005320   SALAHSHOOR M R, ABDOLMALEKI A, JALILI C, ROSHANKHAH S (Anatomical Sciences Dep, Kermanshah Univ of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: roshankhah@yahoo.com) : Can pentoxifylline recover reproductive parameters’ damage induced by high protein diet in male rats?. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(3), 203-9.

Pentoxifylline (PEN) is a xanthine derivative used as a drug to inhibit the inflammatory factors activity, reduce blood viscosity and improve peripheral blood flow. Proteins play the most important role in reproductive parameters. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effects of PEN against high-protein diet (HPD)-induced damage to the reproductive parameter of male rats.  In this experimental study, 48 male rats were randomly divided to 8 groups: sham (normal protein diet) and HPD (35% protein) groups; PEN groups (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and HPD + PEN groups (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg). Animals of the HPD group have fed with high protein daily for 10 months. Daily PEN treatment was injected intraperitoneally. The sperm parameters, spermatogenesis index, total antioxidant capacity, testosterone level and seminiferous tubule diameter were analysed. The values of all reproductive parameters reduced significantly in the HPD group compared to the sham group (P < 0.01). The whole doses of PEN and PEN + HPD groups increased all parameters significantly compared to the HPD group (P < 0.01).  No significant modifications were observed in PEN groups in all doses compared to the sham group. PEN relieved the effects of HPD on reproductive parameters.

9 illus, 35 ref

005315   ROOS N A C, BAKAR M A, HAQUE M (National Defence Univ of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur- 570 00, Email: runurono@gmail.com) : Knowledge, attitude and practice among Malaysian medical students, doctors, other health professionals and common people regarding antibiotic use, prescribing and resistance: A systematic review. Adv Hum Biol 2019, 9(3), 179-93.

The use of antibiotics has been associated with the sizeable cutback of infectious disease mortality. Antibiotics also tremendously support the treatment of cancer, transplantation and many other surgeries. Currently, the development of new antibiotics has been slow down. Besides, there is a rapid process of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) against almost all available antibiotics. Moreover, there is quick progress of microbial development with multiple antibiotic resistant which adds more fatality. An independent search was performed from inception until January 2019 using electronic databases, including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed for published articles. Seventeen articles were included; six among the medical professionals and students and 11 among the general public across the country. The quality of the included studies was deemed average. Medical, pharmacy and other university subjects’ students’ knowledge level were low to average. Often, medical and pharmacy students’ knowledge level was better than others. One study clearly denoted that there is a gap between theoretical and practical input regarding antibiotic prescribing. Although medical officers and general physician knowledge level was good, but actual real‑life attitude and practice cannot be assessed because of the study design. Common people had a lot of misunderstanding regarding antibiotic use and AMR. All these studies incorporated suggested that further educational intervention is warranted to promote prudent use of antibiotic and prevent AMR. This review similarly advocates educational interventions among all stakeholders of healthcare with a special emphasis on antibiotics stewardship and regulatory enforcement programme to promote rational use of antimicrobial and to prevent AMR.

1 illus, 2 tables, 79 ref

004184   UJWAL S, SABEENA S, BHASKAR R, D’SOUZA G, SANTHOSHA D, AUTI A, KUMAR R, RAMACHANDRAN S, HINDOL M, AITHAL A, et al. (Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, Email: arunviro@gmail.com) : Circulation of Asian-I and Cosmopolitan genotypes of Dengue-2 virus in northeast India, 2016–2017. J Vector Borne Dis 2019, 56(3), 231-6.

Dengue is a major public health problem in northeast India where the majority of the cases go unreported and undiagnosed. Even though all four dengue serotypes are reported, there is a dearth of information on genetic diversity. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken during 2016–17 to determine the genetic variance of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) based on the envelope (E) glycoprotein gene. The serum samples collected from the northeast parts of India, as a part of hospital-based acute febrile illness surveillance, were serotyped. Viral RNA was extracted from DENV-2 serum samples using QIAquick^® RNA Extraction Kit. The E gene was amplified by conventional reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the PCR products were sequenced. The E glycoprotein gene of nine serum samples with high viral RNA concentration (Ct <25) was sequenced. The E gene sequences of eight DENV-2 strains from Assam and Meghalaya aligned with genotype IV (Cosmopolitan) and one strain from Tripura segregated with Asian-I genotype. Ongoing laboratory-based surveillance is mandatory to understand the transmission dynamics of dengue in endemic countries. This study concluded that in northeast India, presently two distinct genotypes of DENV-2, namely genotype IVb (Cosmopolitan) and Asian-I genotype are in circulation.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

004178   SY F A, FAYE O, DIALLO M, DIA I (Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal) : Effects of insecticide resistance on the reproductive potential of two sub-strains of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. J Vector Borne Dis 2019, 56(3), 207-11.

The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors raise concerns over the control of malaria disease. Therefore, the implementation of better control strategies need a thorough understanding of the effects and mechanisms of resistance on vector adaptation capacities. We studied the effects of insecticide resistance on the reproductive potential of two laboratory sub-strains of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii characterised by phenotypic resistance/susceptibility to DDT. The two sub-strains were selected from a laboratory strain of An. coluzzii using WHO test tubes. For each sub-strain, the number of produced and hatched eggs, developmental time, mosquito stages mortality, sex ratio and insemination rates after dissection of spermathecae were compared as measures of reproductive potential. Overall, the susceptible sub-strain produced higher but not significant mean numbers of eggs. However, the mean numbers of hatched eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were significantly lower than those of the resistant substrain. The mean time from egg–hatching to adult–emergence, egg–flooding to hatching, I instar to pupae and pupae to adult were similar between the two sub-strains. The mortality rates at the pupal stage were significantly different between the two sub-strains. Of the dissected spermathecae, 85.1 % of the females from the resistant sub-strain were fertilized compared to 66.1 % of the females from the susceptible sub-strain (p <0.0001). The resistant sub-strain produced more females in comparison to the susceptible sub-strain (respective mean sex ratio 1.37 vs 1.03, p = 0.01). The results show differential life history traits between the two sub-strains of the malaria vector An. coluzzii, particularly fertility, insemination rate and sex ratio. They may have varied implications for insecticide resistance spread, monitoring and management; and hence underscore the need of further investigations before any generalization.

2 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

004124   KESAVAN M, KOLI S, MOHANAPRIYA K, SRINIVASAN G, PAVITHRA, S SHYAMKUMAR T S, KUMAR D (Pharmacology and Toxicology Div, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh- 243 122, Email: drkesuvet@gmail.com) : Candesartan ameliorated arsenic induced testicular toxicity in rats. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol 2019, 18(1), 69-73.

The study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of candesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker in arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Total study period was 90 days. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n=8). Group I was kept as control and was given only potable drinking water. Group II was given 1 mg/kg candesartan cilexetil in Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) last 30 days. Group III, arsenic treated group was given 50 ppm sodium arsenite in drinking water for 90 consecutive days. Group IV was administered with 50 ppm arsenic for 90 days along with candesartan from 61-90 days. All untreated group were given vehicle CMC for last thirty days. Different sperm quality parameters like total sperm count, sperm liveability, sperm abnormality percentage and histopathological alterations of testes were studied. Histological alterations and reduction in sperm count, liveability and increase in abnormality were observed in arsenic treated animals. Candesartan treatment could restore the testicular damage and sperm quality deterioration in the arsenic treated rats.

5 illus, 18 ref

004160   PRAWEZ S, NIMMANAPALLI R, YADAV P K, KUMAR M, TRIPATHI U K (Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Mirzapur- 231 001, Email: shahidprawez@gmail.com) : Evaluation of lemon juice and garlic on clinico-biochemical profile and organ weights of broiler chicken. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol 2019, 18(1), 53-9.

The present study was planned to replace the antibiotics with Russian Penicillin (garlic) and lemon juice. Garlic have multi-folded pharmacological property viz. antibacterial, anti-oxidant, immuno-modulatory. However, lemon is vitamin-C enriched holding disinfectant action. Thirty-nine days of experimental period, zero day old 150 broiler chicks were divided into five groups and further each group divided into three replicate containing 10 chicks per replicate. Chicks of T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4 and T-5 groups were control, garlic (3% w/w), lemon (1% v/v), garlic plus lemon and sanitizer plus antibiotics groups, respectively. Garlic powder and lemon juice were mixed in feed and drinking water as feed additive and water sanitizer, respectively. Different biological parameters relating lipid profile, liver function, protein profile in serum and water consumption and body weight gain were analysed. A significant increase of water intake was found in garlic (T-2) and garlic plus lemon treated (T-4) broiler chicken compared to control. Similar increase in body weight gain as found in garlic plus lemon treated (T-4) broiler chicken compared to control. Serum glucose and SGOT level were significantly decreased in garlic plus lemon treated (T-4) broiler chicken compared to control. Interestingly the lemon juice significantly decreases the body weight gain of broiler chicken (T-3) compared to control. Hence, present study findings elucidating that the Broiler chicken can be reared without using antibiotics and water sanitizer replacing with easily available natural ingredient garlic and lemon.

8 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

004109   GUPTA S, SINGH S P, MEHBOOB (Govt Vety Hospital Diagnosis Laboratory, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: gshefu@gmail.com) : Effect of Withania somnifera root extract against monocrotophos -induced altered responsiveness of chicken duodenum to acetylcholine. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol 2019, 18(1), 48-52.

The contractile responses of isolated duodenal segments from chickens treated with monocrotophos (MCP) alone and in combination with Withania somnifera root extract (WRE) were studied using 4 channel polygraph (Biopac, USA). The study consisted of 5 groups with 12 birds in each group. Group I served as control. Monocrotophos (2 ppm in feed) was fed to chickens of group II to V and WRE (@ 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg b. wt/day) was given in drinking water to birds of group III to V, respectively for 7 weeks. The cumulative doses of acetylcholine (0.01-300 $\mathrm{\mu }$M) caused dosedependent contractions with significant increase in E_max and decrease in EC₅₀ values in MCP-exposed group II birds. Dose-response curve of ACh in group II birds was shifted to left. WRE significantly decreased responses of ACh in duodenum of chickens of group III to V. These findings demonstrated that MCP increased the responsiveness of muscarinic receptors in chicken duodenum and W RE had protective efficacy against MCP-induced alterations in responsiveness of cholinergic receptors to ACh in the tissue preparations.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

004167   SADARIYA K A, BHAVSAR S K, THAKER A M (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, AAU, Anand- 388 001, Email: dr_kasadariya@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of antiurolithic activity of ethanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris in Wistar rats. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol 2019, 18(1), 38-43.

In the present study antiurolithic activity of ethanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris was investigated in wistar rats. Urolithiasis was induced in animals by using ethylene glycol (0.75 % v/v) in drinking water for 28 days. The ethanolic extracts of Tribulus terrestris was administered @ 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight orally for 28 days along with 0.75% ethylene glycol in treatment group, respectively. The mean value of urea, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, calcium and phosphorus significantly decreased in animals treated with 400 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris as compared to control group. Result of the present study revealed that ethanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris possesses significant antiurolithic activity.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

004093   DASH J R, PRIYADARSHINI U, MISHRA U K, PATRA R, PALAI S, NAIK A K, SARDAR K K, PARIJA S C (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Orissa Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, Email: kksardar@gmail.com) : Morin potentiates duodenal motility in arsenic intoxicated Swiss albino mice. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol 2019, 18(1), 26-8.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of morin (a phytochemical) on duodenal motility in arsenic intoxicated mice. Swiss albino mice of 5-6 weeks of age were divided into three experimental groups containing six animals each such as; Gr-I (untreated and control), Gr-II (Arsenic trioxide @ 3 mg/kg bwt. p.o. for 28 days), Gr-III (morin @ 50 mg/kg bwt. p.o. + Arsenic trioxide @ 3 mg/kg bwt. p.o. for 28 days). Morin was administered 30 min before oral administration of arsenic trioxide. On 29^th day the animals were sacrificed and a small piece of intestine from the duodenal part was collected in aerated chilled MKHS solution. 20 mm strips of the duodenum were mounted in organ bath containing 20 ml MKHS solution and given a resting tension of 0.5 g and allowed one hour incubation period. After incubation period ACh (1 nM-10 uM) dose response curve was studied in viable rings. pD₂ of ACh in control was 6.95 ± 0.18 which was decreased to 5.89 ± 0.06 in arsenic intoxicated animals. This was elevated towards control value by administration of morin @50 mg/kg (pD₂= 7.04 ± 0.22). EC₅₀ in control (1.13×10^-7M) which was increased to 1.31×10^-6 M in arsenic intoxicated group. EC₅₀ was significantly decreased to 9.21×10^-8M which was very significant. In conclusion, from the functional study it was observed that morin at 50 mg/kg orally has potential effect on increasing duodenal motility and function in arsenic intoxicated swiss albino mice.

3 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

004129   KUMAR A, GUPTA H P, KUMAR S, SINGH S P (Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Veterinary and Animal Sciences Coll, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: drsnlvet28217@gmail.com) : Studies on immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy of a combination of garlic, turmeric and neem on endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol 2019, 18(1), 19-21.

This study was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy of a combination of garlic, turmeric and neem on endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows. Twenty four repeat breeding crossbred cows were selected on the basis of history, breeding records, per rectal examinations of genitalia and white side test. All the animals were randomly divided into 3 groups viz; Group A: 30 ml normal saline; Group B: 30 ml Ciprofloxacin; Group C: 30 ml hydro-alcoholic extract of garlic, turmeric and neem. All the treatments were given intrauterine beginning on the day of estrus and continued for seven days in each group. Cervical mucus, blood and uterine flushing samples were collected at different intervals for appearance, pH, white side test and bacterial load, blood glucose, haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC),differential leukocyte count (DLC), total protein, immunoglobulin and polymorph nuclear cells (PMNs). At subsequent standing estrus following treatment, all cows were artificially inseminated twice using deep frozen semen at 12 hours interval. Pregnancy was confirmed perrectally on 45-60 days after insemination. Significant (p<0.05) decline in pH and bacterial load was observed in cervical mucus of all groups after treatment. Values of Hb, PCV, RBC, lymphocyte, nutrophils and glucose in blood samples were increased significantly (p<0.05) in group C. Similarly a significant (p<0.05) rise was found in TLC, PMN serum, total proteins and immunoglobulin concentration in uterine flushing samples of group C. Based on these results, it may be concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of garlic, turmeric and neem combination has a good antibacterial and immunomodulatory property and can be used as a therapy for endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows.

4 tables, 14 ref

004195   ZOHEB S M, PRAKASH A, RAHAL A, MANDIL R, GARG S K (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, DUVASU, Mathura- 281 001, Email: dratul2510@rediffmail.com) : Ameliorative potential of curcumin in rats exposed to metallic mixture for 28 days. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol 2019, 18(1), 11-8.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, iron and copper) mixture at 10x and 100x dose toxicity of environmentally realistic concentration in water bodies of Mathura district and its possible amelioration with curcumin @ 100 mg/kg body weight in male Wistar rats. Forty two rats were divided into seven groups- control, vehicle control, 10x, 100x, curcumin, 10x plus curcumin and 100x plus curcumin. The toxicity and its amelioration were considered on the basis of feed and water intake, body weight gain, absolute and relative organ weight and haemato-biochemical profiles. Heavy metals mixture resulted in a significant and progressive decrease in the feed and water intake resulting in dose dependent reduction in body weight gain at the two dose levels indicative of systemic toxicity which was substantially improved by co-administration of curcumin. The immunotoxic behavior of the mixture is indicated by a relative decline in the thymus weight. Dose–dependent increase in platelet count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and haemotocrit and decrease in PCV and TLC was also observed when compared to control and vehicle control groups.However, ALT and AST were altered non-significantly.

1 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

004185   UMKHULZUM S F, AMEENA M , PILLAI P S (Kerala Agricultural Univ, Vellayani- 695 522, Email: ameena.m@kau.in) : Biology of rock bulrush (Schoenoplectus juncoides) in the wet land rice fields of south Kerala. J Trop Agric 2019, 57(2), 167-71.

Biology of rock bulrush (Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla), an emerging sedge weed in the lowland rice fields of south Kerala was studied during rabi 2017-2018. It was observed to grow as an annual in cultivated lowlands but exhibited perennial nature in undisturbed fields. The weed completed its life cycle through five phenological stages viz,. germination, seedling, flowering, spike development and seed maturity. Prolific seed production (528–1120 seeds/plant) and sprouting of vegetative buds from rhizomes make rock bulrush a persistent weed.

1 table, 15 ref

004149   NISSAR S, SAMEER A S, RASOOL R, CHOWDRI N A, RASHID F (Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: rashid.fouzia@gmail.com) : Promoter methylation and Ile105val polymorphism of GSTP1 gene in the modulation of colorectal cancer risk in ethnic Kashmiri population. Indian J Cancer 2019, 56(3), 248-53.

Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are the most important phase II enzymes of the xenobiotic pathway responsible for the detoxification of carcinogens. GSTP1 gene polymorphisms are mostly associated with a lack or an alteration of enzymatic activity toward several substrates thus resulting in increased cancer susceptibility. GSTP1 promoter methylation is also frequently associated with tumor development or poor prognosis in a wide range of tumors.  In this study, we examined the role of genetic polymorphism and promoter methylation of GSTP1 gene in the context of modulation of risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Kashmiri population. This study used tissue tumor samples (114) and blood samples from (160) patients with CRC and 200 blood samples from healthy donors. GSTP1 polymorphism was studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and methylation using methylation‑specific PCR. There was no significant association between GSTP1 I105V genotypes and the CRC (P>0.05). However, we found a significant association of the Val/Val variant genotype with the dwelling and smoking status (P-value < 0.05). Overall, the homozygous variant Val/Val genotype was associated with a modestly elevated risk for CRC (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 0.67–3.57). Methyl‑specific-PCR analysis revealed 25.4% methylation of the GSTP1 promoter in CRC cases and was not found to be statistically significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters of the CRC cases (P>0.05). Also, no significant associations of any of the three genotypes with promoter hypermethylation were observed. We conclude that promoter hypermethylation in homozygous GSTP1 mutants did not elevate the risk of CRC in Kashmiri population.

5 tables, 47 ref

004138   MANOCHA A, JAIN S (Pathology Dep, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi- 110 060, Email: s_isha19@rediffmail.com) : WT1 in astrocytomas: Comprehensive evaluation of immunohistochemical expression and its potential utility in different histological grades. Indian J Cancer 2019, 56(3), 197-201.

Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) mutation has recently been detected in gliomas. Growing data indicate that WT1 mutation plays a causal role in gliomagenesis and is overexpressed in most glioblastomas. An emerging immunotherapy targeting WT1 has shown to be effective in resistant glioblastomas in clinical trials. WT1 expression and its potential utility in various grades of astrocytomas is still unclear and needs further elucidation. The evaluation of WT1 can be done by molecular or immunohistochemical methods. As immunohistochemistry is easier with wider routine use, immunoexpression of this biomarker was studied. The aim of this study was to characterize WT1 immunoexpression across different histological grades of astrocytomas to routinely aid in diagnosis and reproducibility and to assess the association between WT1 and immunomarker isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1). This was an observational prospective study on 79 cases of astrocytomas. Seventy‑nine astrocytomas including 11 recurrent tumors were assessed for WT1 by immunohistochemistry. WT1 expression was detected in all astrocytomas (100 %). The control group of reactive gliosis was negative. WT1 score correlated with histological tumor grades (P < 0.001) with higher score in higher grade. It was also observed that different tumor grades depicted two distinct expression patterns. WT1 score and pattern were valuable in differentiating high‑ and low‑grade astrocytomas. This study supports the oncogenic role of WT1 in astrocytomas. WT1 was found to be valuable in distinguishing different grades of astrocytomas. WT1 can aid in differentiating neoplastic process from reactive gliosis, particularly in recurrent tumors. Higher expression in glioblastomas supports its immunotherapy potential.

3 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

004156   PHARMAWATI M, WIJAYA I M A S (Biology Dep, Udayana Univ, Indonesia- 80361, Email: made_pharmawati@unud.ac.id) : Changes in growth, biochemical components and antioxidant genes expression in rice seedling (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar ‘IR64’ under salt stress. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 478-82.

One of abiotic stresses that affects rice growth is salinity.  Plant must develop adaptation process which includes morphological, biochemical and molecular changes.  This research aimed to evaluate morpho-biochemical and molecular responses of rice ‘IR64’ to several levels of salinity stress at seedling stage.  Seedlings of ‘IR64’ were grown in a hydroponic system and treated with different levels of salinity stress (4dSm^-1, 6dSm^-1, and 12dSm^-1) for seven days.  Responses were recorded on the final day of salt treatments. Gene expression analyses were done by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RNA was extracted using RNase plant mini kit (Qiagen) and cDNA was synthesized using GoSript™ Reverse Transcription System (Promega). Results showed that shoot height and fresh weight decreased under salt stress.  At plants treated with salt, the chlorophyll contents were lower than that of control plants, while MDA levels were higher in salt treated plants. Semi-quantitative PCR for MnSOD1and cCu/ZnSOD1 revealed that MnSOD1 and cCu/ZnSOD1expressions increased under salt stress which indicated oxidative stress defence, with the highest expression at 4dSm^-1and 6dSm^-1 treatment, respectively.

26 ref

004121   KAMPLIW S, MONTHATONG M (Biology Dep, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen- 40002, Email: monmon@kku.ac.th) : Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Nosema bombycis diagnosis by Small subunit Ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 447-52.

In present study, Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay was conducted for diagnosis Nosema bombycis, the pebrine disease pathogen in domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori. Nine isolates of N. bombycis were collected from infected silkworms in rearing areas in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. N. bombycis genomic DNAs were extracted by boiling method and used as templates in LAMP and PCR reactions. A LAMP primer set was designed specific to N. bombycis small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The results revealed that the optimal condition was constantly performed at 63^oC for 1 hour. The product was directly visualized by naked eye and confirmed with agarose gel eletrophoresis. LAMP assay is more sensitive than traditional PCR, since LAMP was able to detect the least 10 spores/ml while PCR needs 100 spores/ml. In addition, the present novel LAMP primer set was specific only to N. bombycis proven by the negative results when other B. mori pathogen DNAs were tested. In conclusion, the LAMP assay demonstrated a great potential alternative method in diagnosis N. bombycis with high sensitivity, rapidity and accuracy which can apply for pebrine disease surveillance. 

6 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

004127   KHATUA S S, DAHIYA M, GOWDA A, SANNIGRAHI P (Air Force Station, Sirsa, Haryana, Email: sushreestanley@gmail.com) : Physiological interpretation of almost loss of consciousness. Indian J Aerospace Med 2019, 63(1), 28-32.

The phenomenon of almost loss of consciousness (A-LOC) is although known to the aviation fraternity since the 1980s, it is not well researched. Very few studies have attempted to elaborate the characteristics of A-LOC. The present study is a retrospective analysis which has endeavored to address the lacunae in literature. A retrospective analysis of the G training data in high-performance human centrifuge for a time span of 4 years (2009–2013) was carried out. A total of 71 A-LOC incidents were reported and were analyzed for better understanding of A-LOC. On the basis of findings such as nystagmus, maintenance of postural tone, convulsions, amnesia, and dreams during A-LOC, neurophysiology of A-LOC has been hypothesized. The presence of nystagmus and maintenance of body posture suggest intact vestibulo-ocular reflex and sensory-motor tract, respectively. Non-recollection of dreams, amnesia suggests breach in memory and/ or information processing for higher functions. The mechanism of A-LOC in toto can be explained by regional differences in blood flow and vulnerability of cerebral centers to ischemic hypoxia. Convulsions in A-LOC could be attributed to hyperexcitability of nerve fibers due to hypoxia.

4 tables, 11 ref

004179   TALLAPAKA K, RANGANATH P, RAMACHANDRAN A, UPPIN M S, PERALA S, AGGARWAL S, LAKSHMI D, MEENA A K, DALAL A B (Medical Genetics Dep, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Telangana- 500 082, Email: prajnyaranganath@gmail.com) : Molecular and histopathological characterization of patients presenting with the Duchenne muscular dystrophy phenotype in a tertiary care center in Southern India. Indian Pediatr 2019, 56(7), 556-9.

To study the histopathological characteristics and mutation spectrum of patients presenting with the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) phenotype. This was a descriptive study conducted over a period of 8 years. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was done in patients presenting with the DMD phenotype. If MLPA was negative, patients were offered muscle biopsy for histopathological studies and/or next generation sequencing (NGS) based multigene panel testing for muscular dystrophies. Of the 510 patients included, mutation in the DMD gene was detected by MLPA in 372 (72.9 %), of whom 342 (67.1 %) had exonic deletions and 30 (5.9 %) had exonic duplications. Exons 45-55 were most commonly involved in large deletions and exons 1-10 were the commonest exons involved in duplications. In the MLPA-negative cohort, 27 proceeded for muscle biopsy. NGS was done in 14 patients, 10 of whom had pathogenic mutations in the DMD gene, 3 were non dystrophinopathies and no pathogenic variant could be identified in one patient. For patients presenting with the DMD phenotype, MLPA of the DMD gene has a high diagnostic rate of about 73%, and nondystrophinopathies may constitute a small but significant proportion.

1 illus, 10 ref

004162   RAJASEKARAN R, KIRUBAHARAN J J, SHILPA P, VIDHYA M, RAJALAKSHMI S (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Madras Veterinary Coll, Chennai– 600 007, Email: jjohnk@gmail.com) : Isolation, molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of avipox virus obtained from pigeon. Indian J Vet Sci Biotech 2019, 14(3), 40-3.

Dried scab material obtained from pigeon showing cutaneous form of avipox infection was inoculated in chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) of 11-day old embryonated chicken egg. After an incubation of five days, CAM showed mild pock lesions. This CAM tissue was subjected to DNA isolation. Molecular confirmation of avipox virus was done by PCR amplification of P4b gene, which amplified at an expected product size of 578 bp. The amplified P4b gene was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was done along with P4b gene sequences of other avipox viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this avipox virus obtained from pigeon was grouped under sub-clade A2 along with other pigeonpox viruses. This confirmed that the causative agent of the avipox infection observed in pigeon was pigeonpox virus.

3 illus, 10 ref

004123   KAVITHA G, CHANDRAKALA G K, BYREGOWDA S M (Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bangalore– 560 024, Email: drkavitha85@gmail.com) : Evaluation of enrofloxacin sensitivity on free and biofilm form of Salmonella Pullorum. Indian J Vet Sci Biotech 2019, 14(3), 32-5.

In the present study, Enrofloxacin sensitivity of free/planktonic and biofilm forms of Salmonella Pullorum was assessed for a period of 20 days. The parameters like Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Biofilm Elimination Concentration (BEC) were evaluated. The investigation revealed that the MIC and MBC values for biofilm form were found to be slightly higher than planktonic form. The values of MIC and MBC of enarofloxacin against planktonic as well as biofilm forms of S. Pullorum were found non significant (P>0.05) during the study period. The BEC values obtained were found higher than the MBC values. Hence, the findings suggested that the fluroquinolone antibacterial drug, enrofloxacin was found effective against the planktonic and biofilm forms of S. Pullorum and can be used for its management.

3 tables, 12 ref

004087   BHARDWAZ A, NEMA S P, MAHOUR S S, CHABBRA D, AICH R, KUMAR S (Veterinary Clinical Complex Dep, Khalsa Veterinary Coll, Amritsar, Punjab, Email: drsudarshandogra@yahoo.com) : Immunomodulatory effect of neem (Azadiracta indica) extract on recovery and conception rate in infectious repeat breeder crossbred cows. Indian J Vet Sci Biotech 2019, 14(3), 28-31.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Neem (Azadiracta indica) extract in 20 infectious repeat breeder crossbred cows. Animals were divided into two groups of ten in each. The animals in first group were treated with 15 % concentration of Neem extract w/v dissolved in saline to make 30 ml, Intra Uterine at 24 hrs intervals for 7 days, while the animals in control group were infused with 30 ml saline for 7 days. Bacterial count in uterine flushing declined significantly (p<0.05) after treatment in Neem group. A significant increase (p<0.05) in total cellular count and PMNs % was found in Neem group than in control group. An overall recovery rate of 80 % vs 20 % and conception rate of 50 % vs 10 % was found in Neem treated cows over control group proving its efficacy in infectious repeat breeder cows.

2 tables, 15 ref

004154   PATHAK P K, DHAMI A J, CHAUDHARI D V, HADIYA K K (Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand- 388 001, Email: ajdhami@aau.in) : Motion characteristics and kinematics of fresh spermatozoa of Gir, Surti and Murrah bulls assessed by computer assisted semen analyzer. Indian J Vet Sci Biotech 2019, 14(3), 14-9.

A study was carried out on semen of nine breeding bulls, three each of Gir, Surti and Murrah breeds, to evaluate the comparative motion characteristics and kinematics of their fresh spermatozoa by CASA. The ejaculates (n=72, 24 of each breed) having >75% initial motility were diluted @ 80 million sperm/ml using TFYG extender and were assessed for motion characteristics by CASA. The overall mean values of rapid motile and immotile sperm per cent were observed significantly greater in Gir bulls semen, while total motile and slow motile sperms were apparently higher in buffalo semen. The mean values of sperm velocity/ kinematic parameters observed based on all motile sperms in Gir, Surti and Murrah bulls semen were: average path velocity 50.01 ± 1.25, 48.51 ± 1.03 & 49.14 ± 1.30 µm/s; curvilinear velocity 88.62 ± 1.66, 87.90 ±1.74 & 88.93 ± 1.69 µm/s, straight line velocity 44.51 ± 1.35, 43.14 ± 1.12 & 41.73 ± 2.24 µm/s; linearity 50.06 ± 1.42, 48.86 ± 1.32 & 48.49 ± 1.84 %; straightness 85.17 ± 0.92, 84.97 ± 0.88 & 83.90 ± 1.17 %; wobbling index 57.00 ± 1.17, 55.32 ± 1.05 & 55.30 ± 1.48 %; beat-cross frequency 15.55 ± 0.58, 16.14 ± 0.43 & 14.97 ± 0.54 hz; amplitude of lateral head displacement 2.39 ± 0.18, 2.57 ± 0.12 & 2.31 ± 0.14 µm; dancing frequency 208.34 ± 15.52, 225.00 ± 10.74 & 211.29 ± 13.03 µm² /s, and dancing mean 5.70 ± 0.46, 6.33 ± 0.35 & 6.33 ± 0.50 µm² /s, respectively. Almost similar trend with little higher values were noted for sperm velocity/kinematics based on only progressively motile sperm, without breed/species variation. The semen of all three breeds behaved identically for sperm kinematics. The bull variation was insignificant for all the traits in all the three breeds.

3 tables, 17 ref

004189   VERMA R, GUPTA S K, KARMORE S K, SHUKLA S, BARHAIYA R K (Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dep, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science Univ, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Email: shyamsagar_53@rediffmail.com) : Histomorphological and histochemical studies on caecal tonsils of Kadaknath fowl. Indian J Vet Sci Biotech 2019, 14(3), 1-4.

Histomorphological and histochemical studies were conducted on the caecal tonsils of Kadaknath fowl at different age groups from day old to more than 32 weeks of age. The proximal dilated part of the caecum considered for caecal tonsil was composed of all four histological layers. The epithelium of mucosal villi was composed of simple columnar with goblet cells. The lymphatic tissue was present in the mucosa and submucosa of the caeca in the form of diffused and encapsulated lymphatic nodules. The number and size of encapsulated lymphatic nodule was increasing with the advancement of the age. The height of the mucosal villi was decreasing with the advancement of age whereas the lumen of the caeca was increasing with the advancement of age. PAS and AMPS activity was more in younger age groups than the older groups.

6 illus, 14 ref

004158   PRADHAN P, RAJESH N G, BADHE B A, ILANCHEZIAN K, MANIMEHALAI D, JYOTHISH A (Pathology Dep, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry- 605 006, Email: drngrajesh@gmail.com) : A novel approach to decalcification in histopathology laboratory: An adaptation from the Hammersmith protocol. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2019, 62(3), 423-9.

Utility of modified Hammersmith protocol in the deacalcification and/or softening of tissues and samples in a histopathology laboratory were studied. The object of the study was to prepare a novel method for softening/decalcifying tissue for histopathology. All the hard tissues received in the histopathology section were received in 10 % neutral buffered formalin and then placed in freshly prepared combination of 10 mL of concentrated formaldehyde and 5 mL of 10 % formic acid in 85 mL distilled water was used for decalcification. The tissue was checked for evidence of adequate decalcification/softening every 6 hours. Those which were decalcified/softened were sent for routine tissue processing and staining, while those which were not, were again placed in formalin. The process was repeated until the tissue was ready for further processing. The routine sections of these slides were reviewed for morphology and stain quality along with special stains and immunohistochemistry performed. The time taken for decalcification, the variables most likely to affect decalcification, the morphology and staining characteristics were documented. Statistical analysis was done to determine the effect of softening/decalcification process on each variable. A total of 201 blocks in 119 specimens from humans including 61 males and 58 females were studied. Time taken was found to have a significant correlation only with the nature of the tissue (bone vs nonbone) and not with any other parameter viz. age, gender, specimen size, type of bone, and nature of pathology. This novel and modified method has circumvented the common problems of overdecalcification, preserved morphology, and produced consistent results without interfering with special stains and immunohistochemistry.

4 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

004072   ACHARYA S, KALA P S (Pathology Dep, Sri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Uttarakhand - 248 001, Email: poojahimanshul@gmail.com) : Role of CD71 in acute leukemia– An immunophenotypic marker for erythroid lineage or proliferation?. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2019, 62(3), 418-22.

CD71 or Transferrin receptor is expressed on the surface of erythroid lineage cells. CD71 expression has been found to be significantly increased in rapidly proliferating cells. This cross-sectional study included 37 bone marrow samples of acute leukemia cases diagnosed between October 2016 to April 2018. The samples were analysed on BD FACS Canto II. We evaluated the expression of CD71 on leukemic blasts and compared median fluorescent intensities (MFI) of blasts in different types of acute leukemias. The 37 cases comprised of 21 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), 13 B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL), 2 T- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) and 1 mixed phenotypic acute leukemia (MPAL), T/Myeloid. CD 71 expression was noted in 70.3 % (n = 26/37) of acute leukemia cases. CD71 expression was most commonly observed in AML (n = 15/21;71.4 %), followed by B-ALL (n = 9/13;69.2 %) and T-ALL (n = 1/2;50 %). Single case of MPAL revealed blasts positive for CD71. MFI of leukemic blasts of single CD71 positive T-ALL was found to be highest, followed by AML, MPAL (T/ Myeloid) and least in B ALL. Of the AML cases, the blasts of AML-M6, acute promyelocytic leukemia and AML-M1 showed higher CD71 expression in terms of MFI. Surface CD71 expression is not only found in erythroid lineage cells, but also in proliferating cells. CD71 MFI is highest in T lymphoblasts followed by leukemic erythroblasts, myeloblasts and least in B lymphoblasts.

3 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

004100   FODA A A M, PALICELLI A, SHEBL A, BOLDORINI R, ELNAGHI K, ELHAWARY A K (Pathology Dep, Mansoura Univ, Mansoura - 35516, Email: abdofoda@mans.edu.eg) : Role of ERCC1 expression in colorectal adenoma‑carcinoma sequence and relation to other mismatch repair proteins expression, clinicopathological features and prognosis in mucinous and non‑mucinous colorectal carcinoma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2019, 62(3), 405-12.

There are several DNA repair pathways that protect cellular DNA from injury, such as nucleotide excision repair (NER) and mismatch repair (MMR). The protein product of the excision repair cross‑complementation group 1 (ERCC1) gene plays a pivotal role in NER. The exact relationship between MMR proteins and ERCC1 is not well known in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). To investigate expression of ERCC1 and MMR proteins in colorectal mucinous carcinoma (MA) and non‑mucinous carcinoma (NMA) using tissue microarray technique. We studied tumor tissue specimens from 150 patients with colorectal mucinous (MA) and non‑mucinous adenocarcinoma (NMA). Tissue microarrays were constructed using modified mechanical pencil tips technique and immunohistochemistry for ERCC1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. NMA showed a significantly more frequent aberrant cytoplasmic expression than MA while MA showed a more frequent intact nuclear expression than NMA. There were no significant differences between the NMA and MA groups in the expression of MMR proteins. In NMA cases, ERCC1 expression was significantly related to MMR status while was not significantly related in MA cases. ERCC1 expression was not significantly related to overall and disease‑free survival in both NMA and MA groups. This study is the first to investigate the relation between MMR status and ERCC1 expression in colorectal MA and NMA. ERCC1 expression was significantly related to MMR status only in NMA cases. Hence, the current study emphasizes that further research about the relation between various DNA repair pathways is needed.

2 illus, 5 tables, 49 ref

004102   GAHLOT G P S, DAS P, BALODA V, SINGH A, VISHNUBHATLA S, GUPTA S D, MAKHARIA G K (Pathology Dep, AIIMS, New Delhi, Email: prasenaiims@gmail.com) : Duodenal mucosal immune cells in treatment‑naive adult patients with celiac disease having different histological grades and controls. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2019, 62(3), 399-404.

 It is hypothesized that the duodenal mucosal damage in patients with celiac disease (CeD) is caused by the mucosa‑infiltrating lymphoid cells. This study aimed to analyze the immune effective and regulatory T (Treg) cells in duodenal biopsies from treatment‑naive adult patients with CeD having different histological grades and controls. Dual‑color immunohistochemical staining was done in a total of 234 duodenal biopsies, including 132 controls and 102 adult patients with CeD using CD20, CD3:CD4, CD3:CD8, CD4:FoxP3, CD8:FoxP3, and TCRαβ:TCRγδ antibodies. The density of these lymphoid cells in lamina propria and mucosal epithelium was compared between controls and CeD, with different modified Marsh grades. Densities of CD4+ T cells in lamina propria and CD8+γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were significantly more in biopsies from patients with CeD, than in controls. An increasing linear pattern of IELs, CD3+ T cells, and CD20+ B cells was observed with increasing grades of villous abnormalities. Although CD8+ FoxP3+ Treg cells were significantly more in biopsies from patients with CeD, there was no significant difference in CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cell infiltrate between both the groups. Our finding in this observational study generates interest to study the local intestinal mucosal immunity in CeD in detail. A study to prove the failure of CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cell recruitment in CeD and its direct functional impact may yield valuable information regarding loss of mucosal tolerance.

2 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

004143   NAGUIB M M, MOHAMED M R, ALI M A M, KARIM A M (Biochemistry Dep, Ain Shams Univ, Abbassia - 11566, Cairo, Egypt, Email: mohd_ali2@sci.asu.edu.eg) : Development of an efficient in vivo cell‑based assay system for monitoring hepatitis C virus genotype 4a NS3/4A protease activity. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2019, 62(3), 391-8.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a serious worldwide healthcare problem. No protective vaccines against HCV have been developed yet due to the fact that HCV is rapidly mutable, allowing the virus to escape from the neutralizing antibodies. Understanding of HCV was initially hampered by the inability to achieve viral replication in cell culture. Given its essential roles in viral polyprotein processing and immune evasion, HCV NS3/4A protease is a prime target for antiviral chemotherapy. We aimed to establish in vivo cell‑based assay system for monitoring the activity of NS3/4A protease from HCV genotype 4a, the predominant genotype in Egypt, and the Middle East. Furthermore, the developed system was used to evaluate the inhibitory potency of a series of computer‑designed chemically‑synthesized compounds against NS3/4A protease from HCV genotype 4a. Native as well as mutant cleavage sites to NS3/4A protease were cloned in frame into β‑galactosidase gene of TA cloning vector. The target specificity of HCV NS3/4A was evaluated by coexpression of β‑galactosidase containing the protease cleavage site with NS3/4A protease construct in bacterial cells. The activity of β‑galactosidase was colorimetrically estimated in the cell lysate using orthonitro phenyl β‑D‑galactopyanoside (ONPG) as a substrate. We successfully developed an efficient cell‑based system based on the blue/white selection of bacterial cells that are able to express functional/nonfunctional β‑galactosidase enzyme.

6 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

004099   FATIMA N, SRIVASTAVA A N, NIGAM J, TANDON N, AHMAD R, KUMAR V (Pathology Dep, Era’s Lucknow Medical Coll and Hospital, Lucknow- 226 003, Email: ans4csmmu@gmail.com) : Clinicopathological correlation of cancer stem cell markers Oct‑4 and CD133 expression as prognostic factor in malignant lesions of gallbladder: An immunohistochemical study. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2019, 62(3), 384-90.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most frequent biliary tract cancer, with high morbidity and poor prognosis, and shows early metastasis and invasiveness. No reliable biomarkers are available for detection of GBC progression.  To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of Oct‑4 and CD133 in malignant and nonneoplastic lesions of gallbladder and to analyze the clinical significance of the expressions related to clinicopathological parameters. This is a prospective case control study, conducted in medical college background. A total of 103 cases of gallbladder were grouped into malignant lesions (n = 48) and nonneoplastic lesions (simple epithelial hyperplasia; n = 35 and chronic cholecystitis; n = 20). All tissue samples were evaluated for expression of Oct‑4 and CD133 using immunohistochemistry in an effort to elucidate the correlation between their expressions with clinicopathological parameters. The final score was calculated by multiplying the intensity to the percentage of positive cells. The scores ≥2 were considered as positive. Significant positive correlation of higher expression levels of Oct‑4 and CD133 were observed in malignant as compared to nonneoplastic lesions of gallbladder (P < 0.0001). High expression of Oct‑4 and CD133 were significantly associated with tumor grading (Oct‑4, P = 0.04; CD133, P = 0.02), staging (Oct‑4, P = 0.03; CD133, P = 0.02), and liver metastasis (Oct‑4, P = 0.01; CD133, P = 0.007). Significantly reduced survival was observed with high expression of Oct‑4 (P = 0.002). No significant correction was observed between CD 133 and survival.  This study revealed that high expression level of Oct‑4 may provide a new insight for the prognosis of the disease in terms of clinical staging and grade.

3 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

004131   KUMARI N, MENGHANI E, MITHAL R (Microbiology Dep, JECRC Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: nalineek9@gmail.com) : GCMS analysis of compounds extracted from actinomycetes AIA6 isolates and study of its antimicrobial efficacy. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(4), 362-70.

In this study the compounds have been analyzed by GCMS technique and checked for their antimicrobial potency on Muller Hinton agar media plates. Solvents for component extraction used were benzene, pet ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and extraction is carried out by layer separation method. From Actinomycetes AIA6 isolate compounds are extracted and tested for antimicrobial activity against indicator pathogens. Cultures used are Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC-432), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC-7306), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Aspergillus flavus (MTCC-2206), Aspergillus terreus (MTCC-6324), Aspergillus niger (MTCC-961), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC-170), Candida albicans (MTCC-183). From four Solvents pet ether, benzene, chloroform and ethyl acetate major bioactive compounds, hexadecane, 2,6-di-Tert butyl phenol, 1-pentadecene, 1-hexadecene, heptadecane, 1-nonadecene, anthracene, heneicosane, pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro-3-(2-methylpro), 5,10-diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1h,6h-dipyrrolo[1,2-a:1,2-d]pyrazine, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid-butyl ester, n-acetyltriptamine, n-tetracosanol-1, hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, octacosanol, eicosinoic acid 2,3 bis (acetyloxy) propyl ester, octadecanoic acid,2,3 dihydroxy propyl ester, geranyl linalool are present with antimicrobial activity. Compound identification was done with the help of NIST 14 library. Inhibition zones (IZ=mm) of activity test were observed against Staphylococcus aureus (IZ=Ben-11mm, E.A-11mm) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IZ=Ben-18mm, E.A-21mm) Bacillus subtilis (IZ=Ben-19mm), Klebsiella pneumonia (IZ=E.A-12mm) Proteus vulgaris (IZ=P.E-21mm, E.A-15mm), Aspergillus flavus (IZ=Chl.-11mm), Aspergillus niger (IZ=Chl.-11mm), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (IZ=E.A-9mm). No antifungal activity was recorded against starins Aspergillus terreus and Candida albicans.

6 tables, 34 ref

004103   GAJJALA K, ANISETTI R, DODLA J P, RATHOD A K (Pharmacy Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Email: gajjala.kalpana@gmail.com) : Phytochemical investigation and cytotoxic activity of hydro alcoholic fraction of Trianthema decandra. Indian J Biotechnol 2019, 18(3), 193-203.

The objective of our study was to perform phytochemical analysis and evaluate for cytotoxic activity of hydro alcoholic fraction (H1) of Trianthema decandra L. (Aizoaceae) against breast, liver and cervical cancers. Hydro alcoholic fraction was separated from methanolic extract, which was prepared by maceration method from aerial parts of T. decandra The GCMS analysis confirms the presence of seventeen bioactive compounds which belongs to carbohydrates, terpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, fatty acids and their esters or alcohols, and their presence were supported with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and preliminary phytochemical analysis. Most of the compounds are biologically active and are known to exhibit antimicrobial and cancer preventive properties. Hydro alcoholic fraction was subjected to morphological evaluation and MTT cell viability assay. It has exhibited significant cytotoxic activity and their IC₅₀ values were determined as 165.22 + 1.53 µg/ml, 175.28 + 1.7 µg/ml and 201.93 + 1.33 µg/ml against MCF-7, HeLa and HepG2 cancer cells, respectively. This bioactive fraction has exhibited cytotoxicity relatively more against breast cancer than cervical and liver cancers.

7 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

004095   EISSA A A, RASOOL C S, MUSTAFA M H (Pathology Dep, Duhok Univ, Duhok- 78, Iraq, Email: adilkhr77@uod.ac) : Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms and hyperhomocysteinemia as risk factors for Myocardial Infarction. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2019, 56(4), 321-4.

Conflicting data concerning the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms with or without hyperhomocysteinemia and myocardial infarction exists and data from developing countries is limited thus, a current study initiated to study whether any association exist between the above polymorphisms and myocardial infarction among Kurdish patients from Duhok province/Iraq. A case-control study was performed in Azadi teaching hospital/Duhok/Iraq and included 75 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 75 age and sex-matched normal controls. All the patients and controls had their methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene analyzed for C677T and A1298C polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism technique as well as their homocysteine level.

2 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

004085   BAI X, ZHAO L, LIU Z, LI Y, ZHANG T, LIU X (Tonghua Normal Univ, Jilin Province- 134 002, People’s Republic of China, Email: tianyizhang@126.com) : Synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of aminoguanidine or dihydrotriazine derivatives. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2019, 56(4), 301-8.

In the alarming context of rising bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to discover new antibiotics or increase and/or enlarge the activity of those currently in use. In this article, aminoguanidine and dihydrotriazine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated in terms of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Most of the synthesized compounds showed potent inhibitory activities against different bacteria and one fungus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1 to 64 μg/mL, which obviously better than the positives control drug. The compound 23a showed the best antibacterial activities, whose MIC value was 1 μg/mL against eight strains. The cytotoxic activity of the compound 4c, 8a and 23a were assessed in Human liver cancer cells. The preliminary docking results imply that compounds 21b and 23a possibly display their antibacterial activity through the interaction with DHFR protein by targeting residues of the active cavities of DHFR.

2 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

004104   GANESHPURKAR A, SALUJA A (Gujarat Technological Univ, Ahmedabad- 382 424, Gujarat, Email: akspharmacy@yahoo.com) : The pharmacological potential of hesperidin. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2019, 56(4), 287-300.

The modern scientific society has presently recognized flavonoids to be a unique class of therapeutic molecules due to their varied therapeutic properties. Of these, hesperidin, found along with vitamin C, has been explored for a number of pharmacological effects. Citrus and oranges possess hesperidin as one of the active constituents. Today, hesperidin has been well recognized for its beneficial effects on health. The present review highlights the current information and health promoting effects of hesperidin. The review uncovers protective effects of hesperidin on functions and integrity of liver, kidney, heart, and age related memory impairment. Hesperidin demonstrated the antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive and antiulcer effect. The present review focus on current information of hesperidin and its active metabolite hesperetin. Along with this, the chemotherapeutic potential of the same has also discussed.

3 illus, 2 tables, 128 ref

004168   SAHOO P R, SAHOO G, BEHERA P C (Veterinary Biochemistry Dep, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, Email: pravasvet86@gmail.com) : Comparative insilco physiochemical and phylogenetic analysis of Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in domestic animals. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1033-5.

Insulin like growth factor 1receptors (IGF-1R) are the proteins which are expressed on the cell surface of almost all tissues in human as well as domestic animals with major involvement in growth, cancer, aging, production and in early embryonic development. Due to above importance, this protein needs to be characterized both in physiochemical and phylogenetically for further exploration in livestock research.  In this study, the IGF1R amino acid sequences of selected domestic animals are retrieved from UniProt database and various physiochemical parameters were compared through ProtParam insilco tool. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic analysis was performed through Clustal omega and Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) application platform respectively. It was found that this protein is an unstable, hydrophilic in all domestic animals with amino acids varied from 1307 to 1412 in number. The phylogenetic analysis showed that highest time of divergence occurs in killer whale and rabbit, but least time of divergence occurs between goat and bovine. So this study will provide a better platform for the development of suitable anticancer therapeutics in domestic animals in nearest future as IGF-1R is implicated in several cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers.

18 ref

004083   ANJUM K M, RASOOL F, BHATTI E M, LIAQUAT S, YOUSAF M Z, ZAHID S, KHAN N, YAMEEN M (Wildlife and Ecology Dep, Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: khalid.mahmood@uvas.edu.pk) : Comparative hypolipidemic efficacy of homeopathic mother tincture Allium sativa Q, Curcuma Longa Q and statin in normal and cholesterol fed rabbits. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1029-32.

Although, lipid lowering drugs regulate the blood serum lipids, they have several reported side effects. Therefore, a substance that is less toxic and yet effective would be beneficial. Here, we compared the antihypercholesterolemic effects of combinations of homeopathic mother tincture (HMT) Allium sativa Q (garlic) and Curcuma longa Q (turmeric), with standard lipid lowering drug statin. For experimentation, a total of 20 rabbits were recruited and divided into four groups with five rabbits (n = 5). Normal saline (NS) group served as control; second group served as high fat diet (HFD) group, third group received Allium sativa Q (garlic) and Curcuma longa Q (turmeric) and HFD (T & G group) while the fourth group received statin and HFD (statin group). At the end of the 8th week, blood was collected to analyze the comparative efficacy of Allium sativa Q, Curcuma longa Q and statin on total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglyceride (TG). Various parameters measured (mg/dl) in HFD rabbits were, TC (291.76 ± 2.2), LDL (244.20 ± 8.3) and triglycerides (243.79 ± 4.3) increased significantly and HDL (32.19 ± 3.3) was reduced to an alarming level as compared to the NS group after eight weeks. TC, LDL and triglycerides level reduced significantly in T& G group while the HDL level increased significantly as compared to HFD. In statin group, TC (148.37 ± 1.2), LDL (76.32 ±3.4) and TG (104.33 ± 8.9) decreased while HDL increased (p<0.05) as compared to the HFD after eight weeks. It was therefore concluded that that homeopathic medicine Allium sativa Q and Curcuma longa Q is equally good like statin and can safely be used to regulate the circulating serum lipid profile.

23 ref

004155   PELIT A, TASTEKIN B, DEMIRKAZIK A, DAGLIOGLU K (Çukurova Univ, Adana, Turkey, Email: apelit@gmail.com) : The effect of bupivacaine on gastrocnemius muscle contractility in rats with diabetes. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1025-8.

This study examined the changes in skeletal muscle contraction parameters after the injection of bupivacaine into the gastrocnemius muscle in diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats (230–270 g) were divided into four groups: Group I: Untreated healthy control; Group II: Healthy injected with Bupivacaine; Group III: Diabetic control; Group IV: Diabetic injected with bupivacaine. The diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) injection at 45 mg/kg in tail vein. On 7th day of streptozotocin injection, the rats in groups II and IV were injected with 0.25% bupivacaine at 8 mg/kg body weight into the gastrocnemius muscle.  Three weeks post bupivacaine application, the animals were sacrificed and right leg gastrocnemius muscle was isolated for studying various parameters such as muscle twitch, tetanic force, contraction and relaxation time, and maximum contraction and relaxation rates. The blood glucose estimation showed that the rats in group III and IV developed diabetes at two days after administration of streptozotocin. The administration of bupivacaine resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the muscle twitch parameters both in Group II and Group IV. Thus, bupivacaine can increase muscle contractility in diabetic muscles also.

25 ref

004126   KHANDAY S B, AHMED J A, NASHIRUDDULLAH N, SHARMA U, CHAKRABORTY D (Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Animal Sciences and Technology., R.S. Pura-181 102, Jammu & Kashmir, Email: jafrinahmed@rediffmail.com) : Effect of antioxidant ascorbic acid on in vitro maturation of Caprine oocytes under normal and elevated temperatures. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1020-4.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of ascorbic acid on in vitro maturation of caprine oocytes under normal and elevated temperatures. Goat ovaries were collected at slaughter and both A and B grade cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were aspirated out and were matured in vitro under normal (38.5°C) and elevated temperatures (41°C). On the basis of cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation, the maturation competencewere compared with and without ascorbic acid supplementation (100 µM). Heat stress significantly (P£ 0.01) reduced cumulus expansion, maturation rate and lowered metaphase stage II of nuclear maturation. Ascorbic acid improved developmental competence of oocytes during heat stress (41 °C) and ascorbic acid supplemented COCs demonstrated significantly (P£ 0.05) higher maturation rates when compared to non-supplemented groups.

28 ref

004133   LOHIYA A, KUMAR V, PUNIA J S (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 001, Email: archana.lohiya@gmail.com) : Effect of imidacloprid on antioxidant status and histopathological changes in ovary and uterus of adult female Wistar rats. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1014-9.

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide and has been extensively used as a crop pest and in pet flea control programme. In the present study, the effects of imidacloprid on ovary and uteri tissue was analyzed in adult female Wistar rats at two dose levels (19 and 38 mg/kg/day) administered orally for 10, 20 and 30 days. Effects were compared with respective control animals administered daily with 2% gum acacia. Parameters undertaken were organ weight, levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, oxidative stress parameters viz. activities of SOD, GPx and levels of GSH and MDA and histopathological changes. IMI (38 mg/kg, 30 days) reduced cytoplamic proteins in both ovaries and uteri whereas this dose reduced membrane protein in ovaries only. IMI (38 mg/kg, 20 and 30 days) decreased SOD enzyme in both ovaries and uteri and GSH-Px levels in ovaries only. The GSH-Px levels were also seen with decreased levels in uteri with IMI (38 mg/kg) for 30 days. IMI (38 mg/kg, 20 and 30 days) induces degenerative changes in ovaries of rats. Hence, it is concluded from the present studies that administration of higher doses (38 mg/kg/day) of IMI for 20 and 30 days generated oxidative stress in ovaries and uteri of female rats. 

28 ref

004069   ABA P E, ASUZU I U (Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology Dep, Nigeria Univ, Enugu State, Nigeria, Email: patrick.aba@unn.edu.ng) : Effect of administration of methanol root bark extract of Cussonia arborea on serum lipid profile and oxidative biomarker parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1006-13.

This study investigated the effects of methanol extract of Cussonia arborea on serum lipid and oxidative stress biomarkers of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. A total of 72 male albino rats assigned into 6 groups of 12 rats per group were used. Groups 1-5 were made diabetic while group 6 were normal. Groups 1-4 were treated with 62.5, 125, 250 mg/kg of the extract and 2 mg/kg glibenclamide respectively while groups 5 and 6 received 10 ml/kg distilled water each. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), malondiadehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed on days 28, 56 and 84 post treatment. The results indicated that the extract significantly (p<0.05) reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, malondialdehyde but significantly (p<0.05) increased the activities of SOD, catalase and the levels of HDL when compared to negative control. It was therefore concluded that methanol extract of C. arborea mitigated dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress.

29 ref

004090   CHAITANYA R K, REDDY Y K, RAJ G D, THANGAVELU A (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Chennai-600 007, Tamil Nadu, Email: chaitanyaerk@gmail.com) : Quantification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from the tissues of challenged mice using SYBR Green real time PCR assay for the assessment of vaccine efficacy. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 944-8.

A SYBR Green real time PCR assay amplifying F57 gene of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was developed to evaluate the protective efficacy of the inactivated vaccine to prevent the colonization of MAP in the tissues of BALB/c mice challenge model. Bacterial burden in the liver, spleen and intestine of vaccinated and sham immunized control mice, after intra peritoneal challenge with MAP were quantified by real time PCR assay.  A 195 bp fragment of MAP F57 sequence was cloned into TA cloning vector and the resultant recombinant plasmid was used to generate a series of quantification standards with copy number ranging from 10⁹ to 1 copy. This absolute quantification technique is rapid and able to detect as few as 10 MAP organisms per gram of tissue and the assay has the efficiency of 0.982.

19 ref

004161   QAMAR-UN-NISA, YOUNUS M, KHAN M-U-R, MAQBOOL A, UMAR S (Pathobiology Dep, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture Univ, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Email: sajncvi@gmail.com) : Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies virus shedding and immune response of Newcastle disease virus in broilers. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 932-7.

Respiratory diseases are responsible for major economic losses in poultry farms. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections cause huge economic losses in poultry industry especially in the presence of other co-infecting pathogens. The purpose of this study was to assess the less understood effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) on the replication and immune responses of NDV in broiler chicken. Three-week-old commercial broiler chickens were inoculated with either  NDV, MG or both etiological agents. The experimental groups were identified as follows: negative control (Group C), Mycoplasma challenged (Group M), NDV challenged (Group V) and virus and Mycoplasma challenged (Group V+M). Blood samples and swabs were collected on daily basis for two weeks. All infected birds showed positive results for NDV shedding, however, the pattern of virus shedding was different, with birds of the group V+M showing more pronounced virus shedding than the birds in the group V. In addition, birds of V+M group showed significant reduction in anti-AI antibody responses and interferon gene expression than the birds in the V group. The present study revealed that MG could facilitate replication of NDV by bringing alterations in immune responses.

28 ref

004171   SATHAPATHY S, DHOTE B S, MAHANTA D, TAMILSELVAN S, MRIGESH M, JOSHI S K (Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dep, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751 003, Odisha, Email: srinivas.ouat@gmail.com) : Biometrical sexual differentiation of fourth, fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae in blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 890-4.

The present study was carried out on the lumbar vertebrae of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. Biometrical observations on different parameters of lumbar vertebrae reflected significance (P<0.05) differences between the sexes of this species. It was confirmed that the average length of body gradually decreased from fourth to sixth lumbar vertebrae in the Blue bull. The average transverse diameter or width of vertebral canal and average vertical diameter or height of the vertebral canal was largest in the sixth lumbar vertebra. The average length of transverse process gradually increased from fourth to fifth lumbar vertebra and then it suddenly decreased in the sixth lumbar vertebra. The average height of the dorsal supraspinous process gradually decreased from fourth to sixth lumbar vertebrae and it was lowest in the sixth one. The data on the biometry of fourth, fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae of Blue bull would develop a baseline that could be useful to the wild life Veterinarians in identification and solving vetero-legal cases. 

13 ref

004113   HE Y, ZHANG Y, LI X, ZHOU R, LI L, WANG Z (Animal Science Dep, Hebei Normal Univ of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao- 066 004, China, Email: cajolehe@126.com) : SRY and DelE detection in polled intersex Tangshan dairy goat. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 860-3.

The sex determining region Y (SRY) gene and deletion element DelE were analyzed in 34 polled intersex syndrome (PIS) or 6 normal Tangshan dairy goats (3 females and 3 males) by PCR technology. The result showed that the special male SRY gene only existed in male goats, and was absent in all PIS goats or normal female goats. The 28 PIS goats were homozygote for DelE, and the other 6 goats were heterozygote for DelE deletion or homozygote for non DelE deletion. It could be concluded that the PIS Tangshan dairy goats were female for its genetic basis and the DelE was partial deletion. 

19 ref

004094   EARLA P, KAUR G, AHMED S Y (DRDO-Defence Institute of Psychological Research, Delhi- 110 054, Email: gurpreetkaur@dipr.drdo.in) : Target detection: Its relation with individual and target features. Def Life Sci J 2019, 4(3), 197-202.

The phenomenon of target detection is studied and explored its correlates using the technique of Narrative Overview. The phenomenon of target detection begins with the process of visual search. The saliency of the targets, acts as a factor to make the search efficient. The processing of the stimulus (using Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches) is achieved by the engagement of personal characteristics of the individual like cognitive ability and perceptual speed. The  role  of  these  individual  processes  and  their  interaction  with  each  other  to  help  achieve  target  detection  is  the focus  of  the  present  study. The  tests  designed  to  measure  these  individual  processes  are  also  listed.

27 ref

004183   TULSAWANI R, SHARMA P, RAUTELA M (DRDO-Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi-110 054, Email: rktulsawani@yahoo.com) : Effect of storage temperature on bio-efficacy of aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum. Def Life Sci J 2019, 4(3), 190-6.

Stability testing is key requirement in the drug development process along with storage temperature which may deteriorate bio-constituents and efficacy of natural products. Aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum has revealed pharmacological effects against high altitude stressors and has potential for mitigating high altitude maladies. In the present study, the extract of Ganoderma lucidum was stored at different storage conditions such as room temperature, 4 °C and -20 °C for two year and qualitative and quantitative analysis of bio-constituents and bio-efficacy was carried out. No significant change was observed in any extract kept in different temperature conditions in terms of its polysaccharide, phenolic and flavonoids content. The extract kept at room temperature absorbed slight moisture in few samples but no change in overall polysaccharide, phenolic and flavonoids content was recorded. The moisture absorption problem was not observed in extracts stored at 4 °C and -20 °C. The bio-efficacy of the extract at room temperature, 4 °C or -20 °C were comparable to the freshly prepared extract and the data from the studies suggest that extract has good shelf life up to two year without loss of bio-efficacy. Overall, the extract retained its bio-efficacy for two years at different temperature storage conditions. 

2 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

004115   JAIN J K, MAHESHWARI R (Government Engineering Coll, Bikaner- 334 004, Email: jitendra.ecb@gmail.com) : Normal body mass index and heart rate variability. Def Life Sci J 2019, 4(3), 175-81.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) works in synergy with the Endocrine system that affects the body-mass and height and in turn the body mass index (BMI). The ANS activities are often assessed with one index that is heart rate variability (HRV). Reduced HRV has been reported in underweight (low BMI) and overweight (high BMI) individuals, but there is scarce information available on the relationship between normal BMI and HRV. Further, as per WHO expert consultation report, the Asian population has higher percentage of body fat than their European counterparts, therefore Asian people may have greater risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease even below the existing upper edge of normal BMI. Thus it was recommended by WHO to consider the intermediate cutoff points within the normal BMI range as 18.5 Kg/m², 20 Kg/m², 23 Kg/m², and 25 Kg/m² for the Asian population. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate ANS activity among intermediate cutoff points of normal BMI using HRV. Seventy young individuals participated in the non-invasive and benign study. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their BMI as per the recommendation of the WHO report; NB1 (18.5

2 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

004106   GEZICI S (Molecular Biology and Genetics Dep, Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Kilis- 79000, Turkey, Email: drsevgigezici@gmail.com) : A study on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Multifunctional agents for the management of oxidative damage, neurodegeneration and cancer. Curr Res Pharm Sci 2019, 9(3), 46-53.

The rhizome of Curcuma longa L., (turmeric, curcumin) has been widely used in therapeutic purposes for acne, heal wound, prevent skin damage, reduce cholesterol, treat diabetes, and control blood pressure. From this point of view, this research was aimed to investigate its biological properties including antioxidant, anticancer and neuroprotective properties of the turmeric rhizomes. The rhizomes of turmeric were extracted with methanol-MeOH and distilled water-dH₂O, and subjected to various assays. Neuroprotective potentials of the extracts were tested through enzyme inhibitory assays on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which are closely linked to pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Their anticancer activities were evaluated using MTT assay against A549, MCF-7, HeLa human cancer cells, and non-tumorous HUVECs. In vitro methods including 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing capacity (CUPRAC) were performed to reveal antioxidant capacities of the extracts. Total polyphenolic compositions of the extracts were also identified spectrophotometrically. The turmeric extracts were found to have rich polyphenolic quantities, particularly the MeOHextract possessed higher total polyphenolic contents than the dH₂O-extract. The extracts demonstrated the remarkable inhibition on both of the cholinesterase enzymes even at the lowest concentration (100 μg mL⁻¹ ). Moreover, they showed higher enzyme inhibition against AChE, comparing with that of BChE enzyme. In general, a significant correlation was observed between the total antioxidant capacities and neuroprotective potentials of the extracts from turmeric rhizomes. As for the anticancer activity, the extracts were found as a natural anticancer agent with the IC₅₀ values ranged from 13.01 ± 0.16 to 26.72 ± 1.04 μg mL⁻¹ . In the light of the findings of the presented research, it is clearly concluded that turmeric is an important natural source to fight oxidative stress related diseases, with its excellent cholinesterase-inhibiting properties; strong antioxidant capacities as well as remarkable anticancer activities.

4 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

004070   ABDOLHALEEM H A, ELAZIZ M A, BASHANDY M M, MIKHAIL W Z A (Dairy Dep, Ministry of agriculture, Giza, Egypt, Email: wafai47@hotmail.com) : Impact of camel’s milk on aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) induced toxicity in rats. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(3), 669-79.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of camel’s milk to ameliorate the toxicity of aluminum chloride AlCl₃ on some hematological parameters; hepatic, renal functions and lipids profile; as well as histopathological alterations of some organs. Forty rats (8 / group) were divided into 5 treatment groups:Group1: Normal rats (negative control); Group2: AlCl₃ induced toxicity rats (positive control); Group3: AlCl₃ induced toxicity rats fed with raw camel milk; Group4: AlCl₃ induced toxicity rats fed with heat treated camel milk; and Group5: AlCl₃ induced toxicity rats fed with sweet acidophilus camel milk. Rats were treated by 5 ml camel’s milk 10 min before the administration of 1 ml AlCl₃ (0.5 mg / kg body weight); and had their respective doses daily for 30 successive days orally. AlCl₃ oral administration resulted in a significant decrease in red blood cells count (RBC’s), significant increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); while hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (Hct), platelets(plt), reticulocytes (Ret), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) did not revealed significant changes; the obtained anemia was macrocytic normochromic. The lipids profile; hepatic and renal functions showed non significant changes between different groups; however, histopathological examination showed variable alterations of varying severity in some organs; besides their response to camel’s milk administration. Camel’s milk administration in groups 3, 4, 5 alleviated the toxic effect of AlCl₃ with variable degrees between different groups.

9 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

004096   EL-BEEH M E, FOUDA Y A, EL-BADRY D A, EL-SAYYAD H I (Zoology Dep, Mansoura Univ, Mansoura, Egypt, Email: elsayyad@mans.edu.eg) : Antiapoptic activity of cinnamon on some organs of 18 days rat fetuses of diabetic mother. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(3), 637-48.

Diabetes is a public health problem affected pregnant rats associated with developmental defects of their growing fetuses and histopathological abnormalities of their body organs. The traditional application of phytotherapy encourages author to develop the more safety plants which exerts antidiabetic activity and improve the histological structure. The present study aimed to evaluate the intensity of lesions induced in liver, kidney, heart and lingual mucosa of 18-day old fetuses of diabetic mother. Also, how can cinnamon-extract supplementation exert antiapoptic activity and improved the histological picture during in utero treatment. Twenty pregnant rats were used in the present work. They were categorized into four groups (n = 5); control, cinnamon extract group, diabetes, diabetes and cinnamon supplementation. Diabetes was developed by single i.p. administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg in citrate buffer pH 4.5 plus 100 mg/kg nicotinamide). Cinnamon watery extract (300 mg/ kg body weight) was daily orally administrered from 6th day of gestation until 18th day of gestation. At the end of treatment, the mother was sacrificed, and their fetuses were removed and liver, kidney, heart and tongue were dissected and preserved in 10% phosphate buffered formalin pH 7.4. Also, immunohistochemistry of caspase 3 and P53 were carried out. At 18th day of gestation, maternal blood glucose levels were monitored in the investigated groups. The present findings revealed that diabetes induced damage of hepatocytes, deformation of renal tubules and renal corpuscles, fragility of myocardial muscles and damage of epithelium lining the lingual mucosa and retarded the differentiation of lingual papillae especially fungiform papillae. Increase average of apoptic cells were detected in the examined tissues of diabetic mother. Cinnamon-treatment reduced the incidence of apoptosis and improved the histological picture of liver, kidney, heart and tongue of fetuses maternally diabetic compared to the control. Image analysis revealed overexpression of immunohistochemical reaction of caspase 3 in liver, kidney and heart as well as caspase 3 and p53 in heart of fetuses of diabetic mother compared to those of diabetic mother supplemented cinnamon extract and control. The authors finally concluded that cinnamon extract showed a hypoglycaemic activity, reduced the streptozotocin associated diabetes and ameliorated the fetal liver, kidney, heart and tongue histological and immunohistochemical picture.

6 illus, 62 ref