007031   Ezekiel R;Singh B;Datta P S (Crop Physiology and Post-harvest Technology Dep, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla-171 001, Email: rajarathnamezekiel@yahoo.co.in) : Chipping quality of γ-irradiated potatoes of three Indian cultivars stored at 8, 12 and 16°C. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(1), 36-43.

Potatoes of cultivars `Kufri Chandramukhi', `Kufri Jyoti' and `Kufri Chipsona-2' were irradiated with 0.1 and 0.5 kGy γ-rays and stored at 8, 12 and 16°C and 85-90% RH for 180 days, with CIPC (isopropyl N- (3-chlorophenyl) carbamate) treatment as control. Irradiation increased weight loss and rotting compared to control. There was little change in the dry matter content due to irradiation up to 120 days of storage (DOS) but increased significantly at 180 DOS. The reducing sugar content increased by 18-35% with irradiation and resulted in increased browning of potato chips prepared. There was a significant difference in reducing sugar content and chip colour, between 0.1 and 0.5 kGy irradiation. Irradiation also caused 20-29% increase in sucrose content. Compared to control, free amino acids and phenols content increased with irradiation but there was no significant difference between 0.1 and 0.5 kGy. Amongst the cultivars, `Kufri Chipsona-2' showed higher weight loss and rotting, which increased further with irradiation, and increase in storage temperature and duration.

6 tables, 37 ref

007030   Devatkal S K;Sivakumar S;Sahoo J; Balasubramanian S (NO, Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sureshlpt@yahoo.com) : Effect of refrigerated storage period on textural qualities of carrot incorporated chicken nuggets. Indian J Poult Sci 2008, 43(3), 371-3.

Effect of refrigerated storage (4±1°C) on instrumental textural properties of chicken nuggets prepared with ground carrot was studied. Textural properties like hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and springiness of chicken nuggets were evaluated on 0, 7 and 15 days of storage. Results indicated a significantly (P<0.05) linear increase in hardness in both types of nuggets, inconsistent effect of storage period on cohesiveness of two types of nuggets, a significant (P<0.05) increase in gumminess during initial period of storage, a gradual increase in chewiness and no significant effect of storage on springiness. It was concluded that the textural properties of chicken nuggets altered significantly during refrigerated storage.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

007029   Devatkal S K;Sivakumar S;Biswas A K;Sahoo J; Chatli M K;Balasubaramanian S (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sureshlpt@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of instrumental texutre, colour and sensory qualities of chicken nuggets prepared with ground carrot. Indian J Poult Sci 2008, 43(3), 369-70.

Experiment was undertaken to study the effect of incorporation of carrot on quality characteristics of chicken nuggets. Results indicated that incorporation of 5% carrot in chicken nuggets formulation significantly (P < 0.05) improved hunter colour values, textural properties like hardness, gumminess, chewiness and sensory scores of colour and appearance. Thus the experiment indicated that use of carrot could be explored for the preparation of functional meat products.

1 table, 10 ref

007028   Dev Raj;Lal B B (Post-harvest Technology Dep, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: drdpandir@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of cultivars, cold storage and frying media on yield and processing qualities of potatoes. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(1), 20-7.

Seven potato cultivars (cv) (`Kufri Chipsona-1', `Kufri Chipsona-2', `Kufri Chandramukhi', `Kufri Badshah', `Kufri Jyoti', `Kufri Giriraj' and `Kufri Jawahar') were selected for the study. Cold storage of potatoes for 4 months resulted in accumulation of higher quantities of reducing sugars in all potato cv due to conversion of starch into reducing sugars and thereby produced dark brown unacceptable chips. Chips prepared from `Kufri Chipsona-1', `Kufri Chipsona-2' and `Kufri Chandramukhi' were better with lower non-enzymatic browning after cold storage following a reconditioning period of 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. The potato chips and starch of these 3 cv remained shelf stable during storage with better quality retention due to lower content of reducing sugars, moisture, total phenols and higher specific gravity. Potato chips fried in refined sunflower oil along with 100 ppm tertiary butyl hydroxy quinone (TBHQ) had higher overall acceptability score after 3 months of storage and remained shelf stable.

11 tables, 30 ref

007027   Chauhan O P;Chauhan G S (NO, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthnagar, Mysore-570 011, Email: opchauhan@gmail.com) : Development of anti-nutrients free soy beverage using microwave treated soybeans. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(6), 496-500.

Soybean (Glycine max) seeds of `PK 416' and `PK 472' varieties were microwave treated for 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 min after tempering and blanching. The seeds were analysed for trypsin inhibitor activity, raffinose, stachyose, phytic phosphorus and saponins. The microwave treated seeds were used for the preparation of soy beverage and further analyzed for anti-nutrient status. Blanching reduced the anti-nutrients contents significantly (p≤0.05) in both the varieties. Further, the blanched seeds showed significantly (p≤0.05) higher reduction in the anti-nutrients as compared to the tempered seeds when given microwave treatment. Microwave treatment of 0.5 min for tempered seeds and 1 min for blanched seeds was optimum for preparing soy beverage with negligible amounts of anti-nutrients. At this level of microwave treatment, the sensory scores remained more or less same as that of control in both the samples. The soy beverage prepared from `PK 472' showed better sensory acceptability as compared to `PK 416'.

7 tables, 19 ref

007026   Chakrabarti R;Madhusudana Rao B (NO, Research Centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: crupsankar@yahoo.com) : Effect of storage in commercial deep freezer (-20°C) on quality of four tropical freshwater carp meats. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(2), 157-60.

Labeo rohita (rohu), Catla catla (catla), Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigala) and Cyprinus carpio (common carp) were dressed, frozen and stored at -20°C in commercial deep freezer for 10 months. The results showed gradual reduction in the salt soluble nitrogen content during the storage; but the loss of gel strength was comparatively faster in the first 6 months and the same trend with reduced rate continued till the end of the storage. The meat of C. mrigala retained highest gel strength during the storage. Loss of intensity and thickness of myosin heavy chain (MHC) band along with the presence of several small bands after MHC was noticed during storage. The rate of increase of total volatile base nitrogen and hypoxanthine content in carp meats was slightly faster during the first 5 months of frozen storage.

3 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

007025   Bishnoi A;Chawla H M;Gita Rani;Saxena R; Sreenivas V (Chemistry Dep, Inidan Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: hmchawla@chemistry.iitd.ernet.in) : Effect of formulation derived from terpenoidal oligomer on shelf-life of apples without refrigeration. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(5), 412-15.

Formulation has been developed from terpenoidal oligomer (P-104), which prolonged the shelf-life of apples by about 30 days when stored at room temperature (37±2°C). During this study physiological weight loss, moisture content, total soluble solids (TSS), colour, hardness, chewiness, and cohesiveness were measured and microbiological evaluation of apples was carried out to elicit the effect of formulation during storage. A thin coat of formulation confers significant positive effects on shelf-life of apples by maintaining moisture content at >75% as well as retarding water loss and growth of microorganisms (<6.6 log cfu/g). The developed formulation helped in the retention of natural colour (ΔE<11), hardness (>200 N) and chewiness (>85 mJ) without changing the TSS and cohesiveness significantly.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

007024   Basavaraj M;Prabhu Kumar G P;Sathyanarayana Reddy B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, STJ Institute of Technology, Ranebennur-581 115, Email: sandurmbraj@rediffmail.com) : Thermal conductivity of fig (Ficus carica L) fruit. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(1), 97-8.

Thermal conductivity of fig fruit at moisture contents of 30 - 70% (wet basis) and bulk density of 1063 kg/m^{3 was determined by transient line heat source technique. Thermal conductivity increased with increase in moisture content and the values were 0.1107 - 0.5292 w/m°C. The experimental values were compared with Sweat and Anderson equations. The statistical values like root mean square difference, standard deviation and relative percentage error were analyzed and proposed by a linear equation K = 0.0048M + 0.1705.}

3 illus, 14 ref

007023   Basavaraj M;Prabhu Kumar G P;Sathyanarayana Reddy B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, STJ Institute of Technology, Ranebennur-581 115, Email: sandurmbraj@rediffmail.com) : Determination of drying rate and moisture ratio of fig fruit (Ficus carica L) by thin layer hot air drying method. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(1), 94-6.

Dehydration of fig fruit is normally done by sun drying. There is a concern about the safety of the end product. This can be overcome by hot air drying. Drying rate and moisture ratio of fig fruit by thin layer hot air drying method were determined by drying at air temperatures of 55, 65 and 75 °C with dry air velocities of 1 and 1.5 m/sec. Data on sample mass, temperature and velocity of the dry air were recorded during each test and the rate of dehydration and quality were assed. Falling dehydration rate period was observed where drying air temperature has the greatest effect on the drying rates and air velocity had the least effect.

2 illus, 3 table, 14 ref

007022   Arora S;Gawande H;Narendra K;Yarrakula S; Singh V P;Sharma V;Wadhwa B K;Tomer S K;Sharma G S (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: sumitak123@yahoo.com) : Textural and structural properties of kalakand made with artificial sweeteners - saccharin, acesulfame-k, sucralose and aspartame. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(3), 263-6.

Artificial sweeteners like saccharin, acesulfame-k, sucralose and aspartame were used instead of sucrose in the manufacture of kalakand. Kalakand sweetened with artificial sweeteners scored significantly lower (p<0.05) in various textural attributes at all periods of storage compared to control. Hardness in artificial sweetened kalakand had lower values ranging from 28.6 to 55.9 N during storage as compared to control ranging from 51.3 to 75.3 N. The corresponding values for adhesiveness were 0.35 to 0.15 N and 0.42 to 0.22 N. Similarly, springiness also had lower values in artificially sweetened kalakand (3.6 to 1.74 mm) as compared to control (4.2 to 2.2 mm) at all days of storage. In cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of artificial sweetened kalakand the respective values were 0.25-0.20, 7.2-11.2 and 25.7- 19.4 (Nmm), lower than the corresponding values for control sweetened with sucrose which were 0.27-0.22, 13.8-16.6 and 57.8-37.3 (Nmm) during storage. The lower hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and accordingly gumminess and chewiness in artificial sweetened kalakand samples could be attributed to lack of compactness. It was also evident from scanning electron microscopy that compactness of the network in kalakand decreased with the use of artificial sweeteners. The results of the sensory evaluation have shown the successful acceptance of the use of artificial sweeteners in the preparation of kalakand, thus providing an alternate variety to the health conscious consumers.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

007021   Aggarwal P;Sandhu KS (NO, Food Science and Engneering Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sachdev_poonam@yahoo.com) : Hydrocolloids and their effect on physico-chemical and sensory quality of kinnow juice. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(4), 356-60.

Eight hydrocolloids including gum acacia, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) (sodium salt), guar gum, pectin, sodium alginate, agarose, gum ghatti and gum tragacanth, were used in the preparation of Kinnow juice. Of these, gum acacia, CMC, pectin and sodium alginate were found suitable at 0.2, 0.2, 0.05 and 0.3% levels, respectively on the basis of physico-chemical and sensory quality of Kinnow juice. CMC showed the most desirable effect in improving flavour, appearance, body, cloud stability and suspension of Kinnow juice. During storage, the juice with all the hydrocolloids remained moderately acceptable except pectin containing sample.

1 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

006012   Vikesh Kumar;Tripathi M R;Manish Kumar;Shukla G;Dwivedi S;Sharma V (Chemistry Dep, D.A.V.P.G. College, Kanpur-208 001, Email: tripathimadhoram@yahoo.co.in) : Production and chemical property of singlet oxygen and superoxide radical by dyestuffs. E J Chem 2009, 6(S1), 79-86.

There are several low lying singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide radical (O^-₂) which are important in photochemical oxidation. Studying chemical property of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and super oxide radical (O^-₂) and some dyestuffs species to produce reactive oxygen such as singlet oxygen ¹O₂ and superoxide radicals. Irradiation with sun light in vitro the dyestuff like benzanthrone, metanil yellow and p-aminodiphenylamine were found to produce reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and/or superoxide radicals (O^-₂). The dose response relationship between singlet ¹O₂ production when sunlight expose of those dyestuffs (0-25 min), and (0-12 min) for super oxide (O^-₂) production were studied. However benzanthrone produces detectable amount of ¹O₂ Although metanil yellow and p-aminodiphenylamine (p-ADPA) did not produce detectable amounts of ¹O₂ under similar conditions. The above dye stuffs are routinely used in textiles, cosmetics, detergents, leather industries as well as food additives and role of these activated oxygen species in the development of skin diseases.

4 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

006011   Venkatesan P;Anand B;Matheswaran P (NO, Mahendra Institute of Technology, Namakkal-637 503, Email: venkatesanps@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of formazan derivatives on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium. E J Chem 2009, 6(S1), 438-4.

Formazan of benzaldehyde (FB) and formazan of p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde (FD) were synthesized. These compounds were studied as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1.11 N hydrochloric acid by weight loss method. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of these compounds was found to vary with the temperature and acid concentration. Also, it was found that the corrosion inhibition behaviour of FD is greater than that of FB. The kinetic treatment of the results gave first order kinetics. The relative corrosion inhibition efficiency of these compounds has been explained on the basis of structure dependent - electron donor properties of the inhibitors.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

006010   Thorat V;Pente A S;Mishra R K;Ramchandran M; Kaushik C P;Kanwar Raj (Waste Management Div, Nuclear Reycle Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: cpk@.barc.gov.in) : Long term leaching behaviour of vitrified waste product containing sukphate bearing high level radioactive waste. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2A), 463-74.

Borosilicate glass system is adopted in India and world-wide as a matrix for immobilization of high level radioactive liquid waste (HLW). Sulphate bearing HLW is generated during reprocessing of spent fuel from research reactors at BARC. Trombay. The presently stored HLW at Trombay contains uranium, sodium and sulphate in addition to fission products, corrosion products and small amount of other actinides. Presence of sulphate in HLW is attributed to the usage of ferrous sulphamate as a reducing agent in earlier reprocessing flow sheets for valency adjustment of plutonium during partitioning stage. A barium borosilicate based glass matrix is developed for vitrification of sulphate hearing HLW. Assessment of long term chemical durability is one of the critical aspects for evaluation of conditioned products from containment and environmental protection point of view. Chemical durability of waste form is evaluated by studying the leaching behaviour of the conditioned product. Leaching, being the only pathway through which rudionuclide can migrate to human environment, is one of the most important properties of vitrified waste product which depends on various factors like composition of waste, glass matrix, type of test method, flow rate, composition of leachant, effect of radiation etc. Reports the details of leaching studies of the glass products made with chemically simulated waste. Efforts were also made to understand the mechanism of leaching and to study the alteration layer formed on the leached surface of the glass products.

11 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

006009   Medda S K;Mitra M;De G (Sol-Gel Div, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, Email: gde@cgcri.res.in) : Tuning of Ag-SPR band position in refractive index controlled inorganic-organic hybird SiO₂-PEO-TiO₂ films. J chem Sci 2008, 120(6), 565-72.

Inorganic (silica-titania)-organic (polyethylene oxide) hybrid films with variable refractive index (RI) values were synthesized and Ag nanoparticles were generated in situ inside such hybrid films to develop coloured coatings specially on plastic substrates. The hybrid films and the corresponding Ag-incorporated films were prepared from sols derived from a mixture of silicon tetraethqxide (STE), 3-(glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), titanium tetraisopropoxide (ITTIP) and silver nitrate following a sol-gel dip-coating method and cured at low temperature (90°C), followed by UV treatment with an energy equivalent to 5.3 ± 0.1 J cm^-2. The equivalent SiO₂: SiO_1.5(CH₂)₃OCH₂CH(CH₂)O : TiO₂ : Ag molar ratios (nominal) of the final cured films are varied in the ranges (67.9-0): 29-1 : (0-67.9): 3. The refractive index values of the cured hybrid films were found to be increased systematically from 1475 to 1.710 with increasing Ti-component. The Ag-SPR peak, in case of silica-polyethylene oxide host (RI = 1.475), observed at 419 nm, gradually red-shifted to 497 nm upon increasing the Ti-component (equivalent TiO₂ content 67.9 mol%; RI = 1.710) of the film. As a consequence, a systematic change of Ag-SPR position yielded yellow, yellowish-orange, orange, brownish-orange and orangish-brown coloured coatings.

5 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

006008   Lee M K;Salimuddin M;Chun B S (Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National Univ, 599-1 Daeyeon-dong, Busan, 608-737, Korea) : Off-flavors removal and storage improvement of mackerel viscera by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. J envir Biol 2008, 29(4), 591-7.

Oil in mackerel viscera was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC0₂) at a semi-batch flow extraction process and the fatty acids composition in the oil was identified. Also the off-flavors removal in mackerel viscera and the storage improvement of the oils were carried out. As results obtained, by increasing pressure and temperature, quantity was increased. The maximum yield of oils obtained from mackerel viscera by SCO₂, extraction was 118 mgg^-1 (base on dry weight of freeze-dried raw anchovy) at 50°C, 350 bar. And the extracted oil contained high concentration of EPA and DHA. Also it was found that the autoxidation of the oils using SC0₂ extraction occurred very slowly compared to the oils by organic solvent extraction. The off-flavors in the powder after SC0₂ extraction were significantly removed. Especially, complete removal of the trimethylamine which influences a negative compound to the products showed. Also other significant off-flavors such as aldehydes, sulfur-containing compounds, ketones, acids or alcohols were removed by the exfracfon.

6 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

006007   Kumar Amit;Mohan A;Diwan R;Malik A;Khandal R K (Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, Univ Road, Delhi-110 007) : Euphorbia coagulum modified polystyrene wast jute composites: part II. J Polym Mater 2009, 26(1), 67-79.

Emphasizes the concept of using renewable resource (Euphorbia latex) as an alternative feedstock for petroleum derived resin/plastic waste. Euphorbia coagulum obtained from latex of Euphorbia royleana has been used in varying proportions in polystyrene waste (PSW) jute composite. Effect of varying coagulum content of Euphorbia royleana on various physico-mechanical and thermal properties of PSW jute composites has been evaluated. Alkali treatment of jute fiber together with coagulum content has improved overall mechanical properties and appreciable reduction in water absorption has been achieved. TGA study resulted in the increased thermal stability of coagulum modified jute composites incorporation of fillers up to 30% by wt. in coagulum modified PSW jute composite enhanced limiting oxygen index from 18.2 to 25.8%, smoke density reduced from 86% to 14% and water absorption decreased to the extent of 5.84%. Such Euphorbia latex modified composites can have potential utility in hardboard, partition panel, and automotive applications.

8 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

006006   Kulkarni M M;Bandyopadhyaya R;Sharma A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: rajdip@che.iitb.ac.in) : Surfactant controlled switching of water-in-oil wetting behaviour of porous silica films grown at oil-water interfaces. J chem Sci 2008, 120(6), 637-43.

Selective permeation of oil and water across a porous medium, as in oil recovery operations, depends on the preferential wetting properties of the porous medium. Shows a profound influence of surfactants in wetting of porous media and thus demonstrate a new route for the control of water-in-oil wetting of porous substrates by changing the concentration of surfactants in an aqueous sub-phase below the substrate. This strategy is employed to engineer partial reversible wetting transitions on a porous silica film. The film itself is grown and stabilized on a flat, macroscopic interface between an oil phase and an aqueous sub-phase. On increasing the surfactant (CTAB) concentration in the sub-phase, contact angle of a water drop (placed on the oil side of the film) changes from 140° to 16° in 25 min by diffusion of the surfactant across the porous film. On further replacement of the sub-phase with pure water, diffusion of the surfactant from the water drop back to the sub-phase was slower, increasing the contact angle in the process from 16° to 90° in 2 h. Wettability control by a cationic surfactant (CTAB) was found to be much faster (6 deg/min) than that offered by an anionic surfactant, SDS (0.05 deg/min). Switching of the surface wettability due to the surfactant diffusion may have implications in oil-water separation, chemical bed reactors and microfluidic devices.

3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

006005   Khanuja M;Mehta B R;Shivaprasad S M (Thin Film Laboratory, Physics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, Email: brmehta@physics.iitd.ernet.in) : Two approaches for enhancing the hydrogenation properties of palladium: metal nanoparticle and thin film over layers. J chem Sci 2008, 120(6), 573-8.

Two approaches have been used for enhancing the hydrogenation properties of Pd. In the first approach, metal thin film (Cu, Ag) has been deposited over Pd and hydrogenation properties of bimetal layer Cu (thin film)/Pd(thin film) and Ag(thin film)/Pd(thin film) have been studied. In the second approach, Ag metal nanoparticles have been deposited over Pd and hydrogenation properties of Ag (nanoparticle)/Pd (thin film) have been studied and compared with Ag(thin film)/Pd(thin film) bimetal layer system. The observed hydrogen sensing response is stable and reversible over a number of hydrogen loading and deloading cycles in both bimetallic systems. Alloying between Ag and Pd is suppressed in case of Ag(nanoparticle)/Pd(thin film) bimetallic layer on annealing as compared to Ag (thin film)/Pd(thin film).

8 illus, 21 ref

006004   Kapur P (NO, Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh-160 030, Email: drpawankapur@yahoo.com) : Quality tea processing for small growers and instrumentation. Int J Tea Sci 2008, 7(3-4), 61-9.

Highlights the innovative design of environmentally controlled manufacturing machine having integrated processing units for withering, rolling/CTC, fermentation and drying operations. Due to its modular design, one can scale it up or down as per specific leaf processing requirements. Also described advanced sensing techniques and instrumentation based thereupon for monitoring of key parameters of green leaf/made tea which are applicable to both small and large tea growers. Such gadgets are quite handy in assessing the quality aspects at various.

8 illus, 14 ref

006003   Godiganurab S;Murthyc S;Reddya R P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal-575 025, Email: gsharanappa@yahoo.com) : Mahua [Madhuca indica] biodiesel as an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Energy Fuel Users J 2009, 58(4), 1-9.

The use of biodiesel fuels derived from vegetable oils as a substitute for conventional petroleum fuel in diesel engine is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This interest is based on a number of properties of biodiesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewable resource, its biodegradability, and its potential to reduce exhaust emissions. A single cylinder, four-stroke D.I. diesel engine was used to evaluate the performance and emissions characteristics of mahua biodiesel oil. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel were set at 0, 20,40,60,80,100. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, HC and NOx) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results indicate that with the increase of biodiesel in the blends CO, HC reduces significantly, fuel consumption and NOx emission of biodiesel increases slightly compared with diesel. Brake specific energy consumption and thermal efficiency of engine slightly decreases when operating on 20% biodiesel than that operating on diesel.

8 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

006002   Deshpande A;Bakhale S S (NO, , Zuari Industries Ltd., Jaikisaan Bhawan, Zuarinagar, Goa-403 726) : Technology transfer to farm, Zuari's CRM programme - Jaikisaan sangam. Indian J Fertil 2008, 4(9), 77-82.

With technological revolution in the areas of communication, the size of the world is shrinking. Market scenario in the country has also undergone a sea change with advent of 21st century. Today's customer is very different from his parent, who symbolised decision-making process of previous century. He is fully aware of his sovereign rights, liberties and choices available in decision-making. He cannot be taken for granted nor enticed to purchase the product simply by means of media hype or sleek publicity. For survival in the market, business leaders need to get insight into aspirations of new generation customers and accordingly amend the market development strategy. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a tool that can help in accomplishing win-win situation for customer as well as the marketer by establishing close and long-term relationship between the two.

1 table

006001   Baxi R K;Pathak S U;Peshwe D R (Materials Eangineering Centre, Visvesvaraya National Institute of technology, Nagpur 440 011, Email: r_baxi@yahoo.com) : Virgin PET - PBT and post consumer PET - PBT blends : a viable techno economic solutions for engineering thermoplasic resins. J Polym Mater 2009, 26(1), 103-13.

Polymer blending has been established as the most successful method of the synthesis of entirely new material with the added qualities. Considering the social and environmental obligation the reuse of PET bottle scrap is the peculiar trait in the present study along with the rich blend of virgin PBTand PET. Tensile properties of PET are inherently better, while FBT also has good mechanical properties besides high crystallization rate. The combination of these properties along with the use of reclaimed material in the blend proved to be excellent. Morphological studies show the controlled and well dispersed phases in these blends and through mixing of the constituents is observed in the thermal scanning. The chemistry of the newly formed blend is also similar to that of the virgin materials. Thus an attempt has been made to co-relate the morphology, thermal study, mechanical characteristics and chemistry of the blends and it was observed that this innovation seems to be techno-economically feasible.

7 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

005009   Sabina;Khan T A;Sangita;Sharma D K;Sharma B M (Chemistry Dep, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025) : Performance evaluation of waste plastic/polymer modified bituminous concrete mixes. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(11), 975.

Describes comparative performance of properties of bituminous concrete mixes containing plastic/polymer (PP) (8% and 15% by wt of bitumen) with conventional bituminous concrete mix (prepared with 60/70 penetration grade bitumen). Significant improvement in properties like marshall stability, retained stability, indirect tensile strength and rutting was observed in PP modified bituminous concrete mixes.

005008   Pal R;Mittal V;Sharma R K;Basu P K (NO, Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi-110 054) : Ion beam based techniques for mercury cadmium telluride infrared detectors. Def Sci J 2009, 59(4), 395-400.

Reviews the applications of ion beam-based techniques such as ion implantation and ion beam milling, for HgCdTe detector fabrication. Fabrication of large-format arrays and two-color arrays necessitate the use of dry processes. Ion irradiation causes type conversion in HgCdTe. The type conversion is far beyond the damage sites because of Hg in-diffusion to interstitial sites. The dry processes combine high anisotropy, faster etch rates, and better dimensional control, than wet etch processes, but require the damaged region to be removed.

4 illus, 33 ref

005007   Nagarajan S;Reddy B S R (Industrial Chemistry Lab, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai-600 020) : Bio-absorbable polymers in implantation-an overview. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(12), 993-1009.

Poly-α-hydroxy aliphatic esters are novel bio-absorbable polymers (BAPs), which are being used extensively as implantation products (orthopaedics, drug delivery, scaffolds and sutures). Polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA) and polydioxanone (PDO) are approved from food and drug administration agency (FDA) for human clinical uses. This review presents available synthetic routes for making bio-absorbable polymers, their properties and end use applications.

005006   Mudgal M;Chakradhar B;Shrivastava R (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute(NEERI), , Zonal Laboratory IICT Campus, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007) : Stabilized metal processing sludge, pressure moulded building blocks for rural applications. J rur Technol 2007, 3(4), 181-6.

Housing scenario in rural areas is more appealing than the urban agglomeration. The present need is to promote cost effective and appropriate rural housing technology in the country using local materials consistent with ecological balance, and the production of building materials with low energy inputs which substitute for energy intensive building materials. Common burnt clay bricks are increasingly becoming costly due to excessive cost of fuel to burn them and suitable brick earths are not found everywhere. Solidified/ Stabilized waste building blocks could be an economic alternative to the traditional brick. The metal processing industrial ETP sludge after solidifying/ stabilizing with cement has been used for preparing pressure moulded building blocks of size 10 cm. x 5 cm. x 5 cm. The sample blocks were tested for their compressive strength; water absorption and block density as well as leachability test and encouraging results have been obtained. It is concluded that the pressure moulded cement solidified/ stabilized blocks could be used as an alternative to the burnt clay bricks in lightly loaded buildings (particularly in rural areas).

2 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

005005   Ghosh S (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016) : Electronic sputtering of nanodimensional hydrogenated amorphous carbon and copper oxide thin films. Def Sci J 2009, 59(4), 371-6.

Electronic sputtering of carbon from hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H/Si) film and oxygen from copper oxide (CuO/Si) film at different electronic energy loss (S_e) value is reported. The sputtering is monitored by online elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) technique and the yield (sputtered atoms/incident ion) is determined. Two important results emerging out from the study are: (i) much higher yield of C and O from a-C:H and CuO films as compared to conventional kinetic sputtering and (ii) sputtering yield increases with increase in Se in both the cases. These observations are understood on the basis of thermal spike model of ion-solid interaction.

6 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

005004   Bhattacharyya R (NO, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi-110 012, Email: raghubhatin@yahoo.com) : Indigenous ion sources for material processing. Def Sci J 2009, 59(4), 377-94.

Ion beam sources for material processing in their working are no different from those required for space thrusters, ion implanters or for fusion experiments. They are scaled down versions of the devices earlier developed for space research. However, they are not being manufactured in the country. Their use in ophthalmic coatings and DLC for magnetic heads, CD, etc. are commercially attractive. Report suggests as to a strategy how to develop them, pooling resources from different active groups in the country, with specific targets. Dc gridded, Rf gridded, Saddle field, End Hall and ICP sources have been identified based on preliminary work carried out at different places in the country.

^iia33 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

005003   Avasthi D K (NO, Inter University Accelerator Centre, Post Box 10502, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110 067) : Modification and characterisation of materials by swift heavy ions. Def Sci J 2009, 59(4), 401-12.

Swift heavy ions (SHI) available with 15 million Volt Pelletron accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) Delhi, formerly known as Nuclear Science Centre, (NSC), provide a unique opportunity to researchers for accelerator based materials science research. The major research areas can be broadly categorized as electronic sputtering, interface modifications, synthesis and modification of nanostructures, phase transitions and ion beam-induced epitaxial crystallisation. In, general, SHI irradiation based-materials may not be economically feasible, still it could be of interest for very specific cases in defence and space research. Gives a glimpse of the current research activities in materials science with SHIs, at IUAC.

15 illus, 72 ref

005002   Ahlawat O P;Rajender Singh (NO, Directorate on Mushroom Research (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan-173 213) : Influence of pH, temperature and cultural media on decolorization of synthetic dyes through spent substrate of different mushrooms. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(12), 1068-74.

Spent substrate of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinula edodes was evaluated for decolourization of 4 different dyes under different cultural conditions (media, incubation temperature and medium pH). Potato dextrose broth media supported highest decolorization (90% of Rhodamine B and Methyl Violet 2B, 93% of Chicago Sky Blue 6B and 88% of Quinaldine Red) after 3 days of incubation with P. sajor-caju spent substrate. Optimum pH requirements were 7.0 and 10.0 for Rhodamine B and Methyl Violet 2B with spent substrate of L. edodes, while 4.0 and 7.0 with A. bisporus and P. sajor-caju. Spent substrate of A. bisporus supported highest decolorization of Rhodamine B (95-95%) and Methyl Violet 2B (91-100%), followed by L.edodes + P. sajor-caju. Temperatures of 25 and 35°C were most effective for decolorization of Rhodamine B (90%) and Methyl Violet 2B (97%) with spent substrate of A.bisporus alone.

003928   Yadav A K;Chaudhari A B;Kothari R M (School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425 001, Email: ramanlal.kothari@bharatividyapeeth.edu) : Enhanced viability of Bacillus coagulans after spray drying with calcium lactate, storage and re-hydration. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 519-22.

Provides an alternative probiotic preparation, which is easily scalable for commercial operations in eco-friendly and cost-effective manner. Spray drying being a proven technology compared to convective current, infra-red exposure and lyophilization, it will make visible impact on production, sale and use of Bacillus coagulans as an effective probiotic preparation.

003927   Subha R;Namasivayam C (Environmental Chemistry Div, Environmental Sciences Dep, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Email: cnamasi@gmail.com ) : Zinc chloride activated coir pith carbon as low cost adsorbent for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 471-9.

Activated carbon prepared from coir pith (ZnCPC) using ZnCl₂ was investigated to find the feasibility of its application for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution through adsorption process. Batch mode kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. Lagergren, Second order, and Banghams were used to fit the experimental data. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models have been employed to analyse the adsorption equilibrium data. The Langmuir adsorption capacity, Q_o, was found to be 131.6 mg/g of the adsorbent. The pH effect and desorption studies showed that ion exchange mechanism was involved in the adsorption process. Adsorption of 2,4-DCP by ZnCPC was spontaneous. The results indicated that ZnCPC was an effective adsorbent for removing 2,4-DCP from water.

003926   Sivakumar P;Palanisamy P N (Chemistry Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode-638 052, Email: shivagobi@yahoo.com) : Packed bed column studies for the removal of Acid blue 92 and Basic red 29 using non-conventional adsorbent. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 301-7.

The adsorptive removal of Acid blue 92 and Basic red 29 dyes was achieved using a packed column prepared by Euphorbia antiquorum L activated carbon. The effects of various factors like influent concentration, flow rate and bed height were analysed. The column experiments using Euphorbia antiquorum L activated carbon showed that adsorption efficiency increases with increase in the influent concentration and bed depth and decreases with increasing flow rate. Column adsorption performance was evaluated using Thomas and Yoon-Nelson kinetic models. The adsorption capacity calculated by Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were compared with the experimental adsorption capacity. The Yoon-Nelson model describes the adsorption behaviour of the selected adsorbent-adsorbate system more reasonably than Thomas model and Basic red 29 adsorption behaviour fits exceptionally well with the Yoon-Nelson model.

003925   Sharma M;Vijay Kumar;Jitender Kumar;Pundir C S (Biochemistry Research Lab, Biochemistry & Genetics Dep, M D University, Rohtak-124 01, Email: pundircs@rediffmail.com) : Preparation of reusable enzyme strips using alkylamine and arylamine glass beads affixed on plastic strips for urea determination. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 357-60.

Reusable strips of urease were prepared by covalently immobilizing it onto alkyl and arylamine glass beads, affixed on a plastic strip with a non-reactive adhesive. The immobilized urease retained its initial activity, prior to immobilization about 56% on alkylamine and 33.3% on arylamine. Maximum activity of alkylamine conjugated urease was attained at pH 6.5, 25°C for 1 min, while arylamine conjugated urease showed maximum activity at pH 7.0, 40°C, 15 min. The K_m for urea was 4.65 and 16.66 mM, for alkyl and arylamine conjugated urease respectively. A method for determination of serum urea developed using these strips is based on measurement of NH₃ generated with Nessler's reagent. The minimum detection limit permitted by the method was 10 and 5 mg/dL using alkyl and arylamine conjugated urease, respectively. Urea value in serum of healthy persons determined by this method, was in the range of 5-55 mg/dL with a mean of 26 mg/dL. The recovery of added urea was 82% for alkylamine and 85% for arylamine glass beads. A fair correlation (r=0.821) was found between urea values obtained by the standard urease kit and the present method. The alkylamine and arylamine conjugated urease stored at 4°C in 0.02 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 were reused 100 and 90 times respectively, during the span of one month. The method offers advantage of enormous ease in handling of immobilized urease.

003924   Sharma M;Chawla J;Singh G (Applied Sciences & Humanities Dep, Career Institute of Technology and Management, Faridabad 121 001, Email: muktapragya@gmail.com) : Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic medium. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 339-43.

The inhibitive effect of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on acid corrosion of mild steel in sulphuric acid at different temperatures has been investigated. Galvanostatic and potentiostatic studies were performed to determine the corrosion current, inhibition efficiency, passivation current and passivation potential range. The parameters so obtained were used to explain the effectiveness of inhibitor when present in different concentrations. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies also help to understand the changes that take place on the surface layer with respect to change in CTAB concentration. The extent of corrosion inhibition has also been evaluated by comparing the micrographs obtained from SEM. The results obtained are in direct agreement with the electrochemical studies.

003923   Shanthy P;Rengan P;Thamarai Chelvan A;Rathika K;Rajendran S (Chemistry Dep, Yadava College, Madurai, Email: srmjoany@sify.com) : Corrosion inhibition and biocidal activity of a cationic surfactant. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 328-33.

The inhibition efficiency (IE) of CTAB - Zn²⁺ system in controlling corrosion of carbon steel in well water has been evaluated by weight loss method. Enumeration of microorganisms from well water and biocidal efficiency of inhibitor system (CTAB-Zn²⁺) were also determined by serial dilution technique and spread plate method. The formulation consisting of 200 ppm of CTAB and 5 ppm of Zn²⁺ shows an IE of 98%. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicate that the CTAB - Zn²⁺ system functions as anodic inhibitor. AC impedance spectra reveal that a protective film is formed on the metal surface. FTIR spectra suggest that the protective film consists of Fe²⁺- CTAB complex and Zn(OH)₂. The optimum concentration of CTAB for destroying the bacterias viz. E.coli, Salmonella and Shigella is ≥ 25 ppm. At ≥ 25 ppm of CTAB, it shows 100% biocidal efficiency in well water containing 5 ppm of Zn²⁺.

003922   Sen Gupta S;Bhattacharyya K G (Chemistry Dep, B N College, Dhubri-783324, Email: krishna2604@sify.com) : Treatment of water contaminated with Pb(II) and Cd(II) by adsorption on kaolinite, montmorillonite and their acid-activated forms. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 457-70.

Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from spiked water samples by adsorption on clays was studied in this work as a model for water treatment. Kaolinite and montmorillonite were used as the clay adsorbents and they were further activated by treating with 0.25 M H₂SO₄. All the adsorbents were characterized with respect to surface area, cation exchange capacity and structural features as revealed with XRD and FTIR measurements. The adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch process with the variation of initial concentration of metal ions, amount of clay, pH, time and temperature. The adsorption was favoured at higher pH. The clay-Pb(II) interactions attained equilibrium at 180 min, whereas clay-Cd(II) system required 240 min to reach the same. Both the systems follow second order kinetic model. Montmorillonite and its acid-treated form had better adsorption properties. The Langmuir monolayer capacity varied from 11.1 to 34.0 mg/g and from 9.9 to 33.2 mg/g for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively depending on the clay. Pb(II) adsorbed exothermally while the processes were endothermic with Cd(II). Kaolinite, montmorillonite and their acid activated forms have good potential for taking up Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous medium.

003921   Rohini Kumar P;Venkateswara Rao M;Chitti Babu N;Ravi Kumar P V;Venkateswarlu P (Chemical Engineering Dep, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Guntur-522 019, Email: pvlu9@rediffmail.com) : Utilization of Erythrina variegata orientalis leaf powder for the removal of cadmium. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 308-16.

Removal of cadmium, a priority pollutant, is carried out by abundantly and freely available Erythrina variegata orientalis (Indian coral tree) leaf powder. The extent of removal depends on initial concentration of cadmium in the solution, pH of the solution, temperature, etc. A significant increase in percentage removal of cadmium is observed as pH is increased from 2 to 4. The percentage removal of cadmium increases marginally for pH of 4 to 7. As the initial concentration of cadmium is increased from 23 to 188 mg/L, the % removal is decreased from 98.8 to 86.1%. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models well describe the data indicating favourable biosorption. The biosorption is endothermic, irreversible and follows pseudo-second-order kinetics, and rate constant is 0.23 g/(mg-min) for a dosage of 40 g/L. The equilibrium agitation time is 50 min.

003920   Ranaware Y (NO, Thermax Babcock & Wilcox, Pune) : Improving boiler reliability and availability. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 143-8.

Deals with the various techniques used to evaluate the condition of the boilers, boiler components and thereby provides guidance for carrying out Reliability And Availability extension programs. The power plant boilers and industrial boilers are designed conservatively with lot of safety factor in the design stage. By carefully assessing the present condition of the boiler with the help of various NOT methods and metallurgical studies, the boiler can be operated even after 25 years. These studies can help in planning for the replacements of the boiler components in phased manner. Some of these techniques, data have been developed by Babcock & Wilcox, USA. Thermax Babcock & Wilcox Limited uses these patented techniques for remaining life assessment studies, carried out over last 15 years worldwide.

1 illus, 2 tables

003919   Mukesh Kumar;Singh N P;Singh N B (NO, Kryton, Buildmat Company Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon-122 002, Email: dr_n_b_singh@rediffmail.com ) : Effect of water proofing admixture on the hydration of Portland cement. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 499-506.

Water seepage is a major problem in construction industries particularly when the buildings are constructed in the damped environment. A large number of waterproofing compounds containing hydrophobic groups are used. Majority of such compounds block the pores at the outer surface but do not affect the pores inside. Due to percolation of water inside, the outer surface is ruptured in due course of time. Because of this, number of harmful ions enter inside and make the structure weak and less durable. In order to overcome this problem the effect of a water proofing agent with a brand name KIM (KRYSTOL INTERNAL MEMBRANE) on the hydration of cement has been studied. It is found that KIM has a retarding effect during the hydration. In the presence of KIM the setting times are increased, non-evaporable water contents and free lime are decreased. Heat evolution profile and X-ray diffraction studies have shown the retarding effect of KIM during cement hydration. Water percolation and expansion in the corrosive atmospheres are reduced whereas the compressive strength at 28 days is increased. Based on the results of the study the overall mechanism of action of KIM as waterproofing material in cement and concrete is also discussed.

003918   Mohapatra M;Khatun S;Anand S (NO, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT), Bhubaneswar-751 013, Email: mamatamohapatra@yahoo.com) : Adsorption behaviour of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) on NALCO plant sand. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 291-300.

Evaluates the adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions on plant sand of National Aluminum Company, Orissa, India. The XRD pattern and FTIR spectra showed goethite, alumina and silica as the major phases in the sand. Effects of various parameters such as time, pH, temperature, metal ions and adsorbent concentrations were studied. The adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetics for all the three cations. The proton stoichiometry was dependent on the nature of the metal ion showing the order Zn(II)>Cd(II)>Pb(II). The adsorption was found to be in the order Zn(II)>Cd(II)> Pb(II) with loading capacities of 47.79, 42.2 and 22.8 mg g^-1 of plant sand sample. The adsorption data was fitted to various models. The thermodynamic parameters (Δ)G⁰, (Δ)H⁰ and (Δ)S⁰ have been evaluated. The XRD patterns of Pb(II) adsorbed plant sand sample showed that the crystallinity of silica phase was affected with the appearance of (110) plane and disappearance of (011) plane. It also disturbed the (110) plane of goethite. Cd(II) adsorbed sample showed disappearance of (011) plane of silica phase and transformation of alumina phase Al₂O₃ to σ-Al₂O₃. The adsorption of Zn(II) showed prominence of (110) plane of goethite with disappearance ofσ-Al₂O₃.

003917   Mohammad A;Sharma S;Bhawani S A (Applied Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: mohammadali4u@rediffmail.com) : Reversed phase thin layer chromatography of five co-administered drugs with surfactant modified solvent systems. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 344-50.

The chromatography of five co-administered drugs i.e. paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium, aspirin and ascorbic acid was performed on various reversed phase layers. The surfactant mediated solvent systems were used with various impregnated silica gel H layers for the chromatography of these five drugs. The various experimental conditions were optimized for the selection of optimum concentration of impregnants. The mutual separation of a mixture of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium and ibuprofen; and paracetamol, aspirin and ascorbic acid are achieved on various impregnated silica gel H layers, using surfactant mediated solvent systems containing n-hexane: 1% CTAB in MeOH: ethyl acetate: acetic acid, (13:1:4:2, v/v) and toluene: 1% CTAB in MeOH: n-propanol: formic acid, (14:1:3:2, v/v) respectively.

003916   Mathur R;Sharma S K;Chandrawat M P S (PG Dep of Chemistry, R R College, Alwar, Email: drsanjay_iet@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of copper sulphate as an additive on setting strength and durability of magnesium oxysulphate cement. Int J pure appl Chem 2008, 3(4), 247-52.

Mixing of copper sulphate into Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement results in remarkable increase in strength and water tightness of the cement. Setting periods of the cement have also been increased. Other Properties such as Weathering Effects, Moisture Ingress, Compressive Strength, and Linear Changes have also been studied.

4 tables, 36 ref

003915   Kotti M;Dammak N;Kentini I;Ben Mansour L (NO, Laboratory of Water - Environment and Energy, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, B.P.1171, 3000 Sfax - Tunisia, Email: lassaadbenmansour@yahoo.fr ) : Effects of impurities on oxygen transfer rate in the electroflotation process. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 513-8.

Three different types of impurities: soybean oil, surfactant and diatomaceous earth were doped to simulate the impurities in wastewaters issued from edible oil refinery plant. The effects of the impurities on the oxygen transfer rate were investigated in an electroflotation cell. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient was studied for a batch mode involving different values of the current density for different impurities concentrations. The capacity of oxygenation and the corrective alpha factor were also studied. Models which relate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient to the current density and the concentration of the impurities were established. The results showed that the presence of impurities significantly reduce the volumetric mass transfer coefficient K_La.

003914   Hosseini S M A;Salari M (Chemistry Dep, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran, Email: s.m.a.hosseini @mail.uk.ac.ir) : Corrosion inhibition of stainless steel 302 by 1-methyl-3-pyridine-2-Yl-thiourea in acidic media. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 480-5.

The corrosion inhibition of stainless steel type 302 (302 SS) with different concentrations (0.004-0.007 M) of 1-methyl-3-pyridine-2-Yl-thiourea (MPT) in acid solutions was investigated by potentiostatic polarization measurements. The effect of temperature (283-323±1 K) on corrosion parameters was examined. The open circuit potential values in the presence and absence of MPT noted before and after experiments indicated the formation of passive film on the surface of the samples. It was found that corrosion potential (E_corr) increases with increasing MPT concentrations, while, corrosion current (i_corr) decreases. Inhibition efficiency of MPT is slightly more in 1 M H₂SO₄ than in 1 M HCl. The inhibitor functions through adsorption and follows Temkin isotherm in both the acids. Activation energy (E_a) and Gibbs free energy (ΔGads) for adsorption of MPT are calculated. The values of ΔGads decreased (attained more negative values) with increasing temperature.

003913   Hariprasad D;Dash B;Ghosh M K;Anand S (NO, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 013, Email: m_k_ghosh@yahoo.com) : Mn recovery from medium grade ore using a waste cellulosic reductant. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 322-7.

Medium grade siliceous manganese ore containing 38.22% Mn was leached in sulphuric acid medium using shredded newspaper as reducing agent. Objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of ligno-cellulosic base wastes such as used newspaper as a reducing agent. The experimental parameters chosen for this study were: H₂SO₄ concentration (2-5% v/v), temperature (60-90°C), reductant to ore ratio (0.4-1) and ore particle size (57 - 274 æm). Optimum conditions for >90% extraction were: 90°C, 5% H₂SO₄ (v/v), reductant to ore ratio 0.5, 8 h, 10% pulp density and ore particle size -100 μm. Newspaper was found to be equally effective as a reducing agent for low grade ore (15.83% Mn) also wherein the amount of reductant and acid needed were proportional to Mn content of the ore. The leach solution was enriched to 87 g/L by recycling process. The enriched solution was purified by pH adjustment to 4.7 using 20% lime slurry. MnSo₄.H₂O was crystallised from purified solution. A schematic flow-sheet has been included.

003912   Gupta S C;Hooda K S;Mathur N K;Gupta S (Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, DRDO, Giri Nagar, Pune-411 025, Email: satish_c_gupta@yahoo.com) : Tailoring of Guar gum for desert sand stabilisation. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 507-12.

Low viscosity grade guar gum has been developed by two techniques i.e. gamma irradiation and H₂O₂ treatment. The desired viscosity is achieved by controlling the quantity of hydrogen peroxide solution or the γ-irradiation dose. The viscosity of 1% guar gum was reduced from 3240 cps to 116 cps using 10% H₂O₂ solution (50% v/v) and from 3203 cps to 222 cps using 6 kGy γ-irradiation dose. The reduced viscosity was stabilized by adding 0.5% solution of formaldehyde(37% v/v) or by using 0.5% cobalt naphthenate. The low viscosity grade guar gum powder and the solutions stabilized with cobalt naphthenate or formaldehyde could be stored for long periods without loss of viscosity. The reduced viscosity guar gum is used for grouting stabilization of sand for construction works across desert.

003911   Gokakakar S D;Salker A V (Chemistry dep, Goa University, Goa-403 206, Email: avsalker@gmail.com) : Solar assisted photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over synthesized copper, silver and tin metalloporphyrins. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 492-8.

The free base porphyrin, tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP) and metalloporphyrins of Cu, Ag and Sn were synthesized and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, ^{1H NMR spectroscopy and Elemental analysis. The results are discussed in the light of magnetic susceptibility, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). These porphyrins showed interesting semiconducting behaviour and were employed for trapping solar radiations for photocatalytic degradation of the azo dye methyl orange at different pH conditions. This reaction was studied as a model reaction for finding the photoactivities of these compounds.}

003910   Dutt D;Tyagi C H;Agnihotri S;Alok Kumar; Siddhartha (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Alkoxygen and alkoxygen-AQ delignification of Ipomea carnea and Cannabis sativa. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 523-8.

Molecular oxygen is a specific oxidizing agent for lignin but its low solubility in cooking liquor causes a serious problem of mass transfer in a heterogeneous chemical pulping process with wood. The anatomy of Ipomea carnea and Cannabis sativa permit much easier diffusion and penetration of the molecular oxygen into the reactive zones of fiber wall. The low lignin content and more open and looser fiber structure of I. carnea and C. sativa makes them suitable for alkoxygen delignification. Due to their identical cooking conditions except liquor to wood ratio mixed cooking of I. carnea and C. sativa by alkoxygen delignification process is able to produce good quality pulp because the pulp blend has unique morphological characteristics of I. carnea which resembles with softwoods with respect to cell wall thickness and lumen diameter along with long fibers of C. sativa in which I. carnea deficits. Aims at optimizing the various operating parameters of alkoxygen delignification process for I. carnea and C. sativa. An oxygen pressure of 10 kg/cm² at 16% alkali dose, cooking temperature of 160°C for 120 min produces screened pulp yield 53.5% at kappa number 30 for C. sativa and 46.1% at kappa number 27 for I. carnea. The addition of 0.1% AQ at O₂ pressure of 10 kg/cm² improves pulp yield by 1.6% for C. sativa and 1.1% for I. carnea with a decrease of kappa number by 2 units in both the cases. I. carnea shows good bleaching response compared to C. sativa. Therefore, I. carnea pulp may be used as brightness improver to enhance the overall brightness of the blend.