002054   Saidj F;Bentahar R;Boutekedjiret C (NO, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 Avenue Hacen Badi, BP 182, EI Harrach, Alger, Algeria-162 00) : Kinetic study and optimization of the operating conditions of the extraction by steam distillation of the essential oil of Thymus numidicus (Poiret) of Algeria. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 144-54.

In order to study the process of extraction of the essential oil of Tymus numidicus kabylica extracted by steam distillation, kinetic studies as well as an optimization of the operating conditions were achieved. The optimization was carried out by a parametric study and experiments planning method. Three operational parameters were chosen: thyme mass, steam water flow rate and porosity of the bed. The obtained results underscored a kinetic of order one with two steps. The first is faster with a recovery of more than 94% of essential oil. The optimal conditions obtained by the parametric study correspond to a : mass of 35 g, steam flow rate of 6.3 g/min. and porosity of 0.9155. The study by experiments planning realized by adopting the factorial planning of two levels of the three parameters 2^{3, allowed on one hand, the estimation of the simple, combined interactions and triple effects of the parameters on the essential oil yield, and on the other hand, the establishment of a mathematical model describing the variations of the yield according to the studied parameters. The results reveal that the simple effect of the bed porosity is preponderant in comparison to the simple effects of the mass and the steam water flow rate. Concerning the combined effects of two parameters, the steam water flow rate and the bed porosity, is the more important. The yield is also affected by the interaction of the three parameters.}

5 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

002053   Saeedi M;Morteza Semnani K (Pharmaceutics Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran Medical Sciences Univ, Sari, Iran) : Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Hyssopus angustifolius M.B.. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 111-9.

The essential oil of the dried flowering aerial parts of Hyssopus angustifolius M.B. (Lamiaceae) collected from the suburb of Sari, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran, in May 2007, were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by means of GC and GC-MS. The major components of H, angustifolius oil were dehydro-linalool (16.9%), β-phellandrene (9.4%) and β-pinene (7.9%). The antimicrobial activity of H, angustifolius oil was studied using the disk diffusion method and determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Aspergilus niger and Candida albicans. The H. angustifolius oil exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity on all bacteria tested. The essential oil did not show antifungal activity against fungi.

2 tables, 15 ref

002052   Rojas L B;Mora D;Chataing B;Guerrero B; Usubillaga A (Instituto de Investigacion, Facultad de Farmacia, Los Andes Univ, Merida, Venezuela-5101, Email: rojasl@ula.ve) : Chemical composition and bioactivity on bacteria and fungi of the essential oil from Lippia micromera Schauer. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 69-75.

The chemical composition and bioactivity of the volatile oil from the leaves of Lippia micromera Schauer from Merida (Venezuela) have been studied. A yield of 0.65% of oil was obtained by hydrodestillation and 98.8% of the oil component was identified. Thymol (33.7%) was the most abundant constituents of the oil, other abundant components were γ-terpinene (14.5%), p-cymene (10.2%), and l-isopropil-2-methoxy-4-methyl benzene (10.6%). Activity against seven bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnet), one fungus (Aspergillus niger) and three yeasts (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces fragilis) were evaluated. Bacterial strains were highly sensitive and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) found was less than 2 mg/ml of oil. Fungi and yeast strains showed to be even more sensitive than bacteria to the action of the oil with MFC values between 250 and 500 μg/ml.

3 tables, 21 ref

002051   Rao B R R (NO, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Resource Centre, Boduppal, Uppal (PO), Hyderabad-500 039, Email: cimaphyd@rediffmail.com) : Chemical composition and uses of Indian rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species) essential oil-a review. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 381-94.

Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species; family. Geraniaceae; 2n = 77) is a multi-harvest, evergreen, perennial aromatic crop (Figure 1) cultivated for its essential oil. It was introduced into India from France and was initially grown as an ornamental plant on south Indian hills. Cultivation of rose-scented geranium for its essential oil was initiated in 1954 on Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu, from where the cultivation spread to other parts of India. Presently, the crop is cultivated on a limited scale in south Indian States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and North Indian States of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. The crop is commercially cultivated in a number of countries, China being the major producer and exporter of the essential oil followed by Egypt. India has always been a net importer of essential oil. The imports rose from 7.6 tonnes in the late sixties to 160-180 tonnes (natural as well as reconstituted oils). The shoot biomass on steam distillation yields the essential oil of commerce that is highly valued in the industry. More than 220 compounds have been identified and reported in the essential oil. The yield and chemical composition of the fragrant oil are influenced by number of factors.

^iia2 illus, 6 tables, 42 ref

002050   Omidbaigi R;Rahimi S;Naghavi M R (Horticultural Science Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares Univ, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box 16415-381) : Evaluation of molecular and essential oil diversity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) landraces from Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 46-54.

Twenty coriander landraces selected from main cultivation area of Iran were evaluated for molecular and essential oil diversity. The selected 15 RAPD primers, produced a total of 261 scorable RAPD loci among which 90 were polymorphic (34.48%). The average number of bands was 17.4 for each primer. Genetic similarity calculated from the RAPD data ranged from 0.294 to 0.740 with an average of 0.541. The results obtained confirm the usefulness and suitability of RAPD markers for identification of coriander landraces. A high level of diversity also was obtained for essential oil yield among landraces for both herb and seed parts. The characterization of the variation of Iranian landraces of coriander encourages breeders for breeding homogeneous plant material with desirable commercial characters.

5 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

002049   Omidbaigi R;Fattahi F;Alirezalu A (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares Univ, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box-16415 381, Email: romidbaigi@yahoo.com) : Essential oil content and constituents of Thymus x citriodorus L. at different phenological stages. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 333-7.

Twenty-two constituents were found in the essential oils extracted at before flowering, beginning of flowering and at full flowering stages, but twenty-three components in the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts at fruit set stage was identified. Among them geraniol was the major (54.2 - 72.5%) component. The highest geraniol (72.5%) was identified from the essential oil at before flowering stage and the lowest amount (54.2%) from the essential oil of herb of fruit set stage was measured. Geranial content increased from before flowering to fruit set stage. The lowest geranial content (3.2%) was identified at before flowering and the highest amount (11.9%) obtained from the essential oil of fruit set stage.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

002048   Omidbaigi R;Arvin M J (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares Univ, P.O. Box-16415 381, Tehran, Iran) : Effect of growing locations on the essential oil content and chemical compositions of Bunium persicum Boiss wild growing in Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 34-40.

Four different growing locations were studied to determine the influence of climatic conditions on the essential oil content and compositions of black zira (Bunium persicum). The essential oils of dried fruits were extracted by hydro distillation technique and were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. According to the results the essential oil content and compositions of B. pereicum fruits significantly affected by growing locations. The largest amount of the essential oil (8.5% w/w) based on dry weight was extracted from the fruit which were harvested from Takhte-Khorjeh region and the lowest amount (3.5%w/w) based on dry weight from Jopar location was measured. Seventeen, sixteen, fourteen and fifteen components of the essential oil were identified by GC and GC-MS from Jopar, Bidoiye, Sardoiye and Takhte-Khorjeh regions respectively. The essential oils of fruits harvested from Sardoiye and Takhte-Khorje accumulated more cuminaldehyde (38.8 and 33% respectively) than essential oil of fruits harvested from Jopar and Bidoiye (15.7 and 10.9% respectively). The other major components of the essential oil of seeds of different growing locations studied in this experiment were γ-terpinen-7-al, γ-terpinene and p-cymene. The physico-chemical characteristics of the experimental soils and geographical situation and weather condition of different growing locations studied in this experiment were different, and these results confirmed the reports based on affecting of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of active substances of essential oil bearing plants.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

002047   Ogunwande I A;Ogunbinu A O;Flamini G;Cioni P L;Okeniyi S O (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Lagos State Univ, Badagry Expresswary, P.M.B. 0001, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria, Email: isiaka.ogunwande@lasunigeria.org) : Essential oil profiles of some Nigerian medicinal plants. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 225-35.

The paperreports on the compounds identified from the essential oils of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. (Piperaceae), Laggera aurita (L.f.) Sch. Bip. ex C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae), Crateva religiosa Forst. f. (Capparaceae) and Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae). The oils were obtained by separate hydrodistillation procedures and analyzed for their constituents by means of GC and GC-MS. The seventy-four oil constituents of P. pellucida had dill-apiole (38.6%), bicyclogermacrene (10.7%), germacrene D (9.6%) and β-chamigrene (8.3%) in abundance. The phenol ether- p-2, 5-dimethoxy cymene (66.5%) was the most singly abundance of the twenty-nine constituent of L. aurita. Terpenes are less common. In the forty-three identified oil constituents of C. religiosa were present linalool (30.2%) and nonanal (17.2%) as dominant compounds while P. foetida had hexahydrofarnesylacetone (15.2%) occurring above 10% among the seventy-six constituents detected so far. The other constituents that could be identified in sizeable amounts are β-eudesmol (6.5%), germacrene D, caryophyllene oxide and β-cedrene (ca.5.0%). The volatile oil constituents of C. religiosa and P. foetida are probably being reported for the first time.

4 tables, 17 ref

002046   Njoroge S M;Phi N T L;Sawamura M (Food Science and Technology Dep, Faculty of Agricultute, Jomo Kenyatta Agriculture and Technology Univ, P.O. Box-62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, Email: muhohonjoroge@yahoo.com) : Chemical composition of peel essential oils of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) from Uganda and Rwanda. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 26-33.

The chemical composition of cold-pressed peel essential oils of common sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) from Uganda and Rwanda were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and a total of 51 and 55 volatile chemical components were identified respectively. The major chemical groups were monoterpene hydrocarbons (94.4 and 97.3%), terpene alcohols (1.4 and 1.0%), aliphatic aldehydes (1.6 and 0.8%) and terpene aldehydes (1.4% and trace). The main compounds were limonene; 87.9 and 92.5%, myrcene; 2.4 and 2.0%, α-pinene; 0.5 and 2.4%, linalool; 1.2 and 0.9%, octanal; 1.3 and 0.6% and decanal, 0.2%. Some of the compounds present in the Ugandan oil, including iso-amyl acetate, iso-safrole, iso-amyl isovalerate, (E)-sabinene hydrate and methyl caprate were absent in Rwandan oil. The Rwanda Citrus oil contains methyl isobutyrate, α-copaene, myrcenol, neryl acetate, geranyl propionate and perilly alcohol which were not detected in Uganda Citrus oil.

1 table, 17 ref

002045   Nickavar B;Sormaghi M S;Mohandesi S (Pharmacognosy Dep, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti Univ, (M.C.), Tehran, Iran P.O. Box-14155 6153, Email: bnickavar@yahoo.com) : Steam volatiles of Cestrum nocturnum flowers. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 181-4.

Cestrum nocturnum L. (Solanaceae) is an evergreen shrub that grown in gardens for its fragrant flowers. The hydrodistillation of the fresh flowers and then the solvent extraction of the distillate yielded yellow color oil with very strong odor. The chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty five compounds, constituting 95.1% of the oil, were identified. The major components were β-phellandrene (12.1%), linalool (11.3%), a-phellandrene (9.2%) and (E)-β-ocimene(9.1%).

2 tables, 8 ref

002044   Navaei M N;Mirza M (NO, Faculty Members of Research, Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box-13185 116, Email: navaei@rifr-ac.ir) : Comparative study of the essential oils of Agrimonia eupatoria both cultivated and wild growing conditions in Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 369-73.

The oil constituents from leaves and flowers of Agrimonia eupatoria L. were obtained using a hydro-distillation method in both cultivated and wild growing conditions in Iran. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Both wild growing and cultivated leaves as well as wild growing and cultivated flower oils were found to contain 21,21, 27 and 25 components respectively. The major constituents in the wild growing leaf oil were β- caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α- humulene and E-β - farnesene, and in the cultivated leaf oil were α-pinene, β- caryophyllene, E- α-farnesene and cumine aldehyde. The main constituents in the oil of the wild growing flowers were β-caryophyllene, E-β- farnesene and α-humulene and in the cultivated flowers were β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and α-copaene.

1 table, 17 ref

002043   Nadjafi R;Koocheki A;Honermeier B;Asili J (Agriculture Dep, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Univ, G.C., Tehran, Iran, Email: f_najafi@sbu.ac.ir) : Autecology, ethnomedicinal and phytochemical studies of Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad a highly endangered medicinal plant of Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 97-110.

Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad is a rare medicinal plant of Iran, which is highly endangered by severe harvesting and unsustainable herbal collection. A research was conducted to study the ecobiological background, ethnomedicinal use and chemical properties of this species in the wild habitats during the years 2003 and 2004, to understand their conservation biology as well as to predict their behavior under artificial cultivation. Results indicated that this species grows in north-facing slopes up to 50% with altitudes of 2300 to 2700 m and mean annual rainfall ranging from 350 to 370 mm and mean annual temperature of 6 to 7°C. This plant grows on light soils with a neutral pH and poor in mineral content. Height of individual plants varies from 46 to 52 cm with a crown diameter of 39 to 42 cm, a plant density of nearly 4 pl.nr^{-2 and a dry matter of 23 to 72 g.m-2. Plant density, biomass, plant height, crown diameter and also soil coverage of this species were decreased by increasing slopes. There was no relationship between essential oil percentage of this species and slope and altitude. The whole growth period of this species is nearly 153 days which are equivalent to 1978.9 GDD. Results showed that the aerial parts of this species are used mostly by local people to treat digestive disorders and nervous disorders and depression. Essential oils of the plant aerial parts, which were collected from two regions Dowlat Abad and Freizi, were slightly yellow and the yields were 0.5% (v/w) in both regions. Eighteen components representing 95.2% and 97.5% of the total oils of these regions were identified, respectively. The major constituent of the oxygenated monoterpene-rich oils was 1,8 Cineole (77.8% and 73.2% respectively).}

3 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

002042   Nadjafi F;Damghani A M M;Ebrahimi S N (NO, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Univ, G.C., Tehran, Iran) : Effect of irrigation regimes on yield, components, content and composition of the essential oil of four iranian land races of coriander (Coriandrum sativaum). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 300-9.

An experiment was conducted to study the termination of irrigation in different phenological stages in different land races of coriander. Three irrigation treatments (1^ irrigation terminated at the start of blooming, I₂: irrigation terminated at the start of flowering and I₃: irrigation terminated at start of seed formation) and four Iranian land races (Hamadan, Khuzestan, Shiraz and Yazd) were studied. Irrigation regimes have not a significant effect on yield components but the highest seed yield was observed in I₃. Water deficit significantly increased essential oil percentage and Linalool content in seeds of coriander but decreased essential oil yield (g.m^-2). It was no significant differences in plant height, number of umbellets per umbel and seeds weight per plant but Hamadan land race has significantly, higher number of branches and umbels per plant. It was no significant differences in seed yield between the land races. It was an obviously difference in essential oil main components between different land races. Khuzestan land race has the highest content of Linalool in seeds, but the highest essential oil content was observed in Yazd land race. Also the highest content of Pentadecanone in vegetative parts was observed in Shiraz land race. It was no significant difference in essential oil yield of the land races. No significant interaction effect between irrigation regimes and land races was observed.

4 tables, 30 ref

002041   Morteza Semnani K;Akbarzadeh M (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Mazandaran Medical Sciences Univ, Sari, Iran, Email: ksemnani@yahoo.com) : Essential oil composition of Rhynchocorys elephas (L.) griseb. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 411-4.

The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Rhynchocorys elephas (L.) Griseb. (Scrophulariaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty components have been identified in the essential oil. The major constituents of the essential oil were p-cymen-8-ol (12.7%) and terpinolene (8.9%).

1 table, 5 ref

002040   Mirza M;Navaei M N (NO, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box-13185 116, Email: mirza@rifr-ac.ir) : Chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from the leaf and flowers of Marsdenia erecta (L.) R. Br. in Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 87-91.

The volatile constituents of the oil extracted from the leaves and flowers of Marsdenia erecta were isolated through a hydro distillation method and then analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The leaf oil was found to contain 24 components and the flower oil contained 25. The major constituents of the leaf oil were (E)-anethol, 80.6% and neophytadiene, 10.3%, and the main components of the flower oil were methyl hexadecanoate, 22.0%, tetradecanol, 13.3%, 2-methoxy-benzaldehyde, 9.0% and Decanol, 8.6%.

2 tables, 18 ref

002039   Mighri H;Akrout A;Casanova J;Tomi F;Naffati M (NO, Laboratoire d' Ecologie Pastorale, Institut des Regions Arides, Km 22.5, Route du Djorf-4119 Medenine, Tunisie) : Influence of drying time and process on Artemisia herba-alba Asso essential oil yield and composition. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 358-64.

The essential oil content of Artemisia herba-alba Asso decreased along the drying period from 2.5% to 1.8%. Conversely, the composition of the essential oil was not qualitatively affected by the drying process. The same principle components were found in all essential analyzed such as α- thujone (13.0 - 22.7%), β- thujone (18.0 - 25.0%), camphor (8.6 - 13%), 1,8-cineole (7.1 - 9.4%), chrysanthenone (6.7 - 10.9%), terpinen-4-ol (3.4 - 4.7%). Quantitatively, during the air-drying process, the content of some components decreased slightly such as α- thujone (from 22.7to 15.9%)and 1,8-cineole (from9.4 to 7.1%), while the amount of other compounds increased such as chrysanthenone (from 6.7 tolO.9%), borneol (from 0.8 to 1.5%), germacrene-D (from 1.0 to 2.4%) and spathulenol (from 0.8 to 1.5%). The chemical composition of the oil was more affected by oven-drying the plant material at 35°C.α-Thujone and β-thujone decreased to 13.0% and 18.0% respectively, while the percentage of camphor, germacrene-D and spathulenol increased to 13.0%, 5.5% and 3.7%, respectively.

3 tables, 21 ref

002038   Mawussi G;Vilarem G;Raynaud C;Merlina G; Gbongli A K;Wegbe K;Sanda K (NO, Ecole Superieure d'Agronomie, De Lome Univ, BP. 1515, Lome Togo) : Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Aeollanthus pubescens essential oil against coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 327-32.

Essential oil extracted from aerial parts of Aeollanthus pubescens was analysed for its chemical composition and investigated for possible insecticidal activity against Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), the major pest of coffee throughout the world. The GC and GC-MS analyses indicated that linalool (56.4%) and fenchone (28.6%) were the main components of the tested A. pubescens oil sample. Emulsions of crude essential oil of A. pubescens exhibited adulticidal activity against coffee berry borer and response was being dose-related. The LD₅₀ were respectively 220 ppm for A. pubescens essential oil and 450 ppm for endosulfan, the conventional insecticide used as standard. These preliminary findings indicate that the tested volatile oil have a potential insecticidal activity and can be used as active ingredient in natural and sustainable pesticide within an Integrated Pest Management approach to combat coffee berry borer.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

002037   Marzouki H;Medini H;Khaldi A;Khouja M L;Piras A;Giordano E;Cordeddu L;Banni S;Marongiu B;Bouzid S (NO, Laboratoire de Botanique et de Biologie Vegetal, Facultes de Sciences de Tunis EL MANARI, Tunis) : Fatty acid composition, essential oil and antibacterial activity of berries of Laurus nobilis L.. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 422-34.

Fruits of Laurus nobilis L. growing wild in different stations of Tunisia and Algeria were analysed for their fixed oil and essential oil composition. Fixed oil was extracted in Soxhlet apparatus by using hexane as solvent. The yield values were found approximatively the same for the fruit of the different stations. Fatty acids composition of the fixed oil was determined by usjng combined techniques of HPLC and GC. Fatty acids composition of L. nobilis were found as 54% for satured fatty acids and 46% for unsatured acids. Essential oils, isolated by hydrodistillation, from different parts of the berries (seeds and pericarp) of L. nobilis were analyzed by GC-MS and the main components were: 1,8-cineole, (E)-β-ocimene, α-terpinyl acetate, α-pinene, β-pinene and β-longipinene. The yields in essential oil range between 0.6 - 1.2% by weight for seeds and 0.8-1.1% for pericarps. Study of the chemical composition indicate a small variability of the volatile oil and fixed oil between the different stations whereas big differences in the composition was observed for the seeds and pericarp.

2 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

002036   Martinez R;Diaz B;Vasquez L;Compagnone R S; Tillett S;Cenelon D J;Torrico F;Suarez A I (NO, Escuela de Quimica Univ, Central de Venezuela) : Chemical composition of essential oils and toxicological evaluation of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula from Venezuela. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 476-81.

The essential oils from the flowers of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula, two plants widely used in traditional medicine of America and Africa countries, were obtained by hydrodistillation. The oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty five compounds were identified in the oil of T. erecta, of which linalool (22.5%), 2-hexyl-l-decanol (18.3%), piperitone (13.4%), 4-terpinyl acetate (7.8%) and caryophyllene (6.6%) are the main components. In the essential oil of T. patula 21 compounds were identified, and α- terthienyl (43.1%), pentatriacontane (23.9%), and 2-ethyl-l-dodecanol (7.9%) are the'major constituents. The essential oils were tested for their toxicological potential on mice, the results showed that the oils of these species have a low toxicity with a TD₅₀ 99.6 mg/kg for T. erecta and 112 mg/Kg for T. patula.

1 table, 13 ref

002035   Mahboubi M;Kazempour N (Microbiology Dep, Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company, Kashan, Iran, Email: mahboubi@barijessence.com) : In vitro antimicrobial of some essential oils from Labiatae family. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 494-508.

Labiatae family is one of the few plant's families includes numerous genera species that uses as culinary vegetative, herbal medicine and also as great ornamental interest, extensively in planning of parks, gardens and the urban green areas. In present study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of thirteen essential oils were tested against microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and yeast using disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. The essential oils were extracted from the whole aerial part of plants by hydro distillation method. In disc diffusion assay, Zataria multiflora and Satureja hortemis oils showed the most highly antimicrobial activity (means of Inhibition Zone (IZ) > 20 mm) and Ziziphora tenuir, Ocimum basilicum, Mentha pulegium, Mentha piperita and Mentha spicata exhibited moderate activity (means of IZ > 10-20 mm) while Hyssopus officinalis, Zhumeria majdae, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula stoechas, Perovskia abrotanoides and Salvia officinalis were least active against the tested organisms (means of IZ <10 mm). In micro broth dilution assay, almost of the MIC values of 2. multiflora and S. hortensis oils were lower than of 1 μl/ml. However, Zataria multiflora, Satureja hortensis and Ziziphora tenuir oils were potent antimicrobial agent than other essential oils. Zataria multiflora oil possesses the most potential bactericidal properties and it can be a good source of antimicrobial agents.

7 tables, 23 ref

002034   Kutlular O;Ozel M Z (Chemistry Dep, Pamukkale Univ, Denizli, Turkey P.O. 286, 20017) : Analysis of essential oils of Origanum onites by superheated water extraction using GCxGC-TOF/MS. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 462-70.

Superheated water extraction was used to extract essential oils from leaves and grains of Origanum onites. The effect of different sample collection dates on the amount and composition of extracted essential oils was investigated. C-18 solid phase extraction was used to elute the essential oils from the aqueous extract. The volatile components were characterized by comprehensive (two dimensional) gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF/ MS). The O. onites samples were collected on three different dates (15 June 2006,25 June 2006,05 July 2006). The extraction yields from O. onites leaves were 2.88%, 3.06% and 3.97%; and from O. onites grains 3.63%, 4.22% and 4.57%, respectively from each collection date. The main component found in all samples was carvacrol. The later collection dates gave better essential oil recovery from both leaves and grains.

2 tables, 19 ref

002033   Kizil S;Ipek A;Arslan N;Khawar K M (Field Crops Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle Univ, Diyarbakir, Turkey-212 80, Email: kizil@dicle.edu.tr) : Some agronomical characteristics and esential oil content of oregano (Origanum onites L.) as influenced by planting densities. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 172-80.

Oregano (Origanum onites L.) a highly valued medicinal plant, is rich in essential oil. The objective of the experiment was to determine the relative importance of planting densities on yield components and essential oil components of O. onites under semi arid rain fed conditions of South East Anatolian Turkey. Plant densities and environmental conditions affected growth components, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield variabilty. The results suggested variation among fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield and essential oil composition in O. onites during two years of experimentation. Totally twenty-six components were identified in the oregano essential oil by GC-MS. Carvacrol (39.6 - 52.2%) dominated all components identified in the essential oils. 4520 cm plant density showed economical optimum herbage and oil yield on the non-calcareous arid soils of Diyarbakir in the Southeastern Anatolian Turkey.

3 tables, 19 ref

002032   Khalid K A;Hu W;Cai W;Hussien M S (Cultivation and Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, National Research Centre, Kokki, Giza, Egypt, Email: ahmed490@gmail.com) : Influence of cutting and harvest day time on the essential oils of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 348-57.

The effects of cutting and/or harvest day time on the essential oil content addition to its constituents of Melissa officinalis L. plants were carried out at Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai, China, during the years of 2007 and 2008. The oil content varies greatly with a range of 0.12% to 0.25% (0.048 to 0.1000 g per plant) during the first and second cutting. The oil yield was particularly high at 5 pm (0.25% or 0.1000 g per plant) during the first cutting. Harvest day time at 5 pm resulted the highest percentages of the main components (citronellal, citronellol and geranyl acetate) of essential oil extracted from Melissa officinalis L. plants. The highest percentage of monoterpene compounds was resulted at 5 pm during the first and second cutting. The highest percentage of sesquiterpene compounds was resulted at 1 pm treatment during the first cutting while it resulted at 3 pm treatment during the second cutting.

3 tables, 18 ref

002031   Khajeh M;Yamini Y;Ghasemi E (Chemistry Dep, Tarbiat Modares Univ, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box-14115 175, Email: mostafa.khajeh@gmail.com) : Comparison of essential oils compositions of Nepeta ucrainica L. ssp. kopetdaghensis obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation methods. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 310-8.

Essential oil of Nepeta ucrainica L. ssp. kopetdaghensis was obtained using hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods. The oils were identified by GC-MS and determined by GC-FID. The results revealed that under the pressure of 35.5 MPa, temperature of 35°C, 4.5% methanol, dynamic extraction time of 50 min. and static extraction time of 25 min. extraction was more selective for the Germacrene-D. Eighteen compounds were identified in the hydrodistilled oil. The major components were Germacrene-D (20.0%), Spathulenol (5.6%) and Bourboene (5.8%). However, by using SFE under optimum conditions, only four components contained more than 95% of the oil. The extraction yield based on hydrodistillation was 0.04 (v/w). On the other hand, using SFE extraction yields in the range of 0.08 -1.32% (w/w) were obtained at different conditions.

3 tables, 16 ref

002030   Kakhky A M;Rustaiyan A;Masoudi S;Tabatabaei Anaraki M;Salehi H R (Chemistry Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Nayshabour Branch, Iran) : Composition of the essential oil of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel and Mentha longifolia L. from Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 205-12.

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the stem, leaf, flower and root of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. and flower, leaf and stem of Mentha longifolia L. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Camphor (41.6%, 32.4%, 26.2% and 32.2%) and 1,8-cineole (10.2%, 32.1%, 18.0% and 24.5%) were the main constituents in the stem, leaf, flower and root oils of P. abrotanoides, respectively. The other main component in the flower oil of the plant was α-pinene (16.0%). Piperitenone oxide (73.1% and 52.5%) and piperitenone (11.2% and 27.2%) were the main constituents in the flower and leaf oils of M longifolia, respectively. The stem oil of the plant was characterized by higher amounts of cis-piperitone oxide (25.8%) and borneol (13.5%). All oils consisted mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes and small percentage of sesquiterpenes.

2 tables, 19 ref

002029   Iranshahi M;Yazdi M C;Khayyat M H;Sahebkar A (Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology Dep, Biotechnologhy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad Madical Sc, Mashhad, Iran, Email: iranshahim@mums.ac.ir) : Sulfur containing compounds in the volatile oil of Ferula latisecta Rech. f. & Aell. leaves. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 64-8.

The essential oil obtained from dried leaves of Ferula latisecta by hydro-distillation, was analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-eight components, representing 93.0% of the oil, were characterized. The main components were sec-butyl-(Z)-propenyl disulfide (35.2%), α-cadinol (10.7%), junicedrol (10.0%), sec-butyl-(E)-propenyl disulfide (8.8%), epi-α-bisabolol (5.1%), δ-cadinene (3.9%), germacrene D-4-ol (3.6%) and di-sec-butyl disulfide (2.1%). The oil contained 48.0% total polysulfides.

1 table, 23 ref

002028   Gochev V;Jirovetz L;Wlcek K;Buchbauer G; Schmidt E;Stoynanova a;Dobreva A (Biochemistry and Microbiology Dep, "Tzar Asen" Str., Plovidiv, Bulgaria-4000, Email: gochev2000@yahoo.com ) : Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of historical rose oil from Bulgaria. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 1-6.

The chemical composition of historical rose oil (produced in 1944) from Bulgaria was investigated by GC and GC-MS. The rose oil was found to be rich in citronellol (23.4%), geraniol (19.0%), nonadecane (11.9%), and nerol (7.5%). In general, the chemical composition of this historical rose oil corresponded exactly to the criteria stated in the chromatographic profile of ISO 9842:2003. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of this rose oil sample was tested against three Gram-positive bacteria and three Gram-negative bacteria as well as against two yeasts. This old oil still demonstrated antimicrobial effects against all of the used microorganisms with Bacillus cereus found to be the most susceptible and Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most resistible strain among the tested microorganisms. In addition, a comparison of these analytical and antimicrobial results with data of some confirmed varieties from the type "Bulgarian red oleaginous rose" is given.

2 tables, 11 ref

002027   Ghani A;Saharkhiz M J;Hassanzadeh M;Msaada K (Horticultural Sciences Dep, Ferdowsi Univ, Mashhad, Iran) : Changes in essential oil content and chemical compositions of Echinophora platyloba DC. during three different growth and developmental stages. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 162-71.

Echinophoraplatyloba is a valuable essential oil bearing plant. The variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil of wild populations of E. platyloba extracted by hydro distillation was studied during different growth and developmental stages. The content of essential oils (w/w%) were 0.7,0.5, and 0.2% in rosette, floral budding, and full flowering stages, respectively. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Total of 41, 62, and 56 components were identified and quantified in the above mentioned stages, respectively. The oil content showed remarkable increase at rosette stage. The proportion of (Z)- β-Ocimene, as a major component at rosette, drastically decreased in floral budding and then slightly increased at full flowering stage. In contrast, (E)- β - ocimene was not detected at the rosette stage but was the major component at the subsequent harvest time and then decreased at full flowering stage. Moreover, monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in the rosette (71.6%), floral budding (64.8%), and full flowering stage (69.6%).

2 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

002026   Firouznia A;Rustaiyan A;Masoudi S;Rahimizade M;Bigdeli M;Tabatabaei Anaraki M (Chemistry Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box-14515 775) : Volatile constitutents of Salvia limbata, Stachys turcomanica, Scutellaria litwinowii and Hymenocrater elegans four Lamiaceae Herbs from Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 482-9.

The composition of the essential oils from four Lamiaceae species of Iran: Salvia limbata C.A. Mey. (syn. S.chrysadenia), Stachys turcomanica Trautv., Scutellaria litwinowii Bornm. & sint.ex Bornm.(syn. 5. chorassanicd) and hymenocrater elegans Bunge. (syn. H. paniculatd) obtained by hydrodistillation were analysed by GC and GC/MS. Germacrene D (24.5%), (Z)-β-ocimene (14.2%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.7%) were the main components among the thirty-eight constituents characterized in the oil of Salvia limbata representing 98.8% of the total components detected. Twenty-eight compounds were identified in the oil of Stachys turcomanica representing 93.0% of the total oil with germacrene D (17.4%), 7-epi-α- selinene (10.5%), β -elemene (9.2%) and β - pinene (8.6%) as the major constituents. The oil of Scutellaria litwinowii was characterized by higher amount of (E)-β- farnesene (20.3%) and germacrene D (16.9%) among the thirty-two components comprising 91.9% of the total oil detected.Ninteen compounds were identified in the oil of hymenocrater elegans representing 92.0% of the total oil with spathulenol (49.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.9%) as the major constituents.

1 table, 27 ref

002025   Fathi E;Sefidkon F;Abravesh Z (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Payam Noor Univ, Teharan, Iran) : Effects of drying and extraction methods on essential oil content and composition of Eucalyptus spathulata. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 189-97.

The fresh leaves of Eucalyptus spathulata, cultivated in Kashan (central region of Iran), were collected in the middle of spring and dried by five different drying methods (sun-drying, shade-drying, oven-drying at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C). The essential oils of every treatment were obtained by hydro-distillation. In addition, the essential oil of shade-dried sample was obtained by two other distillation methods (water and steam distillation and direct steam distillation). The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between oil yield (w/w) of the shade-dried sample (2.68%) compared to sun-dried (2.57%), oven-dried at 30°C (2.42%), oven-dried at 40°C (2.34%) and oven-dried at 50°C (2.25%). The oil yield of the shade-dried sample by hydro-distillation (2.68%), was higher than those of the water and steam distillation (2.28%) and steam distillation (1.14%). Twenty-three components were identified in the oils of E. spathulata obtained by different drying methods, including 1,8-cineole (54.3 - 58.7%) and a-pinene (25.4 - 33.6%) as main components. Twenty-five compounds were characterized in the oils of E. spathulata obtained by different distillation methods, including 1,8-cineole (55.8 - 58.2%) and α-pinene (24.4 - 32.2%) as major compounds. The results showed for obtaining the highest amount of oil yield and 1,8-cineole content from leaves of E. spathulata, the best drying and distillation methods were shade-drying and hydro-distillation, respectively.

2 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

002024   Edris A E;Shalaby A S;Fadel J M (Aroma and Flavor Chemistry Dep, National Research Centre, El Behoos St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Effect of organic agriculture practices on the volatile flavor components of some essential oil plants growing in egypt: III. Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 319-26.

Thyme herb (Thymus vulgaris L) received different treatments of organic and chemical fertilization to study the effect of these treatments on the biomass, essential oil content, and its chemical composition. Chemical fertilizers as ammonium nitrate, was used at 100 and 200Kg/ acre, while the organic fertilizer as mature compost was used at 10 and 20 mVacre, respectively. The herb was harvested two times in June and September during its' growth cycle. The obtained results indicated that the oil content of thyme at the first cut was slightly higher for chemically fertilized herb compared with the organic one. However, in the second cut there was no difference in the oil content. Organic fertilization at high level (20 m^{3Vacre) increased the percentage of oxygenated components in thyme oil especially thymole (51.1%) compared with any other treatments in which thymole content ranged between 31.4 - 43.2%. High levels of organic fertilization also shifted the major components of thyme oil; thymole, carvacrole, and γ- terpinene to the high margins specified by the European pharmacopoeia.}

2 tables, 20 ref

002023   Edris A E (Aroma and Flavor Chemistry Dep, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, Email: amr_edris@hotmail.com) : Identification and absolute quantification of the major water-soluble aroma components isolated from the hydrosols of some aromatic plants. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 155-61.

Hydrosols are aromatic waters that are produced during the distillation of aromatic plants. In this study the identity and the absolute quantity (mg/liter), of the major water-soluble aromatic components from the hydrosols of seven aromatic plants were investigated. These plants include sweet basil, peppermint, spearmint, sour orange petitgrain, lemongrass, lemon eucalyptus, and clove. Eugenol from clove hydrosol was found to be the most highly soluble component (854 mg/l hydrosol), followed by d-carvone from spearmint hydrosol (242 mg/l) and linalool from both sweet basil (171 mg/l) and petitgrain (128 mg/l) hydrosols. The investigation also revealed that, the solubility of certain aromatic component from different hydrosols is not the same, and probably depends on the chemical composition of its parent essential oil.

1 table, 15 ref

002022   Dhuldhoya N G (NO, Shri HAP Chemical Enterprises Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai) : Various organic reactions in thin film agitated evaporators for better process efficiency. Int J appl Chem 2008, 5(1), 57-62.

Emerging equipments coined with advanced processing techniques & operational methods (Batch to Continuous Process) provides spectacular improvements in process plants, markedly shrinking their size and significantly boosting their efficiency & makes process safer and economical. Thus our studies in Agitated Thin Film Reactor (TFR) provided a considerable improvement in some of the processes in terms of product yield, selectivity, productivity & overall Process economics in comparison to Batch Processes.

1 table, 3 ref

002021   Chowdhury S R;Tandon P K;Chowdhury A R (Botany Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow) : Rose oil Rosa damascena Mill., raised on alkaline soils. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 213-7.

Rosa damascena Mill. is raised successfully on alkaline soil having pH 9.5 to 10 and rich in exchangeable sodium. The oil yield was found to be 0.04% and the composition of the oil corresponds to the Bulgarian rose oil, which fetches highest price in the international market.

2 tables, 18 ref

002020   Chorab A E;Ei-Massry K F;Anjum F M;Shahwarb M K;Shibamoto T (Flavor and Aromatic Dep, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Chemical composition and antiosidant activity of essential oil of Pakistani Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 262-72.

Volatile constituents of the essential oil obtained from Pakistani Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris leaves by hydro-distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The yield of essential oil from fresh leaves was 1.5 ± 0.1 g/g. The 80 components identified in the essential oil were all terpenes and related compounds, which comprised of 11 monoterpenes (total 60 μg/g of oil), 8 oxygenated monoterpenes (277 μg/ g), 25 sesquiterpenes (1,940 μ.g/g), 29 oxygenated sesquiternpenes (9,420 μ/g), and 7 esters (175 μg/g). The major chemical compounds in the oil were spathulenol (1,900 μg/g), α-14-oxymuurolene (1,830 μg/g), β-bisabolene (1,190 μg/g), caryophyllene oxide (1,010 μg/g), γ- patchoulene (848 μg/g), aristolone (797 μg/g), α-atlantone (561 μg/g), β-piotol (332 μg/g), (E)-caryophyllene (328 μ.g/g), and β-copaen-4α-ol (313μg/g). The essential oil obtained in the present study contained considerably higher concentrations of oxygenated sesquiterpenes than oils from other classes of Eucalyptus leaves. This oil exhibited clear antioxidant activity with a dose-response in DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching assays. These essential oil-rich Eucalyptus leaves could be a useful source of ingredients for flavor and fragrance enhancement as well as natural antioxidants.

2 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

002019   Chen X;Deng J;Jiang X (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South Univ, Changsha, China-410 083) : Comparison of essential oils from Marchantia paleacea obtained by traditional and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation methods. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 395-403.

The essential oils from Marchantia paleacea obtained by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) and conventional hydrodistillation (HD) methods were compared. For MAHD method, the effects of different parameters, such as extraction time, the moisture of the matrix and the irradiation power, on the yield of essential oils were investigated. Maximum global yields were obtained using the following conditions: extraction time, 40 min; the irradiation power, 450 V and the moisture of the matrix, 80%. MAHD was superior in terms of saving energy and extraction time (40 min, compared with 3 h for HD). The yield of essential oils by MAHD method was ten-fold higher than that of HD method. The extracts of essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS. The obtained results were compared with references. The result also indicated that the using microwave irradiation did not change the composition of essential oils

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

002018   Chalchat J C;Ozcan M M (NO, Laboratoire de Chimie des Huiles Essentielles Univ, Blaise Pascal de Clermont, Aubiere Cedex, France-631 77) : Comparative investigation on the composition of rose (Rose damascena Mill.) oil produced by using two different methods. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 447-52.

The essential oil of petals of Rosa damascena Mill, from two different factories (a private factory and Gulbirlik factory in Isparta) in Turkey were analysed by a combination of GC and GC-MS. Thirty two components were identified, accounting for 97.4% from sample A (Gulbirlik factory in Isparta). The major constituents of sample A were citronellol (48.0%), geraniol (12.2%), nonadecane (11.0%), nonadecene (3.6%), heneicosane (3.3%) and methyl eugenol (2.8%). The other components such as phenyl ethyl alcohol, geranyl acetate, linalool, geranial and farnesol were present in small amounts. 37 compounds were characterised, representing 93.4% the R. damascena oil from Sample B (a private factory). The principal components detected in the oil of sample B were citronellol (43.0%), geraniol (19.9%), nonadecane (9.8%), heneicosane (3.7%), nonadecan-9-ene (3.1%), farnesol (2.0%), geranyl acetate (1.8%) and methyl eugenol (1.9%). The results show that it is need to harvesting to end-product storage and to establish for Standard composition and high quality oil.

1 table, 29 ref

002017   Carvalho L E;Pinto D D S;Lima M D P;Marques M O M;Facanali R (Cordenacao de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturals, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, CP 478, Manaus, AM, Brazil-69060 001) : Chemistry of essential oils of Crepidospermum rhoifolium, Trattinnickia rhoifolia and Protium elegans of the Amazon region. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 92-6.

The essential oils from the leaves of Crepidospermum rhoifolium, branches of Trattinnickia rhoifolia, leaves and branches of Protium elegans were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents identified in the oils from the leaves and branches of P. elegans were trans-caryophyllene (35.90% and 6.78%), caryophyllene oxide (27.09% and 55.83%), α-humulene (12.60% and 2.80%), respectively. The leaves of C. rhoifolium was rich in a-copaene (19.44%) and germacrene B (13.12%) and branches of T rhoifolia in trans-caryophyllene (29.60%), α-copaene (16.37%) and δ-cadinene (15.07%).

1 table, 17 ref

002016   Baydar H;Kineci S (Field Crops Dep, Suleyman Demirel Univ, Faculty of Agriculture, Isparta, Turkey-322 60, Email: baydar@ziraat.sdu.edu.tr) : Scent composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute and hydrosol from lavandin (Livandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 131-6.

Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) oil has long been used in the fragrance and perfumery industry. Lavandin is a complementary crop to Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) for rose oil producers who need novel essential oil crops in Isparta region of Turkey. Although concrete, absolute and hydrosol are also produced from the lavandin flowers apart from lavandin oil, there are very limited studies on these products. The oil of var. Super grown in Isparta region was released from the glands in the flower inflorescences by steam distillation. Lavandin hydrosol (distillate water) was obtained from a by-product during the distillation. Concrete was extracted from the flower inflorescences using n - hexane, and subsequently by evaporation of the solvent in vacuum. Absolute was produced from the concrete with ethyl alcohol extraction. Essential oils from these products were analyzed on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Two major compounds were linalyl acetate and linalool, and the concentrations of both compounds were 47.7% and 34.0% in the oil, 46.6% and 17.7% in the concrete, 45.0% and 17.2% in absolute, respectively. Lavandin hydrosol contained 55.6% linalool, but any linalyl acetate. Lavandin oil yield of the fresh inflorescences was about 1.2% (5.8% in dry flower heads). The yield of lavandin concrete was 0.9% and the lavandin concrete gave 60% of lavandin absolute.

1 table, 15 ref

002015   Asili J;Sahebkar A;Bazzaz B S F;Sharifi S; Iranshahi M (Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology Dep, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad Medical Science Univ, Mashhad, Iran) : Identification of essential oil components of Ferula badrakema fruits by GC-MS and <. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 7-15.

The essential oil of the fruits of Ferula badrakema was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC, GC-MS and ^{13C-NMR spectroscopy. Seventy-four components, representing 98.2% of the oil were characterized. The major components of the fruits oil were β-pinene (45.8%), α-pinene (10.9%), c/s-isolongifolanone (4.1%), β-phellandrene (2.7%), myrcene (2.4%), and carvacrol methyl ether (2.4%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oil and α-pinene, β-pinene as authentic compounds were determined using broth dilution method against four bacteria and one fungus. The essential oil of the fruits was moderately active against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus as gram positive bacteria, and Candida albicans as fungal strain with 3.125 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml MICs, respectively. The gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) appeared not to be susceptible to inhibitory effects of this essential oil.}

2 tables, 43 ref

002014   Andrade E H A;Zoghbi M D G B;Lima M D P (NO, Coordenacao de Botanica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, CP 399, Belem, PA, Brazil-66040-170) : Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf cultivated in north of Brazil. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 41-5.

The essential oils obtained from blades, sheaths and rhizomes of Cymbopogon citratus were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The essential oils from aerial parts (blades and sheaths) from three other specimens also were studied. Neral and geranial were major in blades (30.1% and 39.9%, respectively), and sheats (27.8% and 50.0%, respectively). Rhizome oils showed a different chemical profile and was characterized by a high amount of selina-6-en-4-ol (27.8%), followed by α-cadinol (8.2%), neointermediol (7.2%) and eudestna-7(11)-en-4-ol (5.3%).

1 table, 11 ref

002013   Ali N A A;Wurster M;Lindequist U (Pharmacognosy Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a Univ, Yemen P.O. Box-131 50) : Chemical composition of essential oil from the oleogum resin of Commiphora habessinica (Berg.) Engl. from Yemen. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 244-9.

The essential oil extracted from the oleogum resin of the Yemeni Commiphora habessinica (Berg.) Engl. was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 13 constituents were identified. The major constituents were β-elemene (32.1%), α- selinene (18.9%), cadina-l,4-diene (7.5%), germacrene B (3.6%), α-copaene (3.5%), t-muurolol (3.0%) caryophyllene oxide (2.9%) and α-cadinol (2.6%).

1 table, 31 ref

002012   Akhtar P;Kaskoos R A;Mir S R;Ali M;Sharma M P (NO, Drug Standardisation Research Unit, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), New Delhi) : Composition of volatile oil of fruits of Ammi majus Linn. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(4), 490-3.

The oil from the fruits of Ammi majus Linn. (Apiaceae) was analyzed for isoprenoids and other volatile components by GC and GC-MS. Hydrodistillation of air-dried fruits yielded 0.22% essential oil on dry weight basis. Thirty five components comprising 91% of total volatiles were identified by gas chromatographic techniques. The oil contained 13 monoterpenes (40.3%) and 15 sesquiterpenes (34.2%). The main monoterpenes were carvone (13.4%), 1,8-cineole (6.9%), α-terpinyl acetate (5.9%), trans-pinocarveol (3.2%) and citronellal (3.2%) while as the major sesquiterpenes were globulol (6.8%) and nerolidol (5.3%). The non-terpenic volatiles included high boiling hydrocarbons (7.8%) and bergapten (8.7%.

1 table, 14 ref

002011   Akhlaghi H;Shafaghat A;Mohammadhosseini M (Basic Sciences Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Sabzevar Branch, Sabzevar, Iran, Email: sh_akhlaghi2001@yahoo.com) : Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of Biebersteinia multifida DC. growing wild in Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(3), 365-8.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Biebersteinia multiflda DC. growing wild in Khorasan province (Iran), was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Seven compounds representing 93.5% of leaf oil of Biebersteinia multiflda were identified among them α-pinene (49.8%) and 6,l,14-trimethyl-2jpentadecanone (21.6%) were the major ones. In the identified compounds, α-pinene predominated over nonterpene hydrocarbons and other terpenes.

1 table, 14 ref

002010   Akhlaghi H (Basic Sciences Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Sabzevar Branch, Sabzevar, Iran, Email: sh_akhlaghi2001@yahoo.com) : Chemical composition of the essential oil aerial parts of Astragalus schahrudensis Bge. from northeast of Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(1), 59-63.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Astragalus schahrudensis Bge. endemic to Iran, was analysed by GC and GC-MS. The volatile oil isolated from the aerial parts oil of A. schahrudensis was dominated with higher amount of benzyl benzoate (54.4%) alongwith the fifteen components comprising 94.3% of the total oil detected. In the whole oil, a nonterpene hydrocarbon predominated over monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.

2 tables, 7 ref

002009   Achak N;Romane A;Alifriqui M;Markouk M (NO, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Appliquee, Faculte des Sciences Semlal, Marrakech, Morocco) : Chemical composition, organic and mineral contents of leaves of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters. from the Tensift-al haouz, Marrakech region (Morocco). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2009, 12(2), 198-204.

The chemical composition of essential oils obtained by steam- distillation of the leaves of Tetradinis articidata were studied by G.C-FID and GC-MS. The samples were collected from Tensift Al Houz region from Marrakech (Morocco). Monoterpenes hydrocarbons constituted the main chemical groups in the oil from leaves of T. articulata contained higher amounts of a-pinene (41.2%) and bornyl acetate (20.6 - 36.4%). Heavy metal contents in the collected samples, i.e. Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, S, Si, Al and Zn, were found at different levels. The highest mean levels of Ca, K, Mg and Si were found in this specie. The composition of organics (lipids, total nitrogen, protein and fats) of this specie is also reported.

3 tables, 19 ref

001044   Rao B J;Naveen Kumar G S;Patil V M (Livestock Products Technology Dep, Veterinary College, K.V.A.F.S.U., Bidar-585 401) : Utilization of different levels of blood meal in broiler feed. Indian vet J 2009, 86(6), 642-3.

^ssc2 tables, 6 ref

001043   Ismail E A;Mottawie A M;Abdeen Z (Petrochemicals Dep, Egyptian Petroleum Research Inst., Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, Email: eidismail@yahoo.com) : Properties and applications of castor oil polyurethane polymethyl acrylate semi interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN). Int J pure appl Chem 2009, 4(1-2), 35-9.

A series of castor oil polyurethane poly (methyl acrylate) semi interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN CO PU PMA) were prepared from castor oil, toluene diisocyanate and methyl acrylate. The SIPN polymers obtained were characterized by thermal, chemical and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and hardness (Shore A) and compared with each other. Tensile strength and hardness (with inverse of elongation) increase in the direction of increasing isocyanate ratio and methyl acrylate content. The apparent densities were also determined and compared. The adhesive properties were applied with respect to iron to aluminum bonding. The adhesives based on IPN PU PMA were prepared and tested as adhesives for metals. The results showed that the adhesives have effective adhesion power that they can be used in a practical project.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

001042   Hazra P;Chattopadhyay A;Dutta S (Vegetable Crops Dep, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mahanpur-741 252, Email: chattopadhyay.arup@gmail.com) : BCTH 62 tomato for processing. Indian Hort 2009, 54(6), 28-9.

The BCTH 62 with excellent fruits produces 45 - 50 tonnes/ha. The fruits are big-sized, oblong heart-shaped with 4 locules and light ribbing on fruit surface. The fruits with thick pericarp contain high TSS, very high lycopene and total carotenoid contents, and excellent for processing purpose.

1 table

001041   Gorakh Mal;Suchitra Sen D;Sahani M S (NO, National Research Centre on Camel, P.B. No. 07, Bikaner, Rajasthan-334 001) : Preparation of different products from camel milk. Indian vet J 2009, 86(5), 520-1.

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