004079   AL-QTAITAT A, FARHAN S S, AL-MAATHIDY A, ALMUHAISEN G, ALZYOUD J (Anatomy and Histology Dep, Mutah Univ, Karak, Jordan, Email: aimanaq@mutah.edu.jo) : Potential protective effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice on monosodium glutamate induced seminiferous tubules changes in adult male albino rats; Histological study. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(3), 625-36.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been recognized as flavor enhancer that adversely affects male reproductive systems. The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of pomegranate juice on MSG induced histopathological changes in the seminiferous tubules of rats. Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups of ten rats each; Group I (Control group),received daily standard diet only for one month. Group II (Pomegranate group), received daily pomegranate juice only for one month. Group III (MSG group), received daily a single dose of 60 mg/kg body weight of MSG for one month. Group IV (MSG and Pomegranate group), received daily a single dose of 60 mg/kg of MSG concomitant with pomegranate juice for one month. Group V (MSG withdrawal group), received daily a single dose of 60 mg/kg body weight of MSG for one month then leaved for another one month. The testis was subjected to histological study,using light and electron microscopes, and the cauda epididymis was used for caudal sperm count. MSG induced toxicity in testicular tissues. Pomegranate juice resulted in improvingthe MSG induced changes, and it had the ability to increase sperms number and to reduce sperms abnormalities. Supplementation of pomegranate juice could ameliorate the MSG induced testicular toxicity. Thus, it could have a role in improving male fertility.

4 illus, 1 table, 54 ref

004125   KHAN M M, ALAM R (Biochemistry Dep, Integral Univ, Lucknow - 226 026, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.roshan.alam@gmail.com) : Association of +10211T/G (rs17846866) variant of adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(3), 569-76.

Various adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) variants, located on chromosome 3q27 were associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in different ethnicity. In this study, it is aimed to find the association of +10211T/G (rs17846866) variant of ADIPOQ with T2DM and healthy controls in North Indians. In this study, 150 T2DM and 150 healthy control subjects aged between 25-75 years were recruited. Circulatory adiponectin levels were measured by commercially available ELISA kit. For genotype analysis, Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) method was used. The genotypic analysis of rs17846866 variant of ADIPOQ has shown that there were no significant association of TT versus TG genotype (P=0.13) as well as TT versus GG genotype (P=0.11) with T2DM patients and healthy controls. However, the G allele frequency of the rs17846866 has shown significant association with T2DM (13.7%) as compared to healthy controls (7.7%, P=0.02). In T2DM, circulatory adiponectin level was significantly lower in TT genotype than TG genotypes (P=0.01). However, the circulatory adiponectin level was lower in GG genotype than TG genotype (P=0.49), but not significant. The result showed that rs17846866 variant of ADIPOQ was associated with altered circulatory adiponectin levels. The TT genotype may be the major contributor to reduce the circulatory adiponectin levels in T2DM. However, the G allele may be increased the risk of T2DM in North Indians.

2 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

004135   MAHASSNI S H (Biochemistry Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: sawsanmahassni@hotmail.com) : T cells and natural killer cells, but not b cells or antibodies, are affected in overweight and obese Saudi females. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(3), 545-53.

Saudi Arabia has one of the highest adult overweight and obesity rates, especially in females, leading to increased mortality, morbidity, infections, and risk for many diseases. This study determined the counts and percents of lymphocyte subtypes (CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD16 +CD56 cells) and serum IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrationsin blood samples collected from sixty-four Saudi female university employees with an age range of 24-52 years. There is only one other study on the counts/numbers of lymphocyte subtypes in overweight and obese Saudi females.Anthropometric measurements were used to categorize the subjects into groups according to the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC).Results were all compared to the controls. Antibody concentrations were not significantly different.The CD3 and CD4 counts were significantly higher for the obese BMI group and the overweight and obese BMI, respectively. The high risk WHR group had a significantly lower CD3 % and a significantly higher CD16 + CD56 count. The high risk WC group had significantly higher CD3 and CD4 counts and a significantly lower CD16 +CD56 %.Thus, obesity leads to changes in the cellular adaptive and innate immune systems, while not affecting the adaptive immune system.

5 tables, 15 ref

004186   VALLI S, DIVYA M (PG and Research Microbiology Dep, Mohamed Sathak Coll of Arts and Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: valli.ranjani@gmail.com) : Green tea extract-Propitious approach to combat urinary tract pathogens. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(3), 966-73.

Green tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and is currently perceived as a healthy drink now gaining worldwide popularity as a drink that is important in preventive medicine. It is derived from non-fermented leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Hence in the present work the antibacterial activity of green tea extract to combat urinary tract pathogens was assessed. Samples of urine were collected from hospital and processed for the isolation of pathogenic bacteria. Urine samples were processed and based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics the isolates were identified The effect of green tea extract was investigated against urinary tract pathogens. Ethanolic extracts of green tea were prepared by soxhlet extraction method. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts were evaluated against pathogens by disc diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in Proteus mirabilis showing 39 mm at 1 mg/ml concentration followed by minimum zone of inhibition was observed in Escherichia coli (17 mm) at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The phytochemicals occurring in the various solvent extracts of Camellia sinensis leaves were analysed quantitatively by phytochemical screening. The major phytochemicals found were saponins, flavanoids, alkaloids, proteins and steroids. GC-MS analysis was carried out on the ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis and 10 different compounds were identified. The chromatogram revealed 15 peaks in the retention time range 10 to 30 minutes. The largest peak at 27.551 min with 7.54% area was identified as Tetracosane followed by Heptocosane. with 4.76% area at 26.099 minute. Screening of Camellia sinensis by GC-MS confirmed the plant to be a potential source for bioactive substances that supports several pharmaceutical uses and therapeutic value.

3 tables, 16 ref

004157   POCHHI M (Biochemistry Dep, Shree Shankaracharya Institute of Medical Science, Bhilai, Email: m_pochhi@hotmail.com) : Evaluation of antidiabetic potential and hypolipidemic activity of Coccinia indica (leaves) in diabetic albino rats. Asian J Med Sci 2019, 10(4), 49-54.

The whole plant of Coccinia indica is very effective in different types of diseases with fewer side effects. The leaves, roots of this plant were claimed to be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus based on folk medicine. The purpose of this study was to examine the antihyperglycemic effect of water extract of C. indica in alloxan diabetes rats. The aim of this study is to find whether the conditions, hyperglyclemia and hyerlipidemia, are correlated and whether the application of the aqueous extract leads to abating these two conditions. The aqueous leaves extracts of C. indica (200 mg/kg) were administered orally for 14 days, in alloxan induced diabetic rats on Glucose, Lipid profile, Lipoproteins and Lipid metabolizing enzymes activity. The aqueous leaves extract of C. indica induced significant improvement in glucose, serum Lipids, lipoproteins and lipid metabolizing enzyme activity (HMG CoA reductase, LCAT). The present study indicates that the extract of Coccinia indica exhibits lipid lowering, maintaining lipoproteins concentration and also improves the activities of lipid metabolizing enzyme in hyperglycemic rats leading to an increase in peripheral glucose consumption.

3 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

004130   KUMAR V, ANJANA, POONAM, SHARMA S (Microbiology Dep, Career Point Univ, Hamirpur- 176041, Himachal Pradesh, Email: vijaybhatiadreams@gmail.com) : Latest overview of proteases: A review. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2019, 7(2), 20-8.

Proteolytic enzymes are found in all kinds of organisms i.e. viruses to animals. These peptidases are included in vast group of the enzymes used in the bio industry with wide applications. They play vital part in the industrial biotechnology specifically in food, detergent and the pharmaceutical industries. Microbial proteases which are environmental friendly are interestingly used for their commercial importance. This review displays an overview on proteases chiefly from sources of micro-organisms i.e. bacteria and fungi and their common properties are also discussed briefly. Proteases assume an essential part in detergent, pharmaceutical, leather, food industry, agricultural ventures. Microbial proteases assume an imperative part in various ventures, above all in the leather preparing, silver recuperation, medical purposes, food preparing, feeds, chemical enterprises, waste treatment.

5 illus, 3 tables, 66 ref

004145   NATH G, JANAM R, KUMAR R, GANGWAR M (Microbiology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Uttar Pradesh- 221 005, Email: gopalnath@gmail.com) : Bacteriophage therapy: An alternative to antibiotics—An experimental study in mice. Ann Natl Acad Med Sci 2019, 55(3), 151-8.

The present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa specific phages in immunocompromised septicemia animal model as an alternative to antibiotics. Five different sets of experiments were performed: prophylactic administration of phage cocktail (3 lytic and unique) before and simultaneous with bacterial challenge; and therapeutic, that is, administration of phage cocktail 6, 12, and 24 hours after the bacterial challenge. No mortality was observed when simultaneous and late administration of phages was done with respect to the bacterial challenge. Contrary to this, administration of phage cocktail 100 µL (1012 PFU/mL) of volume after 6 hours of the infection resulted in a mortality rate of 60 %. However, no mortality could be observed with reduced dose of cocktail, that is, 108 , 109 , and 1010 PFU administered 6 hours after bacterial challenge. Phage therapy in acute infections initiated with very small dosage under strict supervision may give better results. However, further studies to determine the quantity and frequency of dosage of phage cocktail for septicemia of various durations is strongly indicated.

2 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

004166   ROSHANKHAH S, SADEGHI E, JALILI C, SALAHSHOOR M R (Anatomical Sciences Dep, Kermanshah Univ of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: reza.salahshoor@yahoo.com) : Impacts of low protein diet on the hippocampal CA1 neurons and learning deficits in rats. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(2), 124-8.

Proteins are the essential part of all organism cells. Nutrition plays the most important role in the structure and function of the brain. CA1 region belongs to hippocampus and plays a vital role in converting short-term to long-term memory. This study was designed to assess the effects of low‑protein diet on hippocampal region CA1 and learning deficit in rats.  In this study, 30 male rats were randomly assigned to two groups: control group and low‑protein diet group (8 % protein). Animals in a low‑protein diet group have eaten food with low protein daily for 10 months. Body weight was measured. Transcardiac perfusion method was applied to tissue fixation. Passive avoidance learning of animals was examined by the shuttle-box apparatus technique. The number of dendritic spines was investigated by the Golgi staining technique. Furthermore, Cresyl violet staining method was used to determine the number of neurons in the hippocampal region CA1. The passive avoidance learning of the low‑protein diet rats was reduced significantly compared to the control ones (P < 0.001). Low-protein diet decreased the body weight, number of neuronal dendritic spines and neurons compared to the control group (P < 0.001). It seems that administration of low-protein diet had harmful effects of structure and function of hippocampal region CA1 in rats.

6 illus, 36 ref

004147   NIGAM A, KULSHRESHTHA M, PANJWANI D (Pharmacology Dep, Babu Banarasi Das Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dvcology@gmail.com) : Pharmacological evaluation of Hibiscus abelmoschus against scopolamine induced amnesia and cognitive impairment in mice. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(2), 116-23.

Progressive loss of memory has a prominent role in devastating neurodegenerative diseases such as amnesia, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The present study was, thus, designed to investigate the potential of Hibiscus abelmoschus (H. abelmoschus) in scopolamine-induced amnesic Swiss Albino mice. Phytochemical and acute toxicity studies of H. abelmoschus ethanolic extract (HAEE) were performed. Memory loss was induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p), a muscarinic antagonist, and evaluated by using Morris water maze (MWM), elevated plus maze (EPM) and modified passive avoidance tests on Swiss Albino mice. Besides this, locomotor activity, serum biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were evaluated. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT) activity were also checked. HAEE at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight administered orally to the animals. Donepezil hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) was taken as standard. Pre‑treatment of mice with HAEE significantly reversed scopolamine‑induced memory impairments, as evidenced by a significant decrease in escape latency in the MWM task, transfer latency in EPM task and an increase in step‑down latency in the modified passive avoidance task. HAEE also exhibited a remarkable cholesterol and triglyceride‑lowering property in the present study. Moreover, treatment with HAEE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) to scopolamine‑induced rats significantly decreased the LPO and increased the GSH and catalase levels. The memory restorative effects of H. abelmoschus in amnesia may involve its multiple functions including antioxidative and lipid-lowering properties and the presence of phytoconstituents. Thus, H. abelmoschus may act as memory enhancer and may also be useful as a supportive adjuvant in the treatment of impaired memory functions.

8 tables, 56 ref

004101   FONG M Y, LAU Y L, JELIP J, OOI C H, CHEONG F W (Parasitology Dep, Malaya Univ, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: fwcheong18@um.edu.my) : Genetic characterisation of the erythrocyte-binding protein (PkβII) of Plasmodium knowlesi isolates from Malaysia. J Genet 2019, 98, 64.

Plasmodium knowlesi contributes to the majority of human malaria incidences in Malaysia. Its uncontrollable passage among the natural monkey hosts can potentially lead to zoonotic outbreaks. The merozoite of this parasite invades host erythrocytes through interaction between its erythrocyte-binding proteins (EBPs) and their respective receptor on the erythrocytes. The region II of P. knowlesi EBP, P. knowlesi beta (PkβII) protein is found to be mediating merozoite invasion into monkey erythrocytes by interacting with sialic acid receptors. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity, natural selection and haplotype grouping of PkβII of P. knowlesi isolates in Malaysia. Polymerase chain reaction amplifications of PkβII were performed on archived blood samples from Malaysia and 64 PkβII sequences were obtained. Sequence analysis revealed length polymorphism, and its amino acids at critical residues indicate the ability of PkβII to mediate P. knowlesi invasion into monkey erythrocytes. Low genetic diversity (π = 0.007) was observed in the PkβII of Malaysia Borneo compared to Peninsular Malaysia (π = 0.015). The PkβII was found to be under strong purifying selection to retain infectivity in monkeys and it plays a limited role in the zoonotic potential of P. knowlesi. Its haplotypes could be clustered into Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysia Borneo groups, indicating the existence of two distinct P. knowlesi parasites in Malaysia as reported in an earlier study

2 illus, 20 ref

004132   LI Y, TANG X, MENG Y, LUO G, YU X (Endocrinology and Metabolism Dep, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu- 610 041, Email: xijieyu@hotmail.com) : A novel compound mutation in alpha-L-iduronidase gene causes mucopolysaccharidosis type I. J Genet 2019, 98, 65.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene. IDUA contributes to the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate. Deficient activity of IDUA generates accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes leading to MPS I. Here, we identified two boys with MPS I caused by a compound heterozygote of a reported c.265C > T (p.R89W) missense mutation in exon 2 and a novel c.1633G > T (p.E545*, 109) nonsense mutation in exon 11 of IDUA gene in a Chinese family. R89 is close to the active site and its replacement will affect the structure and function of IDUA. Besides, termination from E545 deletes one of the prominent domains and alters the spatial structure of IDUA. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a previously unrecognized mutation in IDUA gene and this report adds to the mutational spectrum observed.

1 illus, 12 ref

004194   ZHENG W, LI H, LIU B, WU C (Gastroenterology Dep, Fujian Medical Univ, Fuzhou- 350 001, Fujian Province, Email: fzdoctorlby@sina.com) : Association between the SNPs in trace element-related metabolic genes and the risk of gastric cancer: A case–control study in Xianyou of China. J Genet 2019, 98, 67.

This study aims to analyse the potential relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in trace elementrelated metabolic genes GSTM3, GSTP1, GPX1 and NKG2D and the risk of gastric cancer. A case–control study was conducted in the hospital of Xianyou, Fujian, China. In this study, a total of 299 patients with histopathological diagnosis in gastric cancer and 295 healthy control subjects were involved. Association between the SNPs in trace element-related metabolic genes and gastric cancer risk was analysed using the unconditional logistic regression model. No relationship was found between the SNPs of GSTM3 and GPX1 genes and gastric cancer risk. However, the risk of gastric cancer is related to the SNPs of NKG2D gene (rs1049174). Patients who carry the rs1049174 GG genotype have a higher incidence of the gastric cancer and a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 1.85 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.02–3.38). Through haplotype analysis, two haplotypes (i.e. A_rs1746123-T_rs10431294-G_rs1049174 and T_rs1746123-T_rs10431294-C_rs1049174), OR of 0.29 (95 % CI: 0.15–0.56) and 0.33, (95 % CI: 0.22–0.50), respectively, were found to have lower incidence of gastric cancer. Meanwhile, another two haplotypes (T_rs1746123-C_rs10431294-C_rs1049174 and T_rs1746123-T_rs10431294-G_rs1049174), OR of 1.81 (95 % CI: 1.40–2.34) and 3.09 (95 % CI: 2.30–4.16), respectively, were found to have a higher incidence of gastric cancer. Further, no influence of the haplotype on the risk of cardia gastric cancer was found. However, the haplotype T_rs1746123-T_rs10431294-C_rs1049174 had lower incidence of noncardia gastric cancer by 46 %. Our data showed that polymorphisms of trace element-related metabolic genes are important in gastric cancer pathology.

10 tables, 39 ref

004141   MILLA C P, CASTRO C P D, GÓMEZ-GONZÁLEZ C, MARTÍNEZ-MONTERO P, PASCUAL S I P, MATEOS J M (Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Madrid- 28046, Email: palmamilla.carmen@gmail.com) : Myotonia congenita: Mutation spectrum of CLCN1 in Spanish patients. J Genet 2019, 98, 71.

Myotonia congenita (MC) is a Mendelian inherited genetic disease caused by the mutations in the CLCN1 gene, encoding the main skeletal muscle ion chloride channel (ClC-1). The clinical diagnosis of MC should be suspected in patients presenting myotonia, warm-up phenomenon, a characteristic electromyographic pattern, and/or family history. Here, we describe the largest cohort of MC Spanish patients including their relatives (up to 102 individuals). Genetic testing was performed by CLCN1 sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Analysis of selected exons of the SCN4A gene, causing paramyotonia congenita, was also performed. Mutation spectrum and analysis of a likely founder effect of c.180+3A>T was achieved by haplotype analysis and association tests. Twenty-eight different pathogenic variants were found in theCLCN1 gene, of which 21 were known mutations and seven not described. Gross deletions/duplications were not detected. Four probands had a pathogenic variant in SCN4A. Two main haplotypes were detected in c.180+3A>T carriers and no statistically significant differences were detected between case and control groups regarding the type of haplotype and its frequencies. A diagnostic yield of 51 % was achieved; of which 88 % had pathogenic variants in CLCN1 and 12 % in SCN4A. The existence of a c.180+3A>T founder effect remains unsolved.

2 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

004112   HASHEMI M, MOAZENI-ROODI A, SARABANDI S, KARAMI S, GHAVAMI S (Zahedan Univ of Medical Sciences, Zahedan- 9816743181, Email: mhd.hashemi@gmail.com) : Association between genetic polymorphisms of long noncoding RNA H19 and cancer risk: A meta-analysis. J Genet 2019, 98, 81.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19, a well-known oncogenic lncRNA, is overexpressed in various cancers. Several studies have investigated the association between polymorphisms in lncRNA H19 and the risk of various cancer types; however, the findings were inconsistent. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to identify the precise association between H19 polymorphisms and cancer risk. Appropriate studies were retrieved from searching Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases, updated 25 November 2018. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the strength of the association between H19 polymorphisms and cancer risk. Our findings revealed that the H19-rs217727 C>T polymorphism is significantly associated with an increased risk of overall cancer in homozygous codominant (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.04–1.57, P = 0.020, TT vs CC), dominant (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.04–1.37, P = 0.010, CT+TT vs CC), recessive (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00– 1.46, P = 0.048, TT vs CT+CC), and allele (OR = 1.16, 95 % CI = 1.05–1.28, P = 0.003, T vs C) genetic models. No significant correlations were observed between H19: rs2839698 G>A, rs2107425 C>T, rs2735971 C>T, rs3024270 G>C, rs3741219 T>C, rs2839701 C>G, rs2735469 C>T, rs17658052 G>A, and rs3741216 T>A polymorphisms and overall cancer risk. Stratified analysis by cancer type proposed that the rs217727 variant is associated with increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and lung cancer, whereas the rs2839698 variant is associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer. Taken together, these findings support an association between H19 rs217727, and rs2839698 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility. Larger and well-designed studies are necessary to further confirm these findings in detail.

4 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

004137   MANEE M M, ALSHEHRI M A, BINGHADIR S A, ALDHAFER S H, ALSWAILEM R M, ALGARNI A T, AL-SHOMRANI B M, AL-FAGEEH M B (King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh- 11442, Email: malmanee@kacst.edu.sa) : Comparative analysis of camelid mitochondrial genomes. J Genet 2019, 98, 88.

Camelus dromedarius has played a pivotal role in both culture and way of life in the Arabian peninsula, particularly in arid regions where other domestic animals cannot be easily domesticated. Although, the mitochondrial genomes have recently been sequenced for several camelid species, wider phylogenetic studies are yet to be performed. The features of conserved gene elements, rapid evolutionary rate, and rare recombination make the mitochondrial genome a useful molecular marker for phylogenetic studies of closely related species. Here we carried out a comparative analysis of previously sequenced mitochondrial genomes of camelids with an emphasis on C. dromedarius, revealing a number of noticeable findings. First, the arrangement of mitochondrial genes in C. dromedarius is similar to those of the other camelids. Second, multiple sequence alignment of intergenic regions shows up to 90 % similarity across different kinds of camels, with dromedary camels to reach 99 %. Third, we successfully identified the three domains (termination-associated sequence, conserved domain and conserved sequence block) of the control region structure. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that C. dromedarius mitogenomes were significantly clustered in the same clade with Lama pacos mitogenome. These findings will enhance our understanding of the nucleotide composition and molecular evolution of the mitogenomes of the genus Camelus, and provide more data for comparative mitogenomics in the family Camelidae.

7 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

004118   JAWAD M A, ALKADIR O K A (Al-Nisour Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: mohammed.a.medical.lab@nuc.edu.iq) : Inhibition effect of gold (III) theophylline nano-complex on ALT enzyme activity in human serum of Iraqi patients with liver disease. J Commun Dis 2019, 53(3), 244-9.

The ultrasonic sonication approach was used to create an Au(III) nano complex with theophylline.  To explore and suggest the structure of the nano complex, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and carbon hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) elemental studies were used. The FE-SEM was used to prove the nanoscale of the prepared complex and was to be less than 20 nm. The effect of the gold nano complex (Au (THP)2(Cl)₂) on alanine transaminase (ALT) activity in the serum of chronic liver disease patients was investigated. Compared to the control group, the patients with chronic liver disease with and without nano complex had a significant rise in serum levels of ALT activity (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in individuals with chronic liver disease who received nano complex, the blood levels of ALT activity were significantly lower than those who did not receive nano complex. The reason is that the Au nano complex aggressively interacts with carboxylic groups of important enzymes and inactivates them; further, the Au nano complex had an inhibitory effect on serum ALT activity.

5 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

004080   AL-RIKABI E H, YASSER O M, MAUSA M J (Chemistry Dep, Babylon Univ, Babylon, Iraq, Email: alrikabieman@gmail.com) : Assessment of the effect of C-peptide level on Na-K ATpase activity in individuals with type II diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Commun Dis 2019, 53(3), 213-9.

Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes can cause neuropathy, which is a frequent and severe consequence. C-peptide depletion may be partly related to in the occurrence of certain diabetic complications. It has been demonstrated that even a little amount of residual C-peptide has a considerable metabolic advantage. The study’s objective was to predict the relation of plasma C-peptide levels in patients with diabetic neuropathy, and its effect on Na-K ATPase activity. In this case-control study, 150 individuals have been included: 80 patients with diabetic neuropathy, 40 diabetics without neuropathy and 30 non-diabetic subjects as a control. Patients in the first group were carefully chosen based on their clinical symptoms and nerve conduction studies results. The assessment of plasma C-peptide was done by ELISA, Na-K ATPase enzyme activity by spectrophotometer, and HbA1C by HPLC.  Mean plasma C-peptide level and Erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity were substantially lower in neuropathy type 2 DM patients compared to diabetes without neuropathy and control (p= 0.002, 0.000 respectively). The negative correlation between C-peptide with HbA1c, and diabetes period were all negligible (p= 0.447,0.098),  Even though there was a notable negative correlation with age (p= 0.03). On the other hand, the relationship linking C-peptide and Na-K ATPase enzyme activity was shown to be insignificant (p=0.69). Diabetic neuropathy is related to a low C-peptide level. The association between C-peptide and Na-K ATPase enzyme activity, on the other hand, was shown to be insignificant. C-peptide HbA1c, and duration of diabetes all had minor negative associations. 

1 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

004119   JAWAD M A, KADHIM A J, HASAN S Y (Al-Nisour Univ Coll, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: mohammed.a.medical.lab@nuc.edu.iq) : The effect of immune max in the liver, kidney and spleen histological structure in male albino mice. J Commun Dis 2019, 53(3), 186-9.

This study aimed to identify the effect of using the Immune Max dietary supplement on the histological composition of some organs in male albino mice. The  study  was  conducted  on  the  Swiss  albino  male  mice  which were divided into two groups: treated group with 0.162 mg/kg/day of Immune Max and second group as a control. Histological examination was conducted for liver, kidney and spleen. The results showed some histological changes in these organs like loses of tissues, congestion, leukocytes infiltration and dead cells. The purpose of a conclusion that the use of the Immune Max nutritional supplement can cause damage to the tissues of a number of organs and this is likely to be due to the dose concentration and the duration of the treatment.

3 illus, 13 ref

004188   VENKATESH V, MENDEZ D C, RAJSHEKHAR T S, BALAKRISHNA S (Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics Dep, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar- 563 103, Email: sbk.sharath@gmail.com) : Molecular factors in the development of vitiligo. J Clin Biomed Sci 2019, 9(3), 61-8.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disease, caused due to selective destruction of melanocytes. It is characterized by depigmentation of skin. The mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon has not been clearly understood. Therefore, the aim of this review was to collate all the emerging information regarding the involvement of molecular components in vitiligo pathogenesis. Initial surveys suggested that certain chemicals were responsible for causing this skin disease. Recent genetic studies like twin studies show that vitiligo arises due to hereditary factors. Certain predisposing risk variants have been identified through candidate gene studies and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Skin biopsies and peripheral blood of vitiligo patients have revealed the presence of melanocyte targeting autoantibodies, increased T-cells and high levels of inflammatory cytokines, indicating that both humoral and cellular immunities play a major role in selective destruction of melanocytes. In addition to this, studies have shown the association of vitiligo with other autoimmune diseases, implicating that complications of other autoimmune diseases could lead to the development of vitiligo. Further research is required to understand the immune pathway of vitiligo and its commonness with other autoimmune disorders. This would help in tackling the disease therapeutically. 

3 tables, 68 ref

004122   KARATAS M O, TEKIN S, ALICI B, SANDAL S (Chemistry Dep, Inönü Univ, Malatya- 9044280, Turkey) : Cytotoxic effects of coumarin substituted benzimidazolium salts against human prostate and ovarian cancer cells. J Chem Sci 2019, 131(8), 69.

Coumarin and benzimidazole derivatives have individual biological activities including anticancer. In this study, we aimed to synthesize coumarin-benzimidazole hybrids in order to investigate their anticancer properties. For this purpose, six 6-substituted-4-chloromethylene coumarin derivatives were synthesized. Sixteen coumarin substituted benzimidazolium chlorides were synthesized by the reaction of 4-chloromethylene coumarin and N-benzylbenzimidazole derivatives. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized by ¹H and 13C NMR, IR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. Cytotoxicities of all compounds were tested by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against human prostate (PC-3) and ovarian (A2780) cancer cells. All compounds performed significant cytotoxicities at 100 μM against both cancer cell lines. Moreover, some compounds performed significant activities at 1 μM against both cancer cell lines and the obtained results suggest that this type of compounds are promising candidates for the treatment of human prostate and ovarian cancers.

47 ref

004088   BHASKARA V K, JAYARAM C, PRIYANGA M, NAYAKA N H T, SHIVAKUMARA A, AMARESH N, MYSOREKAR V V (Biochemistry Dep, RCASC, Bengaluru- 560 054, Email: vasanthk bhaskara@gmail.com) : Aberrant signal transduction in Indian triple-negative breast cancer patients. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 1162-6.

The aim of this study is to correlate the prominin‑1 or CD133 association with functional pathway markers of cancer stemness in Indian triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient samples. TNBC samples were confirmed for the absence of hormone receptors(estrogen receptor–ER/progesterone receptor) and human epidermal growth factor receptor‑2 or proto‑oncogene neu or erbB2 or CD340 by immuno histochemical analysis. Formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded samples of patients were used to collect the total RNA. Then, one‑step reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) was used to detect the cancer stemness‑related transcript levels in the different samples. The RT‑PCR products were analyzed semi‑quantitatively on agarose gels. The band intensities of respective samples for different transcripts were analyzed by densitometry. TNBC‑confirmed samples had shown increased levels of CD133 transcript than control tissues. Further, elevated CD133 transcripts are correlated with higher transcript levels of NOTCH1/FZD7/transforming growth factor‑beta receptor Type III R/patched‑1 pathway mediators. This work has clearly indicated that there is a correlation between CD133 and functional pathways that control cancer stem cells in TNBC. These observations may indicate the possible association between cancer stemness and TNBC malignancy.

3 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

004108   GOYAL A, SAHU R K, KUMAR M, SHARMA S, QAYYUM S, KAUR N, SINGH U R, MEHROTRA R, HEDAU S (Molecular Oncology Div, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida- 201 301, Email: hedaus62@ gmail.com) : p16 promoter methylation, expression, and its association with estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 subtype of breast carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 1147-54.

The purpose of the study is to investigate p16 protein expression and promoter methylation of p16 gene and their association with molecular subtypes based on parameter such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). A total of 114 breast cancer tissue biopsies were collected for methylation‑specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis.  Seven tissue microarrays were constructed. p16 protein expression was studied in 114 cases, of which 35/114 (30.7 %) cases showed strong expression and the majority of them had ER‑positive tumor (57.6 %), and it was statistically significant (P < 0.0074). Similarly, p16 expression was reduced in the majority of PR‑negative tumors (83.9 %) and the association was statistically significant (P = 0.0026). p16 methylation was studied in 114 cases and was positive in 71.0 % cases. High p16 protein expression was associated with ER‑positive, PR‑negative, and HER2‑negative tumors which is associated with poor prognosis. p16 protein expression may be used as a prognostic indicator to predict treatment response to hormonal therapy.

5 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

004164   REZAIE Z, ARDESHIRYLAJIMI A, ASHKEZARI M D, SEIFATI S M (Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Dep, Shahid Beheshti Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: r.ardeshiry. 62@gmail.com) : Antitumoral potential of microvesicles extracted from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on human breast cancer cells. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 1114-9.

One of the new methods that have promising results is the use of cell‑derived microvesicles (MVs) to kill tumor cells. Given that MVs contain apoptotic materials, genes, and proteins, they can interfere with the fate of adjacent cells. In the present study, after adipose tissue‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT‑MSCs) isolation and characterization, MVs were derived from AT‑MSCs and then characterized morphologically by standard error of the mean and size determination by DLS, and after that, the influence of MVs on human breast cancer cells (MCF‑7) was investigated by 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium assay and apoptosis‑related gene expression. The raw data were analyzed in SPSS.17 software. The results indicated that MVs have a size range of 500–1500 nm, and the viability of MCF‑7 was significantly decreased when treated by different concentrations of MVs and it was confirmed when apoptosis‑related genes’ expression level was measured by real‑time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction whereas demonstrated that apoptosis genes including Bax, P53, P21, and EP300 (2−ΔΔCT) and ΔCT values were expressed significantly in MCF‑7 treated by MVs higher than those nontreated, and decrease of Bcl‑2 expression level in MVs‑treated MCF‑7 was also significant as an antiapoptosis‑related gene. Taking together, AT‑MSC‑derived MVs demonstrated anticancer or antitumoral properties on MCF‑7 cells, and it could also be effective for other types of cancer cells.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

004111   HAMZELOOMOGHADAM M, AGHAEI M, MADI M H A, FALLAHIAN F (Qom Univ of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, Email: ffalahian@ muq.ac.ir) : Anticancer activity of britannin through the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 in human breast cancer cells. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 1105-8.

Both apoptotic induction and cell cycle blockade in cancer cells are effective strategies to eliminate cancer cells. Many conventional cancer drugs that induce apoptosis and inhibit cell cycle progression have been reported as potential therapeutics for various types of cancer. Britannin is a natural sesquiterpene lactone that its profound anticancer properties were revealed in our previous study. In this study, we evaluated the effects of britannin on the cell cycle distribution and also cell cycle‑related proteins.  Analysis of cell cycle distribution was carried out using flow cytometer. The effects of britannin on cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression were evaluated using the Western blot. The obtained results show that britannin at the low concentrations induces cell growth inhibition mainly through G1‑phase arrest while it seems that apoptosis contributes to cell growth inhibitory effect of high doses of britannin. Reduction of cyclin D1 and CDK4 protein levels were also observed after treating cancer cells with britannin. The obtained results reveal that britannin can inhibit MCF‑7 and MDA‑MB‑468 breast cancer cells proliferation through arresting cell cycle progression through cyclin D1/CDK4‑mediated pathway.

3 illus, 17 ref

004077   AL ZAHRANI S M, OMAR U M, RAHIMULDDIN S A, AL-GHAFARI A B, ALDAHLAWI A M, DOGHAITHER H A A (Biochemistry Dep, Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah- 21472, Email: haldoghaither @kau.edu.sa) : Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the natural alkaline water (Zamzam) in breast cancer cell line MCF-7. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 1098-104.

Zamzam water (ZW) is a natural alkaline water that contains several minerals that may represent a powerful tool for cancer therapy. In this research, in vitro antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of ZW were investigated in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. This study was conducted between January 2015 and February 2016. The effects of ZW on the morphology and the cell viability of human breast cancer cell line MCF‑7 were determined. The cell death type and cell cycle changes were investigated using flow cytometry. Finally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also measured by fluorometric technique. MCF‑7 cells treated with either ZW with adjusted pH at 7.2 or unadjusted pH at 8 showed reduced cell viability of cancerous cells. The cell death occurred through the apoptosis pathway under both treatment conditions. The treated MCF‑7 cells were arrested in the G2/M phase and decreased in the G1 phase. Only the unadjusted pH ZW sample demonstrated an increase in the production of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS in MCF‑7 cells. All the results in the present study indicated, for the first time, that ZW might have anticancer and apoptotic effects on breast cancer cell line.

5 illus, 35 ref

004139   MANSOURABADI Z, RAZMKHAH M, MOHTASEBI M S, TALEI A-R, GHADERI A (Shiraz Univ of Medical Sciences, Shiraz- 71345-1798, Email: mrazmkhah2@ gmail.com) : Expression of major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence B in adipose-derived stem cells from breast cancer patients and normal individuals. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 1067-72.

Through the expression of different immunomodulatory molecules, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a significant role in the regulation of immune responses against tumor cells. Herein, the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence B (MIC B) as an immunomodulatory molecule was investigated on adipose‑derived stem cells (ASCs) isolated from breast cancer patients (Stage II and III) and healthy individuals. ASCs were isolated enzymatically, and the expression of MIC B was measured using quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction method before and after treatment with interferon γ (IFN-γ). The concentration of MIC B in the supernatant of ASCs and also sera of breast cancer and normal individuals were determined using ELISA method.  The expression of MIC B in normal ASCs and Stage II ASCs was higher than Stage III ASCs. However, after treatment with IFN‑γ expression of MIC B in ASCs was conversely changed as cancer ASCs showed approximately 3.5 fold higher expression of MIC B compared to normal ASCs. The mRNA expression of MIC B in Stage III, Stage II, and normal ASCs showed 61 (P = 0.02), 13 (P = 0.01) and 3 (P > 0.05) fold higher expression after stimulation with IFN‑γ compared to cells with no stimulation. Expression of MIC B and upregulation of this molecule in response to IFN‑γ in cancer ASCs draw attention to the effective role of MSCs in the tumor microenvironment. However, more studies will be needed to further elucidate Natural-killer Group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligands‑dependent immunomodulatory roles of ASCs in the tumor progression.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

004089   ÇEBI A, AKGÜN E, ÇELIKLER S, FIRAT M, ÖZEL M Z, ULUKAYA E, ARI F (Giresun Univ, Giresun, Turkey, Email: cebiaysegul@ hotmail.com) : Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of an endemic plant of Turkey Salvia kronenburgii on breast cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 1080-6.

The natural products derived from plants are the important sources that can be used for breast cancer treatment. Salvia species and their derived products were recommended as potential antitumor substances. The potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Salvia kronenburgii have been investigated on breast cancer cell lines, MCF‑7 and MDA‑MB‑231. Determination of chemical compounds of S. kronenburgii was done using a gas chromatography coupled to time‑of‑flight mass spectrometry system and a dual‑stage commercial thermal desorption injector. Growth inhibition of the S. kronenburgii was measured by the 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide and ATP viability assays. The cell death mode was detected by fluorescent dyes. Genotoxic effect of S. kronenburgii was measured by comet assay. S. kronenburgii showed antiproliferative effect in a dose‑dependent manner on MCF‑7 and MDA‑MB‑231 cell lines by inducing apoptosis‑like cell death. The pyknotic cell nuclei were observed at the cell lines in response to S. kronenburgii. Furthermore, significant increase was shown in genetic damage index and frequencies in the damaged cells. S. kronenburgii might be a promising natural source for cancer therapy. Further experiments need to be done in vivo to understand of the anticancer effects of this plant.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

004187   VELLAISAMY G, TIRUMALAE R, INCHARA Y K (Pathology Dep, St. John’s Medical Coll, Bengaluru - 560 034, Email: drvgnanapriya@gmail.com) : Expression of androgen receptor in primary breast carcinoma and its relation with clinicopathologic features, estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 receptor status. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 989-93.

 The role of estrogen/progesterone receptors(ER/PR) is well‑established with respect to therapy and prognosis of breast carcinoma. However, the role of androgen receptor (AR) expression is unclear in the Indian context. The objective is to study the following: (a) Expression of AR in resection specimens of ductal carcinomas, (b) Relationship of AR with clinicopathologic features, ER, PR, and Her‑2 status.  This study included female patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma with a minimum of 10 axillary lymph nodes, whose hormone receptor status data were available. Demographic and histopathologic details were retrieved. Immunohistochemistry for AR was done and considered positive if ≥10 % of tumor cells showed nuclear staining and compared to various clinicopathologic features.  A total of 71 cases were included in the study. AR expression was noted in 52 % of cases. Of the 35 ER and/or PR expressing tumors, AR was positive in 24 cases. In contrast, of the 36 ER/PR‑negative tumors, AR was expressed in only 13 cases (P = 0.006). There was no significant difference in the expression of AR between Her‑2 positive and negative cases. AR positivity was noted in 23 % of triple‑negative tumors. Age did not show an influence on AR status. Among histopathologic parameters, low‑grade tumors were significantly associated with AR expression (P = 0.018) while tumor size, lymphovascular emboli, and nodal status were not. Within the follow‑up period, four patients from AR‑positive group developed distant metastasis. Indian patients with breast carcinoma have a higher AR expression in low‑grade and ER/PR‑positive tumors, in concordance with Western studies. A good number of triple‑negative tumors also express AR, which needs further evaluation.

3 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

004097   ESSMAT M K, ABDELWANIS M A, MOSAD E Z, EL-MAGHRABY T K, OTHMAN A E (Radiobiology Dep, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt, Email: tarekmag40@hotmail.com) : Assessment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu gene amplification and expression as a biomarker for radiotherapy and hormonal-treated breast cancer patients in upper Egypt. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 981-8.

Breast cancer plays major public health in Egyptian women. In upper Egypt, There is an increase in the incidence of breast cancer compared to other Egyptian areas without know the reasons. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of HER‑2/neu status as one of the important markers to classify the women suffering from breast cancer in upper Egypt and monitoring the responsiveness to different therapies. The present study was performed on 67 female breast cancer patients in the South Egypt Cancer Institute to evaluate HER‑2/neu gene amplification and expression. Tissue samples were used for immunohistological analysis of endocrine receptors, HER‑2/neu, and HER‑2/neu gene amplification. In addition, the blood samples were also used to determine HER‑2/neu gene expression. All statistical analyses were performed using Chi‑square test. The statistical difference is considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. There was a statistically significant association between HER‑2/neu gene expression and the age of patients. There is decrease in the level of HER‑2/neu mRNA expression in group treated with chemotherapy and group treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared to each group baseline level of HER‑2/neu mRNA expression before treatment. On the contrary, the group treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy revealed increase on the level of HER‑2/neu mRNA expression when compared with their baseline for the same patients before treatment. We need further studies on the large group of upper Egypt breast cancer patients to confirm that the level of HER‑2/neu mRNA expression can be used as a marker for classified them and their response to different treatment.

3 illus, 2 tables, 48 ref

004152   PAREEK A, SINGH O P, YOGI V, GHORI H U, TIWARI V, REDHU P (Radiotherapy Dep, Gandhi Medical Coll, Bhopal - 462 001, Email: dryogi_ vinita@yahoo.co.in) : Bone metastases incidence and its correlation with hormonal and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 neu receptors in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 971-5.

In this paper, we present a prospective observational study, which determines the incidence of bone metastases and its correlation with hormonal receptors(estrogen receptor [ER]/progesterone receptor [PR]) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer. From October of 2015 to July 2017, 262 patients were eligible for the study, of which 98 patients presented/ developed bone metastases. ER/PR and HER2 receptor status were determined, and bone scintigraphy with a technetium‑99 m was carried out on each patient during the study. The incidence rate of bone metastases as found in this study was 25.25 %, and the mean and median age at diagnosis were 47.23 and 46, respectively (age range = 28–80). Bone metastases were more prevalent in ER‑positive tumors (P = 0.043), tumors with lymph node positivity (P = 0.002), and lower grade tumors (P = 0.002), whereas visceral metastases were more common with ER‑tumors (P = 0.005), tumors with higher grade (P = 0.012), and tumors with lymph node positivity (P = 0.034). In this study cohort, the spine and pelvis were the most commonly involved subsites of bone metastases (P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that the metastatic patterns in breast cancer strongly correlate with various breast cancer subtypes, mainly designated by ER, PR, and HER2. Hormone receptor‑positive tumors show a predilection for bones as the first site of relapse compared to hormone‑receptor‑negative tumors which have a proclivity to develop as visceral metastases.

1 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

004169   SAJWANI F H (Physiology Dep, UAE Univ, Al Ain, UAE, Email: dr_fatmahs@ yahoo.co.uk) : Frondoside A is a potential anticancer agent from sea cucumbers. J Cancer Res Ther 2019, 15(5), 953-60.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although high cure rates are achievable with current available drugs, this is not without side effects. Hence, attention has been shifted to alternative anticancer agents coming from natural products as treatment options. Extracts from marine sea cucumbers have been investigated for such properties. Frondoside A is a natural glycoside extracted from the sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa, which has been used as a traditional remedy, recently, the extract was found to have potential anti‑tumor properties. This narrative review aimed at critically analyzing and summarizing the literature available regarding Frondoside A anticancer properties. For that, scientific databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and ScienceDirect were searched for the keywords; Frondoside A, cancer, metastasis, anticancer properties, and sea cucumbers. Articles in languages other than English were excluded from the study. Such review will help researchers to better tailor future experiments and will enrich the knowledge about natural compounds consumed as traditional substances.

1 table, 36 ref

004140   MEHTA S (Panjab Univ, Chandigarh- 160 011) : Contested domains of biological similarities and sociocultural diversity. J Biosci 2019, 44(3), 66.

Scientists and social scientists often read the same text differently. They also construct categories having the same nomenclature independently. Many of us also work in isolated domains, rarely reading texts researched and documented by others. We conduct our research within the defined format of our disciplines. We engage with others only when contestations emerge and challenge some of the rooted paradigms of each other’s disciplines. This paper reflects the reactions of a social scientist to texts on population genetics and attempts to arrive at the genetic theory of the origin of ethnological history of human populations in India. Inadvertently, most of these intensely researched and passionately documented DNA evidence present a serious challenge to the discourse of cultural pluralism and social diversity that the humanist perspective of science and social science takes pride in documenting. This paper is based on secondary resource materials and the methodology adopted is that of narrative research.

46 ref

004092   DANINO M (Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat- 382 355) : Methodological issues in the Indo-European debate. J Biosci 2019, 44(3), 68.

The Indo-European debate has been going on for a century and a half. Initially confined to linguistics, race-based anthropology and comparative mythology, it soon extended to archaeology, especially with the discovery of the Harappan civilization, and peripheral disciplines such as agriculture, archaeometallurgy or archaeoastronomy. The latest entrant in the field, archaeogenetics, is currently all but claiming that it has finally laid to rest the whole issue of a hypothetical migration of Indo-Aryan speakers to the Indian subcontinent in the second millennium BCE. This paper questions the finality of this claim by pointing to inherent limitations, methodological issues and occasional biases in current studies as well as in the interpretation of archaeological evidence.

1 table, 51 ref

004181   THANGARAJ K, RAI N (CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad- 500 007) : Peopling of India: Ancient DNA perspectives. J Biosci 2019, 44(3), 70.

To reconstruct and explain patterns of genetic diversity of modern humans, understanding their past and present genetic profile is crucial. While genomes of contemporary people can provide information about present day population structure, analysis of ancient genomes may provide unprecedented insights about the past demographic events that have shaped the contemporary gene pool. Population genetics has recently witnessed an explosion in studies on ancient human population histories, primarily from Europe and America. South Asia has no representation in the ancient genomics literature, despite the wealth of archaeological richness in the form of human skeletal remains that exist in collections all over the country. Representing one-fifth of present day humanity calls for understanding the demographic history of south Asia not merely as a prerequisite but as an urgent need to understand its genetic variations on a global scale. Although the overall picture is taking form, new archaeological and genetic information from the region has started to reveal a more complex scenario of ancient human migrations and admixtures than was ever known before. In this article, we discuss a meaningful insight on the current status of ancient DNA (aDNA) research in India. We have also summarized a few but important aDNA studies, which have been successfully carried out in India. Furthermore, we have highlighted the potential opportunity of aDNA research in the Indian subcontinent.

3 illus, 23 ref

004153   PATHAK A K, SRIVASTAVA A, SINGH P P, DAS D, BANDOPADHYAY A, SINGH P, CHAUBEY G (Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005) : Historic migration to South Asia in the last two millennia: A case of Jewish and Parsi populations. J Biosci 2019, 44(3), 72.

The South Asian populations have a mosaic of ancestries likely due to the interactions of long-term populations of the landmass and those of East and West Eurasia. Apart from prehistoric dispersals, there are some known population movements to India. In this study, we focussed on the migration of Jewish and Parsi populations on temporal and spatial scales. The existence of Jewish and Parsi communities in India are recorded since ancient times. However, due to the lack of high-resolution genetic data, their origin and affiliation with other Indian and non-Indian populations remains shrouded in legends. Earlier genetic studies on populations of Indian Jews have found evidence for a minor shared ancestry of Indian Jews with Middle Eastern (Jews) populations, whereas for Parsis, the Iranian link was proposed. Recently, in our high-resolution study, we were able to quantify the admixture dynamics of these groups, which has suggested a male-biased admixture. Here, we added the newly available ancient samples and revisited the interplay of genes and cultures. Thus, in this study we reconstructed a broad genetic profile of Indian Jews and Parsis to paint a fine-grained picture of these ethnic groups.

6 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

004150   PANDEY V, RANI A, DUBEY P K (Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: pkdubey@bhu.ac.in) : Uterine fibroid: Isolation, culture and characterization. J Biol Engg Res Rev 2019, 6(2), 27-31.

Present study was carried out to establish uterine fibroid primary culture system for screening of natural/synthetic compounds against uterine fibroid. For in vitro culture, enzymatic isolation method was used. To characterize, histochemistry (H & E, Masson’s Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff) staining and immunocytochemistry using marker antibodies (Versican) were performed in vitro. Uterine fibroid tissue showed much intense staining of Masson’s Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff stain as compared to adjacent myometrium tissue. The primary cultured cells showed significantly higher proliferation, sub-culture efficiency and expression of Versican protein. In conclusion, our results suggest that in vitro cultured uterine fibroid cells may offer a suitable alternative model to evaluate natural or synthetic compounds having antitumor properties for uterine fibroid treatment.

2 tables, 16 ref

004091   CHAKRABORTY A, CHOUDHURY A, SAHA A (Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital, Agartala, Tripura) : Development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in young obese tribal subjects of tripura: Link between low 25 (OH) vitamin-D levels and immune modulators. J Assoc Physicians India 2019, 67(8), 52-6.

There have been many studies conducted so far on Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) with its many aspects including its association with 25 hydroxy Vitamin D levels and its rather complex interplay with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1a (IL–1a), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-17a (IL–17a) and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). This study was designed to show the development of NAFLD in the young tribal population of Tripura and the link between 25(OH) Vitamin D and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL–1a, IL-6, IL–17a and TNF-ɑ) and -inflammatory cytokines such as IL – 4 and IL - 10 and the development of NAFLD while at the same time throws light on the prevalence of 25(OH) Vitamin D deficiencies and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the study group. The study is an analytical cross-sectional study with final population of 94 cases between 18 to 40 years of age fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria and an equal number of subjects from same tribal community age and sex matched taken as control population. There was a significant relationship between level of 25(OH) Vitamin D and fatty liver (OR: 9.46, 95% CI: 4.82 – 18.59; p < 0.001). The mean serum 25(OH) Vitamin D level in the cases was significantly higher than the controls (17.21 ng/ ml + 6.34 ng/ml vs 26.56 ng/ml + 10.63 ng/ml; p < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the mean serum levels of IL-1a (11.50 Pg/ml ± 2.75 Pg/ml vs 8.28 Pg/ml ± 2.08 Pg/ml; p < 0.001), IL-4 (0.69 Pg/ml ± 0.43 Pg/ml vs 0.84 Pg/ml ± 0.36 Pg/ml; p = 0.009), IL-6 (2.99 ± 1.11 Pg/ml vs 2.22 ± 1.08 Pg/ml; p < 0.001), IL-10 (6.50 ± 2.76 Pg/ml vs 5.23 Pg/ml ± 2.67 Pg/ml; p = 0.002), IL-17a (5.33 Pg/ml ± 2.22 Pg/ml vs 3.64 Pg/ml ± 1.99 Pg/ml; p < 0.001) and TNF-α (6.99 ± 2.81 Pg/ml vs 5.40 ± 3.08 Pg/ml; p < 0.001) of the cases and the controls Low serum 25(OH) D [OR: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83 – 0.92), p = 0.0001], and high IL-1a [OR: 1.52 (95% CI: 1.26 – 1.84), p < 0.0001] were independently associated with the risk of NAFLD.  25(OH) Vitamin D concentration are lower while that of IL–1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17a and TNF-α are higher in subjects with fatty liver in comparison to those without. 25(OH) Vitamin D deficiency and high levels of serum IL-1a were independently associated with the risk of development of NAFLD.

2 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

004073   ADENIKE A O, CHRISTIAN O O, SAMUEL A (Chemistry Dep, Ekiti State Univ, Ekiti State, Nigeria, Email: nikxyglo@yahoo.com) : Preliminary investigation of Nauclea latifolia ripe fruits for antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(3), 718-23.

Fruits of Nauclea latifolia (Family Rubiaceae) have been used as food and medicinal plants. The ethnomedicinal reports indicated that it can be traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, malaria etc. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant, α–amylase and α–glucosidase activities of methanol extract of N. latifolia fruits at varying concentrations (20-100 μg/ml) using standard methods. The results of the DPPH and nitric oxide free radical scavenging capacity showed IC₅₀ values 92.0 μg/ml and 30.0 μg/ml respectively indicating a good inhibitory capacity but lesser when compared to the standard, ascorbic acid which are < 10.0 μg/ml and < 20.0 μg/ml respectively. The analysis shows total phenolic contents of 147.9 ± 3.35 mg/g and ferric reducing antioxidant potential of 1604.1 ± 9.20 mg/g supporting the fact that phenolics are highly potent antioxidants. Based on the results obtained from α–amylase and α–glucosidase inhibition, the IC₅₀ > 100 μg/ml showing a lesser inhibitory activity when compared to the standard Acar-bose with IC₅₀ values of 50.1 μg/ml and 44.0 μg/ml respectively. The results clearly indicate that the methanol extract of N. latifoliahas a moderate free radical scavenging activity resulting from various interaction between different components of the plant. It can be concluded that the fruits may provide natural source of bioactive compounds which is beneficial to human health and can be used as basis of folkloric remedies for diabetes.

3 illus, 28 ref

004148   NIGAM R, KULSHRETHA S, SRIVASTAVA R K, RAMESH B R (Anatomy Dep, Rama Medical Coll, Hospital & Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drrashinigam@gmail.com) : Variations in dorsalis pedis artery. J Anat Sci 2019, 27(1), 27-9.

Dorsalis pedis artery is the chief artery of the dorsum of foot and is the artery of choice for grafting in vascular surgery of ischemic lower limbs in diabetic patients. Dorsalis pedis artery was dissected and traced during routine cadaveric dissection in 41 foots. We observed origin of dorsalis pedis artery from peroneal artery in 2.44% cases. Five branches from dorsalis pedis artery were observed in 2.44 % and 6 branches in 2.44 % cases. Study of variation in origin and branching pattern of dorsalis pedis artery is helpful in delimiting the graft.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

004075   AKRAM W, FARUQI N A (Anatomy Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Email: waqarakram0306@gmail.com) : Histopathological and histomorphometric studies on the effects of olanzapine on kidney: An experimental study in albino rats. J Anat Sci 2019, 27(1), 1-4.

Olanzapine, a widely used atypical antipsychotic agent is known to cause nephrotoxic effects after prolonged use. Aim of the study was to find out detailed histopathological and histomorphometric information which might throw light on the mechanism of toxicity of olanzapine. Twelve albino rats were divided into equal number of experimental and control groups i.e. 6 each. Experimental rats received olanzapine, 4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. Kidney tissue was processed for H/E stain. Extensive degenerative changes with generalized edema was observed as histopathological findings. Histomorphometry showed shrinkage of Bowman’s capsule and glomeruli. Degeneration of kidney due to prolonged use of olanzapine is confirmed which might be due to direct effect on the organ or indirect effect due to toxicities on other organs.

4 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

004117   JAMWAL V D S, KARUNAKARAN S, NAREDI N, NAGARAJA N, KUMAR S, JAMWAL S, YADAV A K (Anatomy Dep, Armed Forces Medical Coll, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: vishanjamwal@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of sperm DNA fragmentation after cryopreservation in ejaculated spermatozoa. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(3), 226-31.

Infertility has been declared as a public health concern by the World Health Organization. Infertility affects approximately 10%–15% of couples worldwide. Male factors contribute significantly to infertility approximately 35% of couples. Assessment of the integrity of sperm DNA is important in male infertility. Semen cryopreservation techniques as a measure of fertility preservation have been shown to increase DNA fragmentation. The main objective is to study the effects of cryopreservation on sperm DNA fragmentation in ejaculated spermatozoa. The study was conducted in a tertiary care referral hospital for infertility during the period of January 01, 2013–March 31, 2014. A total of one hundred patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Sperm DNA fragmentation was done prefreeze and postthaw by sperm chromatin dispersion test. Mean sperm count prefreeze was 56.6 million/ml (standard deviation [SD] = 22.5 million) of semen. Lowest concentration of spermatozoa in the study population was 25 million/ml of semen and highest concentration of spermatozoa in the study population was 120 million/ml of semen. Postfreeze concentration had mean of 66.1 million (SD = 22.4 million). DNA fragmentation in prefreeze was 3.5% (0.3%) and in postfreeze 3.6% (0.3%). There was statistically significant difference between prefreeze and postfreeze values both in sperm count and DNA fragmentation. There was a statistically significant correlation between age and postthaw DNA fragmentation. Although cryopreservation increases the DNA fragmentation level of washed sperm significantly, this does not prevent us from utilization of cryopreservation facility because benefits far outweigh the adverse effects of cryopreservation.

2 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

004084   ARORA P, SANGWAN S K, GUPTA R, MOCHAN S, GUPTA S K, SAXENA S, RANI N, BHATLA N, DWIVEDI S, SHARMA A, et al. (Anatomy Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029, Email: renudhingraaiims@gmail.com) : Association of vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble FMS like Tyrosine Kinase 1 polymorphisms with their circulating protein levels in preeclampsia. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(3), 215-20.

Normal development of placental vascular tree requiring angiogenesis and vasculogenesis is structurally and functionally indispensable for both adequate placental growth and delivery of nutrients from mother to the fetus. Impaired placental angiogenesis has been implicated in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications which have immediate and long‑lasting effects on the mother and her child, such as preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction. The mechanisms underlying the deregulation of placental angiogenesis in PE include a misbalance between the secretion and activity of pro‑angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and anti‑angiogenic (soluble fms‑like tyrosine kinase‑1 [sFlt‑1]) factors. Considering the important roles of VEGF and sflt1 in pregnancy, functional polymorphisms in these genes may be potentially important as genetic markers for susceptibility to PE. Thus, the aim of the study was to screen for the presence of VEGF and sFlt‑1 gene polymorphisms and to measure their levels in PE patients and controls of Indian origin. Fifty each of clinically diagnosed patients and gestational and maternal age‑matched normotensive, nonproteinuric controls were recruited after taking informed consent. DNA isolated from blood samples was processed for polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism to screen for the presence of VEGF + 936C/T, sFlt‑1 (+4244G/A, −4771G/T, −523C/G) polymorphisms. Serum levels of VEGF‑A and sFlt‑1 were measured by Sandwich enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Decreased frequency of wild type genotype with respect to VEGF + 936C/T and sFlt‑1 (+4244G/A, −4771G/T, and −523C/ G) polymorphisms was seen in patients. ELISA results showed lower VEGF‑A (198.43 ± 14.63 pg/ml vs. 235.08 ± 16.72 pg/ml [mean ± standard error of mean]) and higher sFlt‑1 levels (2932.81 [1802.33– 5760.46] pg/ml vs. 1114.94 [655.03–2694.35] Median [Range]; P < 0.05) in patients as compared to controls. Preeclamptic women with increased frequency of VEGF + 936CT genotype had lower serum levels of VEGF‑A. However, preeclamptic women with increased frequency of GA, AA, GT, TT, CG, and GG genotypes of sFlt‑1 (+4244G/A, −4771G/T, −523C/G) polymorphisms had increased serum levels of sFlt‑1. The present study shows, for the first time, a possible association of VEGF and sFlt‑1 polymorphisms with gene expression and altered protein levels in preeclamptic patients of Indian origin.

1 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

004175   SINGH V, JAFAR S, KAUL N, SINGH B (Anatomy Dep, Santosh Deemed Univ, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: sajjadjaferkhan96@yahoo.com) : Role of fingerprint patterns in the histopathologically diagnosed breast cancer females. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(3), 211-4.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India followed by cervical cancer. It is a major threat to women today with nearly half a million deaths attributed mainly to the lack of early diagnosis. A fingerprint pattern determination is genetic, but it has been reported to be affected by the environmental factors in the first trimester of pregnancy. The importance of fingerprints in the modern world is not restricted to the field of forensic and criminal applications only. The purpose of this study is to examine the fingertip patterns among women with histopathologically diagnosed breast cancer and controls. The study was conducted 145 histopathologically diagnosed breast cancer women and their fingerprint patterns compared with 145 normal healthy women with no family history of breast cancer. The fingerprint patterns were analyzed between breast cancer and control group of individuals, which showed statistically difference. The most common pattern found in breast cancer females was ulnar loop (67.93%) followed by whorl (24.68%) arches (4.13%) and radial loop (3.24%)while in the normal females, the most common pattern was whorl (50.82) follow by arches (17.58%) radial loop (16.27%) and ulnar loop (15.31%). According to our study, we conclude that dermatoglyphics may help in identifying women with risk of breast cancer. The dermatoglyphics can serve as an inexpensive, noninvasive anatomical and effective tool to determine the individuals with breast cancer in their future.

2 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

004086   BELSTY T, EKANEM P E, GEBREMEDHIN G, GEBRESELASSIE H, KEBEDE H (Anatomy Dep, Mekelle Univ, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Email: etim_akpan@rocketmail.com) : Evaluation of Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Root extract on biochemical and histopathologic parameters of mice liver. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(3), 205-10.

The Rumex nepalensis Spreng. (RN) root has various medicinal uses such as the treatment of abdominal colic, tonsillitis, arthritis, diarrhea, and infertility. The present study evaluated the subacute toxic effects of RN root extract on the histology and biochemical parameters of the liver in mice. A total of 24 male and female mice were used and randomly assigned into four equal groups. Group I (control) received distilled water. Groups II, III, and IV received root extract of RN at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Data obtained were processed using SPSS statistical software version 20 and presented using tables and graphs, while liver sections were processed and their histopathology microscopically observed. Mice treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg/day of the root extract showed no significant changes in body weight in both sexes. Males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day of the extract had significant weight reduction, while the females did not show weight change. Alanine aminotransferase serum levels were significantly increased in all mice treated with 1000 mg/kg/day of the root extract. Histopathological changes such as congestion of portal and central veins, sinusoid dilatation, and Kupffer cell proliferation were observed in the 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the root extract treated groups. Mortality was also noticed in these two groups, though not confirmed as being toxicity related.  Treatment with hydroalcoholic root extract of RN revealed hepatotoxic effects at 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the root extract. This shows that the consumption of high doses of RN may be hazardous.

4 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

004076   AKRAM W, SYED M, FARUQI N A (Anatomy Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Email: syed78621@gmail.com) : Histopathological and histomorphometric studies on the effects of olanzapine on testis: An experimental study in albino rats. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(3), 196-200.

Toxic effects of an antipsychotic drug on male gonad were explored experimentally. Olanzapine, an antipsychotic drug, has affinity for a wide range of receptors posing danger to the large variety of organs. Since olanzapine can bind to these receptors, a direct effect of these drugs on spermatogenesis is possible. Therefore testis, an organ least attended, has been selected in the present study. Two groups of animals of the equal number were designed in such a way that the first group acted as control and second group acted as experimental. After histopathological comparison in the tissue of the testis, histomorphometric analysis was also performed to support the former. Twelve albino male rats were divided into two groups of six animals each. Olanzapine was injected in experimental rats in a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. Sections of both experimental and control testis were examined under light microscope for histopathological findings. Histomorphometric informations were also collected to support the former findings by using ocular and stage micrometers. Student’s t‑test was used to compare the control testis findings with the single variable experimental one. Experimental testis showed intra and interlobular edema, compressed seminiferous tubules, thinning and fragmentation of basement membrane. Spermatogenic cells were smudgy and compressed by edema fluid. Blood vessels showed inflammatory cells in the lumen. Olanzapine‑induced testicular degeneration might lead to reduced libido, a fact of great social impact.

5 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

004142   MOCHAN S, DHINGRA M K, GUPTA S K, SAXENA S, ARORA P, RANI N, BHATLA N, DWIVEDI S N, DHINGRA R (Anatomy Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029, Email: renudhingraaiims@ gmail.com) : Vascular endothelial growth factor alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress via PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 pathways in trophoblast cells. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(3), 187-95.

In developing countries, preeclampsia is still a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, affecting nearly 8 %–10 % of pregnancies and overall death. Apart from various stresses that placenta undergoes while pregnancy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been the center of attraction for several researchers all across the globe. Imbalance in circulating pro‑ and anti‑angiogenic agents in maternal serum has also been linked with the upregulation of stress at subcellular level. The present study is an attempt to demonstrate the role of pro‑angiogenic factor in mitigating ER stress in trophoblast cells. Evaluation of expression of ER stress markers (eIF2α, X‑box binding protein‑1, and ATF6) at various time points was done after exposure of varying concentration (s) of pro‑angiogenic factor (from preeclamptic mothers) to trophoblast cells (BeWo cells). Expression was also analyzed when BeWo cells were exposed to recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) along with serum from preeclamptic mothers. Molecular techniques used were immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis demonstrated upregulated expression of studied ER stress markers in BeWo cells when they were exposed to Preeclampsia (PE) sera. Exogenous addition of recombinant VEGF along with preeclamptic sera significantly reduced the expression of ER stress markers. In the present study, significantly reduced expression of ER stress markers in BeWo cells indicates an interrelationship of angiogenic factor and molecular transmembrane sensors. Further experimentations thus may provide a strong base for the modulation of ER stress sensors, which could be effective in minimizing ER stress in preeclamptic pregnancies and thus would bring a new hope to numerous women worldwide. 

4 illus, 32 ref

004116   JAISWAL S, SHARMA P K (Anatomy Dep, Era’s Lucknow Medical Coll, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: jaiswalsonia2008@gmail) : An assessment of genotoxic damage in exfoliated buccal cells using saliva as a tool. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(3), 181-6.

Exfoliated buccal cells serve as an ideal site for genotoxic events since they are the first cells to come in contact with anything ingested or inhaled. Micronuclei (MNs) are also known as Howell–Jolly bodies and are a result of some aneugenic and clastogenic events. The aim of the study was to assess the severity of genotoxic damage in the exfoliated cells of participants consuming smokeless tobacco and its products and those diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Individuals addicted to alcohol, pleasure drugs, or smoked forms of tobacco were excluded from the study. Saliva was collected and centrifuged; smear was prepared using the pellet, while the supernatant was used to extract DNA. The cells collected were stained with Feulgen fast green and acridine orange. A progressive increase in the number of MNs was observed from the control group to those who consumed smokeless tobacco and their products, while the frequency of MNs was found to be the highest in participants with Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Micronucleus assay using saliva as a tool can be useful in detecting early genotoxic damage.

6 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

004191   WADJE SHAILAJA D, WANKHEDE BALAJI G, KALAMBKAR MAHESH R (Chemistry Dep, Science Coll, Nanded, Maharashtra) : Identification of bioactive compounds and cytotoxic activity of Careya arborea Roxb. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 362-5.

Careya arborea Roxb. commonly known as wild guava, widely available in India and has a variety of traditional uses. The present study was undertaken to explore the cytotoxic potential of Careya arborea leaves. Successive extracts of selected for qualitatively and quantitatively estimated for phytochemical. The polyphenol rich extracts were evaluated for cytotoxic potential using Human nasopharynx (KB), human lung (HOP62), human cervix (ME180) and human leukemia (K562) cancerous cell lines. The ethanol extract of Careya arborea demonstrated most potent anticancer activity through its lowest GI50, TGI (amount for 50 % Growth Inhibition and Total Growth Inhibition) concentration. Furthermore, the chromatographic study of ethanol extract showed the presence of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin and quercetin as polyphenols. The antioxidant mechanism of these polyphenols may be responsible for cytotoxic activity. The present study confirmed anticancer effect of Careya arborea leaves and could be a potential source for future anticancer drugs.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

004172   SHASHIKUMAR J N, CHAMPAWAT P S, MUDGAL V D, JAIN S K (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, Technology and Engineering Coll, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Role of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on in management of diabetes disease. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 184-7.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major metabolic disorders, afflicting a large proportion of the population all over the world. It is recognized for sever complications, which include diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) is one of the most common medicinal plants used for diabetes, and also it is a key ingredient of curries and other Indian recipes. The plant contains active components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins etc, and also it is rich in soluble fiber, which helps lower blood sugar by hindering assimilation and retention of carbohydrates. Many trials showed that fenugreek can improve most metabolic symptoms related with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in humans by bringing down blood glucose levels and improving glucose tolerance.

1 table, 28 ref

004128   KOSASIH K, SUMARYONO W, SUPRIONO A, MUDHAKIR D (Pancasila Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia) : Cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate extract of Cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq. young leaves on Artemia salina L. larvae, MCF-7, T47D, and Vero cell lines. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 24-33.

Cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq.) is endemic plant of Java dominating sub-alpine area of Mount Tangkuban Parahu. Its young leaves are red and will turn green. Previous study reported that ethyl acetate extract of young leaves had antioxidant activity using DPPH method and cytotoxic activity against leukemia L1210 cell lines. This experiment was designed to know whether ethyl acetate (EA) extract of Cantigi leaves had cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina L. larvae, breast cancer cell lines T47D and MCF-7, and normal cell line Vero. Dried leaves were extracted with maceration method, firstly, using hexane, and then EA. Obtained EA extract was dried using rotary evaporator. EA extract was examined its cytotoxic activity using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, against breast cancer cell lines T47D and MCF-7, and normal cell line Vero using Microculture Tetrazolium Salt (MTT) method. As the positive control, cisplatin was used. This experiment showed that LC₅₀ of the extract was 320.83 ppm, IC₅₀ against breast cancer cell line T47D was 75.23 ppm, IC₅₀ against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was 88, 89 ppm, IC₅₀ against normal cell line Vero was 305 ppm, and IC₅₀ of cisplatin against breast cancer cell line T47D was 3.91 ppm. It can be concluded that the EA extract has cytotoxic activity with LC₅₀ < 1000 ppm, strong cytotoxic activity against both breast cancer cell lines tested with IC₅₀ < 100 ppm, has weak cytotoxic activity against normal cell line Vero with IC₅₀ > 300 ppm, and potentially as a candidate for breast cancer therapy.

11 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref