003909   Dubey R S;Potdar Y (Chemistry Research Lab, Chemistry Dep, R J College (University of Mumbai), Ghatkopar (W), Mumbai 400 086, Email: dubeyrps@rediffmail.com) : Corrosion inhibition of 304 stainless steel in sodium chloride by ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 334-8.

Heterocyclic organic compounds namely ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were used as corrosion inhibitor for protection of 304 stainless steel in 1.5 percent NaCl solution. The inhibition effect of these compounds was investigated by using electrochemical techniques such as open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization. The results obtained reveal that these compounds are very good corrosion inhibitors and show their best performance at a concentration of 1800 ppb. Potentiodynamic curves indicate that these compounds are anodic type of inhibitors.

003908   Desai P S;Kapopara S M (Chemistry Dep, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Kholwad, Kamrej Char Rrasta, Surat-394 185, Email: psdesai69@yahoo.co.in) : Inhibiting effect of anisidines on corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric acid. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(6), 486-91.

Anisidines (o-, m- and p-) were used as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium in hydrochloric acid solution. The inhibition efficiency depended on the concentration and type of the anisidine. The inhibition efficiency ranged between 76 and 93% at the highest concentration (80 mM), and between 65 and 85% at the lowest concentration (20 mM) of inhibitor in 0.4 M HCl solution. Inhibition efficiency decreased with rise in temperature, this corresponded to surface coverage of the metal by the inhibitor. The calculated degrees of surface coverage, θ, were found to increase with the inhibitor concentration. The results also showed that, the inhibitors were adsorbed on the aluminium surface according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Polarization study revealed that all the three anisidines functioned as slightly anodic but significantly cathodic inhibitors.

003907   Dandekar P P;Patravale V B (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: vbp_muict@yahoo.co.in) : Enzymatic synthesis of fructose ester from mango kernel fat. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 317-21.

Fructose ester as a biosurfactant was successfully synthesized from the fatty acid fraction (olein fraction) of Mango Kernel Fat (MKF). The synthesis was carried out by reaction of sugar and fatty acid fraction in presence of the enzyme lipase from Candida rugosa which acted as a biocatalyst. Phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was used as the reaction medium to realise maximum enzymatic action. The product was separated from the reaction medium by liquid- liquid extraction. Maximum conversion (36.52 %) was achieved at fructose to olein fraction molar ratio of 1 : 10 (mol/L), with the lipase concentration of 4g/L, at a temperature of 30°C at the end of 3 days. The presence of an ester band in the synthesized ester was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Identity of the product was further confirmed by NMR studies and a colour identity test for the ester group.

003906   Attah L E (Chemical Sciences Dep, Cross River University of Technology, P O Box 2113, Calabar, Nigeria, Email: louattah@yahoo.com) : Second derivative spectrophotometry for simultaneous determination of iron (II) and copper (II) using 2-ketobutyric acid thiosemicarbazone. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(4), 351-6.

New chromophoric reagent, 2-ketobutyric acid thiosemicarbazone (KBAT) has been used for the simultaneous determination of iron, copper and vanadium. KBAT forms yellowish-green and blue complexes with iron (II) and copper (II) respectively at pH 6.5 and a yellow complex with vanadium (V) at pH 5.5. Calibration graphs for the individual determinations by second derivative spectrophotometry were obtained. The derivative amplitudes obeyed Beer's law at 387.2 nm for copper (II), 440 nm for iron (II) and 400 nm for vanadium (V), in the concentration ranges 0.30-2.40, 0.20-2.280 and 0.25-2.56 μg mL-1 respectively. Zero crossing method using the second derivative mode at the selected wavelengths was employed in the simultaneous determinations. The accuracy and reproducibility of the determination methods on known amounts of iron, copper, and vanadium in their binary mixtures were tested. The effects of foreign ions on the determinations of the metals were also studied. The recommended procedure was applied to the analysis of ferro-vanadium alloy, phosphor bronze, rice and groundnut.

002934   Sudha P N;Kanchana V (Chemistry Dep, DKM College for Women, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Email: parsu8@yahoo.com) : Effect of cross linking agents on the formation and properties of nanopolymer composites of chitosan. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(2), 72-8.

Composite materials combine and maintain two or more distinct phases to produce a material that has properties far superior than either of the base materials. Nanoparticles made of chitosan, a naturally occuring polymer isolated from crab and shrimp shells, have shown to be promising as carriers of anticancer drugs, antitumor genes and other novel therapeutic agents. Cross-linking agents improve the properties of polymers and their products. Hence in the work nanochitosan was prepared using polyphosphoric acid and composites of nanochitosan were prepared with methyl cellulose in the presence of two different cross-linking agents. The two composites were analyzed for their thermal stability. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked nano chitosan methyl cellulose showed higher thermal stability than formaldehyde cross- linked nano chitosan composite.

6 illus, 11 ref

002933   Pino J A;Quijano Celis C E;Rangel Mendoza J A (NO, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia, Carretera al Guatao km 31/2, La Habana 19200, Cuba, Email: jpino@iia.edu.cn) : Volatile compounds of the fruits of Sipharuna thecaphora (Poep. et Endl.) A.DC.. J essential Oil Res 2009, 21(4), 289-91.

Volatile compounds were isolated from fruits of Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. et Eudl.) A. DC. by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction. Compounds were identified by capillary GC/MS. One hundred and thirty compounds were identified, with the major representatives being atractylone (12.7% of the total volatiles) and curzerene (11.7% of the total volatiles). The significant amounts of neral and geranial, with their powerful lemon fragrances, contribute much to the typical fruit flavor.

2 tables, 18 ref

002932   Padmanabham N A;Nair R K;Bansal M C;Ghosh U K;Suri P K;Mukharjee S S (NO, , Enmas Andritz Private Limited., Chennai) : Operating experience of black desilication at APPM-Unit: coastal. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 107-11.

The black liquor de-silication plant is established at The Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd., Rajahmundry Unit: Coastal Papers Ltd., Kadiam in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. The Demo and Semi Commercial plant for de-silicating the black liquor generated from 30 tons of Rice Straw pulp per day was commissioned in March, 2007. Deals with the commissioning experiences and the trouble shooting of the plant after commissioning. Prior to the installation of the plant in depth pilot plant trials were conducted by CPPRI for finding out critical input parameters using their Pilot plant. The de-silication is achieved by carbonation method of reducing the pH of black liquor to the precipitation level and separating them in conventional clarifiers by sedimentation process. The settled silica mud is pumped into a pressure filter for getting higher dryness before disposing. The de-silicated black liquor is being concentrated to 30- 35%BLS and sent to APPM by tankers for alkali recovery along with their black liquor. At the moment, 70% de-silication is being achieved and still some more fine tuning and trouble shooting activities are to be carried out.

4 tables

002931   Liu J;Wu F (School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan Univ, Wuhan, 430072, PR China, Email: fengwu@whu.edu.cn) : Heterogeneous photochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium in the montmorillonite KSF suspended solutions under UV-vis irradiation. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(1), 5-11.

Photochemical reduction of Cr (VI) in the montmorillonite KSF suspended solution under UV-vis irradiation (metal halide lamp, λ ≥ 365 nm) was investigated. It was found that Cr (VI) could be effectively photoreduced in suspensions. The pH effect on the photoreduction of Cr (VI) by KSF catalytic process was found to have the same adsorption of Cr (VI) by particles. The results showed that the photoreduction mainly occurs on the surface of montmorillonite KSF and Cr (VI) reduction is more effective for solution pH below 4.0. The quantity of Cr (VI) eliminated increased with increasing irradiation time and decreased with decreasing initial Cr (VI) concentration. The proposed mechanism is suggests that iron species [Fe (II) and Fe (III)] contained in montmorillonite KSF are thought to contribute to this catalytic event and the photoreduction of Cr (VI) was greatly enhanced in the presence of citrate.

7 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref

002930   Jeon J K;Choi H Y;Park Y K;Kim H;Kang T W (Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Seoul Univ, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea, Email: twkang@kongju.ac.kr) : Thermal decompositon of LDPE-LLDPE-EVA copolymer mixture using microwave energy. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(2), 23-7.

The influence of microwave energy on the chemical characteristics of the gases and oils produced by decomposing LDPE-LLDPE-EVA copolymer was evaluated. In addition, the result was compared using conventional heating. The selectivity of C₂₀₊ products was very low when pyrolysis was carried out at 250W or higher microwave energy, while conventional pyrolysis showed a wide range of product distribution from C₁ to C₃₂. The selectivity to C₂ and C₃ hydrocarbon increased with increasing of microwave energy. The olefin fraction in C₂-C₄ went up to 81.5 wt % microwave-induced pyrolysis, which was greater than that for conventional pyrolysis. Microwave-induced pyrolysis could be a more favorable option than conventional pyrolysis in generating light hydrocarbon from a polymer mixture.

4 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

002929   James A O;Etela A O (Pure and Industrial Chemistry Dep, Port Harcourt Univ, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Email: bidean2002@yahoo.com) : Aloe vera: an inhibitor of aluminium corrosion in hydrochloric acid. Int J pure appl Chem 2008, 3(3), 141-5.

The inhibition of the corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solutions by Aloe vera gel has been studied using weight loss method. Inhibition was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreasing temperature. The results obtained show that Aloe vera gel could serve as an effective and non-toxic inhibitor of the corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric acid media.

6 illus, 14 ref

002928   Bhargava D S;Killedar D J (NO, , Bhargava Lane, Devpura, Haridwar-249 401) : Residual concentration model for fluoride adsorption. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2008, 89(Sept), 30-3.

Batch adsorption studies were conducted to determine the effects of some parameters such as initial solute concentration and adsorbent dose on fluoride adsorption by fish bone charcoal. The fluoride removal at al given solute concentration and adsorbent dose increased with time. The equilibrium fluoride concentration was found to be a function of the adsorbent dose and the initial fluoride concentration. The equilibrium concentration decreased with increasing adsorbent doses at any given initial solute concentration. An attempt has been made to develop a model to predict the equilibrium fluoride concentration for any given initial fluoride concentration and the adsorbent dose.

4 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

002927   Al-Dayel O;Al-Horayess O;Hefni J;Al-Durahim A (NO, , King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia, Email: oaldayel@kacst.edu.sa) : Trace elements in packaging polymers. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(1), 92-8.

Packaging polymers may contain high levels of trace. elements, which upon final incineration, may affect the environment. In the case of food contact packing, there is a concern of migration of some toxic elements into food. This may also affect the food quality. Raw plastic materials in addition to food and drink plastic containers were analyzed by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). Fifty elements were investigated. Reference materials, SARM-18 and SRM 1632c, were analyzed in the same manner as other samples to assess the whole analytical procedures in the study.

3 tables, 16 ref

001916   Yadav R;Srivastava D (Plastic Technology Dep, H. B. Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002, Email: deepak_sri92@rediffmail.com) : Environmentally perferred coatings from modified cardanol-based epoxidized novolac resin. Paintindia 2008, 58(6), 85-100.

Cardanol-based epoxidized novolac resin was modified with different weight ratios of liquid rubbers, viz. carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and carboxyl-terminated butadiene - acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) for its use as environment friendly coating materials. The cardanol-based epoxy resin was synthesized from novolac resin prepared from cardanol (C) and formaldehyde (F) having C/F molar ratio equals 1:0.6. A tricarboxylic acid such as citric acid was used as a catalyst for the system. The novolac resin was epoxidized with molar excess ofepichlorohydrin at 120°C in basic medium. The epoxidized novolac resins were, separately, blended with different weight ratios of different carboxyl-terminated liquid rubbers and ranging between 0-25 w % with an interval of 5 wt%. All the blends were cured at 120°C with stiochiometric amount of polyamine. The formation o1 various products during the synthesis of cardanol-based novolac resin, epoxidized novolac resin and blending of epoxidized novolac resin with different liquid rubber have been studied by Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The molecular weights of the prepared novolac and their epoxidized novolac resins were determined by gel permeation chromato-graphic (GPC) analysis. These blend samples were also found to be most thermally stable systems.

12 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

001915   Yadav P;Garg N;Diwedi D H (NO, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow-227 107, Email: neelimagargg@rediffmail.com) : Effect of location of cultivar, fermentation temperature and additives on the physico-chemical and sensory qualities on Mahua (Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel.) wine preparation. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 406-18.

Mahua (Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel.) has been used for liquor production, for centuries, by the tribals and local people. However, wine from mahua flower is not common. Wine made from different mahua germplasm showed no significant difference in terms of biochemical and sensory quality. Wine fermented at 16°C had higher content of alcohol (9.9%) and ascorbic acid (0.9 mg) compared to that at 20 and 25°C. Nutrients in the form of yeast extract, added to the must, improved wine quality while tannin addition lowered its sensory quality. Sweetened wines scored better than dry wines. Lemon peel addition improved aroma and acceptability of these wines. HPLC analysis reflected the presence of phenolics, viz. gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, ascorbic acid and tannic acids in mahua wines.

001914   Winkler J (NO, , Sachtleben Chemie GmbH, Duisburg, Germany) : Dispersing nanoscaled pigments and fillers. Paintindia 2008, 58(6), 105-18.

Nanoscaledpigments and functional fillers are becoming more and more important as ingredients in paints, plastics and rubbers. These additives can improve material performance dramatically and lead to special effects that are uniquely connected to their presence. Yet, in order to be useful, they normally have to be dispersed down to primary particle sizes. In many cases, this is a difficult task to achieve. The reason is that as agglomerates become smaller and smaller, they lose inertia and move with the liquid components of the mill base, thus avoiding mechanical stress situations. The paper will deal with the aspects of dispersing in general, distinguishing between the probability for agglomerates to be stressed and the probability for them to break. For the case of bead mills, the connection between the mechanical power input and the degree of dispersion will be demonstrated and concepts for dispersing nanoparticles will be presented.

6 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

001913   Veeranjaneya Reddy L;Vijaya Sarathi Reddy O (Microbiology Dep, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa-516 003, , Email: lvereddy@yahoo.com) : Production, optimization and characterization of wine from Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.). Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 426-35.

Ten mango cultivars which are commonly found in the region were selected for the study. Optimization of fermentation conditions (like yeast strain, pectinase enzyme, pH and temperature) and production of higher alcohols and other volatile compounds during wine fermentation were investigated. To prepare wine, the fruits were peeled and juice (must) was extracted immediately after crushing (control) and also after 10h of pectinase treatment. The cv. `Raspuri' gave the highest juice yield (600 ml/kg) followed by cv. `Banganpalli' (570 ml/kg). The sugar content of must ranged from 15 to 18% (w/v). The recovered juice was fermented at 15 and 20°C and the ethanol concentration of mango wine ranged from 6.3 to 8.5per cent. Fermentation efficacy of three yeast strains, viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CFTRI 101, Palm Wine Isolate and Baker's Yeast was done and highest score was obtained for `Banganpalli' wines with yeast strain S. cerevisiae CFTRI 101 followed by `Alphonso' and `Totapuri'. Pectinase enzyme treatment increased the yield of juice and ethanol production also. Total volatile composition of mango wine was evaluated using GCMS and identified 33 compounds having fruity aroma characters. More volatiles were observed in wine produced from `Banganpalli' cultivar (343 mg/l) than wine from `Totapuri' cultivar (320 mg/l).

001912   Vaidya D;Vdidya M;Sharma S;Ganshayam (Post harvest Technology Dep, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Email: devinavaidya@yahoo.com) : Enzymatic treatment for juice extraction and preparation and preliminary evaluation of kiwifruits wine. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 380-5.

Kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.)C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson] is nutritionally rich fruit with high ascorbic acid content (193mg/100g) but the extraction of its juice is difficult due to slimy pulp. To overcome this problem a combination of enzymes (pectinase 0.025g/kg + amylase 0.025g/kg + mash enzyme 0.05g/kg) were used to macerate pulp (2h at 50oC) and thus, facilitating the extraction of juice. The treatment enhanced the juice recovery (78.46%) compared to the control (58.44%) and the treatment did not affect the TSS, titrable acidity, pH, reducing and total sugars of the clarified juice. A comparison of physico-chemical characteristics of unclarified juice with that of enzymatically clarified showed a drastic decrease in pectin content and consequently, decrease in the viscosity of the juice. The outstanding feature of the juice was its high acidity and high concentration of ascorbic acid which however, decreased by 21 % after clarification. The recovered juice was ameliorated with sugar (22 ± 1°B), 100 ppm SO2 and 0.1% DAHP, and was fermented by pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 22±1°C. After fermentation, a wine of 9.7% alcohol and 7-8°B residual total soluble solids was obtained. Blending with sucrose syrup made the wine palatable. Since, the enzymes combinations were used for a period of 2h, high yield and clarity of juice were recorded. The sensory panel adjudged the wine with good ranking for colour, aroma, body and overall acceptability.

001911   Umarani N;Ilango K;Valentina P;Sunitha P G; Anadarajagopal K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur-603 203, Email: umaarun79@rediffmail.com) : Eco-friendly method for estimation of saponification value. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 2108-10.

A rapid, simple and accurate method for the determination of saponification values of fixed oils are reported under microwave irradiation. The saponification reaction was completed within 5 min. and similar results were obtained, when compared with conventional methods.

1 table, 10 ref

001910   Thaker S M;Mahanwar P A (Paint & Polymer Div, Univ Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), Matunga (E), Mumbai-400 019, Email: pmahanwar@yahoo.com) : Redispersible polymer emulsions for coating applications. Paintindia 2008, 58(8), 103-16.

The emulsion is a dispersion of two immiscible liquids, in which one liquid is a dispersed phase and other is a continuous phase. Water borne coating scores over solvent borne coating in various respects like reduced toxicity, odour, flammability and environmental risk. The use of polymeric materials, in powder form, has been growing over the past ten years at a high rate. The success is the result of environmental and economical advantages combined with energy saving and good application properties. The supply of liquid emulsions is disadvantageous as the transportation is expensive, emulsions may be destabilized or change its quality with lapse of time and treatment of waste water may be required after the use of emulsions. In the view of these disadvantages recently emulsions are dried. Under the right conditions powders can behave as fluids and be disposed and blended quickly and can be used for adhesive, paint, cement, mortar, paper, coating applications.

3 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

001909   Sthapak A K;Killedar D J;Bhole A G (Civil Engg Dep, Govt Engineering College, Ujjain-456 010) : Alum recovery from pulp and paper industry sludge by alkaline method. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2008, 28(4), 18-22.

Survey revealed the fact that in India, alum is used for the improvement of effluent quality but the work on alum recovery and reuse is fragmentary. Therefore this work emphasized on recovery of alum from sludge and its reuse for waste water treatment. It is possible to accomplish this task by recovery and reuse of alum from sludge and its utilization in the tertiary treatment of Shriniwas Fibre effluent. In this paper, results of laboratory experiments for the recovery of alum from sludge obtained by tertiary treatment of effluent collected from treatment plant after grab sampling method. Laboratory test results reveal that at pH 12.0, alum recovery of 77.85 % was obtained. Authors feel that recovery of alum from sludge is not only practically feasible and economically viable proposition but also if potentially useful to conserve water and mineral resources and protect raw water quality of rural and urban areas.

3 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

001908   Sthapak A K;Kiledar D H;Bhole A G (Civil Engg. Dep, Govt Engineering College, Ujjain) : Recovery of alum from pulp and paper industry sludge by acidulation of aluminium hydroxide sludge. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2008, 28(4), 23-6.

In India, where water and other mineral resources are meagre compared to the population to be served, every effort is needed to conserve the natural resources both qualitatively as well as quantitatively. It is possible to accomplish this task by recovery and reuse of alum from sludge and utilize in the tertiary treatment of Shriniwas Fibre wastewater treatment. In this paper, results of laboratory experiments for the recovery of alum from sludge obtained from the tertiary treatment of effluent collected from Shriniwas Fibre wastewater treatment plant after grab sampling. The effluent having suspended colloidal impurities. The alum used was G/R grade aluminium sulphate and filter alum for comparison of percentage of recovery of alum from sludge. Laboratory test results revealed that at pH 2.4, alum recovery of 82.67 % was obtained. Authors feel that recovery of alum from sludge is not only practically feasible and economically viable proposition but also if potentially useful to conserve water and mineral resources and protect raw water quality of rural and urban areas.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

001907   Soni S K;Bansal N;Soni R (Microbiology Dep, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014) : Standardization of conditions for fermentation and maturation of wine from Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 436-44.

All the useful natural components of amla, Indian gooseberry, Emblica officinalis Gaertn., with therapeutic value can be easily extracted in water after dispensing the berries in hot water. Ameliorating the extract with the sugar made it a good medium for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fermenting the sugar into ethanol to make wine. The wine was found similar to any other wine in terms of its composition, taste and aroma. The conditions for achieving the highest alcohol content and improving the sensory qualities have been standardized by evaluating the effect of addition of various exogenous nutrients, environmental conditions, fermentation technology and by maturing the wine. The supplementation of ammonium sulphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, proline and biotin to the hot water extract of amla proved to be best nutritional factors for highest alcohol production (12%) during the fermentation of the amla based medium with a new strain of S. cerevisiae in a batch fermentation. The alcohol content was further improved to 16.1% in a fed batch fermentation involving the repeated feeding of sugar for 2 cycles after an interval of 3 days each in a batch where the initial TSS was maintained at 20% and the feeding was done when the original TSS fell to 10% at each of two stages. Further, the storage of wine in oak wood barrel for a month improved its quality and led to the reduction in undesirable components such as n-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, isoamyl alcohols and an increase in desirable components including ethyl acetate, phenolics, etc.

001906   Sonawane S;Kapole S;Kulkarni R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, 666 Upper Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Pune-411 037, Email: shirishsonawane@rediffmail.com) : Process development and synthesis of nanoclay and nano calcite synthesis and their applications in surface coating industry. Paintindia 2008, 58(5), 97-106.

An overview of process development and synthesis of nano calcite crystal and nanoclay is presented. Synthesis ofnano CaC0₃ (nano calcite) was carried out using sonochemical carbonization. Co₂ gas was used for carbonization of Ca(OH)₂ XRD gram shows that the nano CaCO₃ obtained under sonication process gives the particle size of 35 to 50 nm. Natural Clay can be modified using quaternary salts. Due to incorporation of the intercalating agents the d spacing increases. Little amount of nanoclay can alter the entire properties of paints and inks. Rheological modifiers control the flow properties of liquid polymer systems such as paints, inks, emulsions which leads to thixotropic behavior.

4 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

001905   Sivakumar P;Palanisamy P N (Chemistry Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, 638 052) : Adsorptive removal of Reactive and Direct dyes using non-conventional adsorbent - Column studies. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(10), 894-9.

Presents effect of influent concentration, flow rate and bed height on packed bed column prepared by Euphorbia antiquorum L activated carbon used for adsorptive removal of dyes, Reactive Red 4 and Direct Blue 53. Adsorption efficiency increases with increase in influent concentration and bed depth and decreases with increase in flow rate. Yoon-Nelson model described adsorption behaviour of selected adsorbent-adsorbate system more reasonably than Thomas model and Reactive Red 4 adsorption behaviour fits exceptionally well with Yoon-Nelson model.

001904   Singh S (Ind. Chm. (Oil, Fats & Waxes) Dep, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar-288 120) : Extraction and characterization of oil from spent bleaching earth. Prajna 2007, 15, 23-7.

The environment friendly disposal of spent earth has many problems like hazards due to chemical and self ignition property. Apart from this it also contains significant amount of valuable fatty oils which get lost while disposing the spent earth for land filling. In the experimental study the extraction of this entrained oil from the earth before its disposal has been worked out. Furthermore, the recovered oil was characterized and found to be a suitable feed stock for soap making and other oleochemical preparation.

001903   Singh S (Industrial Chemistry Dep, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar) : Preparation and analysis of alkyd resin from deodourizer distillate. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(9), 807-11.

Presents deodorizer (DO) distillate as a cheaper source of fatty acid to prepare alkyd resins. DO distillate-based alkyd resins provide encouraging film properties, except for color and clarity of resins. Thus, DO distillate based fatty acids are being explored as raw materials for alkyd resins in architectural coating applications.

001902   Singh R S;Sooch B S (Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Lab, Biotechnology Dep, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Email: rssingh11@lycos.com) : High cell density reactors in production of fruits wine with special reference to Cider - an overview. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 323-33.

Bioreactor technology has a considerable diversity in the production of fruit wines. During the past 20 years, immobilized cells have been explored for making high cell density reactors to simplify time-consuming procedures and to reduce labour requirements as well as cost. Amongst the immobilization techniques used, entrapment of yeast cells in alginate beads seem to be most simple and effective. The packed bed reactor is the most frequently used type of immobilized cell bioreactors. The use of immobilized/co-immobilized bioreactors in cider making will be a real improvement of the industrial process reducing process time and cost. Focuses on the applications of high cell density reactors in wine making with special emphasis on cider.

001901   Singh R S;Kaur P (Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Lab, Biotechnology Dep, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Email: rssingh11@lycos.com) : Evaluation of litchi juice concentrate for the production of wine. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 386-91.

The suitability of litchi [Litchi chinensis (Gaertn.) Sonn.] juice concentrate was investigated for the production of litchi wine. The large amount of fermentable sugars (85.20%) and acid content (4.25%) present in litchi juice concentrate were found suitable for its use in wine making. Amongst the four yeast strains screened for alcoholic fermentation of reconstituted litchi juice, Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 178 was found the most potent strain. The optimal alcoholic fermentation of reconstituted litchi juice by S. cerevisiae MTCC 178 was recorded at 25°C, initial pH of must 5.0 and total soluble solids of 24°B with an inoculum level of 10% (v/v). The litchi wine produced from reconstituted litchi juice concentrate under the optimized conditions contained 11.60% (v/v) ethanol, 92 (mg/l) total esters, 124 (mg/l) total aldehydes and 0.78% (v/v) titratable acidity. The sensory evaluation revealed a clean, light amber colour of litchi wine, an attractive aroma of natural litchi fruit and a harmonious wine taste. The quality of wine as shown by the total score was rated as superior.

001900   Singh J N (Textile Commissioner, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India) : Indian textile industry imperative need for energy efficiency. Energy Fuel Users J 2008, 58(1), 23-5.

001899   Sharma S;Joshi V K;Abrol G (Postharvest Technology Dep, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Email: sharmawine@gmail.com) : Overview on Strawberry [Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier] wine production technology, composition, maturation and quality evaluation. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 356-65.

Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier is an important fruit of family Rosaceae, occupies an important place among the small fruit plants and is grown throughout the world. Deep red in colour with a unique shape, highly perishable fruit has a pleasant flavour. It is rich in vitamin C, sugar, organic acids, anthocyanin, phosphorus, iron, other minerals, vitamins, etc. and its flavour is characterized as fruity, sweet and tart. It is utilized for the production of purees, juice concentrate, juice, jams, preserves and rose red wine. Different methods used to make wine are carbonic maceration, on the skin fermentation and thermovinification. Thermovinification method produces the wine of better quality than the others. The cultivars evaluated for wine production are: `Chandler', `Doughlas', `Camarosa', `Elsanta', `Polka' and `Tenira'. Wines from `Camarosa' cultivar are found to have many desirable characteristics such as esters, optimum acidity, redder colour units, alcohol and total phenols, while `Chandler' cultivar had higher amount of ethyl alcohol, more phenols, anthocyanin than other cultivars. The method of vinification has influenced the phenolic content. Different phenolic compounds identified by TLC in wines from all the strawberry cultivars are catechin, epicatechin, quercitin and ellagic acid which are known to play a key role of antioxidants. During maturation various changes took place including increase in esters, a decrease in phenol content whereas ethanol content, TSS and acid remained unchanged. In flavour profiling, out of 14 descriptors attempted, 6 had very high intensity like, alcoholic, phenolic, higher alcoholic, astringency and bitterness and the vegetative, yeasty and earthy were found to have lower intensity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has also been applied to the wine. The present paper is presenting an overview on production technology, composition, maturation and quality evaluation of strawberry wine.

001898   Shah H J (Biochemistry Dep, M.B. Patel Science College, Anand-388 001) : Studies on chemical biochemical and nutritional aspects of wheat products processed for daily consumption. Prajna 2006, 14, 39-46.

Wheat is a main cereal consumed through out India as a part of main diet. Chemical composition of the wheat alters due to cooking. Preparation of the products for human consumption is responsible to change in its nutritive and nutritional value. Present investigation was aimed to study the effect of processing on chemical constituents of the wheat and of the selected traditional products on biochemical constituents of the weanling rats. Phulka, Thepla and Poori are main food items of a traditional menu were prepared and fed to the rats. Total fat, thiamine and riboflavin content of the diet were altered on processing. Blood, plasma and liver parameters of the weanling rats for these constituents were also altered on feeding trials.

001897   Satpute A;Gangotri L T (Surface Coating Technology Dep, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, R. T. M. Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440 033) : VOC free water thinnable coatings based on unsaturated polyester. Paintindia 2008, 58(7), 75-88.

Six different polyester resins of 3000 molecular weight having carboxy terminating groups were prepared by reacting propylene glycolwith varying combination of maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. Liquid polyester could be prepared by using maleic anhydride alone in conjunction with propylene gtycol. These polyesters were emulsified in water by using ammonia as neutralizing agent giving stable emulsions with excellent film properties. No or little volatile organic co-solvent was utilized for this purpose hence the VOC level of polyester emulsions containing high quantity of maleic anhydride was zero while in all other polyester emulsions it was only 2.4%. These polyester emulsions, can be thinned down by water upto 100%. The high maleic content polyesters were found to give high scratch hardness, flexibility with excellent water, chemicals and solvent resistance. These emulsions were converted into emulsion paints and evaluated for their film properties. The surface drying time of these emulsion paints were found to be within an hour.

22 tables, 17 ref

001896   Sahadevan R;Miranda L R;Pennathur G;Manikam V (Chemical Engineering Dep, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai, Email: rengsah@rediffmail.com) : Effect of temperature on the accumulation of acid orange 7 and acid red 88 dyes by growing Trametes versicolor. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 1836-51.

The effect of acid orange 7 and acid red 88 dyes on the color removal properties of growing Trametes versicolor was studied with respect to the temperature varying from 25°C to 30°C, initial pH ranging from 1 to 6 and initial dye concentration (10 to 100 mg/litre). The optimum pH value for both growth and removal of these azo dyes was observed as 2. Increasing the concentration of azo dyes inhibited the growth of T. versicolor. It was observed that T. versicolor fungus was capable of removing dyes with a maximum specific uptake capacity of 127.7 (at 25 °C), 139.7 (at 27.5 °C) and 151.6 (at 30 °C) (mg/g) for acid red 88 and 20.5 (at 25 °C), 31.8 (at 27.5 °C) and 41.9 (at 30 °C) (mg/g) for acid orange 7, respectively for an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/litre. Maximum percentage color removal was observed at lower concentration of all the dyes. Finally it was observed that the percentage color removal was found to be more in acid red 88 dye at 30°C, when compared to the other dye studied at different temperature in the present investigation.

7 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

001895   Rao N N;Singh J R;Misra R;Nandy T (Wastewater Technology Div, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur-440 020) : Liquid - liquid extraction of phenol from simulated sebacic acid wastewater. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(9), 823-8.

Phenol was extracted from sebacic acid wastewater (SAWW) using liquid-liquid extraction in batch as well as serial modes by applying different solvent: SAWW (1:250 - 5:250, v/v). Alcohols (1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, and 1-octanol), castor oil and Aliquat-336® were used for phenol extraction. In a typical extraction experiment involving shaking and allowing for phase separation, phenol (75-96%) can be extracted with different solvents using solvent-wastewater ratio (5:250 v/v). Generally, extraction (%) increased with solvent ratio; however, chain length of alcohols did not affect extractability of phenol much. Best extraction of phenol occurred into Aliquat 336.

001894   Raj R (NO, Asian Paints Ltd., L.B.S. Marg, Bhandup, Mumbai-400 078) : Coatings for medical application. Paintindia 2008, 58(4), 75-100.

The latest generations of coatings have become indispensable in augmenting the capabilities of medical devices and implants. Without these coatings, many medical devices would never reach their true potential in the intended application. They impart a wide variety of properties such as lubricity, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial action to device surfaces. In addition to the above mentioned properties, coatings for medical devices are also being used extensively to carry out specific local drug release and make medical implants more visible to imaging systems. With the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES), treatment of coronary artery disease has gone through a radical change, which resulted in improved success rates of a minimally invasive surgery-an alternative to open heart surgery known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). DES, are basically mesh tubes coated with a slow release drug that helps to prevent coronary renarrowing of coronary artery after coronary angioplasty. As medicine moves further along the spectrum from invasive to non-invasive, device manufacturers increasingly demand slippery or lubicious coatings. Non-invasive procedures require slippery maneuverable catheters that physicians can move easily through small blood vessels or delicate tissue. With lubricious coatings on an increasing number of medical devices, surgeons can perform procedures that were impossible a decade ago.

12 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

001893   Priya R;Kanmani S (Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai -600 025) : Effect of photosensitizers and inorganic ions on hydrogen generation from hydrogen sulfide. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(10), 891-3.

Presents hydrogen (H2) generation from hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) using photocatalyst [(CdS/ZnS)/Ag₂S+(RuO₂/TiO₂)] with photosensitizers (Rhodamine B, Eosin Y, Methylene Blue and Methyl Violet). In presence of Rhodamine B, photocatalyst yields 1.3 times more H2 than control. In presence of anions (I^-, C^l-, NO_3-, CO₃^2- and SO₄^2-) and cations (Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺), photocatalyst yields less H₂.

001892   Praveen Kumar;Mehndiratta H C;Lakshman Singh K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee) : Rheological properties of crumb rubber modified bitumen- a lab study. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(9), 812-6.

Bitumen is modified with crumb rubber (CR). Changes in rheological properties of 60/70 and 80/100 grades bitumen modified with CR have been studied for rheological properties using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (SR5 Ashphalt Rheometer). CR improves complex modulus and elastic response of bitumen at high temperatures.

001891   Patel V H;Sail S S (P.G. Dep of Home Science, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: patelvh2004@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of different levels of dietary vitamin E on the biochemical alterations induced by N-dimethylnitrosamine intoxication. Prajna 2006, 14, 53-61.

The effect of varying levels of vitamin E on some biochemical and hematological changes induced by N-dimethylnitrosamine intoxication were investigated. Albino rats were fed low, normal and high amounts of vitamin E in the diet for 28 days and thereafter, injected a dose of N-dimethylnitrosamine (30% of LD₅₀). After 48 h of intoxication, blood was collected and analyzed for hemoglobin, protein, various enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and superoxide dismutase), bilirubin, vitamins A, C and E, glutathione, uric acid and ceruloplasmin. Study shows the different degrees of fluctuation of these biomolecules in N-dimethylnitrosamine intoxicated animals, reared on low, normal and high vitamin E diet. Fluctuations of biochemical changes were minimum in high vitamin E fed rats indicating its protective role against N-dimethylnitrosamine intoxication.

001890   Patel R H;Patel H B (G.H. Patel Institute of Materials Science, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Property modification of conventional castor oil based polyurethane using novel flame retardant polyurethanes. Prajna 2007, 15, 66-76.

Polyurethanes were prepared from castor oil and phosphorous containing monomer and characterized by various chemical and instrumental analysis techniques. Thermal properties were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Flame retardant properties of blended films were evaluated. Resistancy to UV light and certain chemical agents were determined. Incorporation of phosphorous containing polyurethane to castor oil based polyurethane improve the properties of the conventional castor oil based polyurethanes.

001889   Patel R H;Patel H B (G.H. Patel Institute of Materials Science, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Studies on flame retardant polyurethanes based on bisphenol a monophosphate. Prajna 2006, 14, 70-8.

Phosphorous containing flame retardant polyurethanes were prepared and characterized by various chemical and instrumental analysis techniques. Various physical and thermal properties of the polymers were established. Flame retardant characteristics of polymers in the form of film were found out. Resistancy of the polymer films towards uv light and various chemical agents were also determined. Polyurethanes have good flame retardant and chemical resistance properties.

001888   Panesar P S;Panesar R;Singh B (Food Engineering & Technology Dep, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal-148 106, Email: pspanesarrr@yahoo.com) : Application of response surface methodology in the optimization of process parameters for the production of Kinnow wine. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 366-73.

Kinnow mandarin is one of the major citrus fruit crops of India which suffers from post-harvest losses during glut period. The fermentation of this juice to wine can be attractive alternatives to explore its potential in alcoholic beverage industry. The present investigation was carried to find out the optimal conditions for the efficient conversion of kinnow juice into wine using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Numerical optimization technique was applied to achieve the maximum possible ethanol production. The optimum process conditions for this fermentation process were 26øBrix total soluble solids concentration, 5.4 pH, 29°C temperature and inoculum size of 7.5% (v/v) and 5 days of incubation period. Corresponding to these optimum conditions, the predicted value of ethanol production was found to be 11%, which was experimentally verified.

001887   Panesar P S;Narender Kumar;Marwaha S S;Joshi V K (Biotechnology Research Lab, Food Engineering and Technology Dep, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal-48 106, Email: pspanesarrr@yahoo.com) : Vermouth production technology - an overview. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(4), 334-44.

Aperitif wine known as `Vermouth' is prepared from base wine by adding mixture of herbs and spices or their extract. Different parts of various plants (herbs and spices) such as the seeds, woods, leaves, barks or roots in dry form are used. These additives are infused, macerated or distilled in a base white wine and are added at the various stages of fermentation. The liquid is filtered, pasteurized, and fortified, i.e. additional alcohol is added. Some vermouths are sweetened; however, unsweetened, or dry vermouth tends to be bitter and both have different alcohol levels. It is known as aromatized liquor and it can be considered as a fortified wine. Vermouth prepared from grape fruits is the most common, although vermouths made from mango, plum, apple and sand pear have acceptable physico-chemical and sensory qualities. Gives comprehensive information on the technology of vermouth production, various spices and herbs used and the commercial potential of non-grape fruits such as, mango, apple, sand pear, plum and tamarind for vermouth production.

001886   Panda R;Panda H;Prakash K (Chemistry Dep, Sainik School, Tilaya, P.O.: Tilaya Dam, Dist: Koderma, Jharkhand) : Novel alumino - alkyd compositions. Paintindia 2008, 58(8), 129-36.

2 illus, 3 table

001885   Panda R;Panda H (NO, , 61, West End City, Bidholia, Rampur Road, P.O. Clutterbuckganj-243 502, Email: technical.publication.2008@gmail.com) : Chelating polymers of coating industry. Paintindia 2008, 58(5), 73-96.

Chelating polymers including their complex formation, stability, synthesis and general applications with special reference to coating industry are discussed.

9 illus

001884   Obot I B;Obi-Egbedi N O (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Uyo Univ, Uyo, Nigeria) : HSAB descriptors of thiazole derivatives calculated by DFT: possible relationship as mild steel corrosion inhibitors. Der Pharma Chem 2009, 1(1), 106-23.

The inhibitive effect of some substituted thiadiazoles, 2-amino-l,3,4-thiadiazoles (AT), 2-amino-5-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazoles (AMT), 2-amino-5-ethyl-l,3,4-thiadiazoles (AET) and 2-amino-5-propyl-l,3,4-thiadiazoles (APT) against the corrosion of mild steel in formic and acetic acid is studied theoretically using DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level in order to elucidate the different inhibition efficiencies and reactive sites of these compounds as corrosion inhibitors. The calculated quantum chemical parameters correlated to the inhibition efficiency are, E_HOMO. E_LUMO, energy of the gap (ΔE) and other parameters, including electronegativity (x), global hardness (η), global softness (S) and the fraction of electrons transferred from the inhibitor molecule to the metallic atom (ΔN). The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the local reactivity has been analyzed through the Fukui function and condensed softness indices as well as Mulliken population analysis.

001883   Navadiya H D;Dave P N;Jivani A R;Undavia N K; Patwa B S (Chemistry Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar-364 002, Email: dr.navadiya@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of sulfone dyes and their application on various fibres. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 1811-19.

A series of 3-{4-[4-(4-aryalazo)-benzenesulfonyl]-phenyl}-2-phenyl-3H-quinazolin-4 -one derivatives (3) have been obtained by a reaction of a various coupling agents with diazonium salt containing 4-oxo-quinazolin moiety (2). The diazonium salt (2) is obtained by the reaction of 4-(2-phenyl-4-oxo-3-quinazolinyl)-4'-ammodiphenylsulfone with NaNO₂ and HCl. The product is characterized by spectral and analytical data. Most of the tested compounds show promising dyeing properties.

3 tables, 13 ref

001882   Navadiya H D;Dave P N;Jivani A R;Undavia N K; Patwa B S (Chemistry Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar-364 002) : Synthesis of 4-oxoquinazolin dyes and their application on various fibres. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 1772-80.

A series of 3-[4-(4-aryalazo)-phenyl]-2-phenyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one derivatives (3) have been obtained by a reaction of a various coupling agents with diazonium salt containing 4-oxoquinazolin moiety (2). The diazonium salt (2) is obtained by the reaction of 4-(2-phenyl-4-oxo-3-quinazolinyl)-aniline with NaNCO₂ and HC1. The product is characterized by spectral and analytical data. Most of the tested compounds show promising dyeing properties.

3 tables, 14 ref

001881   Murat M N;Sapuan S M (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Dep, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: sapuan@eng.upm.edu.my) : Mathematical modelling of hydrogen production system in fuel cell technology. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1385-98.

A fuel cell unit requires fuel to generate electricity. Hydrogen is seemed to be the ideal candidate as fuel due to its potential as an 'energy carrier'. A model for hydrogen production system was proposed based on the experiments conducted in a packed bed reactor. Liquid methylcyclohexane (MCH) was used as a hydrogen carrier as it is easier to store or transport. A one-dimensional pseudo homogeneous fixed bed reactor model with axial mixing effects was chosen as a suitable solution to model the hydrogen production system. In order to solve the resulting model equations, the Finite Difference (FD) scheme was used to transform the equations into a discrete model, which is defined on a uniform grid points. The discrete model was successfully solved using Newton's method by means of a developed computer programme based on Fortran programming language. With the optimised model parameters, the simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental data. Therefore, the model can be considered successfully verified and further simulations with different operating conditions can be performed to study the performance of the hydrogen production system.

3 illus, 13 ref

001880   Morita H;Tabana H;Nakao M (NO, , Bayer Material Science Pvt. Ltd., Kolshet Road, Thane, Email: satish.shenoy@bayerbms.com) : Environmentally-friendly polyurethane coatings for automotive OEM and plastic coating applications. Paintindia 2008, 58(8), 95-102.

11 illus, 6 ref

001879   Mhatre Roshni A;Mahanwar P A (Polymer Engineering & Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology Univ, Matunga, Mumbai-19, Email: pmahanwar@yahoo.com) : Electron beam (EB) curable coating. Paintindia 2008, 58(6), 73-84.

Over the past 30 years, EB curing has achieved progress in both market growth and technology. Initially environment friendly aspects was the major driving force for ifs growth, today if's the operation, efficiency and product quality. For the high build figment coating EB curing is the preferred method. Also EB curable coating contain no solvent, nothing evaporates and hence low VOC allowing coating to be stable in container for a longer time. Reviews the electron beam curable surface mating used for coating metal, plastic, wood, optical etc.

10 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref