus significantly reduced the nociceptive response. In the hot plate method, there was no significant difference in nociceptive behavior. The antinociceptive activity could be associated with the presence of several flavonoid-based bioactive compounds and their synergistic action with non-volatile bioactive compounds.

2 tables, 31 ref

001578   RAJGURU M, TEMBHURNE S, KOLHE S (Pharmacology Dep, AISSMS Coll of Pharmacy, Pune - 411 001, Email: maheshrajguru700@gmail.com) : Antiobesity, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic agents of protocatechuic acid in high fatty diet along with alloxan induced diabetes. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1741-6.

The present investigation was carried out by evaluating the effect of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on a high-fat diet (HFD) along with a low dose of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in male Wistar rats. In the present study, administration of high fatty diet (HFD) for 45 days along with low dose of alloxan (80 mg/kg) in rats on 30 days produced significant high fatty diet in the, body weight, low density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and blood glucose levels while decreases the high density lipoprotein (HDL) and serum insulin level. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) was started to administered at a dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg (orally) on day 45 of HFD administration and continue further 45 days. Glibenclamide was used as reference standard. Results of PCA shows a significant decreased in body weight, blood glucose level after 45 days of treatment in diabetic animals. Result also indicated to increase in serum insulin level. The result of lipid profile indicated to normalize after 45 days treatment with PCA in diabetic rats. All the results are compared with reference standard glibenclamide. From this result, it concludes that PCA decreases the body weight, blood glucose level dose-dependently indicated antidiabetic and antiobesity activity. Antidiabetic activity of PCA is associated with increased in the level of serum insulin.

13 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

001556   LALITHA V, SIVAKUMAR T (Pharmacology Dep, Nandha Coll of Pharmacy and Research Institute, Erode - 638 052, Email: sasiikv@gmail.com) : Efficacy and complications of prolong linezolid therapy in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected subcutaneous abscess model in Wistar rat. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1719-24.

Linezolid has a better choice for the eradication of both community and hospital acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, but its use is limited because of its complications. The study elucidated the efficacy and complications of prolonged therapy of linezolid in MRSA infected rats. The rats were rendered neutropenic by an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide injection given for 4 days and 5^th day at a dose of 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. This neutropenia was maintained for 5 days. The neutropenic rats were injected subcutaneously with 10⁶ CFU/ml of MRSA. The rats were divided into 3 groups. Normal control, Infected, Infected animals treated with linezolid 50 mg/kg/twice/day for 14 days. On the 15th day, the blood and liver were collected for biochemical and histopathological examination. The MRSA was confirmed by PCR assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration of linezolid was 0.5-2 µg/ml. The decreased bacterial count (7.22 × 10³ CFU / abscess), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), increased lactic acid, alteration in hematological parameters and liver damage were seen in linezolid treated infected rats when compared to normal animals. Our study concludes the prolonged use of linezolid cause intestinal dysbiosis, myelosuppression, mitochondrial toxicity, and hepatotoxicity.

7 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

001589   SINGLA R (Microbiology Dep, S. S. D. Coll of Professional Studies, Bathinda - 151 201, Email: rajeshsingla13@rediffmail.com) : Bioactive potential of a novel bio-control agent against newly isolated post harvest fungal pathogens. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1686-700.

It is well known that Trichoderma sp. can be used as a biological control agent (BCA). In this study, 02 new Trichoderma isolates were obtained from 35 different soil samples of Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh and its bio-control/antifungal effects were determined against 07 newly isolated postharvest fungal pathogens (PHFP) from 35 different samples of fruits and vegetables collected from storage and selling markets of Chandigarh. In-vitro evaluation of antagonistic activity of only one newly isolated bio-control agent Trichoderma viride (RS1) was done by dual culture method (DCM) and culture filtrate technique (CFT) and compared with the standard BCA, T. viride MTCC 800. Results of CFT were significantly higher than by DCM in case of newly isolated BCA in comparison to standard BCA. Further, a pot experiment was carried out to check the effect of fungal pathogens and bio-control agent on the growth of barley seeds. It was observed that in the presence of BCA alone as well as in combination with PHFP, the negative effect of fungal pathogens reduced and the shoot and root length increased significantly. Also, mutant strain of the newly isolated Trichoderma viride was produced using U.V. radiations, and its antifungal potential was checked by DCM. It was observed that in all the cases except two, the mutant strain showed best antifungal potential as compared to the wild type as well as the standard BCA T. v. MTCC 800.

57 illus, 10 tables, 31 ref

001549   KARAK P (Physiology Dep, Bankura Christian Coll, Bankura - 722 101, Email: drpkarak@gmail.com) : Biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1567-74.

Plants and herbs consumed by humans are the rich sources of phytonutrients compounds synthesized in plants itself. Such bioactive substances are responsible for the plant’s antioxidant and medicinal values. Flavonoids are an essential group of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds, and its flavan nucleus characterizes it. It is one of the most common classes of compounds available in vegetables, fruits, and plant-derived beverages. Flavonoids are considered as health promoting and disease preventing dietary supplements. It is now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal, cosmetic and other applications. The main aim of this present review is to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, general working mechanisms of flavonoids, functions, and applications of flavonoids, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing many chronic diseases and future research directions. Their basic structures consist of C6-C3-C6 rings with different substitution patterns to produce a series of subclass compounds such as flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanols or catechins and anthocyanins. Many flavonoid compounds are shown to have an antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging capacity, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic while some other flavonoid compounds exhibit potential antiviral activities. More recently flavonoids are proven to be the most effective as an anti-cancer agent, through apoptosis by induction of cell cycle arrest and inhibition of key enzymes involved in tumor promotion.

5 illus, 2 tables, 71 ref