005236   AMSTERDAM A, OFIR D, RAKLER T (Molecular Cell Biology Dep, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot- 76100, Email: abraham.amsterdam@weizmann.ac.il) : Role of co-expression of LGR5 and NANOG in the development of aggressive human cancer. Trends Cancer Res 2019, 14, 19-22.

The potential role of the co-expression of NANOG, an embryonic pluripotent gene, and LGR5, a stem cell marker, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and in human ovarian cancer, is discussed in this mini-review.

1 illus, 11 ref

005334   SZABO E, PHELAN S (Biology Dep, Fairfield Univ, CT, USA, Email: sphelan@fairfield.edu) : The effect of short and long-term doxorubicin treatment on K562 cells and Prdx6 expression. Trends Cancer Res 2019, 14, 11-7.

Peroxiredoxin (Prdx) proteins are a family of antioxidants that protect cells from oxidative stress. The expression of these proteins has been shown to be elevated in many cancers, and recent studies have found peroxiredoxin overexpression in cancer cells lines that are resistant to chemotherapies, suggesting a role for peroxiredoxins in cancer cell progression and/or survival. This study investigated the effect of the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin on K562 leukemia cells growth, viability and Prdx6 expression. We show that treatment of K562 cells with 50 nM doxorubicin for a 72-hour and 4-week period causes a decrease in cell density and viability to approximately 50 %, indicating doxorubicin-resistance. We also show that Prdx6 levels are significantly elevated at the end of both treatments compared to non-treated K562 cells. These findings demonstrate doxorubicin-resistance in K562 cells and support a role for peroxiredoxins in the cellular response to doxorubicin in leukemia cells, and possibly other cancer cells.

5 illus, 22 ref

005329   SMITH L P, BITLER B G, RICHER J K, CHRISTENSON J L (Pathology Dep, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, CO- 80045, Email: jennifer.richer@ucdenver.edu) : Tryptophan catabolism in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Trends Cancer Res 2019, 14, 1-9.

Ovarian cancers are the most common cause of gynecological death, and the five-year survival rate for women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) remains extremely low at only 47%. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the anti-tumor immune response in determining EOC clinical outcomes, and much research is currently being undertaken in an effort to reverse tumor immune evasion. One mechanism known to promote tumor immune evasion in multiple cancer types is tryptophan catabolism. Here we review the potential role of two rate-limiting enzymes that evolved separately to catabolize tryptophan, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2), that may be active in ovarian cancers and result in the production of immune suppressive catabolites. Research to date has focused on IDO inhibitors, currently in clinical trials, but these therapies fail to inhibit TDO2. However, our mining of publically available data from clinical specimens suggest that TDO2 may also need to be targeted in ovarian cancer.

2 illus, 1 table, 53 ref

005266   GOWTHAM M, SHANTHI M, VELLAIKUMAR S, PREMALATHA K (Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Madurai- 625 104, Email: cshanthiento07@gmail.com) : Insecticidal property of Citrus sinensis fruit waste against papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 423-30.

Laboratory experiments were conducted during August to March, 2018-2019, to evaluate the insecticidal property of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck fruit waste viz., peel and seed against the papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Williams and Granara de Willink). Five solvents, viz., hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, diethyl ether and dichloromethane were used to extract the bioactive compounds. The efficacy of these extracts was evaluated against P. marginatus at 10000 ppm for their oral or contact toxicity, through leaf contamination and dry film method, respectively. The methanol extract was observed to exert maximum mortality of P. marginatus in leaf contamination method (88.89 % and 86.11 %, respectively) and also dry film method (88.33 %, 78.06 %, respectively) after 72 hr after treatment. The chemical profile of the methanol extract of seed and peel analysed with GC-MS was also done.

2 tables, 28 ref

005254   DWARKA D, SINGH S, THAVER V, BAIJNATH H (KwaZulu-Natal Univ, Durban, South Africa, Email: depika.dwarka@gmail.com) : Effect of Strelitzia nicolai seed arils containing bilirubin on Sprague Dawley rats. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1217-22.

The discovery of the only human pigment bilirubin in the arils of Strelitzia nicolai, has opened up a new avenue in medical sciences. Previously, bilirubin was regarded as a toxic compound. Conversely, current case studies show somewhat preeminent levels of bilirubin in the body can act as a powerful antioxidant. This study attempted to provide a basis for identifying potential acute toxicities related to arils that comprise bilirubin. Twelve Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group A was the control and was administered 1 % Tween 20. The other groups were orally dosed with the seed aril extract (250μg/ml/kgbwt) once a day. After 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours one experimental group and the control were sacrificed. Haematological and histological studies indicated a possibility of kidney damage. However, the possibility of the extract causing this damage can be ruled out because this trend was seen in the control groups as well. This study reveals that an acute trial is insufficient in order to determine the toxicity of this extract. Further chronic studies need to be carried out.

3 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

005314   REEN J K, RAMESHA K P, PREETI, REVANASIDDU D, AHIRWAR M (ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru- 560 030, Email: reenjagaish119@gmail.com) : Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism in GnRHR gene in Murrah bulls. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1172-80.

The present study was undertaken with the objectives of molecular characterization and detection of genetic polymorphism in the GnRHR gene in Murrah bulls. Blood samples were collected from 109 Murrah bulls maintained at three different organized semen stations viz., Centralized Semen Collection Centre of Livestock Breeding and Training Centre, Dharwad; Nandini Sperm Station and State Livestock Breeding and Training Centre, Hessarghatta, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood samples within 24 hours of collection. Mutations were screened using Polymerase Chain Reaction – Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique followed by Sanger Sequencing. PCR-SSCP method revealed similar band pattern within Murrah bulls. To confirm monomorphism in the studied population with respect to GnRHR gene, duplicate samples from each primer fragment were custom sequenced. PCR-SSCP and sequence analysis revealed monomorphism within the studied population that is coding region as well as exon-intron boundaries of GnRHR gene is highly conserved among Murrah bulls. However, a total of 28 Single Nucleotide variations (SNV’s) have been found when compared with Bos Taurus reference sequence for GnRHR gene.

15 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

005264   GIUSEPPE G, GUGLIELMO M (Biology Dep, Calabria Univ, Italy, Europe, Email: gugliemo.martino@unical.it) : Do creatinine blood levels act upon fatty acid metabolites in human red blood cell membranes?. Free Radic Antioxid 2019, 9(2), 78-82.

The aim of the present research is to correlate creatininemia and uricemia to HNE and MDA levels of Red Blood Cell purified membranes in comparison to those of normal subjects to characterize the effects of oxidative stress. The studied population con-sisted of 10 patients with endogenous both hypercreatininemic hyperuricemic and ten normal subjects. The measurement of total proteins in RBC ghosts and HNE and MDA are conducted on blood samples of patients. The obtained data evidence that both creatinine and uric acid levels have influence on the ratio of both MDA/protein and HNE/protein content on RBC ghosts, demonstrating their possible protective role against oxidative stress at low con-centrations in blood and oxidizing power at higher concentrations. The displayed results in this study suggest that at low concentrations of creatinine and uric acid there is oxidative stress in human erythrocyte membrane, but if creatinine and uric acid have slowed down to sufficient limits there is also oxidative stress, as demonstrated by MDA and HNE lev-els; only if the concentration of these two substances overwhelms a threshold.

8 illus, 20 ref

005298   PANDEY H, SRIVASTAVA S, KUMAR A, KUMAR R, TRIPATHI Y B (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: yaminibiochemist6@gmail.com) : Pharmacokinetics study of puerarin absorption in blood after consumption of Pueraria tuberosa water extract (PTWE) by rats. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(2), 188-96.

The aim of the study was to analyse pharmacokinetics of puerarin absorption from blood Pueraria tuberosa tuber water extract (PTWE) and its hypoglycaemic response. Peaks of puerarin have been standardized with different types of mobile phase at 254 nm by HPLC-UV and prepared the calibration curve of puerarin. The extract was administered to the rat and their blood was collected at different time interval. The circulating PTWE in plasma was extracted with the help of acetonitryl by liquid-liquid extraction method. The extracted samples were then injected into the HPLC in order to estimate the puerarin absorption from PTWE in blood at different time interval. The concentration of blood puerarin was calculated by plotting its standard calibration curve. Further hypoglycaemic response of PTWE was also studied in diabetic rat model. The absorbed puerarin peak was found at 254 nm and its retention time (RT) is 1.6 minutes by using the mobile phase of Methanol: Ammonium acetate 10 mM buffer (60:40). After calibration, the value of C_max was 21.04 µg/ml, T_max 4 hr and total AUC as 209.04 µg hr/ml of absorbed puerarin. Through in vivo study, it has also been found that PTWE significantly reduces the enhanced hyperglycaemia in diabetic rats, within 8 days of treatment. The present study clearly indicated the puerarin concentration was maximum at a time interval of 4 hr and exist in rat blood plasma upto 12 hours after oral consumption of PTWE. PTWE down regulates hyperglycemia, thus act as potential anti-diabetic drug responding in short duration of time. In addition, these results provide a new approach to study the pharmacokinetic evaluation of herbal drugs (PTWE) by estimating active components (puerarin) from herbal drugs.

7 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

005238   ASHNA S, DHANUSH KRISHNA B, SAJITHA I S, VASUDEVAN V N, PAVAN M, ABRAHAM M J (Veterinary Pathology Dep, KVASU, Kerala- 680 651, Email: dhanush@kvasu.ac.in) : Effect of gamma ray sterilisation on differently decellularised omentum based scaffolds. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(2), 174-9.

Terminal sterilisation of extracellular matrix scaffolds is an essential step in biomedical applications as well as ensuring product safety. Selection of appropriate sterilisation method is crucial in order to retain the structural and mechanical properties of the scaffold. The present study evaluated the effect of gamma ray sterilisation (25KGy) on biomechanical properties of differently decellularised omental scaffolds. Triton X- 100 and bile were used as decellularising agents and un-processed defattened omentum as control. Effect of irradiation on maximum force, tensile strength and Young’s modulus before and after irradiation was evaluated using Texture Profile Analyser. Our results indicated that, gamma ray irradiation reduced the maximum force and tensile strength of differently processed omental scaffolds. Bile treatment was found to have more protective action on the structural component of the scaffolds than triton X-100. Thus, bile treated omental scaffold showed better biomechanical properties for maximum force and tensile strength than triton X- 100 after irradiation.

4 illus, 21 ref

005291   MOHAMMED F F, MOUSA M R, KHALEFA H S, EL-DEEB A H, AHMED K A (Pathology Dep, Cairo Univ, Giza- 12211, Email: fatenfathy21@yahoo.com) : New insights on neuropathological lesions progression with special emphasis on residence of velogenic Newcastle disease viral antigen in the nervous system of experimentally infected broiler chickens. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(2), 145-57.

New castle disease virus affecting poultry industry resulting in extensive chicken mortalities and economic losses. Evaluation of distribution and severity of neuropathological lesions progressed in different areas of central nervous system was performed in chickens experimentally infected by velogenic Newcastle virus (vNDV). Chickens were inoculated by genotype VII strain (NDV-B7-RLQP-CH-EG-12) via intraocular route at different ages (10, 20 and 30 days old). Serum samples for antibody titer estimation and tissue sections from nervous system were collected for histopathological examination at 1, 3, 5 and 7-days post inoculation (dpi) from all groups. Results indicated that there was variation in antibody titers among different age groups. Encephalitis, myelitis with marked demyelination and axonal spheroids formation were the main neuropathological alterations. Lesions were detected in different areas of central nervous system which vary in distribution and severity among age and duration of infection with complete tract degeneration which was responsible for the developed nervous signs. The experimental infection of broilers by vNDV via intraocular inoculation induced virus dissemination into the central nervous system with progression of neuropathological lesions that were varied in severity, distribution and the onset according to the age of birds with subsequent development of nervous clinical signs and mortalities, in addition the distribution of virus along the CNS clarify the possible pathways of virus dissemination and progression in the neuroparenchyma denoting the neuropathogenesis of the vNDV. The age of bird at the time of infection is a crucial factor in determining the viral replication in neuroparenchyma with subsequently developed neuropathology.

7 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

005280   KORANY R M S, AHMED K S, EL HALAWANY H A, AHMED K A (Pathology Dep, Cairo Univ, Giza-12211, Email: reda.pathology@yahoo.com) : Effect of long-term arsenic exposure on female albino rats with special reference to the protective role of Spirulina platensis. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(2), 125-36.

Arsenic toxicity has important health concern as it affects different animal species all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the histological changes caused by chronic arsenic exposure on some body organs of female albino rats, and the protective role of Spirulina platensis. In this experiment, 20 female albino rats were used. The rats were divided into four groups; control group and three groups that received spirulina (Sp), sodium arsenate and sodium arsenate plus spirulina respectively, for 3 months by oral gavages. Arsenic treated group revealed decreased level of serum estradiol (E2) in comparison to control group, while this level was improved with spirulina administration. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in arsenic treated group as compared with control group and co-treatment with spirulina reversed this level to nearly normal. Serum glutathione (GSH) activity significantly reduced in arsenic administered group in comparison with the control. On the other hand, spirulina co-treatment significantly improved serum GSH levels. Arsenic treatment significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Spirulina administration significantly recovered the serum AST and ALT levels. Histopathological findings revealed different degenerative and inflammatory changes in uterus, liver, heart, lungs and brain of arsenic treated group. Histological alterations were markedly improved by co-treatment with spirulina. Chronic arsenic exposure causes different histological alterations in body organs, and these changes can be improved by co-treatment with Spirulina platensis.

9 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

005325   SHARMA C R, INAMDAR L S (Zoology Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad- 580 003, Email: ls_doddamani@yahoo.com) : The abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids’ in athletes : Potential health hazards. Everyman's Sci 2019, 54(3), 149-54.

Anabolic- androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. They have potent anabolic effects in boosting musculoskeletal system, increasing a lean body mass, vigor and sustain male libido. Recent clinical studies have discovered novel therapeutic uses for physiological doses of AAS. However, chronic administration of AAS is often associated with various adverse effects that are generally dose related. The focus of this review is to provide brief introduction to AAS, prevalence of its use, beneficial and/or side effects associated with doping.

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

005279   KONDREDDI N, VENIGALLA B S, SINGH T V, KAMISHETTY S, REDDY S, CHERUKUPALLI R (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Sri Sai Coll of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, Email: veerubds86@gmail.com) : Antibacterial activity of chitosan and its combination with other irrigants on Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. Endodontology 2019, 31(2), 133-7.

The aim of the in vitro study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), chitosan and their combinations in vitro. A total of 60 extracted single‑rooted teeth were selected and used for the study. After the access cavity preparation and working length determination, the apical foramina of the samples were sealed with epoxy resin to prevent bacterial leakage, and the teeth were mounted in stone blocks. Biomechanical preparation was done using crown‑down technique up to master apical file size of #50. Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was used to contaminate the root canals. After incubation, samples were divided into six groups according to the solutions used for irrigation, that is, CHX, NaOCl, chitosan, alternating solution of chitosan and hypochlorite, alternating solution of chitosan and CHX, and saline. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed by obtaining the samples from root canal before and after the irrigation using paper points, culturing them on blood agar plates, and measuring the number of colony‑forming units (CFUs) formed. All the statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Comparison of mean values before and after the irrigation was done using the paired t‑test. Comparison of percentage reduction among the groups was done using ANOVA with post hoc Games–Howell test. A statistically significant difference was found in the number of CFU between experimental groups compared to the control group and also among five experimental groups (P > 0.001). Maximum antibacterial activity was seen when chitosan was used alternatively with CHX and NaOCl. Independently, hypochlorite showed maximum antibacterial activity followed by CHX and chitosan which showed almost similar antibacterial activity. According to this study, there is synergistic antibacterial activity when chitosan is used alternatively with 2% CHX or 5% NaOCl.

2 tables, 18 ref

005303   PASICHE-LISBOA C J, BOOTH T, BELLAND R J, PIERCEY-NORMORE M D (Biological Sciences Dep, Manitoba Univ, Manitoba- R3T 2N2, Email: pasichcj@myumanitoba.ca) : Moss and lichen asexual propagule dispersal may help to maintain the extant community in boreal forests. Ecosphere 2019, 10(9), e02823.

Asexual propagules produced by mosses and lichens may help to maintain their community composition in boreal forests. Understanding the factors affecting the deposition of asexual propagules and their link with the community composition may reveal how the community is maintained. The goal of this study was to understand how weather, the community of lichens and mosses, the dominant tree species in a stand, substrata, and tree aspect influenced and were linked to the deposition of asexual propagules (quantity, size, and type) in boreal forests. Species richness and cover were assessed for the substrata within the tree stands. Traps attached to trees and the ground (substrata) in balsam fir-, white spruce-, andpoplar-dominated stands were used to capture asexual propagules. Species and quantity of trapped asexual propagules were linked to the species richness and cover of the extant community. Propagules captured were dominated by lichen thallus fragments and were smaller and in higher quantities during colder times of the year, and in higher quantities and smaller sizes mostly on trees of conifer stands. Moss propagules were captured in low quantities compared to lichen propagules, on the forest floor, but mostly during warmer times of the year. The dispersal of mosses and lichen asexual propagules helps to maintain and is linked to their community in boreal forests. The linkage between asexual propagule deposition and the community (richness and abundance) was observed among lichen and moss communities on poplar trees, conifer trees, or the forest floor of boreal forest stands.

2 illus, 3 tables, 63 ref

005252   DILLON K T, HENDERSON A N, LODGE A G, HAMILTON N I, SLOAT L L, ENQUIST B J, PRICE C A, KERKHOFF A J (Biology Dep, Kenyon Coll, Ohio- 430 22, Email: kerkhoffa@kenyon.edu) : On the relationships between size and abundance in plants: Beyond forest communities. Ecosphere 2019, 10(9), e02856.

The inverse relationship between size and abundance is a well-documented pattern in forests,and the form of size–density relationships depends on the balance between growth and mortality rates in the community. Traditionally, studies of plant size distributions have focused on single-species populations and forests, but here we examine diverse communities dominated by plants with varied life histories, including grasses, forbs, shrubs, and succulents. In particular, we test whether the parameters of the indi-vidual size distribution differ systematically across community types, whether they fit the contrasting pre-dictions of metabolic or demographic theories, and whether they share a common cross-communityscaling relationship with forest communities and crop populations. All thirteen of our study sites better fit the predictions of demographic equilibrium theory, but interestingly, fits of both demographic and meta-bolic models showed little systematic variation across community types, despite large differences in envi-ronmental conditions and dominant life forms. Finally, analysis of the cross-community scaling relationship demonstrates that natural and restored non-forest communities conform to patterns of sizeand abundance observed among forest, plantation, and crop systems. Taken together, our results suggest that common ecological mechanisms govern plant community size structure across broad environment algradients, regardless of the dominant plant life forms or limiting resources.

4 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

005263   GEZICI S (Molecular Biology and Genetics Dep, Kilis 7 Aralik Univ, Kilis- 79000, Email: drsevgigezici@gmail.com) : A study on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Multifunctional agents for the management of oxidative damage, neurodegeneration and cancer. Curr Res Pharmaceut Sci 2019, 9(3), 46-53.

The rhizome of Curcuma longa L, (turmeric, curcumin) has been widely used in therapeutic purposes for acne, heal wound, prevent skin damage, reduce cholesterol, treat diabetes, and control blood pressure. From this point of view, this research was aimed to investigate its biological properties including antioxidant, anticancer and neuroprotective properties of the turmeric rhizomes. The rhizomes of turmeric were extracted with methanol-MeOH and distilled water-dH₂O, and subjected to various assays. Neuroprotective potentials of the extracts were tested through enzyme inhibitory assays on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which are closely linked to pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Their anticancer activities were evaluated using MTT assay against A549, MCF-7, HeLa human cancer cells, and non-tumorous HUVECs. In vitro methods including 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing capacity (CUPRAC) were performed to reveal antioxidant capacities of the extracts. Total polyphenolic compositions of the extracts were also identified spectrophotometrically. The turmeric extracts were found to have rich polyphenolic quantities, particularly the MeOH extract possessed higher total polyphenolic contents than the dH₂O-extract. The extracts demonstrated the remarkable inhibition on both of the cholinesterase enzymes even at the lowest concentration (100 μg mL⁻¹). Moreover, they showed higher enzyme inhibition against AChE, comparing with that of BChE enzyme. In general, a significant correlation was observed between the total antioxidant capacities and neuroprotective potentials of the extracts from turmeric rhizomes. As for the anticancer activity, the extracts were found as a natural anticancer agent with the IC₅₀ values ranged from 13.01 ± 0.16 to 26.72 ± 1.04 μg mL⁻¹ . In the light of the findings of the presented research, it is clearly concluded that turmeric is an important natural source to fight oxidative stress related diseases, with its excellent cholinesterase-inhibiting properties; strong antioxidant capacities as well as remarkable anticancer activities.

4 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

005287   MASOOD A S, AHMED A A, ALBUAINAIN N Y, ALALAIWI O J, ALBINALI A M, BUCHEERY Y A, ALQASIMI A R, YOUSIF A M, KAMAL A (Arabian Gulf Univ, Munama, Bahrain) : Effect of erythropoietin administration on schizophrenic-like behavior induced by Ketamine in BALB/C mice. Curr Neurobiol 2019, 10(3), 123-9.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder described as a chronic, relapsing disease with a heterogeneous course and outcome which is characterized by episodic positive and negative symptoms. Ketamine (Ket) in our study was used to induce schizophrenic-like behavior in mice with attempts to study erythropoietin (Epo) neuroprotective properties in preserving normal functions against ketamine administration by assessing learning and memory, motor coordination, anxiety, and social behavior. Six weeks old male BALB/C mice where divided into four groups: control, ketamine induced schizophrenia, Erythropoietin treated, and erythropoietin-treated ketamine-administered groups (Ket+Epo). A rotarod test for motor coordination showed no difference between the four groups. Regarding learning and memory water maze test showed that ketamine group had a significantly prolonged time to reach the platform in contrast to the other groups. However, erythropoietin treatment in ketamine administered animals improved their performance. In elevated plus maze test, ketamine showed an antianxiety effect in comparison to the three tested groups. The social behavior in mice was not affected among the four groups when tested by the three chambers test. We conclude that erythropoietin has neuroprotective properties against ketamine-induced schizophrenia by enhancing learning and memory functions. Thus, providing new possible approaches in treating neuropsychiatric diseases.

5 illus, 46 ref

005283   MAHATO B, PRODHAN C, MANDAL S, DUTTA A, KUMAR P, DEB T, JHA T, CHAUDHURI K (Molecular Genetics Div, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700 032, Email: keya.chaudhuri@gmail.com) : Evaluation of efficacy of curcumin along with lycopene and piperine in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. Contemp Clin Dent 2019, 10(3), 531-41.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a high‑risk premalignant condition of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Complete regression of the disease is still not possible with available treatment modalities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin, lycopene, and piperine as a combination in the management of OSMF. Efficacy was evaluated on the basis of improvement in clinical parameters (i.e., visual Analog Scale [VAS]) score for burning sensation, mouth opening (MO), mucosal flexibility (MF), and tongue protrusion [TP]). Forty patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with OSMF were included in the study; patients were administered with the above‑stated drug combination, and clinical parameters were evaluated at regular intervals to compare the pre‑ and post‑treatment measurements. Paired t‑test was done to evaluate significance of the results. Highly significant improvement was observed for posttreatment reduction in VAS score for burning sensation and increase in MO (P < 0.001). Significant improvement was also observed in the increase of MF and TP. Post-treatment histopathological evaluation also revealed reepithelialization, indicated by significant increase in the epithelial thickness as found through quantitative image analysis. Immunohistochemical studies with Col1A1 showed decrease in collagen deposition. Taken together, the present study proposes the usage of combination drug therapy for the management of OSMF as an effective and affordable way.

3 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

005278   KARAN S, NASKAR D, DEBNATH S, CHATTERJEE T K (Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Dep, JIS Univ, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: crctkc@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anticancer activity and invitro release assay of a polymeric microsphere formulation for colon targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil using biocompatible natural gum katira. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(3), 108-23.

Development of anticancer drugs is fraught with challenges which go beyond the typical problems and issues of pharmaceutical research. The chemotherapeutic agent must be able to selectively kill or restrain the growth of neoplastic cells leaving healthy cells unharmed. These drugs are almost always highly toxic, especially to rapidly dividing normally.The present aim was to develop oral site-specific rate-controlled anticancer drug delivery to subdue systemic sideeffects, and provide an effective and safe therapy for colon cancer with compressed dose and duration of therapy. The double emulsion, solvent evaporation (or solvent extraction) technique also called the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion was used to encapsulate hydrophilic compounds, overcoming the limitations of a single oil-in-water emulsion. Drug release-retarding polymers are the key performers in designing a microsphere dosage form for oral sustained release formulation. The microspheres were then characterized for drug loading, entrapment efficiency, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). To verify the functionality of 5-FU loaded gum katira microsphere for sustained drug release systems, cell cytotoxicity and in-vivo anticancer activity were also tested. The drug release was checked in the physiological media of the gastrointestinal tract, i.e., simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated colon fluid (SCF). Formulated and optimized polymeric microsphere of 5-FU using gum katira polymer own optimal physicochemical characteristics with a fine spherical particle, with a size of 320.75±5.73 µM, high drug entrapment efficiency (74.87±1.76 %), and satisfactory release pattern of the drug within a time range of 12 h. According to the MTT results, targeted microsphere exhibited good cytotoxicity and have productive anticancer activity on sarcoma180 solid tumor mice. Finally, we foretell that polymeric microsphere of 5-FU using natural gum katira could be a promising micro-carrier for efficient colon targeting delivery tool with improved chemotherapeutic efficacy against colon cancer.

7 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

005322   SANGEETHA D N, RAJAMANI S (Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore- 641 046, Email: sangetha_dn@yahoo.co.in) : In vitro antidiabetic activity of leaf extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs by glucose uptake method. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(3), 89-96.

Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, abnormal elevated levels of lipid, and fat in blood and hypoinsulinaemia. The current epidemic of diabetes indicates the need of proper and effective medications that are limited in their potency to have many side effects. Thus, introduction of alternative and complementary medicine is now in picture. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro anti diabetic activity of leaf extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs in skeletal muscle cell line. The in vitro cytotoxicity was performed for leaf extract (Chloroform and Acetone) on L-6 (Rat skeletal muscle) cell line to find toxic concentration of the leaf extract by MTT assay. Glucose uptake activity of test substance was determined in differentiated L-6 cells. In Glucose uptake assay, acetone extract exhibited better activity with higher glucose uptake assay. Glucose uptake rate increased with the increasing concentration of the leaf extract. The results of the current study clearly demonstrated the antidiabetic potency of leaf extracts obtained from Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs under in vitro model.

14 ref

005318   SAEED H M M, FARAJ B M, MIRDAN B M (Conservative Dep, Sulaimani Univ, Sulaimani, Iraq) : Evaluation of 5-aminolevulinic acids induced photodynamic inactivation on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus; by using two light emitting diode wavelengths (In vitro study). Biomed Res 2019, 30(5), 727-32.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photoactive-dye (5- aminolevulinic acid) in inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus by using different light emitting diode wavelengths (Red light 635 nm and Blue light 440 nm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by using 96-well plate in a dark room. The result of the study exhibited that both types of bacteria were inactivated but at different concentration, the S. mutans was inhibeted at 64.5 mM whereas, the S. sobrinus show inhibition at 32.25 mM, both types of light were capable to activating the 5- aminolevulinic acid and lead to significant reduction in Mutans Streptococci and Sobrinus Streptococci. But the Mutans Streptococci need more concentration to be in activated this may be due to the type of bacterial gene.

8 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

005258   EZEMAGU U K, AKUNNA G G, EGWU O A, UZOMBA G C, NWITE K N (Alex-Ekwueme Federal Univ, Ebonyi State, Nigeria) : Comparing Ficus vogelii leaf extract and omeprazole as therapy and prophylaxis for aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rat. Biomed Res 2019, 30(5), 697-703.

A proper attention is required to prevent the gastric mucosa from injurious effect of aspirin. We aim to examine the phytochemicals in aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii leaf (F.V.E), and compare their actions on aspirin-induced gastric ulcer with that of Omeprazole.  Thirty wistar rats (about 8 wks old and weight, 120g each) were divided into 6 groups of five rats each. With the aid of oro-gastric cannula, the groups were administered a daily dose of Omeprazole and F.V.E as follows: group 1 (negative control)-2 ml of distilled water; group 2– Omeprazole 20 mg/kg body weight (bwt) for 10 days, followed by aspirin 500 mg/kg bwt for 3 days; group 3-aspirin 500 mg/kg bwt for 3days, followed by F.V.E 600 mg/kg bwt for 10 days; group 4-aspirin 500 mg/kg bwt for 3 days, followed by Omeprazole 20 mg/kg bwt for 10 days; group 5-F.V.E 600 mg/kg bwt for 10 days, followed by aspirin 500 mg/kg bwt for 3 days; group 6 (positive control)-aspirin 500 mg/kg bwt for 3 days. The rats were sacrificed and the stomach tissues were processed, stained with H & E and PAS, and biochemically analyzed for NP-SH group concentration. F.V.E has high concentrations of saponins and flavonoids. Rats in group 1, 4 and 5 showed normal gastric mucosa. Group 2 and 6 showed gastric ulceration with significant increase in parietal cell count (p<0.01), and reduction in surface cell diameter and count. Group 3 showed evidence of regenerated mucosa. All groups except positive control had normal NP-SH group concentration. The study proved that F.V.E could be used as both therapy and prophylaxis for aspirin induced gastric ulcer in wistar rat while omeprazole adequately served as a therapy for the ulcer.

8 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

005345   YAZID F, PARAMITA R I, FADILAH F, ROSMALENA R (Medical Chemistry Dep, Indonesia Univ, Jakarta- 10430, Email: rosmalena2018@gmail.com) : In silico study and in-vitro activity of buds cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) of nonvolatile compounds as anticancer by inhibiting cell cycle regulators. Asian J Pharm 2019, 13(3), 192-7.

In order to investigate the potential biological activities, we simulated a series of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) (CDK1, CDK2, and CDK6 series) with molecular docking approach experiments to identify the bioactive compounds and evaluated the in vitro antitumor activity of ethanol extract of buds cloves (EEBC). In addition, we conducted a series of experiments to identify the potential biological mechanisms of the EEBC. In this study, we investigated in silico molecular docking to know about their molecular mechanisms of EEBC and the active components for cytotoxic activity. This research was carried out using AutoDock4 software. To prove the in silico docking result, we also investigated the cytotoxic effects of EEBC using cell lines of human cancer. Based on all the docking result, Myricetin and Quercetin in EEBC played a main role as CDKs inhibitor because they showed very good free energy binding against CDK2, CDK6, and CDK1. IC50 values of EEBC (IC50 of 24.45 μg/ml) on HCT-116. EEBC could be potential sources from natural products that have cytotoxic properties against colorectal cancer through CDKs inhibition mechanism.

3 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

005299   PANDEY S P, SUDHEESH M S (Pharmacy Dep, Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: mssudheesh@rediffmail.com) : Effect of herbomineral preparation and their corresponding metal nanoparticle on enzymatic activity and growth pattern of baker’s yeast. Asian J Pharm 2019, 13(3), 171-8.

In modern medicine, heavy metals are thought to be existing toxic and trace amount of metals such as lead and mercury is a regulatory concern in drug development and approval process. However, metals are an integral part of Indian traditional medicine Ayurveda and have a safe history of usage for the past 5000 years. Bhasma, which is a herbomineral preparation containing heavy metals are subjected to heat, pressure and is heated with herbal juice and this process for detoxification of metals as claimed by Ayurveda. The objective of the present investigation is to understand the physiochemical changes in metal due to Sodhana and impact on bio-molecules such as enzyme and eukaryotic cells. Bhasma is compared with nanoparticles of the same metal to study the effect of Sodhana on biocompatibility of metal nanoparticles. The basic aim of this research was to find out the ill effect of such metallic preparation (Mandur bhasma) used in Ayurvedic medicine system and their corresponding iron nanoparticles using Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and biological enzymes. For the study, initially culture Baker’s yeast was prepared in the pre-sterilized yeast extract, peptone, dextrose media. Growth and morphological change in baker’s yeast cell was studied in the presence of the marketed ayurvedic formulation and its corresponding metal nanoparticles. At a similar time, standard microbiological assay procedures were also performed to find out the impact of these preparations on growth and morphology of yeast cells. An enzyme blocking study using the enzymes was also performed. Results showed that the iron nanoparticles (in higher concentration) have an inhibitory effect on the growth of yeast cells in comparison to the respective formulation. At the same time, the yeast cells show aggregation behavior and damaging with the abnormal surface in case of metallic nanoparticles. Effect on enzymatic activity was also found significant. On the basis of the present study it could be concluded that metals present in the ayurvedic preparations in Sodhit form do not have any objectionable behavior but there are certain need of pharmacovigilance to follow standard protocol to establish the safety and efficacy of such Ayurvedic preparations, and before coming to any final conclusion, still number of studies will also be needed.

7 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

005290   MODI M A, KALE N V, PATEL J H, VARIA R D, MODI F D, VIHOL P D (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari- 396 450, Email: drjatinvet@yahoo.co.in) : Pharmacokinetics of ferulic acid following oral administration ethyl ferulate alone and in combination with piperine in rats. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 194-8.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate pharmacokinetics of ferulic acid following oral administration of ethyl ferulate alone and in combination with piperine in rats. Following oral administration of ethyl ferulate and in combination with piperine, the mean peak plasma ferulic acid concentration of 18.38 ±1.38 vs 15.27± 1.18 g/ ml was achieved at 0.25 h. Plasma concentration of ferulic acid at 0.5 h differ significantly (p<0.05) and plasma concentration of ferulic acid at 0.08 h, 0.25 h, 0.75 h and 1 h did not differ significantly. All pharmacokinetic parameter of ferulic acid did not differ significantly except volume of distribution (1.25 ± 0.12 vs 2.85 ± 0.57 L/ kg) and total body clearance (7.35 ± 0.57 vs 17.19 ± 1.59 L/h/kg).The study indicates rapid absorption and clearance of ferulic acid from body following oral administration of ethyl ferulate alone and in combination with piperine in rats.

3 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

005306   PRAJAPATI J A, HUMBAL B R, SADARIYA K A, BHAVSAR S K, THAKER A M (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand- 388 001, Gujarat, Email: dr_kasadariya@yahoo.co.in) : Safety assessment of Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume oil in male and female Wistar rats. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 172-8.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate safety of cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) in male and female wistar rats. Forty wistar rats divided into eight groups, each group contains 5 males and 5 females. Group I and V served as vehicle control for male and female, respectively. Cinnamon oil was administered orally at dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, once daily for 28 days in male rats of Groups II, III and IV as well as in female rats of Groups VI, VII and VIII, respectively. There was no significant difference was observed in body weight and feed consumption of II, III and IV as compare to Group I (male control), as well as female rats of Groups VI, VII and VIII as compared to Group V (female control). No significant changes have been observed in hematology parameters like Hb, RBCs, PCV, TLCs, MCV, MCH and MCHC, as well as no significant changes observed in serum creatinine, BUN, bilirubin, AST, ALT, total cholesterol, total protein and albumin in cinnamon oil treated male rats of Groups II, III and IV and in female rats of Groups VI, VII and VIII as compared to male and female control rats, respectively at the end of experiment. Histopathology of kidney, liver, spleen and heart from cinnamon oil treated male and female rats did not show any marked gross or histopathological changes. Results of the present study suggested that cinnamon oil was found safe, following repeated oral administration @ 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt., once daily for 28 days in male and female Wistar rats.

10 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

005271   HUMBAL B R, SADARIYA K A, PRAJAPATI J A, BHAVSAR S K, THAKER A M (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand- 388 001, Email: dr_kasadariya@yahoo.co.in) : Anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry oil in carrageenan-induced paw edema in female rats. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 167-71.

The present study was planned to evaluate in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry oil (clove oil), following single dose oral administration @ 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg in female wistar rats by using carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Twenty five rats were divided randomly into 5 groups and each group consists of five female rats. All rats were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 ml of 10 % w/v carrageenan suspension subcutaneously as a local acute edema inducer after 30 min subsequent to oral administration of clove oil. Rats of control groups were kept untreated. Rats of standard control group were treated orally with indomethacin @ 10 mg/ kg body weight as a reference standard drug. Rats of other three treatment groups were treated with clove oil @ 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Edema was expressed as the increase in paw volume in ml and measured up to the tibiotarsal articulation. Volume of edematous paw was measured at 0 h (before treatment), 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 24 h after treatments. Increase in paw thickness was measured by using digital plethysmometer and per cent inhibition was calculated. The anti-inflammatory effect of clove oil was highest at 3 h (35.46 %) at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory effect of standard drug indomethacin (42.99 %) was higher than clove oil at 3 h. Clove oil at 3 h all doses gave higher anti-inflammatory effect. Clove oil showed dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity in female wistar rats.

2 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

005304   PATEL V, MEHROTRA N, KHAN S A (Biochemistry Dep, Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal Coll of Commerce, Mumbai- 400 056, Email: nupur.mehrotra@mithibai.ac.in) : Ex vivo study of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume on antioxidative system and structural modifications of erythrocytes under hyperglycemic conditions. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 150-5.

Hyperglycemic exposure, ex vivo of erythrocytes is often employed as a model for understanding membrane modifications in erythrocytes due to enhanced oxidative stress in diabetes. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to free radicals' generation along with an increase in insulin resistance. In the current study, the effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, hydroacetone extract on oxidative stress and membranes of erythrocytes exposed to hyperglycemic conditions was investigated. Hemolysis as a measure of lipid peroxidation was studied by exposing erythrocytes to an increasing glucose concentration in presence and absence of the cinnamon extract. In erythrocytes subjected to lower glucose concentrations, the percent hemolysis was higher. Higher glucose concentration attenuated hemolysis. Cinnamon extract supplementation reduced hemolysis by 91.20-50.10 % in presence of 10-100 mM glucose, respectively. The results also illustrated that cinnamon extract supplementation significantly reduced oxidative stress induced-damage and enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase, evaluated by inhibition of pyrogallol auto-oxidation. It can, thus be hypothesized that cinnamon can prevent lipid peroxidation and enzyme glycation in human erythrocytes under diabetic condition.

3 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

005245   BOUATROUS Y (Natural Sciences and Life Dep, Mohamed Khider Univ, Algeria- 07000, Email: y.bouatrous@univ-biskra.dz) : In vivo study of the antidiabetic activity of aqueous and acetonic extracts of Drimia maritima L. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 134-40.

Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to a lack of insulin secretion, insulin action (sensitivity), or a combination of both. Postprandial hyperglycemia is highly dependent on the amount of monosaccharides absorbed and their rate of absorption in the small intestine. One of the therapeutic approaches to the treatment of diabetes is the inhibition of digestive enzymes (α amylase and α glucosidases). Our work is based on the evaluation of the antidiabetic activity of a medicinal plant, Drimia maritime L. They are investigated for their antidiabetic effect in vivo in mice subjected to postprandial hyperglycemia induced by starch or glucose. To this end, aqueous (decoction) and acetone extracts of different organs of two varieties of D. maritima have been prepared according to traditional use; have been subjected to phytochemical analysis to highlight different families of chemical compounds such as phenolic compounds including flavonoids, tannins and anthocyans. Among our results, we found that the content of different chemical compounds differs from one variety to another, and within the same variety from one organ to another. In comparison to the polyphenol content in the leaves and bulbs, it has been found that the content, in the leaves is higher than in the bulbs, so the red variety shows the high polyphenol content of 283 µg. Eq AG/mg, compared to the white variety 152 µg. Eq AG/mg and flavonoids 98.68 µg. Eq catechin/mg extract on the other hand, the white variety 43.2 µg. Eq catechin/mg, The polyphenols measured in the different extracts, are mainly flavonoids and more concentrated for the acetone extract. Concerning anthocyanins, they are only found in the red variety. The results of antidiabetic activity show a positive correlation between polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins and the behavior of diabetic mice. They are, therefore, responsible for this activity. Also, remains the use of acetone extracts of the red variety to treat diabetic mice, shows a greater effect than after 21 days reaches the value of 1.8 g/l, compared to the white variety, this phenomenon can explain by the different chemical composition between the two varieties of rill. These results confirm the traditional use of this plant as an antidiabetic, and highlight one of their possible mechanisms of action, the reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia by slowing intestinal glucose absorption.

12 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

005288   MATHEW S E, RAMAVARMA S K, BABU T D, KUZHIVELIL B T, RAGHAVAMENON A C (Biochemistry Dep, Calicut Univ, Thrissur- 680 555, Kerala, Email: raghav@amalaims.org) : Preliminary assessment on phytochemical composition, cytotoxic and antitumor efficacy of Simarouba glauca DC. leaf methanolic extract. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 121-6.

Simarouba glauca DC. (Paradise tree) has gained much consideration in recent times in South India, as adjuvant medicine patients undertake different types of conventional cancer treatments. The current study is intended to disclose the reliability of medicinal properties of this plant. The study included the phytochemical analysis, short term cytotoxicity assessment, antiproliferative action, acute toxicity and antitumour effects of aqueous methanolic extract (ME) of S. glauca leaves in murine models. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ME unravelled the presence of pharmacologically significant group of molecules like tannins, coumarins, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides terpenoids, and carbohydrates. Further, TLC analysis could confirm the presence of classes of compounds like flavonoids, triterpenoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolics in ME. ME exhibited low cytotoxic potential towards cancer and normal cells (IC₅₀>100 µg/ml) in short term cytotoxicity assay. In antiproliferative assay cell viability were found high in all cell lines tested, i.e., HepG2 (79.78 ± 0.02 %), HeLa (81.42 ± 0.02 %), HCT15 (89.61 ± 0.01 %) and Vero (81.63 ± 0.64 %)/100 µg/ml. The acute toxicity level of ME was above 2 mg/kg b. wt in female Wistar rats. In ascites tumour study, the mean survival days were found 20.17 ± 2.23 at 200 mg/kg b. wt drug administrated animals and 19.83 ± 2.64 at 400 mg/kg b. wt drug concentration in contrast with 18.17 ± 3.19 in control group. The study revealed that the ME extract of S. glauca did not have direct potential cytotoxicity and tumour reducing ability.

4 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

005235   ALSHAHRANI A M (Internal Medicine Dep, Shaqra Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: alshahrani.md@su.edu.sa) : Appraisal of a neuroprotective consequence of Curcuma zedoaria Roxb. rhizomes on memory malfunction in oxidative tension convinced C6 glioma cells of rats. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 105-7.

Perennial herbaceous plant of the ginger family Zingiberaceae, Curcuma longa L. is competent in anticancer and neuroprotective development. The neuroprotective event of plant Curcuma zedoaria Roxb. from the same family has not yet documented. C. zedoaria rhizomes powder extracted by 70 % ethanol. The protective effects of C. zedoaria rhizomes on oxidative tension convinced cell destruction by tert-butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide were examined by MTT test in C6 cell lines. Pretreatment with ethanolic extract of rhizomes of C. zedoaria effectively guarded the cell destruction convinced by oxidative tension in C6 cells with 71 % maximum cell viability. C. zedoaria pretreatment could alleviate oxidative tension in glioma C6 cells. In such a way ethanolic extract of rhizomes of C. zedoaria might be advantageous for forbidding the deterioration of learning and memory.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

005333   SUMATHI S, SUGANYA K, VISHALI A, PADMA P R (Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore- 641 043, Tamil Nadu, Email: sumii.venkat@gmail.com) : Anticariogenic effect of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton against causative organisms of dental caries. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 99-104.

Oral diseases continue to be a major health problem world wide. It can be treated with antibiotics which lead to side effects so an alternatives use of natural herbal extracts. The aim of the study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit extract. Then, we attempted to formulate the juice in the form of a polymer gel to aid topical application. V. macrocarpon (Cranberry) components possess potential anti-caries agents and, hence they inhibit acid formation, attachment and biofilm formation by microorganisms. V. macrocarpon exhibited bacteriocidal effect against oral microbes. Cranberry extract acted as a potent antibiofilm properties and prevents biofilm formation. The methanolic extract of cranberry was found to becytotoxic against the causative microorganisms. The time kill assay also confirmed the bacteriostatic action of the extract. The cranberry extract was formulated into a gel for applying to treat dental caries.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

005307   PURUSHOTHAMAN B P, KUTTAN R (Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur- 680 555, Kerala, Email: amalacancerresearch@gmail.com) : Effect of green tea extract on the carbofuran induced toxicity in wistar rats. Ann Phytomed 2019, 8(2), 55-63.

The present study is aimed to assess the effect of an extract of green tea on carbofuran induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were treated with carbofuran (5 mg/kg b.wt orally) for 30 days in the presence and absence of different concentrations of green tea extract. Administration of green tea extract was found to significantly reduce carbofuran induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Administration of green tea extract restored acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as well as other serum and tissue marker enzymes such as, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), mitochondrial and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, which were altered by carbofuran. Decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes and GSH during carbofuran administration were increased by the green tea administration. Similarly, green tea extract administration reduced oxidative stress markers which were increased during carbofuran administration. Moreover, altered neurobehavioral problems produced by carbofuran were reversed by the green tea administration. Biochemical alterations were accompanied by histopathological changes resulted from carbofuran toxicity which were ameliorated following green tea administration. These studies concluded that green tea administration effectively protected the rats from carbofuran toxicity.

1 illus, 9 tables, 49 ref

005341   TYAGI R, PODDER V, ARVIND H, MOHANTY M, ANAND A (Neurosurgery Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh- 160 012, Email: manjumohanty2011@gmail.com) : The role of dystrophin gene mutations in neuropsychological domains of DMD boys: A longitudinal study. Ann Neurosci 2019, 26(3-4), 42-9.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscular dystrophy of pediatric population coupled with other secondary comorbidities including mental retardation and neuropsychological impairments. Mutation location in the dystrophin gene, have been associated with neuropsychological functioning in DMD. We investigated temporal changes in the neuropsychological functioning of DMD subjects, hitherto understudied. Subjects with suspected DMD were enrolled according to the ethical guidelines. Genetic confirmation by Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification was carried out to identify pathogenic deletion or duplication in dystrophin gene. Intellectual and neuropsychological functioning was assessed by using standardized batteries. Investigated neuropsychological domains included visual, verbal and working memory, selective and sustained attention, executive functioning, verbal fluency, and visuo-constructive and visuo-spatial abilities. The assessments were carried out at baseline and followed for one time point in 30 cases.  The follow-up assessment revealed that neuropsychological functioning did not worsen with time. Improvements were seen in block designing task (p = 0.050), serial positioning primacy effect (p = 0.002), Stroop incongruent task (p = 0.006), visual long-term memory (p = 0.003) and attention (p = 0.001). DMD cases with mutation location affecting short dystrophin isoform (Dp140) also showed improvement in these domains. No temporal alterations were found in DMD subjects, though improvements in few domains were observed. Neuropsychological rehabilitation may be useful in improving the quality of life in DMD subjects.

1 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

005240   BAGHEL M S, SINGH B, PATRO N, KHANNA V K, PATRO I K, THAKUR M K (Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: mktian2007@gmail.com) : Poly (I:C) exposure in early life alters methylation of DNA and acetylation of histone at synaptic plasticity gene promoter in developing rat brain leading to memory impairment. Ann Neurosci 2019, 26(3-4), 35-41.

Exposure to adverse environmental conditions such as toxic chemicals, viral infections, and even stress during pregnancy or early life may disrupt the development of normal brain and its functioning leading to incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders at later stages of life. Recently, we reported that poly (I:C) exposure altered synaptic plasticity protein level and impaired memory through activation of microglia cells. As epigenetic modifications are involved in memory formation, we have studied methylation of DNA and acetylation of histone at promoters of synaptic plasticity genes in the brain of rats exposed to poly (I:C) during early life. One dose of poly (I:C) (5 mg/kg bw) was intraperitoneally injected to rat pups on postnatal seventh day. A set of pups exposed to vehicle was included as control. In order to assess methylation of DNA and acetylation of histone at synaptic plasticity gene promoter, we performed qPCR after methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Poly (I:C) exposure reduced the level of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at synaptic plasticity gene (bdnf, arc, and egr1) promoters in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus of 3-week rats, although increased it later in both regions of 12-week rats as compared to respective controls. On contrary, poly (I:C) exposure enhanced acetylation of histone H3K9 (H3K9Ac) at promoters of these genes in both regions of 3-week rats but decreased in 12-week rats. Poly (I:C) exposure altered 5mC and H3K9Ac at synaptic plasticity gene promoters resulting in memory impairment of rats at later life.

4 illus, 39 ref

005331   SRILATHA K, REDDY K P (Zoology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: pratapkreddyou@gmail.com) : Sciatic nerve structural and functional recovery with extract of Phyllanthus amarus and Esculetin in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats. Ann Neurosci 2019, 26(3-4), 17-29.

Diabetes-instigated nerve damage is a chronic complication including impaired peripheral nerve function with lowered nerve conduction velocity (NCV), demyelination of nerve fibres and alterations in the behaviour. Many clinical and experimental studies have proved that Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin have potential effects against various diseases. The aim of this study is to assess the neuroprotective role of hydro-ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amaras (PAE) and esculetin (ESC) on NCV, metabolism, behavioural and structural changes in diabetic rats. The extent of protection using PAE and ESC in diabetic rats was determined by checking the HbA1 c, NO, myeloperoxidase (MPO), total calcium, protein content, Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase activity, acetylcholine content and behavioural alterations using rotarod and maze learning tests on 7, 14 and 21 days. NCV was measured on the 21st day. The diabetic rats showed increased HbA1c, nitrite, MPO, calcium and decreased protein, Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase activity, NCV, acetylcholine, behavioural alterations and morphological changes of sciatic nerve so that diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is manifested. Continuous treatment for three weeks with Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin significantly minimized the damage to axons and myelin sheath and enhanced the sciatic NCV by reversing all the mentioned parameters. Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin showed the anti-diabetic as well as anti-inflammatory characteristics by prevention of initiation of adverse processes of the sciatic nerve morphology, internal cell functions leading to improved coordination, behavioural and physiological functions in STZ-induced diabetic rats. PAE has shown similar effects with the ESC. However, further studies are essential to confirm their detailed therapeutic effects.

10 illus, 3 tables, 57 ref

005268   GUPTA N, BHAGYAWANT S S (Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior- 474 011) : Enzymatic treatment improves ACE-I inhibiton and antiproliferative potential of chickpea. Vegetos 2019, 32(3), 363-9.

Chickpea seeds are the preferred source of proteins possessing health care functions in countries across the world. Study indicated the chickpea proteins as a promising center of bioactive peptides and open up new vista for food industry. Employing gastrointestinal enzyme alcalase, protein hydrolysates generated from 45 chickpea seed accessions were evaluated for angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory potential and antiproliferative influence. Alcalase at  1 h of optimum hydrolysis produced bioactive peptides inhibiting the ACE-I activity. The accession BDN-9-3 gave highest ACE-I inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ value of 22.43 mg/ml. The protein hydrolysate of BDN-9-3 was further subjected to antiproliferative assessment against breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The IC₅₀ of BDN-9-3 alcalase hydrolysate was 0.60 mg/ml and 0.63 mg/ml in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells respectively, compared to non hydrolyzed chickpea protein (IC₅₀ of 0.85 and 0.82 mg/ml). Present study ascertain that chickpea seed hydrolysate can be perceived as a valuable nutraceutical resource.

33 ref

005310   RAHMAN A, MAGURAUSCHE A, MUKAKALISA C, NANHAPO D, LIKIUS D, UAHENGO V (Chemistry and Biochemistry Dep, Namibia Univ, Post Bag- 13301, Windhoek, Namibia, Email: ateeqr786@yahoo.com) : Recent studies on phytochemical analysis, radical scavenging and anti-microbial activity of the leaves of Gampocarpus fruticosus from Namibia. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(5), 266-74.

Gampocarpus fruticosus is a wild plant that belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family and has many traditional uses. The plant has demonstrated a significant level of microbial and phytochemical activity; the drugresistant strains of microbes and traditional uses which have emerged in the last decade will be eradicated by the compounds this indigenous plant carries. Phytochemical screening was executed followed by the evaluation of total flavonoid, phenol and tannin content using aluminium chloride method, folin-ciocalteu method and the potassium ferrocyanide methods respectively. Antimicrobial screening as well as MIC determination was done using the disk diffusion method. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Method. The quantitative phytochemical determinations were performed in triplicate and expressed as means (± standard deviation) and of the phytochemicals that were quantified, tannins were present in large amounts with 6.937 ± 0.115 mg TA/g in the methanolic extract and 5.356 ± 0.185 mg TA/g in the ethanolic extract. The MIC values for antimicrobial analysis were recorded as the minimum application of plant extracts that totally repressed the growth of the microorganism. The MIC value for the ethanolic extract on Staphylococcus aureus was 1 mg/ml and for Escherichia coli it was 6 mg/ml. For DPPH, the extract with the lowest IC₅₀ was the one with the highest scavenging activity. The standard used was Vitamin C and it had an IC₅₀ value of 0.37 mg/ml. The IC₅₀ value of the methanolic extract and ethanolic extract were 0.25 mg/ml and 0.34 mg/ml respectively. The main highlights of this article are their greater medicinal value of phytochemicals present, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity that was exhibited by the leaf extract of G.fruticosus plant.

1 illus, 2 tables, 68 ref

005275   JOY F-O F, OPEYEMI F, MOSES O I (Biological Sciences Dep, Mountain Top Univ, Ogun, Nigeria, Email: fehintoluwao@yahoo.com) : Effects of Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extract on the reproductive cycle of cypermethrin-treated female rats. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(5), 253-6.

Cypermethrin (Cyp), a type II pyrethroid, is a broad-spectrum insecticide extensively used for pest management and animal husbandry practices. They have been named among the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Previous studies have reported its adverse effect on reproduction with no detailed information on the effect on female reproductive cycle. Methanolic extract of Jatropha gossypifolia leaves was investigated for its attenuative effects on disrupted oestrous cycle and hormones of cypermethrintreated female wistar rats. Thirty-two female albino rats (180.23 ± 3.21 g) were completely randomized into four groups (A- D) of eight animals each. Animals in group A served as the control and received 0.5 ml of corn oil. Animals in groups B, C and D received 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) of cypermethrin and treated with 0.5 ml of corn oil, 50 and 100 mg/kg BW of Jatropha gossypifolia extract (JGE) respectively on daily basis for 30 days and sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration. The oestrous cycle was monitored by vaginal cytology between 09:00 and 10:00 hours throughout the exposure period. Four reproductive hormones were assayed for in the serum of the animals: Progesterone (P), Testosterone (T), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The oestrous cycle was irregular in female animals given cypermethrin and distilled water. The pattern of irregularity involves persistent/extended estrus phase compared to the control group. The administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW of JGE attenuated the effect of cypermethrin by reversing the irregularity in the oestrous cycle. The administration of JGE attenuated the effect of cypermethrin on serum testosterone, progesterone, FSH and LH concentrations. The phytoconstituents in the plant might be responsible for the attenuative benefits of Jatropha gossypifolia leaves in the management of cypermethrin-induced alterations of the reproductive cycle.

4 illus, 25 ref

005294   OLUWATOYIN A E, DEBORAH O W (Pharmacology Dep, Lagos Univ, Lagos, Nigeria, Email: Estheragbaje01@gmail.com) : Study of aqueous leaf extracts of Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiaceae) in gastric ulcer models and the possible mechanisms of action. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(5), 238-47.

Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) commonly known as ̒yellow mombin̕ is a multipurpose herb cultivated in parts of the Brazilian Northeast for its edible fruits, oil and leaves. The bark is used to carve figures and the leaves and roots used as medicine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin Linn. on gastric ulcers. The effect was evaluated in ibuprofen, alcohol and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer models. The extract was administered orally at three different doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. The antiulcer activity was accessed in rats by comparing the ulcer index in the test group with that of the control (distilled water) and standard (omeprazole, misoprostol) groups. The involvements of endogenous nitric oxide, prostaglandins and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in the cytoprotective action of Spondias mombin L. were also investigated. The extract showed a significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p< 0.001) antisecretory and gastric cytoprotective effects in pylorus ligation, alcohol and ibuprofen-induced ulcer model respectively. Antioxidant analysis showed significant scavenging of free radical using nitric oxide, reducing power activity and DPPH assay. Spondias mombin L. showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugar, cardiac glycosides and terpenes. The experiment suggests a possible participation of NO synthase and NP-SH pathways in the gastroprotective effect of Spondias mombin.

13 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

005231   AGBAJE E O, SABO F O, UJOMU T (Pharmacology Dep, Lagos Univ, Lagos, Nigeria, Email: estheragbaje01@gmail.com) : Preliminary screening of anti-ulcerative colitis activity of aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiaceae) and the possible mechanisms of action in rats. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(5), 232-7.

Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) commonly known as ‘yellow mombin’ is a multipurpose herb cultivated in parts of the Brazilian Northeast for its edible fruits, oil and leaves. The bark is used to carve figures and leaves and roots used as medicine. Efforts in this study were devoted to evaluating the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin Linn. on SMB sub-acute dosing in a rat model of acetic acidinduced ulcerative colitis and acetic-acid induced ulcerative colitis (curative) models. Three graded doses of the extract were administered orally (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for the prophylactic model and 200 mg/kg for the curative model. The involvement of endogenous nitric oxide, prostaglandins and potassium ion in the cytoprotective action of S. mombin L. was also investigated. The extract showed a significant (p<0.05) colonic cytoprotective effect in acetic-acid induced ulcerative colitis (prophylactic) and acetic-acid induced ulcerative colitis (curative) models when compared to control. Antioxidant analysis showed the ability of S. mombin L. to attenuate oxidative stress by decreasing the lipid peroxide level and to inhibit accumulation of free radicals’ generation during LPO (lipid peroxidation) process. S. mombin L. showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugar, cardiac glycosides and steroids/terpenes. S. mombin L. exhibited cytoprotective effects in all acetic-acid induced ulcer models via the mechanism of reducing the aggressive activity of the immune system on the colonic mucosa thereby protecting the colonic mucosa.

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

005242   BELLO A, PADMANABHAN S, THANGAMALAI R, LAKSHMANAN K, NAGARAJAN K (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: dr.psriram@gmail.com) : Evaluation of genotoxic effects of methanolic extract of brown seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(5), 226-31.

Seaweeds are considered as a valuable source of bioactive compounds produced as secondary metabolites having a broad spectrum of biological activities. Recently seaweed has been extensively utilized by pharmaceutical, chemical and nutraceutical industries as valuable sources of raw material of natural origin. The present study aimed at evaluating the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of methanolic extract of brown seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum. The test extract was assessed for its potential mutagenic effect using in vitro bacteria reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and for its potential clastogenic and DNA damaging effects using in vivo rodent bone marrow micronucleus and alkaline comet assay respectively. The test extract did not produce a two-fold increase or a reproducible dose-dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies in all the bacterial tester strains at the highest dose of 5000 µg/plate tested both with and without metabolic activation. No significant clastogenic and DNA damaging effects were observed at the highest dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight when the test extract was assayed in-vivo in mice bone marrow erythrocytes and peripherally in lymphocytes respectively. The result obtained from this study revealed that methanolic extract of Stoechospermum marginatum is safe to living cells genome and does not produce significant mutagenic and genotoxic effect when assayed in both in vitro and in vivo testing systems.

3 tables, 22 ref

005237   ANGÈLE G P, CALIXTE B, RICHARD K K, JUSTINE T W, MARCELLIN G R, NAZAIRE D, ADAMA C (Biosciences Dep, Felix Houphouët-Boigny Univ of Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa, Email: priscagui@gmail.com) : Study of antianemic properties of Parquetina nigrescens (Apocynaceae) in Wistar rats. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(5), 216-9.

Stability Parquetina nigrescens is a plant of the family Apocynaceae. She is commonly called "baba niama" in Boulé, and she is used in Côte d'Ivoire in the treatment of anemia in a traditional environment. Our study aims to know the different chemical components of the plant and test the antianemic properties of the total aqueous Extract on Wistar rats, after induction of anemia by phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and polyterpenes and iron. The administration of the aqueous extract by gavage to the anemic rats at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day and 2500 mg/kg/day resulted in an increase in hemoglobin, in the number of red blood cells and a decrease in reticulocyte levels. Hemolysis of Parquetina nigrescens extract-treated rats was lower than that of untreated rats, while their osmotic resistance was high. This indicates the presence of young red cell cells in the treated rats than in the control rats. These results confirm and validate the therapeutic indication of Parquetina nigrescens in the fight against anemia in traditional medicine.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

005244   BISONG S A, AJIWHEN I O, NKU C O, URUAKPA K C (Physiology Dep, Calabar Univ, Calabar, Nigeria, Email: bisongsa@yagoo.com) : Phytochemical and neurotoxicity evaluation of methanolic leaf-extract of Moringa oleifera. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(5), 210-5.

As a plant with a host of medicinal properties used for treating various ailments, the research set out to investigate the neurotoxic effect of methanol leaf-extract of Moringa oleifera, as well as explore its phytochemical constituents. The amphiphylic property of methanol as a solvent was exploited to extract non-polar and medium polar phytoconstituents. Forty (40) male Swiss white mice were randomly grouped into four (n=10 per group). The control animals receive normal saline (p.o.) while two other groups received low dose (500 mg/kg) and high dose (2500 mg/kg) of the leaf-extract of M. oleifera for 21 days. The forth group received a low dose (500 mg/kg) of the extract thirty minutes before the animals were sacrificed for histological studies. The phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis showed that the methanol leaf-extract of M. oleifera contains alkaloids (1.80 ± 0.2%), glycosides (1.37 ± 0.1%), saponins (1.47 ± 0.3%), tannins (0.48 ± 0.01%), flavonoids (8.23 ± 0.2 %), polyphenols (20.47 ± 0.3%) and reducing compounds (7.05 ± 1.0%). Acute toxicity evaluation using Lorke’s method showed the LD₅₀ to be 5,477.226 mg/kg. Histopathological evaluation shows no toxicity at 2500 mg/kg in the hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. The methanol leaf-extract of M. oleifera has no neurotoxic effect even at high doses; and so, it very safe for use in the treatment regimes.

4 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

005255   El-SAYED M H (Biology Dep, Northern Border Univ, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: m_helal2007rm@yahoo.com) : Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from soil-isolated Streptomyces sp. NBrR₇ and its antibacterial and anticancer activities. Ambient Sci 2019, 6(2), 31-7.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of medicine owing to their physiochemical properties. Actinomycetes are efficient microbe for metal nanoparticle production extracellularly and intracellularly. In this regard, the extracellular biosynthesis of AgNPs by a Streptomyces sp. isolated from the rhizosphere soil in Saudi Arabia was achieved. Eleven actinomycete isolates coded NBrR1 to NBrR11 were isolated and purified on starch nitrate agar medium. Screening the filtrates of these isolates for the biosynthesis of AgNPs revealed that, only 4 isolates exhibited various bio-reduction degrees of Ag in aqueous solution as suggested by initial changes in the color of the solution. Among them, NBrR7 was selected as the most potent-isolate and identified based on the cultural, morphological as well as the physiological and biochemical characteristics which indicated belonging of this isolate to the genus Streptomyces and designated as Streptomyces sp. NBrR₇. The microbiologically synthesized AgNPs showed promising antibacterial activity, especially against P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. Promising cytotoxic activity was recorded for AgNPs against number of human cancer cell lines where it showed strong cytotoxicity against colon carcinoma (HCT-116) with IC₅₀ 21.8 µg/ml, moderate activity against liver carcinoma (HEPG2) with IC₅₀ 39.5 µg/ml while it was weak against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) with IC₅₀ 47.80 µg/ml. The microbiologically synthesized AgNPs obtained from the locally isolated Streptomyces sp. NBrR₇ has lower toxicity and excellent biomedical applications.

2 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

005319   SAHU M, VERMA D, HARRIS K K (Zoology Dep, Government DB Girls' Post Graduate Coll, Raipur- 492 001, Email: kkharis@dbgirls.org) : Anti-sickling propensities of Carica papaya (L) plant's extracts. Ambient Sci 2019, 6h(1), 11-5.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder and the disease is incurable. The management process solely concentrates on providing relief to the patient during the crisis stage of the disease. In this context, phytochemicals present in the plants with antisickling propensities are widely exploited as a cure. Various plants have been reported to possess antisickling propensities by various authors. The present study attempts to investigate in vitro, the antisickling endeavors (sickle cell reversal and erythrocytic inhibition to a sickled contour) of the leaves, seeds and stem extracts of Carica papaya L. in HbSS blood samples, using phydroxybenzoic acid and phosphate buffers aline as positive and negative controls. The inhibition and reversal activities for different concentrations viz., 0.1 to 10.0 mg/ml of extracts revealed maximum inhibition activity (IA) of 71.80 % in C. papaya L. leaves in a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml; seeds showed a IA of 68.50 % in a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml; while the stems showed a IA of 68.33 % in a concentration of 10.0 mg/ml. On the other hand, maximum reversal activity (RA) of 72.43 % in Carica papaya L. leaves in a concentration of 10.0 mg/ml; seeds showed a RA of 65.96 % in a concentration of 10.0 mg/ml; while the stems showed a RA of 62.97 % in a concentration of 10.0 mg/ml.

2 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

005281   LAVAEE F, MODARESI F, FAEZ K , ESNAASHARI N (Jahrom Univ of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran, Email: modarresifarzan@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial efficacy of two shrubs (Punica granatum and Camellia sinensis) and an herb (Mentha piperita) on two human pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. Ambient Sci 2019, 6(1), 31-6.

The antimicrobial activities of Punica granatum, Camelia sinensis and Mentha piperita alone and in combination was studied on two human pathogens, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668 and Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 by macro- and micro-broth dilution alone and in combination with two and three extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for P. granutum, C. sinensis and M. piperita extracts in S. mutans were found as 3.125, 6.25 & 1.56 mg/ml respectively, and for S. sanguinis they were 1.56, 3.125 & 1.56 mg/ml respectively. MIC of P. granutum and C. sinensis simultaneously in S.mutans were 3.125 mg/ml; S.sanguinis 1.56 mg/ml, and P. granutum and M. piperita simultaneously in S. mutans were 6.25 mg/ml and S. sanguinis 3.125 mg/ml; and C. sinensis and M. piperita simultaneously in S. mutans were  3.125 and S. sanguinis 1.56 mg/ml, respectively. MIC of P. granutum, C. sinensis and M. piperita extracts simultaneously in S. mutans were 0.39 and S. sanguinis 0.78 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusively, P. granutum, C. sinensis and M. piperita revealed satisfactorily antibacterial effects on S. mutans  and S. sanguinis, using a combination of the three extract makes the synergism antimicrobial effect and had the lowest MIC.

4 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

005272   INGALE D, VARMA R, SALAGARE V C (Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Dep, District Hospital, Vijaypur-586 101, Karnataka) : Determination of weight of human brain for population of Ethiopia- An autopsy study. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2019, 12(4), 210-6.

Medical documentations and teaching dictums as to age related changes in weight of the Brain, and weight of the Brain in respect to gender and Race are the issues need to be addressed again & again. Though the available literature do mention normal weight of the Brain to that given population under study but populations of third word like Ethiopia lack sufficient data as to the normal weight of the brain. This study was done at St Paul Hospital & Millennium Medical College Addis Ababa, to determine the normal weight of the Brain in Ethiopian population in the capital city of Ethiopia from September 2016 to April 2017. Total of 902 autopsies were conducted during the study period. All the vital organs in the dead body fulfilling inclusion criteria are dissected as per the standard autopsy protocol and were weighed. Average weight of the brain in adults was 1272.16 grams, lowest weight was grams, heaviest brain was of 1570 grams. These findings were discussed with other references across the globe and conclusions were drawn. Average weight of the brain Ethiopian population studied is 1287. 5685715 grams, average weight of the brain in male 1343.972857 grams, average weight of the brain in female 1231.164286 grams, there is significant difference between male & female brain weights with P value of 0.0039. There is significant rapid loss of brain weight after 65 years of age.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

005326   SHEHU O Z, AKANNI O E, SHEHU M R, ADEDOKUN K A, KAMORUDEEN R T (Medical Laboratory Science Dep, Ladoke Akintola Univ, Oyo State, Nigeria, Email: olufemiakanni@yahoo.com) : Antioxidant and chemotherapeutic effects of Trèvo^® supplement on benzene-induced leukaemia in murine models. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(3), 216-21.

Oxidative stress is largely implicated in a molecular mechanism involving initiation, development and progression of leukaemogenesis. Trévo^® supplement is a multiherbal formula produced from various phytonutrients with antioxidant potential. We investigated the antioxidant activities of Trèvo^® supplement as a prospect for leukaemia treatment.  The study was carried out on 36 Wistar rats weighing between 140 g and 160 g. They were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 (positive controls) were induced with 0.2 ml benzene chromosolv solution 48 hourly for 4 consecutive weeks and fed with rat pellets without Trévo^® supplement. Group 2 (negative controls) received only rat pellets. Group 3 received only normal dose of Trévo^® supplement with rat pellets. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were induced for 4 weeks followed with low-, moderate- and high-dose Trévo^® supplement for 3 weeks with rat pellets, respectively. Glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein (TP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) plasma concentrations were assayed simultaneously. Induction of leukaemia was evidenced in positive controls by elevated total white blood cell counts (marked with lymphocytosis) and mild anaemia with reduced haemoglobin counts. Furthermore, GSH, CAT and TP levels for graded dosages of Trévo^®-treated groups (following benzene induction) showed statistically significant elevations (P < 0.05) compared to the benzene‑induced positive controls, whereas MDA and GGT levels with high-dose Trévo^® treatment showed statistically significant reductions (P < 0.05) compared to the positive controls. Trévo^® supplement exhibited profound antioxidant potential indicated by improvement from leukaemia after oral administration. This amelioration is believed to be associated with the nutritional supplement in a dose-dependent manner.

4 tables, 29 ref

005324   SHAHROKHABADI M S, ABBASNEZHAD A, KAZEMNEJAD A, GHAHERI A, ZAYERI F (Biostatistics Dep, Tarbiat Modares Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: kazem_an@modares.ac.ir) : Dietary intake of vitamin D pattern and its sociodemographic determinants in the southwest of Iran, Khuzestan: An application of marginalised two part model. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(3), 210-5.

Dietary intake of Vitamin D is an effective public health strategy to improve the current low Vitamin D status of populations. This research aimed to identify subpopulations at greater risk for Vitamin D deficiency. We studied the sociodemographic factors that are potentially associated with dietary intake of Vitamin D in the Iranian population. To do so, we used a marginalised two-part (MTP) model to control for the substantial proportion of zero Vitamin D intake. Data from 180 cross‑sectional random samples were recorded. Dietary intake of Vitamin D was assessed using a 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire. Sociodemographic factors associated with intake of Vitamin D were explored using MTP-Weibull. Mean (standard deviation) daily dietary Vitamin D intake was 0.54 (0.70) µg/day which was below the standard recommended level for all participants. The ‘fish, milk and eggs’ food group contributed 50 % of total dietary intake of Vitamin D. Higher intake was associated with higher levels of education (P = 0.003). Furthermore, the odds of Vitamin D intake was associated with smoking status (odds ratio = 0.613, confidence interval: 0.407–0.914); where smoking decreases the chance of having a non‑zero Vitamin D intake by 38.7 %.  Dietary intake of Vitamin D is below the recommended levels in our study in Iran, a developing country. We identified that education level and smoking status are associated with low intake. This result could lead to the straightforward recommendation for smokers and less-educated individuals to increase their intake of Vitamin D-rich foods.

1 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref