014281   Sandeep D N;Shivaprakash A V;Maharaddi V H (NO, Govt. S.K.S.J.T. Institute, K.R. Circle, Bangalore) : Development of bamboo/spun silk blended yarn for knitted garments. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(3), 89-94.

At the moment people are looking for more comfortable cloths which enhance their personality. One way of achieving this is by blending of fibres having different characteristics which provide the combined effect in resultant yarn and fabric produced. The article describes work on blend of bamboo, a regenerated fibre from bamboo plant; and silk, an animal protein fibre secreted by silkworm. An attempt was made to develop Bamboo/Silk blend yarn on short staple spinning. Yarns with 50/50, 75/25 and 25/75 blend ratio were produced along with 100% bamboo and 100% silk. Suitable process parameters for yarn on short staple spinning were developed. The yarns thus produced, were tested for various physical properties. Same yarn was utilised in the production of knitted fabric samples with Flat Bed Knitting Technology and analyzed for fabric properties.

10 illus, 9 tables, 10 ref

014280   Sachin Kumar;Singh S P;Mishra I M;Adjolaro D K (Paper Technology Dep, indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur) : Bioethanol production from lignoellulosic biomass. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 143-50.

The various thermophilic strains were isolated from the soil samples collected from the dumping site of sugarcane bagasse and screened by using phenol red broth. Only one microorganism showed fermentation activity on all the substrates except lactose and cellulose. This strain was selected for further fermentation studies and characterized as yeast Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453. The yeast strain showed the growth and fermentation on glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, sucrose, cellobiose and lactose. The optimum conditions for growth and fermentation were found to be 50°C temperature and 5.0 pH. About 92 % of the sugars present in the bagasse biomass could be recovered by acid hydrolysis in two steps, firstly with dilute acid to hydrolyze hemicelluloses and then with concentrated acid to hydrolyze cellulose. Fermentation of the bagasse hydrolysate with Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453 was studied separately for hydrolysates obtained by dilute acid hydrolysis and by concentrated acid hydrolysis.

6 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

014279   Reddy B H L;Swamy G P V;Prabhu N P;Pai K V (NO, The Mysore Paper Mills Ltd., P.O. Papertown, Bhadravathi-577 302) : The chemical dispersion is a debut inde-inking of ONP/OMG using displector. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 139-41.

Forest depletion prompted us to explore the possibility of waste paper recycling employing an efficient method of de-inking of ONP/OMG with advanced methods of waste paper sorting. NFD of ONP using SCS have been dispersing and collecting action are poised for excelling in the de-inking process at 60°e displector action of hydrophilic-lipophilic SCS anticipated that no need of mechanical disperser using pre-flotation of the de-inking process. Chemical dispersive action of SCS using CSRMP spent liquor separates the inky foam on the surface of the flotation cell anticipate that, the brightness gain 55 to 58% in ONP, 75 to 80% in ONB, 65 to 75% in OMG, reduction in dirt counts with specky waste paper to tolerable dirt counts, in DIP pulp sheets produced by ZcFD process as compared with conventional alkaline de-inking. ZcFD with low caustic low and sodium silicate produced less micro and macro stickies in the final mechanical and chemical based pulp with virgin pulp could save wood, water, energy and chemicals. According to socio- conomic concern, recycling of fiber is the only way to manufacture eco-paper; it would claim carbon credits also.

2 illus, 4 tables, 3 ref

014278   Raut S B;Vasavada D A;Chaudhari S B (Textile Engg Dep, M.S. University, Vadodara) : Nano particles - application in textile finishing. Man Made Text India 2010, 54(12), 432-7.

Nanotechnology has opened up, immense possibilities in textile finishing area resulting into innovative new finishes as well as new application techniques which can provide high durability for fabrics Nano-particles have a large surface area to volume ratio and high surface energy thus presenting better affinity for fabrics and leading to an increase in durability of the function. The properties imparted to textiles using nano technology include water repellency, stain repellency, anti-bacteria effect, UV protection, flame retardancy, improvement in dye ability etc.

17 ref

014277   Rakshit R (NO, The Synthetic and Art Silk Mills' Research Association, Worli, Mumbai) : Skin care textiles. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(3), 81-5.

Skin care textiles are novel concept of releasing cosmetic active substances to human skin. This paper discusses the importance of skin care textile with help of microencapsulation and grafting of cyclodextrins using aloe vera as one of the main ingredient, which directly offers similar function as the cosmetic cream or lotion used in our daily life. It is an alternate use of cosmetics suitable for modern day busy life.

^iia4 illus, 8 ref

014276   Rajesh K S;Singaravel M;Subrahmanyam S V (NO, Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited, Kagithapuram-639 136) : Cip size distribution - a lot can happen over its variation. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 93-6.

Global competitiveness has forced mills to adopt the latest in technologies to be more energy efficient and environment friendly, in spite of high capital investment. Adopting the newer technologies also demand a higher uniformity in input parameters. Though many of the mills have switched over to the modernised kraft cooking process such as Superbatch, RDH, little importance has been bestowed on the input raw material. With depletion of forest resources, mills use variety of woods that are locally available. In this process the output chips generated from variety of woods of varying dimensions from a single chipper has a spectrum of chip size distribution forcing to vary the pulping conditions in the digester. Studies were undertaken on the effect of Overthick chips on various parameters, not only on pulping but also on the related effects such as alkali loss, effluent discharge properties etc and surprisingly a positive correlation between chips quality and different effects could be deduced, on a plant scale. Options for handling the overthick chips generated have also been discussed and effect of overthick chip pretreatment on pulping was also studied. The paper gives an overall picture of the effect of the chip size distribution variation on the pulpmill performance and ways to contain the effect.

3 tables, 3 ref

014275   Raghuveer S (NO, ITC Ltd., PSPD, Unit : Bhadrachalam Vill. Sarapaka-507 128) : Cometitive environment friendly pulping and bleaching strategy. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 103-8.

Indian Paper Industry is witnessing a rapid progress in adopting cleaner technologies. But for many reasons, much of this effort has been focused on large size mills only. Process of pulp production generates systematic and extensive pollution while wasting large quantities of raw materials. Yet, waste can be minimised and pollution can be reduced significantly by the application of CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES. Which include; conservation of fibrous raw materials, chemicals, water and energy; eliminating the use of toxic chemicals and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes before they leave the pulp production stage and also enhancing the production capacities. Environmental concerns have necessitated measures to reach lower lignin content in pulp before bleaching. A lower kappa number in pulp means that the chlorinated organic matter will also be reduced in bleach plant effluent. ITC - PSPD. , Unit: Bhadrachalam, is also the leader in the application of cleaner technology in pulping and pulp bleaching. Also setting a BENCH MARK for the INDIAN PAPER INDUSTRY. It has implemented ECF technology five years ahead of legislation, and now progressed to an even more advanced Lite ECF (with ozone bleaching) technology with added capacity.

8 tables, 11 ref

014274   Paul P;Gon D P;Arora M;Pahuja B;Soni H (Textile Technology Dep, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat) : Effect of yarn hairiness on structure and properties of weft knitted fabric. Man Made Text India 2010, 54(2), 412-16.

The present work reports on the comparison of single and double jersey knitted fabric produced from combed and compact yarns. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of hairiness on physical, mechanical and dye absorption properties of knitted fabric produced from conventional and compact yarns, spun at the same technological and kinematical parameters. It has observed that the compact yarns possess less hairiness, better strength; better uniformity compared to the conventional ring-spun yarns and the difference between the structure of ring and compact yarn plays a significant role on the fabric properties. Knitted fabric produced from compact yarn has smaller stitch length, higher areal density, higher breaking strength, higher extension and improved dye absorption though all the parameters are same for both type of fabric.

7 illus, 10 ref

014273   Nanjegowda B;Kalpana G V;Rekha M (NO, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore) : Influence of cocoon traits on reeling performance and quality parameters of raw silk in silkworm Bomyx mori L. Man Made Text India 2010, 54(2), 397-9.

The cocoons of productive bivoltine hybrid CSR2 x CSR4 reared by different farmers were collected and categorized into three lots based on cocoon shell percentage. Comparison between the lots for cocoon traits, reeling performance and raw silk quality parameters revealed significant variation in all the parameters studied. The present study indicates that to produce superior quality silk of 2A and above grade, the cocoon shell percentage > 22% and filament length <62> 1000m and reelability <62> 85% is very much required. The assessment of different cocoon lots for cocoon traits, reeling performance and raw silk quality parameters are discussed.

2 tables, 9 ref

014272   Naithani A K;Singh Baljit;Kathirvelu T (NO, ABC Paper Limited, P.O. Saila Khurd-144 529) : Scientific approach to preserve non-wood fiber. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 97-101.

With the depletion of forest resources, using agro-residues as raw materials for manufacturing of writing & printing paper has become increasingly important. Agro-residues are the most potential fiber resource, which are helpful to sustainable development of Indian paper industries. Based on a great deal of researches, this paper summarizes and discusses some problems in using agro-residues as raw materials for producing good quality pulp. In order to achieve the same, raw material storage, preparation and selective usage of material are important. This paper deals how good quality paper can be manufactured with Sarkanda (saccharum munja) using selective fungicide namely Hexaconazole 5% EC in the stored Sarkanda stacks in raw material stock yard to minimize it's deterioration under extreme environmental factors, such as temperature, rain and internal fungal degradation etc. during long storage. (Say 7 to 8 months.).

^ssc3 illus, 7 ref

014271   Mohammed S H (NO, Novozymes South Asia Pvt. Ltd., 9, 1st Floor, Innovator International Technology Park, Whitefied Road, Bangalore-560 066) : Enzymatic deinking- a bright solution with a bright future. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 137-8.

The increasing cost of wastepaper is challenging recyclers to dig deeper into the wastepaper stream to remain competitive. Results of an industrial-scale investigation exploring the benefits of enzymeªenhanced deinking by reducing the chemicals with maintaining the required brightness. The results showed decrease in residual ink count with maintaining the more or less same brightness with reduction in deinking chemicals.

3 ref

014270   Mheshwari H K;Nair M B S (Emami Paper Mills Ltd., , Balgopalpur, P.O. Rasulpur, Dist. Balasore-756 020) : Development of pink news print from 100% recycled fiber by indigenous technology. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 127-9.

Imported Pink news print is being manufactured from thermo mechanical pulp or mixture of de-inked & thermo mechanical pulp and small amount of sulphate pulp is added for strength. On the request of leading news paper publishers of country, detail R & D studies were carried out with the help of indigenous dye suppliers to develop pink news print paper of International quality from 100% de inked pulp. Suitable dyes were developed by dye supplier for making pink news print of required shade. A complex logistic system developed to ensure that pink news print at PM#3 & white news print at PM#2 simultaneously can be manufactured by taking pulp from same de-inked plant. After successful plant trial it was commercialized in April, 2009 & well accepted by market.

5 illus, 6 ref

014269   Marimuthu P;Vetrivelayutham S;Sundarakumar D (NO, Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd., Erode-638 007) : Anionic acrylamide co-polymer as dry strength additive for paper. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 131-5.

Paper strength increased considerably when polymers are adhered on fibers in large amounts. Substantial gain in breaking length and bursting strength were achieved through the sequential addition of cationic and anionic polymers. Many different synthetic and natural chemical additives are used in the manufacture of paper for a variety of different reasons during the wet formation process. Need for an effective internal dry strength additive for papers that is readily soluble with water and easily compatible with the papermaking fibre is increasing and opens new opportunities of research in this field. Copolymers consisting acrylamide and unsaturated acids like acrylic acid along with acrylate monomers such as methyl methacrylate were synthesized and applied to chemical pulp and their strength improvement potential was evaluated in comparison to commercially available dry strength resin. Increasing the acrylic group in acrylamide backbone gives a dry strength resin imparting better strength to paper. Addition of acrylate group like methacrylate still further enhances the efficiency. As Indian paper mills utilizing mostly short fibered pulps of diversified raw materials, the need for developing a suitable Dry strength resin to cope with increasing machine speeds is warranted.

4 tables, 15 ref

014268   Kulkarni A G (Wood & Pulp Research Center, Harihar Polyfibers - A Unit of Grasim Industries Limited, Kumarapatnam, Karnataka) : Removal of non - process elements in chmical ecovery - a review of technologies. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 113-18.

Pulp mills have tightened their liquor cycle to improve the spill control and decrease the chemical losses. Closing up the liquor cycle has resulted in build-up of non process elements (NPE), such as potassium and chloride in the pulping and chemical recovery cycle. Majority of the mills in India, which are using wood as their main raw material are faced with the problem of severe build-up of these NPE. Chloride & Potassium enter the liquor cycle through wood, process water and chemicals. Depending on the quality of wood, degree of recycling of liquor streams and process technologies applied, these NPE's may cause severe production related problems in the chemical recovery. Due to their high volatile nature at high temperature 'CI' and 'K' compounds (Na CI and KCI) vaporize from recovery boiler char bed and becomes enriched in electro static precipitator ash. These non-process elements, despite their small quantities in black liquor can drastically lower the melting temperature of ash deposits leading to severe fouling of heat transfer areas of recovery boiler thereby adversely affecting the thermal efficiency. The Wood & Pulp Research Centre at Harihar Polyfibers initiated the research work on review of available technologies for removal of non-process elements in chemical recovery cycle and laboratory investigation on various techniques, which have potential application in reducing the build-up of non-process elements. The present paper highlights the problems associated with build-up of non-process elements in chemical recovery cycle and the status of established technologies and also findings of laboratory scale studies on removal of non-process elements at Wood & Pulp Research Centre, employing the cooling and evaporative crystallizations. The paper discusses about various commercially available technologies like- leaching of ESP ash, evaporative crystallization, cooling crystallization, and Ion exchange for removal of potassium and chloride from the ESP ash and relevance of these technologies to mills in India and also the case studies involving the impact of removal of potassium and chloride on the performance of chemical recovery boilers.

8 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

014267   Kariyappa;Rao P M D;Somashekar T H (NO, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Bo, Mysore) : Physical and comfort properties of mulberry, white eri and red eri spun silk yarn woven fabrics. Man Made Text India 2010, 54(12), 438-46.

In this paper mulberry, white eri and red eri pierced cocoons have been - successfully spun on worsted spinning system. These fabrics were tested for mechanical properties, according to international standard testing methods. The results were compared and analyzed as per the requirement of the industry. The study reveals that both eri spun silk fabrid are durable, soft, best crease resistance and have better aesthetic, tactile and thermal comfort property than mulberry spun silk fabrics.

5 tables, 6 ref

014266   Jayalakshmi I;Jijvana R (Costume Design & Fashion Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore) : Effect of treated natural dyed knit mesh material. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(3), 95-100.

Natural dyes are gaining importance once again as being non-pollutant, non allergic, ecofriendly etc. The paper deals with application of selected natural dyes in conjuction with material s to knitted mesh fabrics. The dyed samples were eraluated for objective and synjective performance.

14 tables, 4 ref

014265   Dubey A;Mittal N D (Applied Mechanics Dep, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462 003) : Behaviour of natural fiber (Banana fiber) composites. Int J Mater Sci 2010, 5(1), 37-50.

This work pertains to utilization of the Banana fiber developed from the stem of Banana tree. After harvesting the ripe Banana fruits, the tree becomes useless and is thrown away. The main objective of this thesis is to develop Banana fiber composite materials, and ascertain its mechanical properties so that it becomes a useful product. The thesis consists of preparation of Banana fiber and development of Banana fiber composite materials. Banana fiber was prepared manually. Banana fiber composite materials were developed for various percentage of Banana fiber content. It was determined what percentage of Banana fiber content gave the best results for tensile strength tests. Other tests were carried out on this percentage of Banana fiber content which was found to be 28% by weight of Resin. Detailed analysis of the results was done regarding the mechanical properties of 28% BFCM. The properties were compared with Bamboo fiber composite materials.

6 ref

014264   Dixit A K;Thapliyal B P;Jain R K;Mathur R M (NO, Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Desilication of bamboo and straw black liquors. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 121-3.

Although wood is the most widely used raw material for pulp and paper industry, its availability is limited in many forest deficient countries. With the shortage of forest based raw material and to preserve the forest, the paper industry in Asia and other parts of the world is forced to use the non-woody fibrous raw materials. India is also one of the leading countries using substantial proportion of non-wood raw materials such as bamboo, cereak straws, bagasse, etc. Non-wood raw materials are characterized by high silica cotent. Silica cotent in non-wood varies between 1.5 to 20%. Most of this silica present in the raw material passes into black liquor during alkaline puling. Presence of silica in relatively high concentration in spent liquors produced from pulping of non-wood raw materials creates numerous problems in operating a chemical recovery system efficiently. Evaporator, Recovery furnace, causticization and lime kiln operatiosn are adversely affected by the presence of silica in black liquor. (1). Effects on removal of silica from pulping and chemical recovery loop are going on for last five decades. Research work was carried out on desilication of black liquor and green liquor using different techniques like addition of cations (lime ad alumina) and reduction of pH. None of the methods tried by earlier researcheers succeeded at plant level. CPPRI initiated extensive research work on desilication of bamboo and reeds black liquor in early eighties and finally came out with a techonology highly successful at commercial level. Due to mounting pressure of environmentalist and pollution control autorities installation of lime Kiln is mandatory and land filling of lime sludge is not allowed any longer. In present context, desilication of black liquor will be an integral part of chemical recovery in pulp mills based on silica rich fibrous raw materials. The present paper highlights the basics of Desilication technology developed by CPPRI and results obtained on pilot and commercial scale desilication of bamboo and rice straw black liquor. The successful demonstration of desilication both bamboo and ricde straw black liquor have further confirmed the efficacy of CPPRI desilication technology in wide range of silica content (2-15 gpl).

2 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

014263   Desai A;Raviprakash N (Textile Technology Department, Sarajanik College of Engg, Surat) : Effect of plasma treatment on the properties of cotton, polyester and polyester/cotton fabrics. Man Made Text India 2010, 54(12), 447-51.

A mini glow discharge (Plasma) system was developed to study the plasma treatment on Textile material and check the properties of Plasma treated Cotton, Polyester and polyester Cotton blend material. The properties of the plasma treated fabrics were studied.

3 tables, 4 ref

014262   Bilson S (NO, Pall India Pvt. Ltd., 6th Floor, Sumer Plaza Marol Maroshi Road, Andheri-East, Mumbai-400 059) : Contamination control in hydraulic and lubrication systems of paper industries. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 151-5.

The modern paper making process creates a very demanding environment for the hydraulic fluids and lubricants used on a typical paper machine, due to the inevitable presence of particulate contamination, water and steam throughout the mill, which can become ingressed in the hydraulic fluids and lubricants, through faulty seals, reservoir access ports, tank breathers, and other points of ingression. The presence of particulate contamination in hydraulic fluids and lubricants can cause wear of critical system components, such as bearings, valves, and pumps, and can lead to reduced product quality, reduced component life, reduced equipment uptime, and reduced productivity. The presence of water in hydraulic fluids and lubricants can have wide-ranging effects on system components. Surface corrosion, probably the most obvious effect, is directly linked to the presence of free bulk water. Accelerated metal surface fatigue, such as in bearings, can be promoted even if all the water present in the fluid is dissolved. Furthermore, dissolved water can also adversely affect fluid properties, by accelerated oxidation of the fluid base stock and premature depletion of additives due to additive precipitation or chemical reactions involving additives. The detrimental effects of particulate and water contamination are compounded by the paper industry's development towards more power, more throughput, and longer service intervals. In this paper, the author discusses the benefits of implementing a comprehensive approach to cleanliness control for hydraulic and lubrication systems typically used in the paper machine areas, coupling high efficiency filtration systems for the removal of particulate contamination with vacuum dehydration purifiers for the removal of free and dissolved water, and diagnostic instrumentation for measurement of levels of particulate and water contamination.

3 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

014261   Basu B (NO, Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli. Dist: Bildana) : To improve the production in texturising process. Man Made Text India 2010, 54(2), 407-11.

In every industry the important aspects are production, efficiency and best quality. These factors depend upon raw material, machine condition, human skill, methods and processes adopted by the industry. It has been also found that in spite of good raw material and proper machine condition, the production or efficiency or qualities varies from machine to machine because of lack in vision and inattentiveness. This paper is a tool to guide the industries that even with best raw materials and machines one can not achieve the production until they adopt a proper system, style of working and going through the problem. In spite of having good and trained manpower some industries suffer with production loss because of lack of in-depth knowledge with practical approach. People at shop floor should know where more and prompt attentions are to be emphasized. At every stage process audit is also required. The details of process audits are also described. This paper highlights the facts with figure that everything needs consistency and proper root canalling without adding any cost.

4 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

014260   Bapuji G;Ramana P V;Sri P K (The A.P. Paper mills Ltd., , Rajahmundry-533 105) : Installation of green liquor dregs filter press system - an environmental friendly and chemical recovery measure. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 119-20.

1 illus, 5 tables

014259   Aparna P;Devi A S (Apparel & Textiles Dep, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad) : Consumer preference for banana blended textiles. Man Made Text India 2010, 54(12), 429-31.

Commercial production of banana textiles is still in market stage in India -and the production is limited for consumption by cottage industry. Banana fibre offers excellent market potential in terms of its eco-friendly properties as compared with other natural and man made fibres. For these reasons enzyme treated fibre was processed separately to produce yarns that were used for making fabrics suitable for upholsteries. The consumer, preferences for these fabrics were obtained based on lusture, texture, stiffness, thickness, drapability and suitability.

6 illus, 7 ref

014258   Abhay W (NO, GL & V India Pvt. Ltd., GL & V House, Plot No. 2C, S. No. 162/4A -5A. Pff. D. P. Road, Aunah, Pune-411 007) : Cleaner technology for 21<. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(3), 89-91.

he new equipment represents: on among pulp and paper producers, as well as extended use of secondary fibre, highly efficient pulp cleaning equipment become more and more important for achieving superior quality end products. Limited resources of good easy-treated virgin fibres complicate the picture. In many countries pulp and paper producers are forced to use low quality raw materials like hard-treated annual fibres or mixed waste paper containing various types of contaminants that require special treatments to be removed. In order to meet these trends, a new generation of centrifugal cleaners has been developed that feature a completely new design approach. This paper presents a new Cleaner developed by GL& V based on decades of experience in this field. New thinking in assembly design, Improved cleaning efficiencies, Lower energy consumption, Improved runnability, Highly flexible systems, More reliable operation, Easier maintenance, Retrofit possibilities.

6 illus

013088   Wang J;Zhang M (College of Papermaking Engineering, Shaanxi Science & Technology Univ, Xian'an, 710021, China) : Application the collagenous fiber in paper-making. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 131-33.

The collagenous fiber made from the solid waste of leather and plant fiber are both natural linear macromolecules. Some combination can be produced from these two different fibers. Treating the solid waste of leather by physical and chemical ways, blending these two different fibers to make paper can decrease the pollution of leather waste, also reduce the consumption of raw material for papermaking and improve the characteristics of paper. In this paper, the pulping capability of the solid waste of leather treated by multi-methods was investigated. The properties of the paper made from the fiber mixture were also analyzed. The result showed that by proper treatment, the solid waste of leather could be made into collagen fiber that can be used for papermaking. The collagenous fiber made from the solid waste of leather should get rid of collagen bundles which are negative factor for tensile strength of paper. When mixing 8% collagenous fiber, treated with 8%H₂SO₄, the tensile index of paper can be enhanced by 46.7%.

2 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

013087   Wadje P R (DKTE, Society's Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji, Kolhapur-416 115, Email: prwadje@yahoo.com) : Global recession-product and market mix. J Text Ass 2010, 71(4), 196-201.

Diversification is a product strategy in which a company derives its business and profit from a number of diverse products that differ in market or production characteristics. It envisages an increase in the number of products in the product portfolio of a company. In India many companies have adopted this strategy. It is usually adopted to ensure corporate survival, stability and growth and to productively utilize the corporate resources. Diversification, may be horizontal, vertical or lateral. In horizontal diversification, new products akin to the industry's current product line are introduced while in vertical diversification new products are developed products or vice versa. Lateral diversification, on the other hand, may be described as a move to expand product-line beyond the confines of the industry. Diversification may be brought about by internal research and new product development, amalgamation and absorption of companies, and by procurement of licence and patents for new products. The diversification strategy ensures a fuller match between product and market. But it is not a short-term measure. It involves considerable investment, long payback periods, enormous risks of product failure, uneconomic production, trap of full-line competition, and inter-product competition. The marketer task is to build a marketing programme or plan to achieve company's desired objectives. The marketing programme consists of numerous decisions on the mix of marketing tools to use. The marketing mix is a set of marketing tools. The firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market. McCarthy classified these tools into four broad groups, that he called the four Ps of Marketing: Product, Price, Place and Promotion.

2 illus, 14 ref

013086   Vyavahare M (NO, Murli Industries Ltd., Vadoda, Nagpur (M.S.)) : Use of bio-culture at effluent treatment plant in paper industry a successful story at Murli Industries Ltd.-Vadoda. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 100-101.

To meet present day stringent pollution control norms, there was a high stress on paper mills to deliver highest quality work with low operating cost within the budgeted limitations. Keeping this in view, biological treatment procedure is adopted. Use of blend of bacterial colonies in place of conventional urea & DAP dozing have proven to be cost effective solution. By using bio-culture in the system, help in complying with pollution board's norms have been observed.

5 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

013085   Sinha A S;Singh M;Singh S P (Chemical Technology Dep, SLIET, Longowal, Sangrur-148 106) : Use of non-magnetic fraction of pulverized coal fly-ash as filler in specialty paper manufacturing. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 117-120.

Pulverized coal fly-ash has been evaluated as wet-end filler in manufacture of specialty products such as decorative laminate-grade base papers. Fine sized fly-ash is available abundantly as solid waste from coal based thermal power plants. Non-magnetic fly ash particles smaller than 35 urn (average particle size of 19 μm) were used as wet end filler. Mechanical, optical, and surface properties of paper hand sheets were studied for different percentages of fillers. It was found that fly ash could prove to be a good filler for laminate grade colored base papers where very high opacity was sought but whiteness was not important. It will decrease the production cost of paper significantly. Utilization of fly ash will help in finding a new area of its use and provide new cheaper filler for pulp and paper industries. This will not only reduce the disposal and environmental problems but also give value to fly ash.

9 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

013084   Singhal D K;Gaur M S (NO, Chandpur Enterprises Ltd., Sargam Theatre, Chandpur-246 725) : Operational experiences & process optimization for supercalender. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 135-38.

Supercalender operational practices were analyzed in a coating plant, and different actions were taken to improve productivity and profitability. Installation of surface winder, bypassing paper rolls, and increase in warm-up time during startup, artificially improved climatic conditions in the vicinity of Supercalender have been found very useful. In this case study, such actions and their advantages have been described in detail.

4 illus, 1 table, ref

013083   Singhal D K (Chandpur Enterprises Ltd., Sargam Theatre, Chandpur-246 725) : Operational experiences and practices of mild steel MG cylinder. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 79-81.

Many mills are producing quality poster paper, some using MS MG cylinders in place of conventional CI MG cylinder. Their product quality is equivalent to those using CI MG cylinder, or even better in some cases. The object of this work is to show how an MS MG cylinder can be used for the production of quality poster paper, and how the different problems faced during the operation of the same can be sorted out.

^ccr1 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

013082   Singh R;Bhardwaj N K (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Enzymatic refining of pulps:an overview. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 109-115.

This review highlights the progress of application of enzymes in refining including various types of enzymes, mechanism of action and their effects. Refining is a papermaking process where the cellulosic fibres are mechanically treated, resulting in morphological and structural changes to produce desired fibre properties for a better quality paper. As different types of fibres react differently to refining, the refining process is carried out so as to take into account the type of fibres concerned. Refining requires a large amount of energy and is performed in beaters or refiners. Due to high energy requirement and problems related to fines generation by the conventional refining process, use of enzymes especially the cellulases and hemicellulases is gaining popularity. Enzymes are valuable in order to develop better fibrillation or net formation for better quality of paper, saving electrical energy, reduced steam consumption in drying operation and improved drainability of pulp. But, there is a limitation of using enzyme in that it can reduce the pulp viscosity. Although, the applications of the enzymes have been reported recently at mill scale but more research is needed to develop effective enzymes and to optimize process parameters to the interest of the papermakers.

^iia4 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

013081   Sharma A;Chauhan VS;Chakrabarti S K;Varadhan R (Thapar Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Research and Competency Division in Pulp & Paper, BILT Campus, Yamuna Nagar-135 001) : Control of degree of sizing through measurement of contact angle and surface energy. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 143-47.

Paper during lithographic printing, printing with water based inks, gluing operations and paperboard converting, and water based coating requires controlled hydrophobicity. Contact time of aqueous solutions with paper during all these applications is of milliseconds. Industries use various methods e.g. Cobb & Hercules size test to measure surface wettability of paper. The most widely used test in Indian paper industries is Cobb₆₀ wherein a water column is rested on the paper surface in 60 seconds. Interaction of water molecules with paper in the time scale can not be determined through the water absorption test i.e. Cobb test. On the contrary, the rate of absorption of water into the paper surface with respect to time is of paramount importance. The measurement of contact angle and surface energy are the advanced methods in this respect to determine the hydrophocity of paper. Understanding the behavior or interaction of water molecules in contact with paper surface is highly essential to control the sizing of paper. Attempts have been made to observe the wettability of paper through the measurement of both contact angle and Cobb₆₀ tests, and find the relationship between the two. In this regard, paper handsheets prepared in laboratory, sized with different sizing chemicals viz. rosin, AKD and ASA, as well as various commercial writing & printing paper samples were analyzed. The effect of filler viz. talc, GCC and PCC has also been shown on the sizing behavior of paper. Generally, the contact angle value decreases with increase in Cobb value. In case of some commercial paper samples, it has been found that the contact angle may not be the same at same Cobb values. In some cases, the contact angle values were higher even at higher Cobb values. The values of contact angle were different with different sizing chemicals even at same Cobb values. This study opens-up an arena to select the right contact angle for a particular grade of paper and fix-up the degree of sizing.

11 illus, 6 tables, 5 ref

013080   Senthilkumar P;Kantharaj M;Vigneswaran C (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641 004, Email: senthiltxt11@gmail.com) : Thermal comfort characteristics of plain woven fabrics. J Text Ass 2010, 71(4), 188-95.

Thermal comfort characteristics of plain woven fabrics made out of 2/60^s Polyester/Viscose in warp and 60^s Polyester/Cotton in weft, 2/90^s Polyester/Cotton both in warp and weft, 2/60^s Polyester/Cotton in warp and 155 denier polyester filament in weft, and 2/80s Polyester/Cotton both in warp and weft fabrics have been studied. The fabric characteristics such as air permeability, water absorbency, wicking, thermal resistance, fabric porosity, packing factor, density related to comfort characteristics are discussed. The experimental results show that 2/60s Polyester / Viscose in warp and 60^s Polyester/Cotton in weft plain woven fabric exhibits higher air permeability when compared to other samples, 2/90^s Polyester/Cotton both in warp and weft plain woven fabric shows very low absorbency and 2/80^s Polyester/Cotton fabric shows higher wicking rate than other samples. Thermal resistance value of 2/80^s Polyester/Cotton fabric is higher and that of 2160^s Polyester/Viscose fabric are lower when compared to other samples. The test results of thermal resistance, air permeability, wicking and water absorbency properties were analyzed using multivariable ANOVA.

3 tables, 16 ref

013079   Sarwar J M;Sabina R;Shamirul I;Tamanna S (Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr. Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh) : Optimization of D_oE_pD₁ bleaching of Trema orientalis (Nalita) soda-AQ pulp. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 73-78.

Deals with D_oE_pD_I bleaching of Trema orientalis (Nalita) soda-AQ pulp with kappa number 17.8. The effects of kappa factor, bleaching temperature and consistency in the D₀ stage on final pulp properties were studied. This allows a thorough understanding of the performance of these parameters so that the stage can be effectively designed and implemented in normal mill conditions. Responses of bleached pulp properties to the process were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS 15). The results show that high temperature resulted in the best brightness gain, with a small decreased in viscosity. To achieve better brightness, kappa factor should be within the normalized value 0-1 (0.22-0.24). It is also observed that the brightness will be improved if D₀ kappa number is lower under constant kappa factor.

15 illus, ref

013078   Saini S (NO, The Synthetic and Art Silk Mill's Research Association, SASMIRA Marg, Worli, Mumbai-400 030) : Ultrasonic cleaning technology for maintenance of weaving machine accessories. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(1), 13-21.

During weaving of fabrics, depending upon the fabric quality different types of accessories is used on a weaving machine. Over a period of time the excessive deposition of size and lint reduce their efficiency and degradation of fabric quality as a whole. The traditional methods used for cleaning are labour intensive, time consuming, inefficient and of low quality, and add to the cost of production. The spares are expensive and have to be replaced, if not properly maintained. Amongst all the new technologies being developed globally, the ultrasound technology is the most proven and versatile technology. In engineering industry this technology is also often employed for cleaning of jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, office equipment like printers, type writer parts etc., watches, dental and surgical instruments, industrial parts and electronic equipment where it could be used for cleaning an electronic device that has been exposed to particles which hinder its operation). After conclusive studies, ultrasonic cleaning system proves to be more effective compared to other cleaning systems presently used. Therefore, in this article the basic principles involved in ultrasonic cleaning and possibilities of using this technology for maintenance of weaving machine accessories has been discussed. The system can be used to clean/wash majority of loom parts, however it will be more useful for cleaning loom parts that require regular cleaning.

6 illus, 5 ref

013077   Sahoo S;Tripathy D K;Panigrahi J C; Harichandan A K (NO, Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Jaykaypur-765 017) : Formaldehyde:a useful bleaching aid to save on bleach chemical cost. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 89-93.

Presently pulp and paper industries use additives in pulping, oxygen delignification and bleaching to enhance the reactions and reducing the processing costs. Simple member of the family of aldehydes (formaldehyde) and ketones (acetone) having a carbonyl group (-C=O) are effective as additive to increase the efficiency of chlorine dioxide bleaching. The performance studies of these additives to bleach the pulp samples after ODL with our raw materials at two different furnishes (100% mixed hardwood and bamboo: MHW 20:80) have been carried out to a target brightness of 89 ñ 1 % ISO. The addition and effect of brightness gain was utilized for the reduction of high cost bleaching chemicals like H₂O₂ and C1O₂ in subsequent bleaching stages. The paper describes how formaldehyde can be useful in saving 10.4 kg/ton of 50% H₂O₂ solution or 2.66 kg/ton of C1O₂ in a bleaching sequence of CD-Ep-D. In the process, the resultant pulp quality was also found to be better with respect to brightness, viscosity and strength properties. A decrease in pitch content was observed alongwith a reduction of TSS in the combined effluent. An indication of cost aspect has also been covered in this paper. Acetone did not prove useful inspite of saving 12 kg/ton of H₂O₂ (50% solution) and 4.18 kg/ton of C1O₂ due to its high cost.

1 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

013076   Paul P;Gon D;Bera M (Textile Technology Dep, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pattikalyana, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana) : Effect of weft yarn type and pick density on tearing strength of woven fabric. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(2), 44-8.

Tearing is one of the most common types of failure in textile fabrics and determines the durability of fabrics. The tear resistance is the strength parameter, which characterizes the textile product with respect to its resistance to outer mechanical forces. The present study was to acquire an understanding of the manner in which the yarn type and pick spacing contribute to the tear resistance of woven fabrics as measured by the Elmendorf tear test. Three different types of weft yarn and three different pick spacing for each sample were taken to carry out the tear strength. The result shows that with increase in the pick spacing warp way tearing strength increases. Tearing strength of fabric produced from polyester filament weft is maximum followed by fabric produced from P/V blend and cotton yarn weft.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

013075   Pathak P;Bhardwaj N K;Singh A K (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Enzymatic deinking of office waste paper:an overview. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 83-88.

The utilization of the post consumer paper product in the production of new paper products is increasing all over the world in recent years. The use of enzymes in ecofriendly deinking of the recovered paper is one of the potential enzymatic application in the pulp and paper industry. Carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (cellulases and xylanases) and lipases can deink office waste papers by enzymatic liberation of the ink particles from the fibre surface or hydrolysis of the ink carrier or coating layer. Enzymes have optimal deinking activity when presoaked before pulping at mostly acidic pH and medium consistency pulping. Enzymatic deinked pulp shows improved drainage, better physical properties, increased brightness, lower residual ink, reduced chemical consumption, lower COD as compared to chemically recycled pulps. Enzymes are supposed to retard redeposition of ink particles onto the fibres. Use of cellulases and hemicellulases, in excessive amount may cause the depolymerization resulting in fibre loss and high BOD in effluents. Accordingly, although the applications of the enzymes have been reported recently at mill scale but more research is needed to optimize process parameters and to tailor the enzymes through genetic engineering techniques according to the interest of the papermakers.

1 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

013074   Patanwala H S;Dorugade V A (NO, , A/504, Kaif Towers, 40/44, Tank Bunder Road, Reay Road, Mazgaon, Mumbai-400 010, Email: huseini_87@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and application of cationic softeners. J Text Ass 2010, 71(4), 183-7.

Esterquats which are quaternary ammonium compounds having two long (C₁₆- C₁₈) fatty acid chains with two weak ester linkages, represent a new generation of fabric softening agents, having replaced the dialkyldimethyl ammonium salts (ex. DTDMAC and DSDMAC). Inclusion of ester linkages into the aliphatic chains has significantly improved the kinetics of biodegradation of the cationic surfactants, lowering the environmental exposure levels. This new generation of fabric softening agents combines a good environmental profile with the structural features required for an effective fabric conditioner. The basic drawback observed in cationic softeners is their yellowing property. Work has been has done so as to reduce this yellowing property by carrying out the esterification reaction in presence of nitrogen atmosphere.

5 ref

013073   Parthasarathi V (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Today's impose-hemostatic wound dressing. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(1), 10-11.

Hemostatic wound dressings help control traumatic external bleeding by enhancing or accelerating the natural clotting process through various physical reactions. The fatal traumatic hemorrhage remains one of the most challenging problems for military people. Currently, several hemostatic dressings have been commercially available for acute hemorrhage, however, they still have some limitations in terms of cytotoxicity, biodegradability, sterilization, and cost performance. Thus, the development of effective biocompatible hemostatic dressings that overcome these limitations has been in utmost necessity. >

5 ref

013072   Pant S;Mangal R (Faculty of Home Science, Banasthali Univ, Dist. Tonk, Rajasthan) : Modifying the dyeability of nylon for natural dye lac. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(2), 57-60.

The possibility of dyeing nylon with natural dye lac has been explored in this study. To modify the lac dye uptake, nylon fabric was pretreated with 1-4 dioxane solvent in different concentrations (20%,40%,60%,80%) for varying time (30 min.,60 min.) and temperature(80°C, 90°C, 100°C). Untreated and treated samples were subsequently dyed with lac dye in acidic condition. Colour fastness of dyed samples was also checked. It was found that solvent pretreatment substantially improves dyeing behaviour of nylon without altering fastness properties.

3 tables, 9 ref

013071   Nandakumar T;Gobiha S (NO, Seshasayee Paper & Boards Ltd., Erode-638 007) : Expedition on energy and environment at SPB ltd. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 165-67.

Energy has always been a vital resource in the development of any nation. The prosperity of a nation is measured in terms of per capita energy consumption besides GDP, GNP, etc. While the world has seen hectic industrial activity in the past century it has also come face to face with serious problems arising out of haphazard utilization of the energy resources. There are also many environmental issues with energy, largest being climate change due predominantly to the burning of fossil fuels and the direct impact of greenhouse gases on the Earths environment. Hence Energy Management has become a major concern in today's world. Rapidly advancing technologies can achieve a transition of energy generation, water and waste management, towards better environmental and energy usage practices using methods of systems ecology and industrial ecology. SPB has shown significant improvements in Energy and Environment management by way of adopting innovative energy efficient technologies in practice.

5 illus, 1 table, ref

013070   Nagaraj B;Muthusamy P;Murali B;Shahulhammed M;Murugananth N (Electrical and Instrumentation Engg Dep, Tamilnadu News Print and Papers Ltd, P.O. Kagihapuram-639 136) : Optimum tuning algorithms for PID controller a soft computing approach. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 127-29.

PID controllers are widely used in industrial plants because it is simple and robust. Industrial processes are subjected to variation in parameters and parameter perturbations, which may be significant and even, make the system unstable. So the control engineers are on the lookout for automatic tuning procedures. In this paper, the parameters of PID controller are tuned for controlling the armature controlled DC motor. Trial and error method, Continuous cycling method, Z-N step response method & Kappa-Tau method are the conventional methods whose performance have been compared and analyzed with the intelligent tuning techniques like Genetic algorithm and Evolutionary programming. GA and EP based tuning methods have proved their excellence in giving better results by improving the steady state characteristics and performance indices.

2 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

013069   Lala Sunandan (NO, Praxair India Pvt. Ltd., No.8, Ulsoor Road, Banglore-560 042) : Overview on the use of liquid oxygen to pulp and paper industries. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 159-60.

Most of the pulp mills that produce bleached Kraft pulp worldwide, majority of the kraft plant use oxygen delignification stage and use oxygen in their bleach plants. The advantage of using oxygen stems from the fact that it can substantially reduce the cost of reagents to bleach the pulp while improving pulp mill effluent quality significantly. As a major drawback, the oxygen bleaching systems, particularly the oxygen delignification require significant capital investment to be installed. Oxygen delignification is a process between cooking and bleaching sequences, where part of the residual lignin left in pulp after cooking is removed using oxygen and alkali. The reaction oxidized the lignin and helps portion of lignin to dissolve in alkaline solution. The colour is also mostly destroyed due to removal of lignin and resins. This process of lowing kappa number of the cooked pulp also reduces the chemicals in subsequent bleaching. Oxygen in its normal state is a weak oxidizing agent and in order to increase the oxidizing efficiency, one has to raise the temperature and pressure of the oxygen delignification reactor. Medium consistency oxygen delignification can be executed in one or two stage reactor and typical kappa number reduction can be between 35 to 40%. The above application consists of applying oxygen to a bleaching sequence through one of the three modes aforementioned. Depending upon the pulp mill, all three modes may be present, whereas in others only one or two modes will be present. In some cases none of the modes will be present, i.e., the mill will not use oxygen.

2 illus, ref

013068   Kumar R;Ray A K;Mukherjee S (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur-247 001) : Artificial neural network modeling & control for pressurized head box of paper machine. IPPTA Jl 2010, 22(2), 103-107.

A dynamic model for pressurized head box of high speed paper machine is considered. Analysis procedures enable' to anticipate the automation in the head box. An optimum, minimum control effort strategy is proposed. Simulated open and closed loop response records are computed. The simulated data has been used for training the neural network. Artificial neural network(ANN) model minimizes the interaction between physical parameters. In this paper, an ANN controller has been designed for headbox and both the controllers namely PID and ANN have been compared.

10 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

013067   Karthikeyan K;Prince P A (Apparel Technology Dep, S.S.M. Institute of Textile Technology, ) : Recent developments in protective developments. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(1), 4-9.

The protective clothing market is receptive to innovative new products. There is an opportunity and need for functional and cost effective materials. Due to increasing health and safety issue at work this may be an increasingly attractive segment. This article discusses the developments and advantages of protective textiles.

11 illus, 4 ref

013066   Janarthanan M;Vignesh R;Raja K;Anandhababu A; Rosy A (Fashion Technology Dep, Angel College of Engineering & Technology, Tirupur) : Comfort properties of high performance fibres for defence applications. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(2), 61-5.

The protection and defence textiles can be an integral part of the textile industry in which the protective fabric receives and absorbs the impending impact or energy in order to protect the underlying structure. Ballistic garments are obvious examples, where the assembled fibrous material is deliberately designed to slow down and reduce the penetration of an incoming projectile. They were a considerable improvement on the defence industry garments but were still rather heavy and uncomfortable to wear. In this protective garment the most widely used fibre such as para-aramids, Kevlar or Twaron continuous filament yarns are woven into tight structures and assembled in a multilayer form to provide maximum protection. These high performance fibre having high tenacity and good energy absorption combined with high thermal stability enables these garments to receive and neutralise a range of projectiles from low calibre handguns.

10 ref

013065   Gnanavel P;Poongodi S;Ananthakrishnan T (NO, KSR College of Engineering, Tamilnadu) : Sewage treatment techniques for textile effluents. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(2), 50-6.

Presents review of various techniques used to treat the industrial effluents. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment.

7 ref

013064   El-Molla M M;Abd El-Rahman A A (Textile Research Div, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Chemical modification of galactomannan gum extracted from fenugreek seeds via oxidation with sodium chlorite and its utilization in textile printing. Man Made Text India 2011, 54(1), 22-30.

Galactomannan gum extracted from fenugreek seeds was subjected to oxidation using sodium chlorite (NaCIO₂) under different NaCIO₂ concentration, pH, reaction time and liquor ratios. The products were analyzed for the acidic and reducing properties expressed as carboxyl and carbonyl contents, respectively. The rheological properties of the oxidized sample paste at a concentration of 3% were also measured. The suitability of the oxidized fenugreek gum either alone or in admixture with sodium alginate as thickeners in printing pastes was also studied.

4 illus, 11 tables, 21 ref

013063   Deepak Kumar;Garje A;Desai K;Gupta D (Textile Chemistry Dep, D.K.T.E. Society's Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji ''Rajwada'', Ichalkaranji, Dist-Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Email: deepak.tc10@gmail.com) : Dyeing without water. J Text Ass 2010, 71(4), 171-4.

The new emerging technology of dyeing called 'Airdye' is a really enthusiastic growth for Indian textile industry. Indian textile processing is one of the highly water consuming industries. Such technologies have reached the international advanced level and meet the state emission-reduction and energy-saving requirements for environment-protection products and new technologies of the textile industry, producing a good economic and social benefit and making a positive contribution to the energy-saving and emission-reduction work. This technology also reduces the effluent load.

5 illus, 6 ref