021111   Kulloli S D;Naik S D (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Rural Home Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Email: profshailajanaik@yahoo.co.in) : Panorama of ecofriendly naturally colour cotton. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 182-7.

Two genotypes of naturally brown coloured cotton yarns, viz. Dharwad Desi Colour Cotton-1 (DDCC-1) and Dharwad Brown Hirsutum-250 (DBH-250) were shot on handloom with white cotton and filature silk (Muga, Mulberry and Tasar) to produce user and ecofriendly fabrics. Japanese Kawabata Evaluation System was used to assess these union fabrics for their performance. Union fabrics showed higher tensile, bending, shear, compressional and surface property values indicating the fabrics having low bending rigidity & fabric density, greater flexural rigidity than their corresponding control samples. Koshi (stiffness), Numeri (smoothness), Fukurami (fullness and softness) and Sofutosa (softness) were the Primary Hand Values of KES-FB in turn assisted to rate the Total Hand Value (THV). The THV expressed that these union fabrics are most suitable (good to excellent) for women's winter thin dress and fairly suitable (fair to good) for women's winter suits. Therefore, it is a boon for cotton cultivators to grow colour cotton on commercial scale to sustain in both domestic and international market as well as support the handloom sector.

021110   Karolia A;Buch H (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Faculty of Home Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: anjalikarolia@hotmail.com) : Ajarkh, the resist printed fabric of Gujarat. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 93-7.

Attempts to document the magnificent resist printed natural dyed textiles of Ajrakh, which has reached the threshold of extinction of its pure form. This is due to increase in fashion, use of synthetic dyes and production of screens for this block printed textile. The objectives were to document the craft of Ajrakh printing in detail and record the changes that have come about in its manufacturing process, colours and motifs. Data regarding the craft was collected from a purposively selected sample practicing the craft in the traditional manner. Ajrakh, traditionally a double sided resist block printed cotton textile has undergone a number of changes in production, in the motif and colours used.

021109   Kapoor A;Kanwar P;Sharma N (Science Extension Education Dep, College of Home Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur-176 062, Email: promilak@hillagic.ernet.in) : Handicrafts heritage of Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 62-6.

The tribal people of Himachal Pradesh are living close to forests and facing unfavorable climatic conditions. Gaddi, the semi-agricultural tribe of Bharmaur area of Chamba district is identifiable due to their typical dress comprising topi, chola and dora. They sport a hukah (smoking pipe) in their hand and khalri containing cereals and other essential articles on their back. Due to tough topography and harsh climate, these people have developed their unique handicrafts, which is still manufactured as well as used by them. An effort has been made to document the costumes, ornaments and various woven and other handicraft products used by the Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh.

021108   Gupta C S (NO, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, Ministry of Textiles, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi-110 001, Email: dchasmig@yahoo.com) : Clay-traditional material for making Handicrafts. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 116-24.

Art in handicraft has been regarded as timeless and dateless. Clay and terracotta figures have been existing continuously from pre-historic times. There have been an implicit continuity in the traditional knowledge and technology of making artefacts of clay by adding several materials and if required, firing the artefacts thus made. The fired clay was called burnt clay or terracotta. Clay as a base material for hand crafted item has been used all over India for several types of finished products. There has been a variety of materials added to the clay, techniques and equipments for making several forms and decorating these forms across the length and breadth of the country. Discusses the variety of the variety of the clay components, shaping and firing techniques used to create variety of forms.

021107   Ganesh S (NO, , New No.6, Old No.14, 2nd Street, Bhakthavathsalalm Nagar, Adyar, Chennai 20, Email: swamikrish8184@vsnl.co.in) : Role and development of vegetable dyes in Indian handlooms. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 125-9.

India has a hoary tradition in the arts of handloom weaving and vegetable dyeing. The knowledge of sourcing of the plant materials, from which the dyes are obtained, is being passed on so far purely by way of tradition, from generation to generation. So, also is the art of extraction of the dyes and their application to the yarn/cloth. Vegetable dyeing is very ecofriendly and has several unique characteristics. The paper pleads for the preservation of this ancient art and for a greater thrust on R & D in all the relevant fields of raw material, extraction, application and production of the vegetable dyes.

021106   Duary N (NO, Anthropological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016, Email: nduary@yahoo.co.in ) : Traditional Hira potters of lower Assam. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 98-102.

Pottery making is an age-old traditional occupation of the human civilization. The process of making pottery from a particular type of clay on wheel reflects traditional knowledge. Hira potters are distributed in Goalpara, Kamrup and Barpeta districts of the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The women folk of the Hira society of Assam are practicing the pottery making without wheel since centuries ago as their traditional occupation. It is their hereditary pursuits through female line, which has still retained its importance, aesthetic appeal, unique technique and skill. The paper, out come of the field research on the Hira people in lower Assam, examines the present status of crafts and artisans, technique of pottery production and sale of finished products. The study concludes that the Hira people lives under the shroud poverty and unless urgent measures are taken this inherent craft will not survive.

021105   Deogaonkar S G (NO, , 104, Vishwanath Apartments, Near Hotel Giriraj, KG Buty Road, Sitabardi, Nagpur-440 012) : Traditional handicrafts of the Gond tribes of Vidarbha, Maharashtra. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 53-5.

The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra State consists of 11 districts having a large, proportion of tribal population. Gadchiroli (38.75%), Chandrapur (19.70%) and Yavatmal (21.47%) districts have a larger percentage of tribal population as compared to other districts. In these districts, Gonds, Pardhans and Kolam are major tribes followed by Korku and others. Gonds, who are numerically predominant, are a part of Gond tribe accounting for one of the major tribal groups in India followed by Mundas. Traditional knowledge of handicrafts among Gonds in general and among Gonds of Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts in particular, attracts attention. An attempt has been made to present the traditional knowledge and skills, specially related to woodcraft and bamboocraft of Gond tribes of Vidarbha region.

021104   Chhetri R B;Gauchan D P (Environmental Science Dep, Kathmandu University, Nepal, , Email: rbchhetri@ku.edu.np) : Traditional knowledge on wood processing of Utis in Panauti of Kavrepalanchowk district, Nepal. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 112-5.

Aimes to communicate the indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) on the processing of wood of Utis (Alnus nepalensis D. Don) into various cottage products. Rural folk in Nepal has a rich folklore about indigenous utilization of different parts of different plants. Likewise soft wood obtained from mature bole of Alnus in the mid-hills of Nepal is extensively used in cottage industry for the manufacture of musical instruments, idols, toys, low cost furniture, cottage timber, electric wiring support chips, meter box, junction box, socket box, bulb holder, etc. The multifarious properties of Utis wood are much valued in the socio-economic upliftment of ethnic people in Nepal. Utis wood processing cottage industries are based on single species of Alnus tree because the wood is readily available and the soft texture of the wood enhances the processing conveniently to a greater extent.

021103   Biswas K R (Janapada Sampada Div, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi-110 001, Email: janapadasampada@hotmail.com) : Masks from the archives of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(1), 130-3.

Mask, used since antiquity for both ceremonial and practical purposes, are normally worn on the face, typically for protection, concealment, performance, or amusement. Masks are believed to embody the spirit of an ancestor, and symbolize a message of wisdom, prosperity, security, and power. Masks have been worn in cultures throughout the world for thousands of years. Masks are made of varied materials including paper, cloth, grass, leather, metal, wood and stone. They are painted with symbolic designs and vivid colours. Masks and their manifold forms are a very significant mode of cultural expression. The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) has a rich collection of masks from all over the world. The paper describes historical background, material used, traditional methods of preparation and cultural significance of masks from the repository of the GNCA. Also highlights the musicological, psychological and philosophical significance of these masks and focused description of the Chhau masks of West Bengal and Saraikela.

019074   Yadav S;Suri M;Parmar M S;Rao J V (Dep of textiles and Clothing, Lady Irwin College, Delhi University, ) : Eco auditing of the dyeing units. J Text Ass 2007, 68(2), 65-71.

Eco auditing of twelve dyeing units was conducted in the outskirts of Delhi, Meerut region and Bhadohi region to determine the water consumption, technology used, effluent generated and ETPs status, The dye houses covered during the survey comprised of both yarn dyeing as well as fabric dyeing units. The survey has given insight to the present status of dyeing units and has reinforced the need of up gradation in technology of yarn dyeing. Machine with low material to liquor ratio need to be developed that can help in reduction of energy needed, effluent produced and its treatment.

3 illus, 6 tables, 4 ref

019073   Selvakumar;Yuvaraj (Dep of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai) : Effect of twist and count on sensory properties of shirting fabric. J Text Ass 2007, 68(2), 100-4.

Work on sensory properties of the fabric was carried out with single cotton variety for yarn production with two different count levels and two different twist levels and then a square fabric was made with constant cover, suitable for shirting application. The above fabrics were subjected to objective and subjective evaluations to establish relationship between the above two evaluations. Sensory comfort is crucial in understanding and predicting human needs and behaviour and also it is one of the most important methods for modern enterprises in making sound business strategies to need consumers requirements and market competition. Consumer research needs to identify buyers product related attitudes and find market changes, in order to provide good estimations of changes to sales volumes. By establishing relationship between subjective and objective evaluation method. Sensory comfort level and levels of value addition by various mechanical finishing and chemical finishing.

3 tables, 15 ref

019072   Roy G;Bhattacharya G K (NIRJAFT, Indian Council for Agricultural Research, , 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Measurement and control of flyer speed of jute spinning frame adopting infrared sensor. J Text Ass 2007, 68(3), 140-3.

To facilitate control of speed in a manner that does not result in excessive end breakages, when blending jute with other fibres, accessories like infrared sensors and closed loop controlled drive circuitry were tried by the authors, which have met with limited success.

2 illus, 2 ref

019071   Ragheb A A;Ibrahim M A;Nassar S H;Shahine A A (National Research Centre, Textile Researh Div, , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Thermally treated cassia gum in white discharge printing of linen fabrics. J Text Ass 2007, 68(2), 92-9.

Galactomanan gum was isolated from Cassia seeds. The isolated gam subjected to thermal treatment in absence or presence of some chemicals. Results obtained revealed that thermal treatment of galactomannan Cassia gum has a remarkable effect on the solubility of the product. The latter depends on the nature of the material added to the gum as well as the time of thermal treatment. Water soluble product could be obtained only in presence of alkaline and/ or acidic materials. The pastes of these products at a concentration of 4% are characterized by non Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour and their viscosity depends on the nature of the added material. The viscosity of these pastes at a constant rate of shear follows the following order: the gum theremally treated in presence of ammonium chloride <62> the gum theremally treated in presence of oxalic acid <62> the gum theremally treated in presence of sodium carbonate. Finally, theremally treated Cassia gum derivatives ae evaluated as thickening agents in white discharge printing of linen fabrics.

3 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

019070   Nanal S Y (Text Consultant, , Pune) : Technical audit of a blended spinning mill. J Text Ass 2007, 68(3), 144-8.

Need for an annual technical audit for blended spinning mills and advised is pointed out that it should always be carried out by an external consultant, who enjoys the confidence of the management, as well as the senior technical personnel of the unit. Describes some uncommon tests that can help diagnose the working of blended spinning mills and gives some general parameters.

019069   Mokrejs P;Janacova D;Langmaier F;Mladek M; Kolomaznik K;Vasek V (Dep of Protein and Leather, Faculty of Technology, tomas Bata University nam, TGM 275, 762 72 Zin, The Czech Republic) : Thermal properties of hydrolysates of chrome-tanned leather scraps. Indian chem Engr 2007, 49(2), 108-12.

Deals with the study of thermal properties of several samples of hydrolysates employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Values under investigation were glass transition temperature (2^nd order phase transition), melting temperature, oxidative breakdown and degradative breakdown of hydrolysates.

1 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

019068   Mahale G;Judith Mott Ram (School of art and Design, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NGI 4BU UK) : CAD applications in textile designing. J Text Ass 2007, 68(2), 77-82.

Deals with textile designing with CAD and hense creative potential of CAD is measured and study of image quality is done.

9 tables, 22 ref

019067   Khali D P;Negi A;Singh J P (Composite Wood Discipline, Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248 006, Email: khalidp@icfre.org) : Particleboards from Parthenium hysterophorus. J Timb Dev Ass India 2007, 53(1-2), 3-9.

Suitability of Parthenium hysterophorus has been evaluated for making particleboars. It is observed tha suitable particle boards meeting the requirements of Indian Standard (IS) specification can be made using 14 percent phenol formaldehyde resing with 24.5 kg/cm² specific pressure for pressing the board without any sizing agent but the water absorption reduces further using 0.5 and 1 percent wax emulsion as sizing agent.

2 tables, 18 ref

019066   Khali D P;Negi A (Composite Wood discipline, Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Email: khalidp@icfre.org) : Block board from plantation speices. J Timb Dev Ass India 2007, 53(1-2), 36-45.

The IS: 1659 specification for block board originally formaulated in 1960 was subsequently revised in 1969, 1979 and 1990. Amendment no. 4, April 1999 was issued introducing the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) test with the specimen length size 14 times of the thickness of the board. Most of the block boards manufacturing industries were meeting the requirements of Indian Standard using the plantation species like poplar and eucalptus in the manufacture of block board. Subsequently the fourth revison of Indian Standard of block board has been adopted in August 2004 with increased speciment length size i.e. 20 times of the thickness of board. In the present paper, the properties, particularly modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of 20 block boards obtained from different industries are determined as per IS 1659:2004 and presented and discussed along with future research and development needs. Results showed that most of the samples meet the requirements as per Indian Standard for modulus of elasticity (MOE) test but failed to meet the requirements of modulus of rupture (MOR) prescribed in IS: 1659.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

019065   Gupta N P;Shakyawar D B;Arora R K (Div of Wool Technology, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501) : Equine hair: properties, processing and product development. J Text Ass 2007, 68(2), 83-91.

Equine hair can be used as a textile raw-material for the manufacture of furnishing fabrics and carpets. Processing of this fibre in pure form is not advisable since it is very coarse (40-50 micron). Its blending up to 30% imparts special effect to the product without affecting the carding and spinning processes. The product does not need any dyeing since a natural colour is provided by the fibre itself. Sorting of the fibre into different categories according to colour, its carding, spinning, weaving, wet process etc. are reported in this communication.

4 illus, 8 tables, 7 ref

019064   Goyal A;Samdani S;Dhakar A S;Panwar S (Text Chem Dep, M.L.V. Textile & Engg. Coll, Bhilwara, Rajasthan) : Study of interactions between disperse dyes. J Text Ass 2007, 68(3), 132-8.

When two dyes are used simultaneously for dyeing, they often produce colours that are slightly different from theoretical assumptions made even with computerized colour matching systems. The reason is different kinds of interactions between different dyes. Study reported can be solved by adding a small quantity of a third colour that can neutralize the variance.

7 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

019063   Gowri Manokhar R S;Renuka Devi M (Dep of Textile Technology, anna University, chennai-600 025) : Designing and development of medical textile garment. J Text Ass 2007, 68(2), 72-6.

Describes some of the techniques used to build circuits from commercially available fabrics using conductive materials by which sensing circuitry can be incorporated directly into wash-and-wear clothing. It also sketches the vision of a personal health assistance "PHA" opening up new vistas in patient centered health care which can comprise of a wearable sensing embedded in our daily outfit. There are several sensors to identify the biometric and contextual status of the wearer continuously. The integration of these into the developed circuit in the fabric could generate the `Life Balance Factor' LBF as an individual feed back to the user and to the surroundings affording an effective prevention, disease management and rehabilitation in the days to come.

4 illus, 3 tables

019062   Fatima H;Hakeem M A;Kamil M;Khan N A (Dep of Chemical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: mohd.kamil@amu.ac.in) : Transient behaviour of a double pipe heat exchanger. Indian chem Engr 2007, 49(2), 113-24.

One-dimensional dynamic models have been developed for a typical double pipe heat exchanger by writing a heat balance for the inner and outer fluids. The partial differential equations, thus, obtained have been numerically solved with help of computer program for two cases, viz., outer fluid at uniform temperature and both fluids temperatures varying along the heat exchanger tube. The double pipe heat exchanger used for computation consists ofan inner tube having 52.55 mm inner diameter (ID) and 60.33 mm outer diameter (OD) placed in another tube with 77.93 mm ID and 88.90 mm OD. The total length of the tube is 10 m. The fluid used on both sides was water with varying fluid velocities. The transient temperature distributions of inner fluid are obtained when a step input is given in the inlet temperature of the inner fluid for outer fluid at uniform temperature as well as with varying temperatures. The outer fluid temperature distributions have also been found under the above conditions. The results of computations have been presented graphically on temperature vs. length plots.

8 illus, 25 ref

018041   Imayathamizhan N M;Raghunathan K;Srikrishnan M R (Textile Technology Dep, A.C. Coll of Technol Campus, Chennai-600 025) : Selection of cotton for instrument calibration by improved sampling technique. J Indian Soc Cott Improv 2007, 32(2), 122-36.

The mass of the kapas and its distribution decides the properties of a particular fibre variety or population. Since there is a high variation in the mass of kapas even within a variety prediction qf right quality of cottonis often difficult In order to predict the correct quality parameter of a particular fibre group, a new sampling technique is proposed in this paper for testing of fibres taking into consideration. The quantity of mass distribution of kapas and Its qualities within a particular variety or population. To eliminate failures in the selection of the right fibres for the right application, the manually separated kapas from the locules were grouped with respect to their mass by measuring the mass of kapas using an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.001g. The grouped kapas were ginned using roller gin and fibres of each group were tested using AFIS as per the standard procedure. Finally, assessment was done based on quality parameters of fibres with consideration of mass of kapas and its quantity as well as its corresponding fibre quality using statistical tool. Significant differences infibre properties were noticed between the results obtained from the conventional method and the proposed method. 'The range of mass distribution of kapas, which is allowed within the particular variety or population, is also a crucialJ factor because it decides the "variation of fibre properties" within the variety or population. The lower and higher mass of kapas and its difference in quality will indicate the "Range of Fibre Quality Deviation".

6 illus, 5 tables, 4 ref

017006   Imayathamizhan N M;Raghunathan K;Srikrishnan M R (Textile Technology Dep, A.C. Coll of Technol Campus, Chennai-600 025) : Selection of cotton for instrument calibration by improved sampling technique. J Indian Soc Cott Improv 2007, 32(2), 122-36.

The mass of the kapas and its distribution decides the properties of a particular fibre variety or population. Since there is a high variation in the mass of kapas even within a variety prediction qf right quality of cottonis often difficult In order to predict the correct quality parameter of a particular fibre group, a new sampling technique is proposed in this paper for testing of fibres taking into consideration. The quantity of mass distribution of kapas and Its qualities within a particular variety or population. To eliminate failures in the selection of the right fibres for the right application, the manually separated kapas from the locules were grouped with respect to their mass by measuring the mass of kapas using an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.001g. The grouped kapas were ginned using roller gin and fibres of each group were tested using AFIS as per the standard procedure. Finally, assessment was done based on quality parameters of fibres with consideration of mass of kapas and its quantity as well as its corresponding fibre quality using statistical tool. Significant differences infibre properties were noticed between the results obtained from the conventional method and the proposed method. 'The range of mass distribution of kapas, which is allowed within the particular variety or population, is also a crucialJ factor because it decides the "variation of fibre properties" within the variety or population. The lower and higher mass of kapas and its difference in quality will indicate the "Range of Fibre Quality Deviation".

6 illus, 5 tables, 4 ref

017005   Belewu M A;Afolayan O M;Banjo N O (Animal Production Dep, Microbial Biotechnology and Diary Sciences Laboratory, IIorin Univ, IIorin, Nigeria, Email: milkyinka@yahoo.com) : Intake and digestion by sheep fed Rhizopus treated feather Terminalia leaf meal mixture. Biosci Res Bull 2007, 23(2), 103-11.

Effect of Rhizopus treated Feather Terminalia leaf meal mixture on feed intake and digestion by West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep was determined in a completely randomized design model for a 21 days period. Twelve WAD sheep (14.0 + 2.10 kg average initial BW) consumed the experimental Diet A (control, soybean meal based diet), B (10% Feather meal + 20% Terminalia leaf meal), C (15% Feather meal + 15% Terminalia leaf meal) ad libitum. Feather meal contained 85.13% crude protein, 1.06% crude fibre and 4.3% ash while Tenninalia leaf meal had 7.47% crude protein, 7.52% crude fibre and 4.65% ash. The results revealed greatest dry matter intake for diet A followed closely by diets B and C which are similar (P <62> 0.05). The same trend was recorded for crude protein intake, crude fibre intake, ash and NDF intakes. Conversely, the highest ether extract, ADF, lignin and cellulose consumed was recorded for diet C while the least was recorded for diet A (control) Apparent dry matter digestibility ranked (P <60> 0.05) diet B (70.32%) > diet A (65.08) > diet C (64.40) and crude protein digestibility was 83.84, 81.03 and 80.91% (SE = 0.88) for diets B, A and C respectively. The apparent digestibility of ether extract, crude fibre, ADF, NDF, Lignin and cellulose were greatest (P <60> 0.05) for diet B, greater for diet C and great for diet A Liveweight gain was greater (P <60> 0.05) with than without Rhizopus treated feather Terminalia leaf meal mixture. In conclusion dietary inclusion of Rhizopus treated Feather -Terminalia leaf meal mixture in a total mixed ration may markedly alter intake and digestibility of growing West African dwarf sheep.

6 tables, 15 ref

015998   Vivek Kumar;Sharma C;Yadav S;Shukla S (Peper Technology Dep, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001, Email: vivekfpt@iitr.ernet.in) : Food grade packaging handmade paper: an eco-friendly sustainable production system. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2008, 1(1), 12-18.

Cost-wise, paper packaging is cheapest amongst all the packaging materials. They are printable for labeling purpose and are environment-friendly as it is biodegradable. One of the most critical applications of packaging paper is food grade packaging paper. Since food grade paper comes in direct contact with food, it becomes really important to ensure the concentration of undesirable, materials (Le. some metals and organics) is within safe limits as per the BIS standards. In India, the manufacturing of handmade paper is a fairly well-established production system at the village G small scale industry level. It is an interesting technology simply because it uses only waste material, including rags, tailor shop cloth cuttings and agro wastes, and very small amount of chemicals in the process of making extremely high quality paper and paper products. In fact rag pulp is made from; mechanical process without adding chemicals. For this reason, the industry has been described as "eco-friendly" and one of the outstanding examples of sustainable development. The paper present the results of lab studies carried out on rag, jute and banana fiber on the possibility of manufacturing different varieties of food grade packaging paper. The paper samples were tested for metal contamination (Cd, Hg, Cr⁺⁶ and Pb) as specified under ECO MARK scheme of Bureau of Indian Standards and compared with mill based food grade packaging paper obtained from the market. It was found that all paper except rag based paper fail to comply these standards. Being chemical free pulp rag based paper shows lower limits of all metal contamination. The results reported in the papel are useful for food packaging industry, paper board industries, environmental agencies and research labs.

6 tables, 7 ref

013848   Dixit S;Jahan S (Clothing and Textile Dep, College of Home Science, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technol, Pantnagar, Uttaranchal) : Plum (Ziziphus jujuba) leaves as a source of dye for textiles. J Ecofriendly Agric 2007, 2(1), 63-5.

Plum leaves dye can be used on silk in combination with different natural and metallic mordants to produce shades of brownish - yellow, midbuff, steel grey and yellow. The use of different natural and metallic mordants increased the colourfastness of the dyed samples. The dyeing may be carried out as a cottage industry for providing employment as well as saving the environment and lessening health hazards. The plum leaves can be used for dyeing of silk with less expenditure on dye material, as leaves are abundantly available as waste.

3 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

012928   Grewal S K;Grewal N (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana) : Effect of enzymatic pre-treatment on dyeing of wool with natural dye madder (Rubia Cordifolia) using natural mordants. J Res-Punjab Agric Univ 2007, 44(2), 163-7.

The investigation was undertaken to study the effect of enzymatic pre-treatment with protease enzyme on pure wool before dyeing with madder dye.The conditions for enzymatic pre-treatment were optimized after studying the change in the physical properties such as weight loss, strength loss, loss in thickness, moisture absorption and flexural rigidity. The optimized conditions included 8.4 pH media, 1 % enzyme concentration and 45 minutes treatment time. The treated and the untreated wool fabrics were dyed with madder dye using each of the four natural mordants- arjun, babool, eucalyptus and amla, after optimizing the dyeing and mordanting conditions. The effect of enzymatic pre-treatment on the dyeing properties was studied after comparing the CIE LAB values and the colour fastness properties of both the pre-treated and the untreated dyed wool samples. It was observed that as a result of enzymatic pre-treatment darker shades can be obtained on wool dyed with madder and mordanted with arjun and amla whereas lighter and subdued shades can be obtained using babool and eucalyptus mordants. Moreover, many of the colour fastness properties also improved because of enzymatic pre-treatment.

2 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

012927   Bains S;Grewal N (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana) : Optimization of conditions for enzymatic pretreatment of cotton with cellulase enzyme. J Res-Punjab Agric Univ 2007, 44(2), 160-2.

Pure cotton fabric was pretreated with cellulase enzyme (Neutrox BDN 100 Powder) and the enzymatic conditions were optimized. These included pH of media 7, enzyme concentration 5 % (o.w.f) and the treatment time of 75 minutes, optimized on the basis of effect of pre-treatment on physical properties. The cellulase treatment produces fabric which is more absorbent.

2 tables, 7 ref

011938   Chattopadhyay B C;Chakravarty S (Civil Engng Dep, Bengal Engng & Sci Univ, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103) : Application of jute geotextile within surface overlay. Indian Highw 2007, 35(3), 21-7.

Use of jute fibers in Civil Engineering constructions is known from long time back. Applications of jute geotextiles to aid as a filter-cumªdrainage layer along with provision of initial reinforcing is well recognized. Reflective cracking is a common problem faced on the wearing surface of paved roads and overlays are used to resurface in such cases. Suggestion has been made to use jute geotextile in such application with advantage. The advantage of incorporating jute geotextiles in surface overlays has been demonstrated by an experimental loading test on compacted subgrade with and without incorporating jute geotextiles.

5 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

010848   Parasu Veera U;McKenna T;Weickert G (Polymer Res & Technol Center, Reliance Industries Ltd, V N Purav Marg, Chembur, Mumbai-400 071) : Multi-component mass transfer in a single particle during gaseous propylene polymerization. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(4), 345-51.

Mass transfer in the growing catalyst/polymer particle is modeled with dusty gas model (DGM), while the particle growth is described with Polymeric Flow. A Thiele modulus defined in terms of diffusion combined with viscous flow, is called viscous modulus, and used to analyze the dominating mechanism for mass transfer when there is an additional transport of reactant (convection) along with diffusion in a single reacting particle. Addition of high or low molecular weight inert/diluent gas affects mixture diffusivity and thus decreases or increases reaction rate respectively. Both propylene-N2 and propylene-C3Hg systems, which are commonly employed in industry, are studied. Effect of low molecular weight inert is studied with propylene-He system. Porosity and pore size effect on reaction rate is also discussed.

8 illus, 14 ref

007928   Hossain S K M;Anantharaman N (Chem Engng Dep, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Kilakarai) : Comparison studies on biological pulping of lignocellulosic agroresidue using tremetes versicolor and lentinus crinitus. Process Pl Engng 2006, 24(2), 41-6.

A comparison is made for the performance of the two white-rot fungus trementes versicolor and Lentinus crinitus for lignin biodegradation of the lignocellulosic agro- residue jute stick with amendment glucose as carbon source and I-alanine as nitronen source respectively. The bioprocess parameters are optimized for jutestick. The highest lignin biodegradation was observed with tremetes versicolor and Lentinus crinitus were 64.35% (w/w) and 62.85% (w/w) of jute stick with optimum doses respectively. The optimum time of lignin biodegradation was 12 days for bothe Tremetes versicolor and Lentinus crinitus respectively. The optimum temperature of lignin biodegradation was 40°C and the optimum pH of lignin biodegradation was 4.5 respectively. 30% (v/v) and 7 days age-old innoculum culture was used for the bioprocess studies. The optimization of bioprocess governing prameters shows an increase of lignin biodegradation of the lignocellulosic jute stick.

21 ref

004365   Mahadwad O K;Jasra R V;Parikh P A;Tayade J (Chemical Engineering Dep, VVP Engineering College, Rajkot-360 005) : Photocatalytic degradation of Textile dyes. J envir Sci Engng 2010, 52(3), 181-4.

The photocatalytic degradation of commonly used textile dyes, namely, Reactive Black-5 (RB-5), Red (ME4BL), Golden Yellow (MERL), Blue-222, Methylene Blue, and Malachite Green, has been studied, using TiO₂ (P25) as a photocatalyst. All the dye solutions could be decolorized. Kinetics of RB-5 oxidation reaction has been studied and was found to be of first order in dye concentration. Effects of different parameters such as catalyst amount, initial concentration of the dyes, and pH of solution along with biological parameters (TOC and COD) on the rate of degradation were studied. Experimental results showed that photocatalytic degradation of commonly used RB-5 was very effective at the optimum catalyst quantity of 2.5 g/L.

6 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

004364   Bulsara H P ;Gandhi S;Porey P D (Economics & Management Dep, S V National Institute of Technology (NIT Surat), Ichchhanath, Surat-395 007, Email: hemantbulsara@gmail.com) : Green techno-innovation to green techno-preneurship through technology business incubation: a case study of aura herbal textiles limited. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 3(2), 1-15.

In recent times, all over the world people are talking about Green Technology due to Global warming and many environmental issues. There is a strong need to do business by using green technology to save the world. Here, in this paper, authors have presented a case study of one company of India -Aura Herbal Textiles Limited which has developed Herbal Dyeing process instead of normal chemical dyeing process for cloths to create eco-friendly environment. The company has also got the patent on this technology. The case was written mainly from entrepreneurs hip point of view with emphasis on green technology - Herbal Dyeing & Organic Textiles also. This case study shows how Technology Business Incubator, CIIE - IIM Ahmedabad (Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurs hip) has played a role in helping this technology innovation to create business out of that. Some business strategy aspects are also given in the case study. So, this case study also gives the aspect of Techno-preneurship (Technology Entrepreneurship).

3 illus, 13 ref

003319   Verma A K;Ray A K;Singh S P;Banerjee D; Schabel S (Paper Technology Dep, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Review of recent advances in the use of thermography in pulp and paper industry. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 55-8.

The aim of the present paper is to shortly overview existing work and to describe the most relevant work and experiences devoted to the use of infrared thermography in paper industry. All objects at a temperature above absolute zero (-273° C) emits electromagnetic radiation, which fall in the infrared part of electromagnetic spectrum i.e. 1 to 1000 μm. This radiation is invisible to naked human eyes and termed as infrared. However, with the help of modern and proper instrument we can convert this invisible radiation to visible representation of the temperatures on the surface of the object. This representation of invisible to visible is termed as "Infrared Image" or a "Thermogram"and it becomes a versatile tool for surface temperature mapping. This feature represents a great potentiality to be exploited in many parts of paper industry, but this technique is still not adequately exploited in industrial instrumentation because of lack of adequate knowledge. At first sight, it seems too expensive and difficult to use. The present paper highlights the two applications, either as validating infrared thermography as a full measurement instrument, or as presenting infrared thermography as a novel technique enable to deal with several requirements, which are difficult to perform with other techniques. This review study is also an attempt to give indications for a synergic use of the different thermographic methods in various fields of paper industry.

2 tables, 28 ref

003318   Uniyal R;Tripathi P;Teuvo P (NO, Metiso Automation India Pvt. Ltd, 1st Floor, DLF Bldg. No. 10 Tower A, Cyber City, DLF City, Phase II, Gurgaon-122 002) : Advanced quality control (AQC)-in DIP. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 85-8.

In view of the increasing environmental concerns and raw material availability, recycled fiber is increasingly being used as a raw material for many paper, board and tissue grades. Recycled fiber degrades in its properties after each recycling process and hence creating the real tough task for the papermakers. The challenges a papermaker confronts when using recycled paper as a fiber source are many. How to cope with variability of fiber types, inks, contaminants and still maintain high yield of fiber for final products are the most acute. Importantly, keeping production costs to an optimum level at the same time is a challenge for the production line. A new process control system has been developed to reduce the impact of the deterioration of recycled raw material. The control system uses a mill wide approach to minimize the cost of paper brightness. The incremental cost of brightness for the multiple brightening agents used in the deinking process is determined by performing plant tests and analyzing historical data. The brightening agents evaluated include magazine content, peroxide, caustic, silicate, soap, hydrosulphite, and optical brightener. This information is used to configure the control system. A production advisory system has also been implemented which helps the operators set production targets that maintain the required inventory while minimizing the impact on pulp quality.

6 illus, 1 table, ref

003317   Uniyal R;Tripathi P;Pavlovick B;Peltomaki T (NO, Metso Automation India Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon) : Modern automation technologies in stock preparation & wet-end. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 155-8.

"Paper Records Its History". True! Most of the paper properties are set at the stock preparation and wet-end of a paper making process. Stock preparation is the section where refining of pulp slurry, blending of various pulp grades, additives, dyes is done in order to achieve a desired end product quality. Use of automation technologies in stock preparation can help achieving desired levels of freeness, pulp strength (by blends of various pulp types), brightness, colour shades and at the same time help keeping energy consumption (in refiners) and additives usage to a desired level, thus helping save the production costs & reducing environmental pollutants. The next immediate challenge is to retain these valuable fiber & additives received from the stock preparation on the paper machine wet-end. Fixatives and retention-aid chemicals are used to maximize the retention of fibers & additives. The target is better formation, machine runnability, machine cleanliness, optimum usage of retention aid chemicals & fixatives, minimum wastage of precious fiber & additives through drainage, lesser wet-end sheet breaks and the targeted end product quality. Advanced measurement and control technologies are available and implemented in the wet-end in mills all over the globe. These technologies have helped in fiber, additives, chemical & fixatives savings alongside better formation, machine runnability, machine cleanliness, desired end product quality and a cleaner environment.

5 illus, ref

003316   Tyagi C H;Dutt D;Sharma M K (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Cost reduction through maintenance of compressed air system in pulp & paper industry. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 99-102.

The pulp and paper industry is an energy-intensive process industry where energy contributes about 16-20% of the total manufacturing cost. Due to shortage in energy availability and increase in energy cost, energy conservation has become a necessity in the paper industry. Consequently, any process that significantly decreases the energy requirement in the pulp and paper process will have a significant beneficial effect on the overall energy input. It was observed that a significant saving can be done if the losses of compressed air due to leakage are limited to 5% of the total capacity of air compressor through maintenance. It is found that losses due to leakage in lubricating air compressors in Star Paper Mills Limited, Saharanpur (India) were 28.18% when zero load tests were conducted. Due to which, a financial loss was assessed to approximately Rs744245.44. The present study aims at maintenance practices of air compressors in pulp and paper industry in order to minimize air leakage to 10.5% by taking various measures. The maintenance practices of air compressors adopted to minimize air leakage are proved to minimize a financial loss of Rs. 464490.88per annum.

4 tables, 4 ref

003315   Somani K K (NO, Soma Papers & Industries Ltd, Indian Mercantile Chambers, 3rd floor 14, R. Kamani Marg, Ballard Estate Mumbai-400 001) : Banana tree pulping. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 89-90.

Acid hydrolysis with 2% acid on Banana tree resulted in segregation of fibres from the banana mucilaginous material. After opening and washing, the fibres can be pulped by normal process. The pulp obtained is equivalent to Pine Wood pulp with better double folds. It is suitable for various speciality papers like Greaseproof, Parchment, Bank Notes, Stencil Tissue, Tea Bag, Multiwall Paper Bags etc.

2 ref

003314   Sinhal D K;Agarwal S (NO, Chandpur Enterprises Ltd, Chandpur. Dist. Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh) : Costing evaluation for better productivity control. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 119-21.

Today is a volatile market. Prices of raw material are fluctuating, so are the prices of chemicals and other inputs. Exactly the same is the case with paper prices. With such fluctuations in the market coupled with low profitability, having a close watch on mill profitability is essential to survive in the market. The present paper deals with a system to evaluate the mills profitability on daily basis.

2 tables, ref

003313   Singh D K;Yadav R D;Malhotra R;Prasad K D; Gupta A (NO, Ballrpur Industries Ltd. Unit: Shree Gopal, Yamunanagar-135 001) : Reinforced oxidative extraction stage with higher H2O2 dosage-a mill experience to reduce the bleaching chemical cost and chlorinated compound for cleaner environment. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 157-62.

In order to reduce the bleaching cost and problem of organochlorine compound during bleaching of pulp, it has become necessary to reduce the use of chlorine dioxide in existing bleaching sequence without affecting the pulp quality. This study examines the effect of higher dosage of hydrogen peroxide in oxidative extraction (Hop) stage of four stage C/DEopD,D2 bleaching sequence. The objective was to determine the impact of increased hydrogen peroxide dosage in Hop stage on chlorine dioxide reduction, final pulp brightness, brightness reversion and effect on effluent quality. Lab results showed that hydrogen peroxide found to be a promising bleaching chemical, increase in peroxide dosage from 0.5% to 1.0%(100%H₂O₂) in Eop stage reduced the usage of chlorine dioxide in subsequent D₁&D₂ stage by approximately 4.0kg/MT with improved final pulp brightness and whiteness by 0.4 and 0.6 points respectively and reduced effluent color and AOX by approximately 15% and 6% respectively. However, COD and BOD of effluent were more or less similar. Based on the lab findings, a plant trial was taken by increasing the hydrogen peroxide dosage from 0.6% to 0.9% (100%H₂O₂). Similar observations were found, reduction in of C1O₂ from 14.5kg/MT to 12.0kg/MT with final pulp brightness and whiteness increase by 0.4 & 0.6 point respectively. It also helped in reducing effluent color about 19%.

4 illus, 8 tables, ref

003312   Shukal S K;Vivek Kumar;Bansal M C (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Application of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration treatment for the closure of E- stage bleaching plant effluent. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 159-62.

Pulp and paper industry is facing a major problem on account of increasing scarcity of water and stringent discharge norms introduced by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in the form of CREP (Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection). Large proportion of water being discharged presently will have to be recycled back into the system at the appropriate intake points with/without treatment. Membrane filtration technology, particularly Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration are being adopted increasingly in the paper mills for closing of process water streams. E- Stage bleaching effluent is very well suited for ultrafiltration process, because of its comparatively small volume and high molecular weight substances in it. In the present study, extraction stage (E- stage) bleach plant effluent was treated in the Ultrafiltration (UF) and Nanofiltration (NF) from the point of view of system closure. Concentrate of each stage is recycled back and permeate of ultrafiltration is fed to nanofiltration. Spiral wound polysulphone membranes were used for the purpose. The total membrane area was 2.51 m2. Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) were 1000 Dalton and 300 Dalton, for UF and NF respectively. Inlet pressure was 200 psi for each membrane. Variation in inlet pressure and its relation with flow rate was also stabilized. Significant removal of COD, IDS, Color, AOX and Heavy Metals (Fe, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn) was observed. The color removal is very high and permeate from nanofiltration can be recycled back in the system at appropriate point.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

003311   Saibaba K;Venkateshwar Rao M;Arul G;Hamsagar A S;Singh A (NO, BILT Graphic Paper Products Ltd, Unit: Kamalapuram, Warangal) : Technical upgradation in pulp washing & bleaching stages to improve the final pulp quality and to reduce the pollution load. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 45-9.

To meet the present day market demand in quality product, there was a high stress on pulp mills to deliver highest quality of pulp with low operating cost in production to maintain profitability apart from meeting the norms stipulated by CREP, Central and State pollution control boards. Keeping this in view, improved washing and bleaching methodologies were followed. Washing considerations for effective pulp bleaching in hardwood Kraft line and the application of suitable wash aid chemicals in the brown stock washing have proven to be the cost effective solution. By using wash aid, reduction in alkali (Soda) loss, uniformity and increase in black liquor solids are observed. Partial dosage of C1O₂ in Chlorination stage increased the brightness of pulp and reduced the pollution impact apart from getting improved pulp viscosity. Effective oxidation by the addition of hydrogen peroxide in E(o) stage increased the brightness of pulp and reduced the CE kappa of the pulp and filtrate color.

3 tables, ref

003310   Roy A K;Chattopadhyay S N;Khan A (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology (ICA, Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Effect of accelerated ageing on cationic starch treated lime pulp of jute. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 65-7.

Consumption of paper is an indicator of the development of the country. India being a high growth rate country the requirement of paper is increasing day by day necessitating a large amount of cellulosic raw materials. To meet this challenge several alternative ligno-cellulosic raw materials can be adopted in addition to the traditional raw materials like wood and bamboo. Jute deserves a place in the list of alternative raw material for paper manufacture specially in the handmade sector. Handmade papers have great demand in value added products like greetings cards, archival documents, certificate papers, chart papers and packaging papers. More over it serves the social objective of creating gainful employment to the rural poor, since 70% of our population live in the villages and nearly half of them are below the poverty level. Cold lime pulp of jute was bleached by the multi-stage bleaching method and finally the bleached pulps were treated with anti-ageing chemicals along with cationic starch and standard hand sheets were made. The bleached paper samples were subjected to accelerated ageing tests for 1 to 5 days following the method adopted by Preservation Research and Testing Division, Library of Congress, USA. All the paper samples were evaluated for their optical and physical properties before and after ageing. The study showed that the borohydride-hydrogen peroxide bleached jute papers treated with precipitated calcium carbonate along with cationic starch were highly resistant, whereas, the bleached samples treated with only cationic starch were least resistant to accelerated ageing. The study is based upon the values of the whiteness index, 457 nm brightness, yellowness index, burst index and fold number. The results are corroborated by the high pH value of the treated paper samples compared to the untreated samples, indicating the absence of aliphatic acids as a result of accelerated ageing. Thus high permanence paper can be obtained from the cold lime jute pulp bleached by borohydride-hydrogen peroxide process followed by anti-ageing chemical treatment.

5 illus, 2 tables, 1 ref

003309   Rolf B;Christina J;Lars Ake L;Yngve L (NO, Metso Paper Sundsvall AB SE-851 94, Sundsvall, Sweden) : Non-wood pulping technology present status and future. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 115-20.

Discusses the evolution of non-wood pulping technology and key challenges for future growth. Emission of dissolved organic material including chlorinated organic compounds is the main concern. Recovery of black liquor from cooking and reduced bleach plant emissions is the way to go. Abhishek Industries Ltd. and Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd. have demonstrated that black liquor recovery is possible. These companies have also paved the way for future development of non-wood pulping technology by implementing achievements established in the field of wood pulping technology. The next steps can follow along the same path. This would mean introduction of intensified oxygen delignification and ozone bleaching technologies combined with total chlorine chemical free bleaching, all of which have been tried out in full scale for production of bleached chemical kraft pulps.

9 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

003308   Reddy B H L;Nayak R G;Pal K V;Murthy R S R (NO, Mysore Paper Mills Ltd, Paper Town, Bhadravati-577 302) : Phenol sulhonates are the accelerators in delignification process. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 59-62.

Casurf is a non-ionic bio-degradable surfacatant, basically it is a sulphonated product of cardanol used as penetrating aid in pulping.. It is the desire of every one of us here to maximize efficiencies and productivity of whatever system we operate today. However our effort to fine tune existing operation or conservation of resources can only make a marginal impact on overall performance. In MHW ( Mixed hard Wood) pulping process, digester additives on a regular basis improved the hard wood pulp productivity. Active alkali reduction, knots generation and cost reduction were noticed in addition to absorbing the cost of the additive. Sulphonated product of caradanol (penta-decadienyl phenol) i.e. Casurfact as a digester aid, it improves the liquor penetration and diffusion into the chips by their surface active property has been far more successful with regards to improving the pulping efficiency. The hydrophilic-liphophilic water soluble additive improves the pulping. Their unique wetting mechanism of the chips alkali penetration into the chips is the key to efficient pulping. The work presented in this paper was intended to identify the potential penetrating power of casurf and various surfactants both individually and in combination in Kraft pulping. The main objective of this paper is to judge the effectiveness of casurf in R & D Lab by various control cooks and with the addition of casurf at constant cooking conditions using autoclave bomb digester. The results that followed indicated Kappa number reduction by 20 to 18% (2 units), pulping rejects reduced by 1.5% to 0.9%, Screen yield increased by 4.4% to 5.0% over the control cook. The reduction in AA, increase in yield favors the deliginification in kraft pulping, lower in total solids higher organic solids in black liquor and significant changes in RAA, viscosity and hemi-cellulose show favorableness in the chemical recovery process.

5 tables, 10 ref

003307   Ramesh K;Reddy A;Rao S;Vijaya K;Gnanasekaran A;Singh A (NO, Bilt Graphic Paper Products Ltd, Unit: Kamalapuram, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh-506 172) : Best methodologies being followed in waste treatment system in BGPPL, Kamalapuram to emerge As An ECO-friendly mill. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 171-6.

Eco friendly activity are required to balance/maintain the eco system and protect from global warming. Legislation has forced the industries to safe guard global natural systems. Through improved techniques achieved the targets for water conservation by recycling and reusing to the maximum extent of treated effluent usage. The color of combined effluent was reduced by ferrous chloride treatment economically. Installed waterfalls system and reduced the level of inlet temperature, increased the aeration and reduced pollution load. Disposed of fly ash generated in the Coal fired Boilers for manufacturing of bricks which is used for Building construction. Saw dust generated in the chipper house is utilized in multi fuel boilers. Disposing of ETP sludge as filter cake to card board/egg tray manufacturing Industries. Existing system improvement to blow heat recovery for incineration of Non Condensable Gases (NCG) is carried out and continual improvement through Integrated Management System. To conserve our forest, the mill through its wholly owned subsidiary BILT TREE TECH Ltd is arranging saplings to farmers under its farm forestry activity and inturn through these plantations is meeting its wood requirement.

3 tables, ref

003306   Rajesh K S;Tamilarasy R S;Vijaykumar T; Subramanin S;Subrahmanyam S V (NO, Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited, Kagithapuram-639 136) : Impact of Bark on Fiber line and recovery operations. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 129-33.

With dwindling availability of wood, variety of species are being used for pulp production ranging from Eucalyptus hybrid, Casuarina, Subabul, Wattle, Blue gum, Acacia etc. Some varieties are used as such with bark, due to their thin structure and difficulty in removing. The bark portion of the wood is not desirable for pulping, due to its low fiber value and accumulated non process elements (NPE) such as Ca, Mg, Si, Cl, etc. which find their way into the process and also affect pulp processing and quality. The NPE's create problems in the process such as scaling, corrosion decreasing process efficiency. The present study discusses the advantages of bark removal from different species, on pulping and chemical recovery process. In spite of higher cost for debarking, bark removal does have economical advantage in terms of pulp throughput and decreased NPE accumulation in the system.

4 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

003305   Rajesh K S;Singaravel M;Sankaralingam P S S; Subrahmanyam S V (NO, Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd, Kagithapuram, Karur-639 136) : Color removal from pulp and paper mill effluent-methods and industrial applicatins - a review. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(1), 143-48.

Color and odour from integrated pulp and paper mill has been a matter of concern, on aesthetic sense, which has also been addressed in the CREP guidelines for the pulp and paper industry. Though the odour problem has been taken care by installing systems for NCG collection and combustion, the color removal from effluent, on a continuous industrial scale, has been an aspect of research for several years. Many technologies and methods have been tried out successfully in bench scale and even on pilot plant scale. However there is no proven method for color removal from pulp and paper mill effluent, so far, on an industrial scale. There has been several promising methods demonstrated, which need a combination of techniques. This paper reviews the color removal techniques so far studied. Color reduction at source is the most practical.

8 ref

003304   Rajasnkar R;Arunprasath P;Rajesh K S; Kumaraguru K (NO, Tamil Nadu Newsprint & Paper Ltd, Kagithapuram-639 136) : Comparative study of eucalyptus hybrid pulp properties for conventional batch cooking and superbatchTM Cooking. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(2), 113-6.

The differences in the process of Kraft pulping in conventional batch digester and super batch digester was studied and presented. Conventional batch cooking is followed by CEPHH bleaching sequence and superbatch cooking is followed by oxygen delignification and D_HT (EOF) D, bleaching sequence. Cooking parameters for both digesters was analysed and presented. The proximate analysis for the wood was carried out. The pulp was collected from each stage and the hand sheets were formed for 60 gsm. The pulp hand sheets was analysed for strength properties and optical properties according to the TAPPI test methods T220 sp-01. The strength properties of the pulp for both cooking were compared and presented. The formation and presence of Hexenuronic acid in conventional cooking and superbatch cooking was also studied. Hexenuronic acid presence was determined using TAPPI test method T282 pm-07 and the result was presented.

4 illus, 4 tables, ref