001878   Meena R C;Vijay Kumar;Gautam Singh (NO, , Warden Residence Engg. Hostel No. 4, PWD Road, Jodhpur-11, Email: rcmeena007@rediffmail.com) : Use of dyes in photogalvanic cells for solar energy conversion and storage : thymole blue and ascorbic acid system. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1438-48.

Photovoltages developed in system consisting of thymole blue as photosensitizer and ascorbic acid as reducing agent. The photopotential and photocurrent generated by this cell were 810.00 mV and 150.0 μA, respectively. The observed conversion efficiency was 0.8038% and the maximum power of cell was 82.06 μW. The storage capacity of the cell was 54.00 minutes in dark. The effects of different parameters on electrical output of the cell were observed and a mechanism has also been proposed for the generation of photocurrent in photogalvanic cell.

5 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

001877   Marathe B;Kantak A (NO, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai-19) : Nano additives. Paintindia 2008, 58(7), 113-32.

Nano-scale materials are said to have unique and potentially valuable properties in comparison to the same materials that exist naturally in larger than nano-scales, which can include greater tensile strength, enhanced electrical conductivity, and the ability to contribute to new chemical synthesis pathways. Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating materials at the atomic and molecular level to develop new or enhanced materials and products. One of the most advanced markets in the field of nanotechnology is in the area of modifying surface properties using nanotechnology. By using certain nanosized oxides well dispersed into the coating formulation, the mechanical properties of these coatings can be improved significantly. Especially nanosized alumina and silica is of interest because high-gloss, high-transparent coatings can be achieved by using nanosized fillers instead of micron-sized materials. Due to the nature of the particles, the viscosity of those dispersions is very low since there is no tendency for bridging flocculation, as for example in materials made by flame pyrolysis. When incorporating a small amount of nano alumina in a UV-curable coating system, the resistance against mechanical scratching can be increased significantly. Nano-Additives include stable colloidal suspensions of titan/a, ceria and alumina. These are the most technologically advanced nanomaterials available, with particle sizes less than 10 nanometers. The advantage of these Nano-Additives includes no use of surfactants, yet our colloidal suspensions remain stable. These Nano-Additives for coatings that must exhibit extraordinary ultraviolet light resistance and they have proven to help prevent marring and scratching as well. Nano silver is used as antimicrobial additive in hygienic coating application. Comb-shaped block copolymer and reduction by tertiary amine, which helps production of stable and highly concentrated pastes of Gold nanoparticles. Electronics, optics, catalysis, colorants and Surface, metal coatings are the possible fields of application of these gold nanq particles pastes.

^iia14 illus, 12 ref

001876   Kulkarni K;Gangotri L T (Surface Coating Technology Dep, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, RTM Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440 033, Email: kulkarnikoustubh@yahoo.co.in) : Glossy electrodeposition coating based on liquid alkyd resin. Paintindia 2008, 58(8), 75-88.

A new liquid alkyd resin was synthesized to be used in Electrodeposition coatings. The Alkyd resin was found to be in liquid condition at WO % solids without any volatile organic solvents (VOC free) with 2.5 poise viscosity. This Alkyd resin can be converted into VOC free water thinnable coating with excellent conductivity and film properties. The electrodeposition coating obtained from this Alkyd was found to have a smooth and glossy finish with air drying properties and excellent film properties. The electrodeposition time and the electrodeposition voltage were also found to be very low being 60 sec and 40-60 volts respectively to obtain a dry film thickness of around 40 μm.

4 illus, 15 tables, 5 ref

001875   Kirchner J;Heilen W;Vormberg R;Wolfgram D (Evonik Tego Chemic GmbH, , Essen, Germany) : Difference in formulating interior and exterior photocatalytic coatings. Paintindia 2008, 58(5), 107-12.

9 illus, 9 ref

001874   Kapole S;Swapnil M;Ganesh Z;Onkar R (NO, D.E.S. Technical Institute, F.C. Campus, BMCC Road, Pune-411 004, Email: sameerkapole@gmail.com) : Exacting & economical 2-K PU system based on polyester polyol. Paintindia 2008, 58(9), 97-104.

In today's growing automobile paint market 2-K paint system based on Acrylic polyol blended with Aliphatic Isocyanate coatings has major applications. But without compromising the quality of Acrylic polyol Polyester polyol system has been developed with lower expenses. Though process time and energy required to synthesise Polyester-polyol is slightly more than Acrylic-polyol system but still RMC of the polyester-polyol is lower than Acrylic-polyol system. Mechanical and Performance properties achieved by Polyester polyol along with aliphatic Isocyanate are as same as the Acrylic polyol-lsocyanate system.

4 tables, 8 ref

001873   Kabra Ashwini P;Mahanwar P A (Polymer Engg. and Tech. Dep, Univ Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, Email: pmahanwar@yahoo.com) : Acrylic polyols and their applications. Paintindia 2008, 58(5), 85-96.

High performance coatings and 2K coatings are one of the major applications where acrylic polyols are used. Focuses on basic chemistry of monomers, synthesis, properties and applications of acrylic polyols. The different areas where acrylic polyols are used are acrylic-urethane hybrid systems, wood coatings and preparation of bio-acrylic polyols. Acrylic polyols offer excellent aesthetics, hardness, gloss retention, excellent solvent resistance with low VOC. Acrylic polyols are the materials of choice in many applications and hence is potential area of research.

5 illus, 17 ref

001872   Junnarkar S (NO, , Asian Paints Ltd., Bhandup) : 3-D effect pigments. Paintindia 2008, 58(8), 117-26.

Conventional pigments interact with light by absorption and/or diffuse scattering. Whereas metallic pigment;; reflect all the light incident on it with flaky aluminium particles. But three dimensional effect or luster pigments show optical properties due to multiple parallel reflection of incident light by aligned flaky particles. Their main property is goniochromaticity, i.e. the change of lightness and/or colour hue with the viewing angle of the observer. Describes history of pearls luster pigment optical properties, manufacturing methods and applications.

5 ref

001871   Joshi V K;Sharma S;Devi M P (Postharvest Technology Dep, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Email: vkjoshipht@rediffmail.com) : Influence of different yeast strains on fermentation behaviour, physico-chemical and sensory qualities of plum wine. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 445-51.

Effect of different yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoides, viz. UCD 505, UCD 595, UCD 522, W and Tablet Strains on the enological and sensory characteristics of plum wines was determined. Different yeast strains influenced the physico-chemical characteristics of the wines produced to a variable extent. All the yeasts fermented plum musts to dryness (sugar content of 0.5% or low). The higher rate of fermentation was shown by 595, tablet and W yeast strain compared to 505 and 522. Out of various strains, UCD 595 gave the highest efficiency along with higher ethanol yield. The Tablet strain produced lowest ethanol in wine. The wine made with UCD 595 had higher titratable acidity and lower yields of aldehyde compared to other yeasts. The highest methanol content was found in wine fermented with the yeast strain Tablet while the lowest content of methanol was produced by strain W. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the physico-chemical characteristics showed that the parameters like aldehyde, methanol and tannins separated the yeasts into two groups, viz. one group had W and Tablet strain while the second had UCD 505, UCD 595 and UCD 522 ; TSS, acidity, pH, total sugar, ethanol and colour did not contribute to separation of yeasts. Sensory evaluation scores of different wines revealed that the must fermented with the yeast strain UCD 595 and W had higher scores for colour, taste, flavour and overall acceptability. However, PCA of sensory analysis showed grouping of yeasts different than that of physico-chemical characteristics; W, Tablet and UCD 595 made one group while remaining second group. All the wines except that fermented by UCD 522 were of commercial acceptability. It is concluded that the use of appropriate yeast strain for the preparation of plum (Prunus salicina Linn.) wine is very important along with other vinification practices as it influenced the chemical and sensorial quality of wine.

001870   Joshi V K;Sandhu D K (Postharvest Technology Dep, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Email: sharmawine@gmail.com) : Flavour profiling of apple vermouth using descriptive analysis technique. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 419-25.

Flavour profiling of apple vermouth of different treatments has been evaluated by descriptive analysis. A set of 45 different attributes were used in the experiment. The list of descriptors, concentration of standards and the details of technique has also been described. Based on the flavour profiling, the principal component analysis (PCA) separated the vermouths into groups having vermouths with less than or more than 15% alcohol. PCA was applied to the means of flavour scores generated from flavour profiling. All attributes analyzed across 12 vermouths and the eigen analysis showed that the data were three dimensional. The Ist 3 PCs accounted for the highest variation, with 62.5, 16.5 and 5.6% out of total of 84.5% variation. The PCA has successfully separated the vermouths with 18% alcohol from 12 or 15% alcohol showing the differences in flavour profile of these products due to ethanol content. The Ist PC was defined by astringency, ethyl alcohol, phenolic, amyl alcohol, like plum, grape, apple, apricot, cucumbers, black currant, berry, rose, acetic acid, synthetic, green/unripe, salty, lactic, sulphury and spicy while ethyl acetate, SO₂, allspice, musty, cabbage, earthy, sweaty, vinegary, citrus and raisin defined weakly this component. The 2nd PC was defined by acetaldehyde, caramel, sour, fatty acid, rubbery and bitter while metallic taste, sharp, mushroom and yeasty flavours contributed weakly to the 2nd PC. The vermouth of group 1 and 3-9 have been separated from others, based on their richness in apple like, plum like, amyl alcohol, apricot like, ethyl acetate, astringency and phenolic descriptors while these wines were not intense for citrus like, grape like, lactic, cucumbers, black currant, berry like, green/unripe, salty, soapy, sulphury and vinegary descriptors. Vermouth of 10-12 defined by 2nd PC with flavour tones of acetaldehyde and caramel correlated highly with this PC while these were related weakly with sour, fatty acid, bitter, rubbery and these attributes have been highly related with vermouth of treatment 12. The sugar concentration must have affected other parameters important in sensory qualities such as bitterness. It is concluded that the descriptors described here can characterize apple vermouth of different quality attribute. Descriptive analysis along with PCA could be used for characterizing the product with respect to flavour and as a tool for further improvement in the quality of the product.

001869   Gupta J K;Sharma R (Entomology and Apiculture Dep, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Email: jkg393@gmail.com) : Production technology and quality characteristics of mead and fruit-honey wines: a review. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 345-55.

Mead is perhaps the oldest fermented drink in the world, yet it is difficult to find it commercially. A brief review of the history of mead, its value as a health tonic and technology of mead production has been given in the present paper. Fermentation of honey can be used to produce different varieties of mead, sherry, sparkling wine and fruit-honey wines and it may have different flavours depending upon floral source of honey, additives and type of yeast used in the fermentation. Honey which is the raw material to produce mead shows lot of variations in colour and composition which are likely to affect the end product (mead) produced. Composition of honey from different floral sources has also been described. One of the unique characters of honey is that it contains many minor constituents which are responsible for antioxidant activity of mead. Information on physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory evaluation of mead and honey wines prepared by using fruit juices has also been summarised.

001868   Gill A;Joshi V K;Rana N (Postharvest Technology Dep, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan -173230, Email: vkjoshipht@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of preservation methods of low alcoholic plum wine. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 392-405.

Natural wine from Plums, Prunus salicina Linn. (cv.`Santa Rosa')was prepared and standardized the preservation technique of low alcoholic wine. The wine was blended with sand pear juice at the rate of 20 and 30%. The blends were preserved with heat treatments i.e. by pasteurizing the wine at different temperatures for different intervals of time and by chemical preservatives using sodium benzoate (NaB) and sulphur dioxide @100 ppm each. In all the treatments, there was no change in TSS, acidity and alcohol concentration whereas when heating either at 70 or 80°C for 10 or 2 min., respectively was carried out in comparison to the control (without heating or any preservative), highest reduction in TSS, increase in alcohol concentration and acidity took place. The heat treatment given to the wine showed complete elimination of microorganisms hence can be used for preservation of low alcohol wine.

001867   Ghazi T I M;Soon How E;Ali A;Sapuan S M (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Dep, Putra Malaysia Univ, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: aidy@eng.upm.edu.my) : Wastewater treatment using photochemical oxidation. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1241-65.

The heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of methylene blue (M. B.) dye in aqueous solution was investigated in a measuring cylinder reactor by using immobilized TiO₂ catalyst. A commercially available titanium dioxide, TiO₂ was used as a photocatalyst. The influence of various parameters, including the effects of immobilized photocatalyst loading and concentration of pollutant (methylene blue) under constant temperature (room temperature), stirring rate and UV light intensity were examined. The reaction rate was affected by the amount of catalyst loading, and the reaction rate and efficiency of degradation is directly proportional to photocatalyst loading. The decomposition rate of methylene blue was depending on the initial dye concentration. After degradation of the dye solution, 65.79% of COD disappeared when the 6 ppm MB solution was applied during the ten run recycle reactions. The efficiency of immobilized photocatalyst was still high after ten runs recycle of 15 minutes photodegradation reaction. The result obtained proved that the heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of methylene blue dye using immobilized TiO₂ catalyst is viable. An important advantage of the photoreactor is obtained where the separation process of the immobilised photocatalyst become easy. The running costs is also reduced because the photocatalyst can be reused.

15 illus, 1 table, 72 ref

001866   Gaikwad V;Jain N (UICT (Formerly UDCT), , Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Nitrogen doped TiO₂ - a better additive for paints. Paintindia 2008, 58(4), 101-8.

TiO₂ is a much studied material for photocatalysis applications. Its large band gap makes it sensitive only to UV radiations. For much desired activation in the visible range and to extend their applications to living spaces with relatively poor interior lighting illumination, the band gap has to be tailored. A novel photocatalyst, N-doped TiO₂, shows a significant improvement over TiO₂ in photo catalytic activity under visible light. Photocatalytically active under visible light, N-doped TiO₂, can be used as an additive in paints for interior walls of a room. Due to the photocatalytic activity it can decompose harmful organic substances responsible for foul odor on absorption of visible light. Thus such paints can effectively function as a deodorizer for the room.

7 illus, 5 ref

001865   Gadekar S V;Naik R V;Kaul S N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth University College of Engineering, Pune) : Entrainer for batch distillation of acetic acid -water system. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(10), 871-5.

Acetic acid-water system (AW) poses a challenge in reactive distillation, acetic acid purity and loss of acetic acid in aqueous solutions. Feasible separation of AW has been studied using entrainers but acetic acid loss in lean phase cannot be avoided. This study presents feasible region to operate column with toluene and benzene as entrainer for AW. Liquid -liquid equilibrium data and nature of tie line for ethyl acetate are given priority.

001864   Dhole G;Gangotri L T (Surface Coating Technology Dep, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, RTM Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440 033) : Heat resistance aluminium paint based on zinc acrylate resin. Paintindia 2008, 58(9), 71-8.

Three different types of poly zinc aerylate resins were prepared by reacting polyacrylic acid and zinc oxide in varying mole proportion. The aluminum paint based on poly zinc aerylate resin was found to sustain the temperature up to 800°C. These coatings were also found to have excellent solvent resistance, scratch hardness (2000 gms.) and drying time (within 10 minutes). The mole ratio of COOH (of polyacrylic acid) with zinc oxide as 2:0.25 was found to give best results. A two pack system of aluminum zinc acrylate paint has been recommended.

1 illus, 11 tables, 6 ref

001863   Dhingra V;Sodhiya M K (NO, Forensic Science Laboratory, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh) : Identification of Brassica spp. seed oil in a loot case. J Forensic Med Toxicol 2008, 25(2), 36-7.

Describes the identification of brassica spp. seed oil (muustard oil), which were used in a loot case using physical, and thin layer chromatography by suitable solvent system and locating reagent potassium iodo bismuthate.

1 table, 3 ref

001862   Deshmukh W S;Attar S J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Bharti Vidyapeeth, Deemed Univ, Pune-400 441, Email: awasdk@gmail.com) : Equilibrium analysis for batch studies of adsorption of fluoride in water using activated alumina r and D 651-X. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 1900-12.

Fluoride is one of the accumulative toxin. The batch adsorption studies were undertaken to asses the suitability of commercial available adsorbent activated alumina. The most promising adsorbent used for defluoridation purpose is activated alumina. Among the various types of activated alumina, the type of activated alumina chosen for present study is UCIL R and D 651-X. To test its performance for defluoridation, the static studies have aimed at investigation of rate at which adsorption occurs under the varying condition of the major parameters of adsorption, viz. pH, dose of adsorbent, rate of stirring, contact time and initial adsorbate concentration on fluoride removal efficiency were studied and optimized by batch procedure, in which mixture of known concentration of fluoride solution continuously agitated and samples were taken at appropriate times, have been used in all experiments. The optimum sorbent dose was found 3.5 g/L by varying the dose of adsorbent from 0 to 5 g; equilibrium was achieved in 100 min for the optimum pH. It has been observed that the optimum pH range for adsorption is between 6 to 7, by varying pH from 2 to 10 and enhanced adsorption was obtained at pH 6.5. Maximum fluoride removal was observed to be 96% at optimum conditions. Freundlich as well as Langmuir isotherms were plotted and constants of isotherms were determined.

7 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

001861   Deshmukh P (NO, Water Chemicals (South Asia) Pte. Ltd., (India Liaison Office, 101-102, ) : Ceramic tile andhesives modified with dispersible polymer powders. Paintindia 2008, 58(7), 145-8.

1 illus, 2 ref

001860   Dara R;Jaiswal G (NO, Asian Paints Ltd., Mumbai) : Functional additives for bio-mimic self cleaning coatings. Paintindia 2008, 58(7), 101-11.

Stain resistant and easy to clean coatings is in great demand and the focus of a lot of research activity globally. Additives based on fluoro (oleophobic) and silicone (hydrophobicj chemistry have been developed that provide easy to clean coatings. Being surface active they lower the surface energy of the coating thereby making the coating either difficult to stain in the first place or easy to clean. Such additives also have other benefits such as protecting the coating from micro-organisms, leading to improved sanitation and cleanliness, improved water and chemical resistance; anti-graffiti properties and giving the coating a new look for a longer time. Such additives have found their source of inspiration from nature (biomimetic); particularly the lotus leaf which shows excellent hydrophobicity (a very high contact angle). Focuses on the chemistry of easy clean additives, how they work, and their use in coatings; highlight the need for a permanent effect, their advantages and current research in the field.

22 illus, 11 ref

001859   Chaudhari M I (NO, , Asian Paints Ltd. Bhandup, Mumbai-400 078) : Dispersing agents-an indispensable additive. Paintindia 2008, 58(4), 109-28.

Paint industry is a major consumer of dispersing agents, because many properties (Stability, gloss, performance etc) are dependent on dispersion of pigment in binder system. Future trend in paint industry is shifting towards use of water based systems due to advent of concern awareness towards environmental issues, which requires extensive use of these dispersing agents in order to disperse non polar pigments in relatively polar systems. Similarly, Uniform suspension of drug particles is basic requirement of pharmaceutical industry and uniform appearance of emulsified food products is very essential for food industry which is possible only with the use of dispersing agents. Their selection, use and performance are dependent on various parameters and have efficacy to influence properties of final product. Mainly covers various aspects of these dispersing agents which include their mechanism, types and role in paints and some other allied industries.

5 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

001858   Bidre H R;Toshniwal V (Paints & Polymer Div, UICT, Matunga, Mumbai) : Carbon nanotube new age additive for polymers. Paintindia 2008, 58(8), 89-94.

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001857   Bhardwaj J C;Joshi V K (NO, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shimla, Rohru-171 207, Email: vkjoshipht@rediffmail.com) : Effect of cultivar, addition of yeast type, extract and form of yeast culture on foaming characteristics, secondary fermentation and quality of sparkling plum wine. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 452-64.

Combined effect of cultivars, yeast extract addition, type and form of yeast culture on the foam characteristics and physico-chemical and sensory quality characteristics of sparkling plum wine is reported here. The yeast used were Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Addition of 0.5 % yeast extract to the base wine at the beginning of secondary fermentation improved the foam stability, foam expansion, anthocyanin, total esters, phenols and soluble proteins in the sparkling wines. On yeast extract addition sparkling wines were found to be significantly superior in sensory qualities over the control. The sparkling wine made by liquid culture of both the yeasts had higher proteins, higher alcohols, better foam stability and foam expansion over the immobilized cultures. However, immobilized culture retained higher TSS, reducing sugars, esters and sensory quality in the wines. There was a mixed response to yeast type and its form on titratable acidity, pH, volatile acidity, acetaldehyde and phenolic compounds. Among the cultivars, `Santa Rosa' had lowest phenols, soluble proteins, total esters, volatile acidity, anthocyanin contents whereas `Kanto-5', cultivar wines were having higher in titratable acidity and lowest pH, lowest ethanol, highest fusel oil, highest esters and lowest foam stability. On the basis of sensory evaluation, the sparkling wines from `Meriposa' base wine was adjudged the best followed by `Santa Rosa', `Frontier'and other three cultivars. Use of yeast in the immobilized form proved advantageous as it could be removed easily.

001856   Bhagat J H;Manocha S (Materials Science Dep, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Effect of chemical activation on deodorizing properties of activated carbon from banana stem. Prajna 2007, 15, 61-5.

The Banana stem abundantly available in charotar area is a waste fibrous biomass. Activated carbon was prepared from this waste dried banana stem by giving chemical treatment with acid, base and salt to acertain the adsorption capacity of resulting activated carbon. The deodorizing properties of activated carbon were studied by using the Iodine adsorption method.

001855   Ayyar S;Junnarkar S (NO, , Asian Paints Ltd., L.B.s. Marg, Bhandup, Mumbai-400 078) : Fame technology - a new beginning. Paintindia 2008, 58(6), 101-4.

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001854   Attri B L (NO, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Regional Station, Mukteshwar- 263 138, Email: attribl_nrcwa@rediffmail.com) : Effect of initial sugar concentration on the physico-chemical characteristics and sensory qualities of cashew apple wine. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 374-9.

The sensory quality of the cashew apple wine revealed that the product having 8.25% alcohol had an edge over other treatments. Flow diagram for wine production as well as cost of production of the product has also been described.

001853   Athawale V;Shetty N J (Chemistry Dep, Mumbai Univ, Vidyanagari, Email: vilasda@yahoo.com) : Blends of CNSL phenol- formaldehyde - ketonic resin: a cost-effective endeavour to enhance performance of conventional CNSL coatings. Paintindia 2008, 58(7), 91-100.

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSLj and Phenol formaldehyde were synthesised in the laboratory and subsequently blended with ketonic (Cyclohexanone formaldehyde) resin. The physico-mechanical and performance properties such as drying time, hardness, adhesion, flexibility, gloss, skinning tendency, corrosion, impact resistance and chemical resistance were examined at various compositions of the modified CNSL resin and ketonic resin blend. The 50:50 percent fw/w) of CNSL-phenol-formaldehyde - Ketonic (Cyclohexanone formaldehyde) resin blend exhibited enhanced coating properties as compared to any other proportions of the blend.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

001852   Alvi P A;Meel V S;Sarita K;Akhtar J;Lal K M; Azam A;Naqvi S A H (Applied Physics Dep, Z. H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: parveznihal@gmail.com) : Anisotropic etching of (100) silicon in aqueous KOH solution. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1168-76.

Reports the temperature and concentration dependence of anisotropic etching of (100) silicon in aqueous KOH solution. Etching rate of wet etching of (100) silicon in pure KOH solution has been experimentally determined with varying KOH concentration and the temperature of the KOH solution. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy have been employed for the inspection of the quality of the etched surfaces. It has been observed that the etching rate increases with increasing temperature of the KOH solution for concentrations varying from 10% to 45% by weight. However, for a given KOH temperature, the etching rate decreases with increasing KOH concentration. The 10% KOH solution in contrary enhances oxidation of the silicon surfaces leading towards more hydrophilic and therefore a reduced etching rate is resulted.

7 illus, 8 ref

001851   Alex S;Tadhani M B;Rema S (Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Dep of Home Science, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Comparative studies on the composition of Bt and non Bt cottonseed and seed oil. Prajna 2006, 14, 47-52.

Several new crop varieties protected against insect, fungal and viral diseases are being developed using biotechnological interventions. One of these is cotton which is protected throughout the season against damage by some of the most devastating insect pests- the cotton bollworm, the tobacco bollworm and the pink bollworm. Cottonseed oil is used for human consumption while cottonseed and processed cottonseed meal are used for animal feed. In the present study, a comparison of the proximal composition of Bt-cottonseed and seed oil with non Bt-cottonseed and seed oil, respectively, were carried out. Nutrients analyzed included moisture, fat, protein, ash and carbohydrate. Oils were analyzed for their saponification, iodine and acid value. Quality of protein was compared by electrophoresis. The study indicates that Bt cottonseed is compositionally equivalent to and similar in nutrient content to seed from the parental variety.

001850   Agrawal Y K;Pancholi J P;Vyas J M (Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Sector 18A, Gandhinagar-382 007) : Design and synthesis of calixarene. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(9), 745-68.

Calixarenes are versatile macromolecules in the field of supramolecules because of its synthetic feasibility and extensive analytical applications. This paper reviews synthesis of calixarenes and related derivatives containing heterocycles, polymers, crown-ethers, and fullerenes. Various analytical applications of calixarenes are discussed.

000909   Zhu F;Zhang Y;Yan Y;Song W;Xia L (Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institute of Physical Science,, Hefei 230031, P.R. China, Email: yezhang@issp.ac.cn) : Study of ferromagnetism in Mn-doped ZnO whisker arrays. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 121-4.

Vertically aligned Mn-ZnO whiskers were grown on sapphire substrate by a thermal chemical vapour deposition method. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that samples are high-quality single crystals and c-axis oriented. Raman and XPS analyses revealed that Mn was incorporated into the ZnO lattice. Room temperature T_c ferromagnetism was observed. These Mn-ZnO whiskers may find their potential applications in spintronic field.

5 illus, 25 ref

000908   Zhao Y;Xiao F;Jiao Q (School of Chemical Engineering and Environmental, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China, Email: zhaoyun@bit.edu.cn) : Controlling of morphology of Ni/Al-LDHs using microemulsionmediated hydrothermal synthesis. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(6), 831-4.

A quaternary microemulsion, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/water/n-hexane/n-hexanol, was selected for the synthesis of Ni/Al-layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Ni/Al-LDIIs with nanowire-, spherical-, rod- and tube-like morphologies were prepared via the microemulsion-mediated hydro-thermal synthesis. The CTAB concentration played an important role in determining the morphology of Ni/Al-LDHs. The structure, composition and morphology of the obtained Ni/Al-LDH nanostructures were investigated by X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, infrared spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy. A possible formation mechanism of Ni/Al-LDH nanostructures is proposed.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

000907   Yin P E;Sun L L;Gao Y L;Wang S Y (Physics Dep, Southeast Univ, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China, Email: chinese1002.student@sina.com) : Preparation and characterization of Co₉S₈ nanocrystalline and nanorods. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 593-6.

Hexagonal Co₉S₈ nanocrystal and nanorods were synthesized using cobalt chloride (CoCl₂.6H₂O), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and non-aqueous alcohol as the starting materials, and taking dimethyl sulfoxide as both sulfur source and strong infiltrator in nanorods preparation. The Co₉S₈ samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning tunneling microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and laser Raman spectrometer. The results show that the as-prepared Co₉S₈ nanocrystal with a size of 6 nm take on weak paramagnetism at room temperature. The lengths and diameters of the nanorods were about 4 μm and 200 nm, respectively. The reason for the relative lower synthesis temperature of nanorods was discussed and a 'micro-autoclave reactor' model was suggested as well.

6 illus, 20 ref

000906   Xu J;Cui X;Zhang J;Liang H;Wang H;Li J (College of Chemistry, Jilin Univ, Changchum 130012, People's Republic of China, Email: jfli@jlu.edu.cn) : Preparation of CuS nanoparticles embedded in poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofibre via electrospinning. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 189-92.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/CuS composite nanofibres were successfully prepared by electrospinning technique and gas-solid reaction. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images showed that the average diameter of PVA/CuS fibres was about 150-200 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved that a majority of CuS nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 15-25 nm are incorporated in the PVA fibres. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and electron diffraction pattern also revealed the forming of CuS crystal structure in the PVA fibres.

4 illus, 3 ref

000905   Wu X M;Li R X;Chen S;He Z Q;Xu M F (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou Univ, Jishou Unan, 416000, PR China, Email: xianmingwu@163.com) : Comparative study of Co, Cr and Al-doped LiMnO₂ prepared by ion exchange. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 109-13.

The Co, Cr and Al-doped LiMnO₂ powders were prepared by ion exchange. Phase identification, surface morphology and electrochemical properties were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments. The results show that the doped LiMnO₂ keeps the structure of LiMnO₂. As compared to LiMnO₂, Co, Cr and Al-doped LiMnO₂ offers higher discharge capacity and better cycling performance. The discharge capacities of Co, Cr and Al-doped LiMnO₂ decreases yet the cycling performance improves with the increase of doping concentration. For these doped LiMnO₂ at the same doping concentration, Cr-doping shows the highest discharge capacity and best cycling performance, Al-doping offers the lowest discharge capacity and Co-doping shows the worst cycling performance.

7 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

000904   Wu H Q;Xu D M;Wang Q;Yao Y Z;Wang O Y;Su G Q (College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of F, Anhui Normal Univ, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China, Email: wuhuaq@mail.ahnu.edu.cn) : Effect of heat treatment on structure and magnetic properties of FeCoNi/CNTs nanocomposites. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(5), 801-6.

Fe₄₆Co₃₅Ni₁₉/CNTs nanocomposites have been prepared by an easy two-step route including adsorption and heat treatment processes. Investigates the effect of heat treatment conditions on structure, morphology, nanoparticle sizes and magnetic properties of the Fe₄₆Co₃₅Ni₁₉) alloy nanoparticles attached on the carbon nanotubes by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (IIRTEM), energy-disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). When the reducing temperature changes from 300-450°C, a transition of the crystalline structure from bcc phase tofcc-bcc dual phase and an increase in particle size of Fe₄₆Co₃₅Ni₁₉ nanoparticles together with a local maximum at 350°C are observed. Meanwhile, the saturation magnetization (M_s) for Fe₄₆Co₃₅Ni₁₉ nanoparticles increases with the increase of reducing temperature and the coercivity (H_c) decreases rapidly with a local minimum at 350°C. When the reducing time (tr) changes from 2-5 h, bcc phase is predominant in the Fe₄₆Co₃₅Ni₉ alloy particles. Both the particle size and Ms have a maximum at tr = 3 h, and the H_c reaches a maximum at tr = 4 h.

8 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

000903   Wang J;Zhang S;You J;Yan H;Li Z;Jing X;Zhang M (School of Medical Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering Univ, Harbin 150001, P R China, Email: junwang@hrbeu.edu.cn) : ZnO nanostructured microspheres and grown structures by thermal treatment. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 597-601.

Synthesis of flower-shaped ZnO nanostructures composed of ZnO nanosticks was achieved by the solution process using zinc acetate dihydrate, sodium hydroxide and polyethylene glycol-20000 (PEG-20000) at 180°C for 4 h. The diameter of individual nanosticks was about 100 nm. Detailed structure characterizations demonstrate that the synthesized products are wurtzite hexagonal phase, grown along the [001] direction. The infrared (IR) spectrum shows the standard peak of zinc oxide at 571 cm^-1. Raman scattering exhibits a sharp and strong E₂ mode at 441 cm^-1 which further confirms the good crystal and wurtzite hexagonal phase of the grown nanostructures.

6 illus, 30 ref

000902   Wang J;Zhang S;Li Z;You J;Yang P;Jing X;Zhang M (School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering Univ, Harbin 150001, P.R. China, Email: junwang@hrbeu.edu.cn) : Mesoscale organization of CuO nanoslices : formation of sphere. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 193-5.

The nanocrystalline CuO powders were prepared by precipitation method using Cu(NO₃)₂ as copper raw material, water and ethanol as dispersants, and NaOH and ammonia solution as precipitates. The structure, particle size and morphology of resulting CuO powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanism of CuO formation was discussed.

4 illus, 25 ref

000901   Wang H;Kou X;Zhang J;Li J (NO, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Univ, Lanzhou 730000, P R China, Email: wanghuazhi@lzu.edu.cn) : Large scale synthesis and characterization of Ni nanoparticles by solution reduction method. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(1), 97-100.

Ni nanoparticles were mass synthesized by solution reduction process successfully. The influence of the parameters on the particle size of Ni nanoparticles were studied and the referential process parameters were obtained. The morphology and structure of the synthesized Ni nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The results show that Ni nanoparticles are of high purity and are covered by hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose (IIECMC) layer and the mean size being about 31 nm. The magnetic measurement revealed that Ni nanoparticles are ferromagnetic.

5 illus, 19 ref

000900   Vinas J;Kascak L (Technology and Materials Dep, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical Univ of Kosice, Slovakia, Email: jan.vinas@tuke.sk) : Possibilities of using welding-on technologies in crane wheel renovation. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 125-31.

Deals with analysis of welds-on quality of traverse crane wheels made from gr. 90-60 mate-rial, ASTM A148. Three types of welding-on technology with various filling materials were used. On wheel after wearing was welded-on one interlayer by a combination of additional materials, wire A 106 with F 11 addition and two cover layers made by a combination of A 508 wire with F 13 addition. Wheel surface was hardened after welding-on to a depth of 3 mm. A second welds-on technology was a combination of A 106 wire with F 11 addition. Two cover layers were made by a combination of RD 520 wire with F 56 addition. Third welds-on technology was realized to face one layer by C 113 wire in inert atmosphere: 80% Ar + 20% CO₂. Two cover layers were made by wire with self protect Lincore 40-O. Properties of renovated traverse crane wheels were compared with the properties of new wheels with surface hardened layer. The welds-on were exposed to adhesive wearing where surface resistance was examined according to their weight loss. Influence of a particular element on the welds-on chemical composition was examined by EDX analyses.

8 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

000899   Vijayakumar C;Padma Kumar H;Solomon S;Thomas J K;Warriar P R S;Koshy J (Physics Dep, Univ College, Trivandrum-695 034, Email: prswariar@yahoo.com) : Synthesis, characterization, sintering and dielectric properties of nanostructured perovskite-type oxide, Ba₂GdSbO₆. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(5), 719-22.

Nanoparticles of barium gadolinium antimonate (Ba₂GdSbO₆), a complex perovskite-type oxide, has been synthesized using an auto ignition combustion process for the first time. The nanoparticles thus obtained have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The XRD studies have shown that the as-prepared powder is phase pure Ba₂GdSbO₆; and has a complex cubic perovskite (A₂BB'O₆) crystalline structure with lattice constant, a = 8-449 Angustrum. The TEM image reveals that the particle size of the as-prepared nano powder was in the range 30-60 nm. The nanocrystals of Ba₂GdSbO₆ synthesized by the combustion technique could be sintered to 96 % of the theoretical density by heating at a temperature of 1560°C fqr a short duration of 3 h. The surface morphology of the sintered pellet has been studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The dielectric constant (ε_r) was 20 and the loss factor (tanδ) was 0.03 at 3 MHz. By the present combustion technique a phase pure nanopowder of Ba₂GdSbO₆ could be obtained by a single step process without the need of any calcination step.

6 illus, 15 ref

000898   Venkatathri N (Chemistry Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: venkatathrin@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of single wall carbon nanotubes from a lamellar type aluminophosphate (AlPO₄-L). Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 609-11.

Single wall carbon nanotubes are synthesized from a lamellar type aluminophosphate, AlPO₄-L. The lamellar aluminophosphate was synthesized from hexamethyleneimine template. The latter was calcined at argon atmosphere for 12 h at 600°C. The resulting carbonaceous material was treated with 1 N H₂SO₄ to remove the aluminophosphate skeleton. Characterization of the resulting carbon revealed to contain single walled nanotubes. These nanotubes are applicable to store more hydrogen.

2 illus, 10 ref

000897   Toliwal S D;Patel C J;Patel K (Industrial Chemistry Dep, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: toliwalsd@yahoo.co.in) : Water-soluble binder system from by product of refining of soyabean oil. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(2), 141-6.

Oil recovered from spent bleaching earth (ORSBE), which is used for bleaching of soyabean oil, has been malenized at 210°C using three different mole ratios of oil and maleic anhydride till desirable acid value of resultant product is achieved. Malenized products were neutralized with triethylamine to make them water compatible. N, N-Bis (2-hydroxy ethyl) fatty amide (HEFA) was prepared by reacting ORSBE with diethanolamine using zinc oxide as catalyst. Water compatible malenized products were blended with HEFA in different ratios to prepare water based stoving compositions. Certain compositions had comparable performance with water based alkyd-HEFA compositions.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

000896   Sun S Q;Sun B;Zhang W;Wang D (Chemistry Dep, College of Science, Tianjin Univ, Tianjin, China, Email: ShuqingSun@hotmail.com) : Preparation and antibacterial activity of Ag-TiO₂ composite film by liquid phase deposition (LPD) method. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(1), 61-6.

A liquid phase deposition (LPD) method has been devised for the deposition of Ag-TiO₂ thin films on ceramic tiles with glazed surface at a low temperature. The Ag-TiO₂ thin films obtained were well-adhered, homogenous and coloured by interference of reflected light. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. From these analyses, it was found that silver ions were trapped in TiO₂ matrix and their reduction could be achieved at 600°C annealing temperature. The antibacterial activity against 5. aureus and E. coli has been studied applying the so called antibacterial-drop test. The Ag-TiO₂ thin films exhibited a high antibacterial activity. AAS was used for the quantitave determination of silver ion concentration releasing from the Ag-TiO₂ thin film. The releasing rate of silver ions from the Ag-TiO₂ film was 0.118 μg/ml during 192 h. The antibacterial effect of Ag-TiO₂ thin film before and after aging in a weathering chamber for 48 h was compared and the results show that the antibacterial activity is not compromised after weathering.

7 illus, 24 ref

000895   Sumej C;Raveendran B (Chemistry Dep, S N College, Kollam-691 001, Email: chitrapg@hotmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of tin(IV) phenyl phosphonate in nano form. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 613-17.

An inorgano-organic ion exchanger, Sn(IV) phenyl phosphonate, has been synthesized in amorphous form. Further, an attempt has been made to synthesize Sn(IV) phenyl phosphonate in the nano form. The materials have been characterized for elemental analysis (ICP-AES), thermal analysis (TGA), X-ray analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Chemical resistivity of these materials has been accessed in acidic, basic and organic solvent media. Catalytic activity has been studied and compared by using esterification of ethylene glycol as a model reaction wherein glycoldiacetate has been prepared. The transport properties of these materials have been explored by measuring specific proton conduction at different temperatures using SOLARTRON DATASET impedance analyser over a frequency range 1 Hz-1 MHz. It has been observed that Sn(IV) phenyl phosphate in the nano form behaves as a better Bronsted catalyst and proton conductor as compared to the amorphous form.

4 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

000894   Singha A S;Thakur V K (Material Science Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur-177 005, Email: assingha@gmail.com) : Mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(5), 791-9.

During the last few years, natural fibres have received much more attention than ever before from the research community all over the world. These natural fibres offer a number of advantages over traditional synthetic fibres. A study on the synthesis and mechanical properties of new series of green composites involving Hibiscus sabdariffa fibre as a reinforcing material in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin based polymer matrix has been reported. Static mechanical properties of randomly oriented intimately mixed Hibiscus sabdariffa fibre reinforced polymer composites such as tensile, compressive and wear properties were investigated as a function of fibre loading. Initially urea-formaldehyde resin prepared was subjected to evaluation of its optimum mechanical properties. Then reinforcing of the resin with Hibiscus sabdariffa fibre was accomplished in three different forms: particle size, short fibre and long fibre by employing optimized resin. Present work reveals that mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength and wear resistance etc of the urea-formaldehyde resin increases to considerable extent when reinforced with the fibre. Thermal (TGA/DTA/DTG) and morphological studies (SEM) of the resin and biocomposites have also been carried out.

9 illus, 28 ref

000893   Singha A S;Shama A;Thakur V K (Material Science Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur-177 005, Email: singha@nitham.ac.in) : Pressure induced graft-co-polymerization of acryloitrile onto Saccharum cilliare fibre and evaluation of some properties of grafted fibre. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(1), 7-13.

In the work, graft co-polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto Saccharum cilliare fibre has been carried out in the presence of potassium persulphate and ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS-KPS) as redox initiator. The reactions were carried out under pressure in an autoclave. Various reaction parameters such as pressure, time, pH, concentrations of initiator and monomer were optimized to get maximum graft yield (35.59%). Grafted and ungrafted Saccharum cilliare fibres were then subjected to evaluation of some of their properties like swelling behaviour in different solvents, moisture absorbance under different humidity levels, water uptake and resistance towards chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. The characterization of the graft copolymers were carried out by FTIR spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XKD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies.

15 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

000892   Singh K L;Kumar A;Singh A P;Sekhon S S (Applied Sciences and Humanities Dep, Shaheed Bhagat Singh of Engineering and Technology, Ferozepur-152 004, Email: anips123@rediffmail.com) : Microwave processing: a potential technique for preparing NiO-YSZ composite and Ni-YSZ cermet. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 655-64.

The study, microwave energy (2.45 GHz) has been used to prepare nickel oxide-yttria stabilized zirconia (NiO-YSZ) composites of composition, mNiO-(1 - m) Zr_0.9Y_0.1O_1.95 (m = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6), from a precursor obtained by mixing NiO, Y₂O₃ and monoclinic ZrO₂ in their stoichiometric ratio. The composites have been prepared by conventional processing also to compare the products with those of microwave processed products. During comparison, it was observed that NiO-YSZ composites of each composition obtained by microwave processing had cubic phase of YSZ while in the conventionally prepared composites of compositions, m = 0.2 and 0.3, monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic phases of zirconia existed instead of its pure cubic phase. The composites were reduced to yield Ni-YSZ.

9 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

000891   Silva C C;Filho F P;Graca M F P;Valente M A; Sombra A S B (Physics Dep, Aveiro Univ, Aveiro, Portugal, Email: ccsilva@ua.pt) : Dielectrical and structural characterization of iron oxide added to hydroxyapatite. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 635-8.

Reports preparation, structural and dielectric analyses of iron oxide added inhydroxyapatite bioceramic (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ - HAP). Hydroxyapatite is the main mineral constituent of teeth and bones with excellent biocompatibility with hard and muscle tissues. The samples were prepared through a calcination procedure associated with dry high-energy ball milling process with different iron concentrations (1, 2-5 and 5 wt%). The dielectric analyses were made measuring the sample impedance in the frequency range 1 kHz-10 MHz, at room temperature. The relative permittivity of the ceramics, at 10 MHz, are between 7'13±0-07 (1wt %) and 6.20 ±0.11 (5 wt%) while e" are between 0-0795 ± 0-008 (1 wt%) and 0-067 ± 0-012 (5 wt%). These characteristics were related to the sample microstructures studied by X-ray diffraction and SEM.

5 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

000890   Shao W Q;Chen S O;Li D;Cao H S;Zhang Y C; Zhang S S (College of Physics Science, Qingdao Univ, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China, Email: shaouchen@126.com) : Apparent activation energgy for densification of α-Al₂O₃ powder at constant heating-rate sintering. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(6), 903-6.

The apparent activation energy for densification is a characteristic quantity that elucidates the fundamental diffusion mechanisms during the sintering process. Based on the Arrhenius theory, the activation energy for densification of α-Al₂O₃ at constant heating-rates sintering has been estimated. Sintering of α-Al₂O₃ powder has been executed by the way of a push rod type dilatometer. It is shown that the apparent activation energy does not have a single value but depends directly on the relative density. The apparent activation energy corresponding to lower relative density was higher than that corresponding to higher relative density. The value of the evaluated activation energy is different at the same density level when the Arrhenius plot involves different heating rates.

5 illus, 17 ref

000889   Shanmugam P;Suchithra M;Baby V;Viswambharan V (Chemical Sciences and Technology Div, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST, Trivandrum-695 019, Email: shanmu196@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis of highly functionalised linear pentacyclic compounds from baylis-hillman adduct of heteroaldehydes with azomethine ylides via [3+2] cycloaddition. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2008, 47(7), 1113-16.

Montmorillonite K 10 clay promoted one-pot synthesis of penta- and tetracyclic systems from Baylis-Hillman adduct of heteroaldehydes with azomethine ylides generated from ninhydrin and proline or sarcosine via [3+2] cycloaddition is reported.

2 tables, 5 ref