003303   RajaSankar R;Venkoba Rao V (Chemical Technology Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirapalli) : Comparative process analysis of energy balance for conventional batch digester and superbatch<. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 177-82.

The comparative analyses of energy balance calculation over conventional batch digester and super batch digester was presented. The energy balance calculation for batch digester helps in understanding of the thermodynamics of a blow heat systems' avoids errors in calculating the amount of energy going to blow heat recovery system and prevents vapour release and energy loss to atmosphere. The comparative analyses of energy balance calculation shows for a batch digester of about a volume of 80 m3 requires about 4.27x 10⁹ joules/ton of pulp produced (without blow heat recovery) and superbatch digester of about a volume of 200 m³ requires only about 1.9x10⁹ joules/ton of pulp produced. Even when blow heat recovery calculation was used the superbatch value is only about 70 to 80% the value of conventional batch digester. The energy balance calculation also provides the information about material balance for washers and evaporator, total dissolved solids produced per ton of pulp produced, % liquor solids, blow tank (discharge tank) pulp consistency etc, was presented.

2 illus, 6 tables, ref

003302   Raghuveer S (NO, ITC Ltd, PSPD Unit: Bhadarachalam, Village: Sarapaka, Dist. Khamman, Andhara Pradesh-507 128) : Waste minimisation and utilisation initiatives. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 165-9.

Many environmental problems arise from the deliberate or inadvertent abuse, misuse and over use of natural resources by human beings. In the past, changes were always slow, but this is no longer true. Industrial activities have drastically increased the pace at which changes in the environment are taking place. ITC Ltd., PSPD, Unit: Bhadrachalam, is the largest paperboard manufacturing unit in South Asia. Growth and Development in Harmony with Environment has always been the approach of this Mill. This mill has already implemented the latest Cleaner Technology in pulp bleaching and the first in the country to adopt Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) and Ozone pulp bleaching. Today, it has also achieved the status of "Zero Solid Waste Generation" by adopting the four principles such as, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover. In any Paper mill, its emissions include, Waste water and Solid wastes of both inorganic and organic in nature. At this mill, the Waste water generation is minimised by effective reycling, treating them beyond the norms and utilising it for crop irrigation. Thus providing irrigation facility throughout the year to near by agricultural fields and at the same time avoiding pollution in the receiving waters. The solid waste such as flyash from steam boilers are totally given to manufacture environment friendly bricks. The fiber waste generated is utilised to manufacture low grade boards and the chipper dust along with wood waste is given to near by mini power plants. The total solid waste is utilised as raw material for the other industries and also generating employment to the rural mass.

7 tables, 9 ref

003301   Raghuveer S (NO, ITC Ltd., PSPD Unit: Bhadrachalam, Village: Sarapaka-507 128) : Optimisation of supply chain system in pulp and paper industry for sustainable production and profitability. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 151-55.

In tough economic conditions, it is essential for an enterprise to look at innovative ways to cut costs without cutting corners. Efficient management and a better understanding cost of existing supply chain and positions the enterprise in a better situation to review and, if necessary, realign and optimise the supply chain to reduce costs without compromising on the value. With this, the pulp and paper industry is stepping into a new phase of business evolution driven by consolidation of industry, globalisation and ever-increasing competition. These market drivers are forcing the pulp and paper industry to put a greater focus on cost efficiency. These focuses are creating totally new challenges for the organisation, specifically in the IT area. Managing change becomes more and more difficult. Many pulp and paper mills have come to a point where a more radical rebuild and renewal of the entire IT and network environment is required. Fortunately, the conditions for this have improved over the last few years, due largely to an increasing range of commercially available application platforms adopted for the pulp and paper industry, the acceptance of common industry standards, and the evolution of refined integration and migration methods. Thus, supply chain management involves all the activities associated with moving goods from raw materials stage through to the end user or customer, it coordinates and integrates all the activities into a seamless process. It links all of the partners in the chain of paper industry, i.e.: planning process, plantation activities, finance, materials procurement, production, sales/ marketing, HR activities, converters, vendors, transporters and major customers to work together for sustainable production and profitability.

7 illus, 10 ref

003300   Pirinen T;Onnela J;Snellman J (NO, METSO, Paper Business Line, Finland) : Extending the press section lifetime through a mini shoe press rebuild. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 91-7.

There are several considerable benefits that support a press section rebuild by replacing a conventional roll press nip with a shoe press. A shoe press will increase dryness after the press section by several percentage units compared to a conventional roll press. The increased web dryness yields numerous significant benefits better runnability in the beginning of the dryer section, higher speed, energy savings and greater production on machines with limited drying capacity, increased web strength and improved moisture profile. The press section rebuild scope greatly influences the investment cost. By minimizing the changes to the existing frame structure required to install a shoe press, there will be fewer costs related to machinery, civil work and crane capacity. Machine downtime will be shorter and the machine will go from paper to paper sooner. Investment payback time will also be shorter as line production will quickly surpass the pre-rebuild level. Anew mini shoe press rebuild has been introduced for small- and medium-sized paper and board making lines. This rebuild solution makes it possible to boost production with a press rebuild with minimal changes to the press section geometry. In a standard shoe press rebuild, the linear load varies between 600 and 1,000 kN/m, and the nip length between 180 and 290 mm. The mini shoe press rebuild applies a shoe roll with a nip length of only 90 to 120 mm and linear load of 250 to 400 kN/m. Shoe press technology is a standard solution today, with hundreds of successful references worldwide. Its benefits are now within easy reach of a larger group of paper and board makers through the mini shoe press rebuild. This paper will discuss the features of the mini shoe press rebuild, and hybrid shoe roll technology and its benefits.

11 illus, 2 tables, ref

003299   Nelis E;Mendes A;Bauer J (NO, Siemens Ag, Sector Industry Erlangen, Germany) : Special services to successfully bridge the economic downturn. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 129-32.

003298   Mathur R M;Thapliyal B P;Singh K (NO, Central Pulp & Paper Research Institue, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Challenges confronting Indian paper industry in changing scenario. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 95-9.

The Indian paper industry has made steady progress since independence and presently has an installed capacity of 9.18 million tones from mere 0.1 million in 1950. Today the industry is ranked among the top 15 global paper industries. The industry in the last few decades has faced a number of challenges, particularly in the area like, obsolescence of technology, non availability of good quality fibrous raw materials, high cost of basic inputs, environment issues, and competition in global market. The government of India has taken up some initiatives addressing various issues being faced by industries and has intervened to support the industry. Some of the policy interventions by govt. to support paper industry are discussed in the article, so that Indian paper industry's competitiveness could substantially be improved.

4 illus, 2 tables, ref

003297   Marimuthu P (NO, Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd, Erode-7, Tamilnadu) : Clean development mechanism: opportunities in pulp and paper business in india. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 101-5.

Paper industry requires large amount of energy in the form of heat. The energy requirement is met with captive and National grid power. Substantial portion of the energy requirement is met through the generation from the fossil fuels such as oil and coal. The industry is also offering tremendous potential to save energy and such savings are COM opportunities. Industry also emits Greenhouse gases (GHG) like CO₂, methane are being discharged to the environment since the development of industrialization. Capturing and reusing them offer tremendous potentials. Hence the leading nations evinced enormous interest to save the environment and developed a scheme of Carbon trading. They assist the countries who participate in this programme and reward them with credits towards their emission targets. As the carbon reduction potential is plenty in the pulp and paper industry, we must commit to support this CDM so as to be mutually beneficial.

2 illus, 1 table, ref

003296   Lovell;Gorzynski M;Christian P (NO, EKA Chemicals Asia Pacific, Bangkok) : EKA'S compozil FX system for high speed fine paper machines. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 85-90.

The Compozil Fx system was developed to meet the new customer demands of modem fine paper making. These include machine speeds in excess of 1500 mpm, target ash contents in excess of 30%, increasing use of recycled fibres, achieving stable retention with excessive dewatering and the retention of more challenging fillers. The Compozil Fx components are added and controlled to achieve agreed specific customer goals. A key advantage of Compozil Fx is the ability to 'decouple' the retention and dewatering characteristics of traditional systems, thus providing the optimum balance between retention, dewatering and formation. This in turn has allowed the customers to enjoy cost efficient, stable retention at paper high ash and high machine speed conditions, leading to stable machine runnability optimum sheet quality. The ability of Compozil Fx to do this has allowed it to become the system of choice for modern fine paper machines in Asia/Pacific.

16 illus, ref

003295   Lin B;Eng P;Pul L;Johnson P E (NO, A.H. Lundberg Systems Ltd, Suite 300 5055 Joyce Street, Vancouver, B.C. V5R4G7 Canada) : Collection, transport & incineration of noncondensible gases. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 133-41.

7 illus, 3 tables, ref

003294   Kraschowetz J (NO, Andritz AG MOW, Systems-Paper.doc) : Mixed office waste a substitue for virgin fibres. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 107-12.

With the steady development of technology processing secondary fibres during the last decades, the range of application for waste paper has widened considerably. Starting with partial replacement of mechanical pulp for newsprint, followed by total substitution, also high grade writing & printing as well as copy papers are considered to be made at least partially of recycled fibres. The main driving forces to substitute virgin fibres with DIP stock are: Firstly, to reduce operating costs by using a cheaper furnish and saving electric energy, as DIP systems consume less electric energy then production and preparation of comparable virgin fibers like BCTMP; secondly environmental aspects, as the recycling of paper contributes to minimise effluent pollution. Depending on the final paper grade, a mixture of OMG with MOW (or SOW) or pure office waste is used. Compared with the standard furnish for deinking plants, like ONP and OMG, the office paper has quite different characteristics. Therefore a different treatment is required. The decisive difference is the type of ink and the printing process: on magazine papers, which are mostly coated papers, the ink is smoothly printed onto the coat, whereas office papers contain a lot of toner ink particles, which are fixed with heat and pressure directly on the fibres or only on a light coat. These particles are classified as hard inks, compared to the soft inks of offset and gravure print. But it is also the different level of contaminants, especially the sticky load, which leads to different system configurations. However, the high brightness level of office waste and the superior fibre quality allows a broad employment of this furnish: from high grade writing and printing papers to art coated paper, white top board and even copy papers and also tissue products. Hence, the requirements of the final stock quality differ accordingly, however, special attention has to be given to dirt speck level and residual ink content. Out of various eligible system configurations, a three-loop system will meet these highest quality targets, considering flotation stages in all three loops. This system will be presented in the following paper, but also modifications regarding ash content will be discussed.

6 illus, 6 tables, ref

003293   Khuntia R;Maheshwari H K;Choudhary Roy K;Nair M B S (NO, Emami Paper Mills Ltd., Balgopalpur, Balasore, Orissa-756 020) : Technological advancement in enviornment friendly de-inking process for quality improvement and cost optimisation. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 163-8.

Emami Paper Mills Ltd. installed a 2 loop DIP from Voith,Germany with a capacity of 300TPD to produce quality newsprint from standard furnish of 70% ONP & 30% magazine. While designing, and making layout, it was ensured to achieve the highest level of operational efficiency with the optimum yield and other quality parameters of strength and brightness. We are happy-that the plant achieved highest level of operational efficiency with regular out put of 320 MT pulp and feeding the pulp to 2 Paper machines to produce news print of international quality. The best achievement is in the specific power which we could do at 285 kWh/T of pulp. The sludge generated from DIP is thickened in an imported Screw press and fired in boiler along with coal.

4 tables, 3 ref

003292   Jain R K;Dixit A K;Janbade V A;Mathur R M (NO, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur-247 001) : Utilization of lignin as a source of industrial by-product to improve economics of agro based mills. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 169-73.

Lignin is one of the most abundant renewable resources available as a by-product of pulping process. Most of the lignin obtained from kraft pulping of woody raw material is burned in recovery boilers to fulfill a part or most of energy requirement of the mill. However In the absence of a viable chemical recovery in agro-based pulp and paper mills, un-till last decades, black liquor rich laden effluent was drained as waste, there by causing severe problems of pollution in these pulp and paper mills. With imposition of CREP and as per notification/guidelines issued by MOEF, Central Pollution Control Board has permitted the adoption of lignin removal process (LRP) as one of the option to achieve zero discharge and meeting desired Pollution Control Norms. With the adoption of LRP in these small Agro based Pulp& Paper mills (bellow 50 tpd) large quantities of lignin was available as waste biomass. As a result large continent of lignin is available as waste bio mass which if utilized effectively could become a valuable source for various industrial applications. The present article covers the efforts of CPPRI in this direction.

1 illus, 8 tables, 9 ref

003291   Jahan M S;Noori A;Ahsan L;Chowdhury D A N; Quaiyyum M A (Pulp and Paper Research Div, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr. Qudra-I-Khuda Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh-1205) : Effects of chitosan as dry and wet strength additive in bamboo and acacia pulp. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 85-8.

Chitosan was evaluated as a wet and dry strength additive in laboratory produced bamboo and acaciaauriculiformis kraft bleached pulps. Chitosan was found to increase the wet strength. Tensile, burst and tear index were also found to increase up to 0.5-1% chitosan addition in both pulps. The effects of chitosan depend on the pH of the stock. The best results were observed at pH 10 for bamboo pulp and pH 7 for acacia pulp.

5 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

003290   Jahan M S;Maruf A Al;Chowdhyry D A N (Pulp and Paper Research Div, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khudea Road, Dhaka Bangladesh-1205) : Pulping of keora (Sonnertia appetula) a major mangrove species of Bangladesh. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 51-4.

Keora (Sonnertia appetula) is the main species in the coastal region of Bangladesh. At present, this species has no industrial or other application. In this paper, keora has been characterized and evaluated as a pulping raw material. It has a high lignin and a low α-cellulose content. Its fiber length is 0.88 mm, which is considered as short length fiber. Keora was subjected to kraft pulping with various cooking time and active alkali charge. A central composite design was used to investigate the influence of operational conditions on the pulp properties (total pulp yield, screened pulp yield, kappa number tensile index, burst index and tear index). A second order polynomial model consisting of two independent variables was found to accurately describe the kraft pulping of keora. The minimum R² value was above 0.8. Values of screened pulp yield, total pulp yield, kappa number, tensile index, burst index and tear index at the central point of operational variables were 39.9%, 40.8%, 35.2,35.1 N.m/g, 3.9 kPa.m²g and 9.5 mN.m²/g, respectively, which are within the range of predicted values.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

003289   Gokulakrishnan V;Jawahar S;Pravin M S; Choudhary N (NO, HindustanDorr-Oliver Ltd., Dorr-Oliver House, Chakala, Andheri East, Mumbai-400 099) : Fibre recovery from the back water of raw material wet washing system. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 113-4.

For sustainability and growth of Indian Paper Industry, the technology has to be upgraded to adapt to Indian conditions in view of scale of paper production, raw material scenario and environmental concerns. Paper Industry is looking at innovative ways and means to reduce the production cost, improve quality of the Product, and improve ease of Maintenance. Indian pulp and paper industry is compelled to explore alternate options for Raw Material like Agro waste like Wheat Straw, Rice Straw, Bagasse and equivalent percentage of Secondary fiber due to shortage of Raw material. In the process of Wet Washing of Agro Based Raw Material, raw material is processed through Wet Pulper to remove silica contents. It is then dewatered through Aqua Separator/Dewatering Screw to improve the Consistency of the Raw Material to be further processed to Digester area. During this process, an appreciable quantity of raw material is carried over along with the back water. In order to recover the raw material lost along with the back water and to reduce the load on the water clarifier system, DSM Screens play a major role as a scavenger. The DSM Screens recover more than Fibers. It recovers the Cash. It lets Paper industry to put the fibers in the system rather than in Sewer. It increases yield and reduces water consumption. This paves way for enhanced profitability of the mill through better economies of operation.

1 illus, 2 tables, ref

003288   Goel M C;Harichandan A K;Mohanty P K;Dakua S K (NO, JK Paper Limited, JK Paper Mills, P.O. Jaykaypur-765 017) : JK paper approach to its cost competitiveness. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 135-7.

Cost competitiveness is a continuous Improvement process which works as sequel to value addition at each stage of processing in any manufacturing unit. Additionally, cost & quality go hand in hand. Both are complementary and in today's scenario, quality at lowest cost is order of the day. JKPM as a leader of quality products like JK Copier, JK Excel Bond, JK Bond, JK Cote etc has never lost sight of cost and it has been our constant endeavor to optimize cost in each operation. Though, Cost Compression/optimization is being practiced on a regular basis, thought was given in the year 2000 after which the process of cost compression was institutionalized. This paper describes how in JKPM, cost compression measures took off in a more scientific way and on a sustained basis, its modalities and benefits accrued. It also touches upon how source of the major losses were identified and efforts made for their reduction. Best of technology, best of machines & a whole lot of things can be had at a price, but, optimization of cost and efficiency is truly in-house which JKPM has successfully established.

003287   Ghosh S K;Nag D (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied fibre Technology (I.C., Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Chemical free hand made from date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) levaes. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 95-7.

Date-Palm leaf (sustainable agri-residue) is an excellent raw material for making pulp and paper of various grades due to the presence of high alpha cellulose (50-55%), hemi cellulose (26-30%) and ultimate fibre-length (1.25 to 2.50 mm). The presence of high amount of hemi cellulose in the pulp is found to be effective in the beating operation and formation of bonds between the fibres in the paper sheet. Hemi cellulose and alpha cellulose contribute immensely towards tensile strength, bursting strength, tear strength & folding endurance to the paper sheet without using any natural and synthetic polymer or any additive.

3 tables, ref

003286   Ghosh I N;Pan N C (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Application of resins and gums from natural sources for making handmade paper from jute residues. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 147-9.

Jute mainly grows in eastern India. It has been used as packaging material for different commodities and also to some extent for carpet backing, hessian, decorative fabrics etc. Due to stiff competition from synthetic fibre, it is necessary to find some new uses of jute fibre and its by-product. It has been established that jute fibre in the form of caddies, root cuttings, feshwa, gunny and thread waste etc. having high percentage of cellulose and long fibre are quite suitable as non-wood plant fibre for manufacture of different grades of paper and paper board, both in large scale as well as in handmade paper mills. The technique of handmade paper making is gaining importance day to day as it is inexpensive, consumes less energy and is free from pollution unlike large paper industries. Application of various natural resins and gums viz starch, cationic starch, yellow dextrin, gum arabic, guar gum etc. has been found effective in increasing the strength and other properties of jute pulp giving quality paper/paper board.

4 tables, 7 ref

003285   Foulger M F (NO, GL & V USA Inc., 16731, County Route 155 Watertown, NY 13601 USA) : Dilution control technology for new or existing headboxes. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 81-3.

The BTF^TM dilution control technology consists of a central distributor, which replaces the headbox tapered header, and a dilution water system, which replaces slice lip profiling to control the basis weight profile. This system can be retrofitted to almost any type of existing headbox, or it can be supplied with a new hydraulic headbox. The technology has been installed on more than 140 paper machines worldwide and has provided substantial improvements in CD profile and in sheet quality.

4 illus, 3 ref

003284   Chu S;Eng p (NO, Honeywel 500 Brooksbank Avenue, North Vancouver, B.C. V7J 3S4 Canada) : Wet end control applications using a multivariable model predictive control strategy. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 99-106.

Discusses the use of a SpectraFoil MD sensor on a fine paper machine to monitor the pre Dandy Roll consistency and the use of this data in an overall control scheme designed to increase sheet filler content (measured at the pre size press scanner) while maintaining online sheet formation within a desired range. The control scheme is based on a multivariable model predictive control strategy. The paper will discuss the key manipulative variables and controlled variables used and the results obtained.

11 illus, 1 ref

003283   Choudhury K D;Sridhar P;Dwivedi V (NO, Ballrpur Industries Ltd, Unit: Sewa Gaganapur, Jeypore (RS)-764 002) : Carbon trading: present scenario & future prospects of indian paper industries. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 89-94.

Concerned about global warming, in the 1997 world earth summit held in Kyoto, Japan came out the inception of carbon trading to control emission of greenhouse gases which is responsible for rising atmospheric temperature and climate change. Born in 1997 Carbon Trading took a real shape in 2003 and came to India in year 2005. This paper states the basic concept of the Carbon Trading and methodologies. It describes the 1st step to start with and up to trading the carbon credits in the carbon market. It also reviews the present scenario of generating carbon credits through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects and trading in the market. Present scenario in Indian Pulp & Paper Industries and future opportunities available for them.

4 tables, 9 ref

003282   Choudhary B J;Reddy S V (NO, Emami Paper Mills Ltd, Kolkata) : Demand for installing on-line bearing condition monitoring system on hingh speed paper machine and derived benefits. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 183-6.

To survive in this competitive market the cost of finished products should be less than the international markets and quality should be of global standard. To be more safe the overall cost of maintenance i.e. cost of spares and consumables has to be reduced which will directly affect the overall cost. Ultimately the up gradation of technology is to be taken up. In order to maintain the maintenance standard and reduce the overall machine downtime, suitable systems are selected which help for the predictive maintenance practices. The said technology is monitoring the condition of all the equipments on continuous basis and indicating the condition of rotating items of individual sections of the machine well in advance to avoid uncalled down time.

003281   Chauhan S;Khan M E;Sharma A K;Jain R K; Hussain G (NO, Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute, Ramsinghpura-Sikarpur Road, Sanganer, Jaipur) : Cost effective production of handmade paper through recycling of shredded currency waste of Reserve Bank of India-an enzymatic route. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 111-17.

With the growing demand of handmade paper both in the domestic and export markets, the Indian handmade paper industry has been confronting with the major issue of scarce availability and cost prohibitiveness of the cotton hosiery waste, the traditionally used principal raw material for making handmade paper. As a result of the exhaustive R&D work carried out at Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute, various ligno-cellulosic raw materials available as waste biomass in different parts of country and the recycled waste paper particularly the shredded currency waste of Reserve Bank of India has been found to be very good and cost effective raw material for making good quality handmade paper. The recently developed process of recycling the shredded currency waste through bio-enzymatic pulping produces not only a quality handmade paper but also resulted in a large saving of the precious resources like water, energy and chemicals. Physical strength properties of the handmade paper developed from shredded currency waste were found to be better than that produced from mixed office waste (MOW). Besides, Shredded currency waste is available at a much cheaper rate than the waste paper. The strength of the paper produced from it could be improved further by blending it with the pulps prepared from mixed hosiery waste or other long fiber pulps. The paper thus produced can be utilized for making strong carry bags so as to substitute the polythene bags that are going to be banned because of their recalcitrant nature. The process has been successfully up-scaled to the pilot-plant level and is also found to be economical. Thus the adoption of the shredded currency waste as a raw material and its processing through enzymatic route might help in improving the cost-competitiveness and environmental status of the Indian handmade paper industry.

8 illus, 10 tables, 12 ref

003280   Barr A;Gopalakrishnan R;Saha M (NO, Aker Solutions, India and Canada) : Adopting the integrated chlorine dioxide process for pulp bleching, to comply with CREP Regulations. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 121-7.

The Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) guidelines impose several new requirements on pulp and paper mills in India to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, including a reduction in AOX emissions that will require a shift away from chlorine (or hypochlorite) based pulp bleaching. The worldwide acceptance of ECF pulp in recent years ensures that chlorine dioxide will continue to be the dominant pulp-bleaching agent for the foreseeable future. Aker Solutions - recognizing the on-going need from the pulp and paper industry for a reliable and cost effective method to generate chlorine dioxide - offers the integrated chlorine dioxide process that produces chlorine dioxide solution at the lowest operating cost, while minimizing the dependence on outside supply, market exposure, and the need to import and store hazardous feedstocks. This paper describes Aker Solutions' integrated chlorine dioxide process, and examines its operating costs in India, as compared to the typical methanol-based process.

10 illus, ref

003279   Bansal M C;Gosh U K;Kulkarni S (Paper Technology Dep, IITR, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Enzymatic deinking of old newsprints using cellulase. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 123-8.

Use of enzymes has increased in paper technology in the resent past. Application of enzymes in secondary fiber processing is a relatively new field. The use of secondary fiber has increased substantially over the year world wide. It has been accepted widely that for the manufacture of writing and printing papers, flotation deinking gives better results. The pulping for the same is carried out normally in the presence of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, surfactant and some collector chemicals.P.K.Agnihotri et.al(5) had estimated the optimum conditions for operation with ONP, OMG and their blends. In the present work ONP has been exposed for cellulase enzymes for different dosages of enzymes with different temperature and processing intervals. After 11 trials, it has been estimated that the best dosages for enzyme is 0.4ml/l 00 gm of ONP, 55°C temperature, 30 minute soaking time and 15 minutes pulping time. It was further observed that if the enzyme is washed out after pulping processes, the properties go on changing with time. It was also observed that with the high dosage of enzyme, ink foam disperses out in the pulp suspension and the sheet formed has uniformly dispersed ink particles with dark color. The deinkability factor for the best run is found 74.35%based on ISO Brightness and 93% based on ERIC 950 value.

1 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

003278   Agarwal N K;Goswami S;Singh A;Sharma S;Tyagi A (NO, JK Paper Ltd, Unit- Central Pulp Mills, Fort Songadh,dist: Tapi, Gujarat) : Cost effective measures at JK paper Ltd-unit: central pulp mills. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 107-10.

Market of today is buyer's market, so in today's world of globalization and market driven supply and demand scenario, reduction in manufacturing cost has become primary tool for survival. Prices of raw material and finished product are dictated by market and hence it has become mandatory for every mill to rethink its manufacturing strategy and cost. India has achieved rapid industrial and economic growth in the last 4-5 years. The growth momentum is likely to continue and there will be much faster growth if substantial infrastructural development takes place in our country. As regards global competitiveness of Indian Paper Industry, growth in demand of Paper and Board can be met by capacity expansion. However, to achieve global competitiveness, we need to scale up our manufacturing capacities to meet global standards, invest in technological advancement, ensure continuous product innovation, make quality upgradation a way of life and make ourselves committed to customers by offering them the best value for their money. With the development of Technology and Global competition, Paper and Board Mills are under pressure to improve bottom-line and are constantly striving for manufacturing better quality of product at lower cost. We, at JK Paper Unit CPM, have taken various steps in cost reduction and are continuously focusing on cost effective methods to stay vibrant in the turbulent Indian paper industry. Presently we would like to present 5 case studies (1) Replacing alum with PAC (2) Reduction in Water consumption (3) Reduction in OBA consumption at wet end (4) Reduction in coating chemicals consumption and (5) Size press logic change.

9 illus

003277   Afflerbach K (NO, Voith Paper GmbH & Co KG, Betriebsstaltle Duren, Sales Pzsd, Veldener Stra Be-52-52349 Duren, Germany) : Multiply hydroformer - opportunity for new innovative products. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 107-11.

Specialty Papers have worldwide a share of about 5% of the total paper production and 10% for total sales of paper. The 2900 different paper specialty grades are divided into nine main segments. To produce these types of papers special technologies and know how are necessary. The production locations for specialty papers are currently mainly located in Europe. It is obvious that also in Asia especiallly in China and India the productibn of specialities grades will become more and more an attractive opportunity in the near furrure. Specialty Grades opens up new vistas for the Indian mills with a lot of value addition and value creation. The segment of the wet lay nonwovens and filter paper covers a wide range of paper and nonwoven products. All these grades are produced with long fibres in the range between 2mm and 40mm. Typical for the production of the wet lay products is the use of very low headbox consistencies due to the long fibers. The Voith headbox and former for the wet-lay products has the trade name HydroFormerT. The HydroFormerT can have a 1-, 2-or 3-ply headbox. Typical products are filter papers like tea bag or automotive filters, or glass mat for roofing and flooring or other applications. The new multiply technology gives great opportunities for new innovative products.

21 illus, ref

002930   Singh R K;Devi S;Paul A;Sardar M K;Ray A K (R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Effect of multiple porous plugs configuration on fluid flow in steel ladle. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 74-9.

Mathematical simulation of gas stirring in a 300 T ladle to be used in LF of SMS-11 of Bokaro Steel Plant was carried out using the Discrete Phase Modeling available in Fluentr for CFD analysis. The ladle was analyzed for two different configurations: two porous plugs kept in adjacent quadrant of basal plane vis-a-uis 3 porous plugs placed in adjacent quadrants. In case of three porous plugs , the recirculatory zone was found to shift to the bottom of the ladle, and the velocity near the free surface was found to be parallel to it. This condition prevents the entrapment of slag. A circulatory region near the bottom may also lead to better homogenization of the melt. For the three plugs case, shear stress generated on the walls was found to be relatively lower in magnitude, and that generated on the bottom was found to be relatively higher. Greater erosion of the bottom refractory due to higher shear stress would require a thicker refractory bottom. Further, it was found that when the configuration is changed from two to three plugs, mixing time droped from 114 to 88 seconds.

4 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

002929   Shukla S K;Srikant S;Deva A;Saha B B;Tripathi B D (NO, , R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Studies on Structure and properties of some indigenous galvanized sheets. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 121-6.

Analyze the microstructures of the galuanized coatings and evaluate formability and corrosion resistance properties of some of the indigenous galuanized steel sheets. The coating thickness of the galvanized sheets varied from plant to plant (16-37 mm per side). Inhibition layer thickness and its uniformity varied widely in the investigated galvanized sheets. Coating adhesion of the galvanized sheets was found quite satisfactory (due to formation of inhibition layer at the steel-coating interface). Formability and corrosion resistance properties of the galvanized sheets were found comparable to the galvanized sheets which are used for general purposes.

3 illus, 3 tables, 2 ref

002928   Santosh Kumar;Sarkar S R;Sabyasachi S K; Suresh T S;Datta R (NO, , R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Development of market acceptability of sup 11A grade billets from Durgapur steel plant. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 93-9 .

Process technology for production of SUP11A grade steel billet through BOF-VAD-LTS-CC route has been developed at Durgapur Stee/ Plant. Cast billets were rolled into 80 x 15 mm flats and leaf springs assembly was made after austenitising, oil quenching, tempering and proper chambering. Hot rolled flats were evaluated for inclusion rating, grain size, hardness and macro of the rolled surface. Step hardness and surface hardness was evaluated for each leaf after oil quenching and tempering treatment. Assembled leaf spring was tested for load rate and endurance. For cost reduction, further trials of SUP11A grade were carried out through BOF-LF-LTS-CC route. Performance trials of both VAD and LF route billets were successful. All the quality requirements, including inclusion rating, were met. Encouraged with results of performance trial, more than 400 tons of spring steel has been supplied to different customers in the central and northern regions against commercial orders.

7 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

002927   Rath S;Singh A P;Sengupta P P;Bhaskar U; Krishna B (NO, , R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Determination of flow stress coefficients for Nb-microalloyed steel using parameter estimation techniques. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 100-4.

Discusses the application of parameter estimation methodology for determining the coefficients of various flow stress equations available in the literature. Flow stress evaluation tests for Nb-microalloyed steel were conducted in DTMS. Three flow stress equations proposed by Sellars and Zyuzin were used to predict the flow stress at the tested strain, strain rate and temperature. Values of the flow stress coefficients were estimated by minimizing the root mean square error between the predicted and tested flow stress using a series of multivariable optimization techniques. The results obtained from these techniques have been compared with those obtained by graphical methods.

4 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

002926   Paul A K;Rao K Narasimha;Santra B K;Neogi (NO, R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Loop sensor and tension control in hot strip rolling. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 115-20.

Aimed at developing and analyzing the transfer function of each element in the control system for providing stability to the finishing stands operation through a fast acting controller and intelligent sensor. An encoder based looper angle sensor has been developed, which provides an intelligent output to the stand speed drive and looper motor drive. The transfer function of the sensor can be changed to attain stability of the looper control system. With the introduction of this new system, stability in the rolling process has been achieved and thereby throughput of the mill has increased. The scheme has been implemented in the Hot Strip Mill of Rourkela Steel Plant. Implementation of this scheme has resulted in reduction in cobble by 66%, and reduction in mill delay by 55%.

5 illus, 5 ref

002925   Patwari K;Reddy B B;Pradhan N;Paul B R; Mazumdar A (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, , Ranchi-834 002) : Control of strand breakout and off-corner crack in 125 MM square cast billet at Durgapur steel plant. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 86-92.

Investigation has identified the operating parameters specifically responsible for high incidence of breakout and off-corner crack. This has revealed that Mn/S, Mn/Si and tundish superheat haue a large influence. Higher Mn/S ratio, lower super heat and higher mould cooling intensity haue been found to bring down breakout frequency. This can be attributed to increase in toughness of the solidifying shell, which helps in reducing off-corner crack. Higher [Mn] also improves Mn/Si ratio leading to lower breakout related to slag. Macrostructure analysis of a large number of billet samples has corroborated the above findings. Implementation of the remedial measures has led to marked reduction in the incidence of off-corner crack and 50 % reduction in breakout frequency.

14 illus, 5 ref

002924   Ghosh N K;Mishra S;Das T K (NO, R& D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Effect of compaction of coal charge on coke quality. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 127-31.

Effect of level of compaction on coking properties (abrasion strength and CRI and CSR indices) was investigated for three coals of different rank and coking properties. Coals were carbonized in a laboratory scale 2 kg. oven. It was found that while in case of low and medium volatile coals abrasion resistance and CRI varied linearly with the hulk density of coal charge , in case of high volatile coals the variation was nonlinear. CSR was found to exhibit a nonlinear relationship with the bulk density of charge for all coals. In respect of abrasion strength, the low and high volatile coals were found to be incompatible as addition of low volatile coal to high volatile coal ( up to about 50%) led to reduction in abrasion strength. While CRI value varied linearly with the percentage of Low Volatile Coal in the blend, variation in the CSR value was found to be somewhat nonlinear. Effect of crushing level on coke properties for compacted coal charge appears to be different for different coals. In case of high volatile poor coking coal, all coke properties were found to deteriorate with increase in the crushing level, whereas in case of low and medium volatile coals, coke quality improved significantly with increase in the crushing level.

9 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

002923   Deva A;Mukhopadhyay S;Sodhi M M S;Jha B K; Chaudhuri S K (NO, , R & D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Development of high strength cold rolled steel for automotives. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 68-73.

For improved fuel economy and increased safety requirements of automobiles, two 'High Strength Cold Rolled' steel grades, HSCR 26 and HSCR 35, have been developed through continuous casting -batch annealing route at Bokaro Steel Plant of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). The desired properties were achieved through an innovative alloy design and control of hot rolling and batch annealing parameters. The product has been used successfully in production of chassis for three-wheelers.

7 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

002922   De S K;Deva A;Mukhopadhyay S;Jha B K; Chaudhuri S K (NO, , ) : Effect of boron addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon aluminium killed steel. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 61-7.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a low carbon , low manganese steel ( C: 0.06% max, Mn : 0.25% max) with and without boron addition have been compared. Steel containing boron has been found to possess product attributes suited for improved cold reducibility i.e. lower hardness, lower strain hardening exponent (n), lower yield strength and higher total elongation. Laboratory based heat treatment experiments were carried out and hardness values were correlated with microstructure. Hardness values for boron containing steel were found to be lower than those observed for non-boron steel, irrespective of the austenitising temperature and cooling rate.

8 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

002921   Chintaiah P;Garai S K;Bhattacharya A K;Kujur M K;Nagare R R (NO, R&D Centre, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Introduction of monolithic safety lining for blast furnace troughs at Bhilai steel plant. Steel India 2007, 29(2), 105-9.

Monolithic castable safety lining was introduced in BF # 1 to reduce the chances of shell burning in the trough and thereby increasing the production by 10 casts per annum. This lining allowed the BF troughs to operate in a trouble free condition and it improved the confidence level of the cast house personnel for production of higher amount of hot metal.

5 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

001951   Srinivasan S;Glover I (NO, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore-560 012, Email: sharada@nias.iisc.ernet.in) : Skilled mirror carft of intermetallic delta high-tin bronze (Cu₃₁Sn₈, 32.6% tin) from Aranmula, Kerala. Curr Sci 2007, 93(1), 35-40.

In the village of Aranmula, Kerala, an extraordinary metal mirror is traditionally made of delta high-tin bronze, i.e. a binary copper-tin alloy of high tin content consisting almost entirely of the delta phase (δ), which is an intennetallic compound (Cu₃₁Sn₈) of composition 32.6% tin. This is an ideal alloy to polish into a mirror due to the silvery colour and high hardness. The presence of this delta phase is optimized, and its high brittleness offset by a clever casting and polishing process. This article puts together new insights based on the authors' field and technical investigations on how this mirror is skillfully made using low-technology, organic and everyday materials to get a sophisticated high-technology end-product.

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002091   Vinodhini S;Malathy N S (Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology Dep, P.S.G.R. Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Temil Nadu) : Bioprospecting of plants fibre of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Int J Pl Sci 2009, 4(2), 444-5.

Certain plant fibre sample in and around Coimbatore showed that factors tensile strength, length, diameter, estimation of lignin, cellulose, pectin were found that Sansevieria trifasciata showed maximum yield and quality of plant fibre as compared to other plant.

1 table, 5 ref

002090   Tyagi S;Sood Y V;Thapliyal B P;Mathur R M (NO, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur-247 001) : Enhancing press section performance by optimization of press fabric cleaning. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 149-53.

Increasing usage of waste paper as raw material in papermaking is posing lot of problems especially in the cleaning of press fabric of paper machine. For better productivity steady operation of paper machine is imperative. This requires an efficient operation of showers and vacuum system. Beside mechanical means, chemical conditioning of press fabric also helps in achieving the optimization of press section which provides a mean to improve paper quality, machine productivity and efficiency while reducing the operating cost.

7 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

002089   Taylor Carl J (NO, Voith Paper Fabric and Roll Systems, Asia-Kunshan, China) : Matching the change in raw material: fiber and fabric development for the board and packaging sector. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 131-6.

The evolution of the paper machine from the humble Fourdrinier is clear to see. The production of board has progressed to an increasing number of lower weight plies on multi position formers, often with hybrid top units to further increase dewatering capacity and sheet quality. Packaging producers are progressing towards gap former technology at speeds only seen in the graphic sector around five years ago. The evolution of the raw material is often overlooked. Virgin fiber is processed under controlled conditions by the pulp producers and so the conditions are relatively consistent. Recycled fibers have many more irregularities and as papermakers look for new ways of reducing costs, the source of furnish is often a target area resulting in a more degraded fiber arriving at the paper machine! The development in stock preparation systems have allowed fibers to be recycled more times before they become impossible to handle. Fibers have become shorter and with an increased fines content. When combined with the higher speeds and dewatering forces on the paper machine, the forming fabric has the task of retaining smaller solids in the sheet yet ensuring sufficient water is removed. Now more than ever, a concern of the papermakers is how to use today's furnish and still achieve machine efficiencies and sheet quality. Voith Paper has quantified the change in furnish quality and matched this to the sheet support mechanism of the forming fabric. Further, the drainage requirements for the range of paper machines in the board and packaging sector have been analyzed and the open area through the fabric structure developed. This paper outlines Voith Paper's considerations on paper machine design and fiber characteristics ahead of developing the MultiForm HC and MultiForm HR forming fabrics.

13 illus, 1 table

002088   Slater P (Albany International, Victor-Von-Bruns-Sr. 17 ch-8212, Neuhausen, Swizerland) : Paper machine clothing as a key contributor for energy savings in paper and board machines. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 91-3.

Paper machine clothing (PMC) contributes only 2% of the costs of operating a paper machine but key energy performance drivers such as process water consumption, heat, steam, drive energy and vacuum are directly linked to PMC and contribute much more to the costs of operating a paper mpphine. This paper will investigate simple best practice in controlling cost and efficiency, look at specific trends seen in PMC over the past few years, discuss paper machine monitoring and improvements in analyzing PMC performance and look at the importance of * A focus on what we can control * Advice that matters and best practice * The need for data, data and more data.

11 illus

002087   Roy R N (NO, Wires and Fabriks (S.A.) Ltd., Industrial Area: Jhotwara, Jaipur-302 012) : Mordern developments in forming fabric designs and their application in the paper industry. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 95-102.

Based on needs of the paper industry, led by the rapid modernization of the printing machine, automated packaging and increased hygiene demands, significant developments have taken place in the last decade on Forming Fabric design. As per today's demand, a fabric must maximize overall machine efficiency, runnability and profitability, while continuing to keep a sharp focus on sheet quality. This has necessitated the advent of new fabric designs, from earlier Single Layer Fabrics to Multilayer Fabrics leading to today's latest offering of our STL design which belongs to SSB (Shute Support Binder) family. The introduction of SSB design has established its supremacy across most paper grades and machine types. This is a multilayer forming fabric in which binding yarns become a part of the fabric structure linking the top side and bottom side to provide superior sheet support, easy drainability and high abrasion area. Our STL Fabrics are woven on standard 20 and 24 shed weave technology. We supply these fabrics to high speed Fourdrinier machines, Twin wire and Gap formers showing remarkable improvements reported in terms of reduced paper breaks on machine, improved mechanical retention values, cleaner run and an overall improvement in many other operating efficiency parameters. This paper highlights the major developments that have taken place in the past decade in Forming Fabric designs to meet the paper machine as well as the paper maker's demands.

12 illus

002086   Ray A K (Paper Technology Dep, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Evaluating energy and economics of paper machine clothing. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 137-47.

A brief outline description of all the three types of fabrics employed for formation, pressing and drying of paper is given. Further the available models developed for operations related to paper machine clothing are reviewed for industrial practice with special reference to evaluation of energy consumption,improved performance and economics related to press and dryer fabrics. Some case studies for press and dryer clothings are especially discussed through already developed model based on C++ programming parameter studies and economic evaluation.

7 illus, 27 ref

002085   Rajesh Kumar;Ray A K;Mukherjee S (NO, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand) : Advances in design of control system for paper machine headbox. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 171-4.

It is shown how a simple strategy can be used very effectively to design a artificial neural network control system for air pressurized headbox control of a paper machine. It is well known that the interaction between stock flow and stock level occurs in the headbox of the machine, thus representing a MIMO system. The stock being handled by a wet end of paper machine has therefore a pronounced effect on drainage and retention. This paper discusses the simulation and control of pressurized headbox control system through the general use of this remarkable new tool, which has been combined with rule based systems and traditional data base manipulation techniques to form a neural network control system performing two functions: one, the creation of software sensors, which provide on-line measurements of variables which in the past could only be measured in the laboratory; second, an advisory control system to complement a regulatory control system. In present investigation, back propagation artificial neural network controller has been designed through Simulink software. It also compares the performance of ANN with conventional controller (PID). The PID controller parameters are based on a trial and error approach owing to difficulties in establishing solution for the nonlinear process. The simulation results for continuous system with conventional controller (PID) are also shown for comparison purposes.

6 illus, 1 tables, 3 ref

002084   Rajaganapathy K;Srinivas I;SeshaRAo K V S; Ravindranath B P (NO, Mysore Paper Mills Limited., P.O. Papertown, Bhadravathi-577 302) : Machine clothing for twin wire former an experience at Mysore paper. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 161-3.

Forming fabrics development in general-aad selection process in particular with respect to Mysore Paper Mills is discussed in depth. It varies from mill to mill and conclusion is arrived on their experience and suitability to the Mills. Cleaning of Fabric is also addressed.

002083   Raghuveer S (NO, ITC Ltd. - PSPD Unit: Bhadracalam, Vill., Sarapaka Dist. Khammam-507 128) : Trends in paper drying section for higher productivity. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 165-70.

Changing furnish, coupled with high-energy costs, have marginalised several paper machines and let to shut downs of non-competitive mills. According to the market assessment, about 50% of the paper and paperboard machines installed are having drying limitations. This prevents many paper producers from increasing production on existing machines. The reality is that, the drying section of paper and paperboard machines take up 2 / 3 of the length of the total machine and requires 60 -70% of the total power required by the paper machine. Improvement in dryer section ensures considerable saving in energy and also increases the productivity. Such improvements in dryer section can be of, replacement of the diyer felts by better synthetic screens, increased ventilation with proper hood, adoption of improved cleaning methods of the dryer screens and also increasing the drying capacity by installing radiation based drying systems etc. All these cumulatively, will lead to higher productivity of the machine and better profitability with lower investments. Those mills, which have opted these methods, have achieved significant increase in machine speeds, operating efficiencies and reduced specific energy costs.

8 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

002082   Panda K K;Routray D G;Panda M K (NO, JK Paper Ltd., Unit: JK Paper Mills, Jaykaypur-765 017) : Development in paper machine clothing to meet growing needs. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 121-4.

Rising cost of paper production, the market is demanding more in terms of paper quality due to opening of Indian economy, it is time to optimize M/c condition, parameters and processes. JKPM always believes in continuous improvement and upgrade M/cs continuously by adopting new technologies in paper making. Presents basics in M/c clothing, an overview of latest clothing technologies and how JKPM adopted these technologies from time to time to optimize cost of production and to improve paper quality. The changes made with respect to furnish, wet end chemistry and recent development in m/c clothing are explained.

002081   Mukharjee H;Maheswari H K;Acharaya S;Roy C K; Nair M B S (NO, Emami Paper Mills Ltd, Balgopalpur, P.O. Rasulpur, Balgopalpure-756 020) : Cost effectiveness of machine clothing by proper selection and optimisation-a mill experience. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(4), 113-6.

Paper machine clothing includes forming fabrics, press felts, dryer fabrics & process belts. The basic function of the Forming fabric is to give better sheet formation, free from any wire marking and to remove the water from paper web. Press fabrics help to optimize the water transfer from the sheet and dryer fabrics support for effective drying of the sheet. Proper selection of fabric improves the runnabilty of paper machine resulting in higher productivity & also quality of paper. Modern fabric designs help in improvement in machine speed as well as operating efficiency. Clothing optimization by better conditioning & operation can provide significant savings in energy and improves productivity resulting higher production. We could increase the Speed of PM-2 by 115mpm & reduce the steam & power consumptions by selecting the right M/C clothing,, dewatering elements and proper conditioning of Fabrics. We take pride in mentioning that Emami runs fastest paper machine in the country at 1120mpm manufacturing 45gsm news print on 100% De-inking pulp.

11 ref

002080   Meksi N;Kechida M;henni M F M (NO, Research Unity of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Scien, Monastir, Tunisia-5000) : New process of dyeing cotton textile by indigo with borohydride: effect of the concentration of the reducing agent. Int J appl Chem 2008, 4(1), 1-14.

In the conventional process of dyeing cotton, vat dyes and especially indigo are traditionally reduced by sodium dithionite in the presence of sodium hydroxide as alkali. This technique presents various disadvantages (ecological problems, problems of storage, difficulty of control of the process, colour variation of the dyed fabrics etc). Reports a novel promising eco-friendly technique of cotton dyeing. This new technique consists essentially of using sodium borohydride as reducing agent instead of sodium dithionite. The experimental conditions were determined. The evaluation of the performance of this reaction was carried out by establishment of potentiometric titration procedure of the leuco-indigo concentration in the dyeing bath. In this study, the effect of the sodium borohydride amount on indigo reduction yield was investigated. It appears that the reduction yield increased with increasing of the amount of reducing agent until 100% of sodium borohydride. After this value, the reduction yield remained quite constant. The dyeing quality of cotton fabrics was also studied in these conditions. This quality was evaluated by using the CIELAB colorimetric coordinates L*a*b* as well as the colour yield (K/S) of the dyed samples. It seems that generally these colorimetric parameters depended closely of the reduction yield.

12 illus, 23 ref