015555   Shroff R (NO, United Phosphorus Ltd., Uniphos House, Opposite Madhu Park, 11th Road, Khar (West), Mumbai-400 052, Email: shroffrd@uniphos.com) : Agrochemical industry in India: past, present and future. Indian chem Engr 2009, 51(Spl), 147-50.

At a time when much of the global economy is falling apart and demand is collapsing, both for consumer goods and the industries that make them, the world of agrochernicals is holding up remarkably well. However, this does not mean that the agrochernicals industry is not going through challenging times. The strategy for the Indian Agrochemical Industry to deal with globalisation and increasing competitiveness is very simple. All we need is to remove unnecessary hurdles and give support to R&D in India. The agrochernicals industry has been responsible for minimising losses and improving productivity in agriculture. In India, we have unlimited scientific talent, good agronomists and farmers who are willing to learn. Together, we can usher in a "New Green Revolution". No amount of industrial production will remove poverty and hunger in India. The Indian economy can certainly grow in the world with higher agricultural production.

015554   Shendurse A M;Arora S;Patil M R;Gawande H M; Khedkar C D (NO, College of Dairy Technology, Pusad, Maharashtra, Email: amshendurse@gmail.com) : Low calorie whey beverages. Indian Dairyman 2009, 61(7), 52-8.

49 ref

015553   Ravindra Kumar;Sharma R K;Barman K (Animal Nutrition Div, Faculty of Veterniary Sciences and Animal Husban, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, R.S. Pura-181 102, Email: ravindra.srivastava@gmail.com) : Increasing CLAS in milk for health. Indian Dairyman 2009, 61(8), 38-42.

19 ref

015552   Rai P;De S (Agricultural Engineering Dep, Birsa Agriculture Univ, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: sde@che.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Clarification of pectin-containing juice using ultrafiltration. Curr Sci 2009, 96(10), 1361-71.

Membrane-based processes arc emerging as significant unit operations for clarification of fruit juice in the food industry. In this article, pretreatmcnt of pectin-rich juice, its clarification using ultrafiltration and storage study of the filtered juice are discussed. Mosambi (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) juice is considered as a case study. Optimum conditions for enzymatic treatment for depectinization are reported. Efficacy of enzymatic treatment is explored compared to other pretreatment methods. Selection of a suitable membrane, performance of clarification, quantification of flux decline and methods to improve the permeate flux are also discussed. Finally, the effects of various parameters on the shelf-life of the clarified juice are presented. After depectinization, the leftover pectin present in the juice causes flux decline during ultrafiltration. Higher pore-sized membranes may not lead to higher permeate flux during ultrafiltration because the filtration is mainly gel layer-controlled. Apart from conventional methods for membrane cleaning like backflusing, application of external electric field may improve the ultrafiltration flux due to the charged nature of pectin at its natural pH. Clarified juice has adequate shelf-life without addition of any external preservative or heat treatment.

6 illus, 2 tables, 63 ref

015551   Olaofe O;Ekuagbere A O;Ogunlade I (Food Science and Technology Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Email: cscngr@yahoo.com) : Chemical, amino acid composition and functional properties of calabash seed's kernel. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect C 2009, 28(1-2), 13-24.

The chemical composition and functional properties of calabash seed's kernel were carried out using standard analytical methods. Results show that the calabash seed kernels contained high amount of crude protein (35.9%) and fat (43.2%). It also contained moderately high amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium and manganese. Phosphorus was present in high amounts making it a potential source of food supplements. The most abundant amino acids present are glutamic acid (147.0mg/g protein) and aspartic acid (95.8mg/g protein). The essential amino acids in the kernel amount to 43.4% indicating that the kernel is nutritionally useful for both school children and adults. The calabash kernel protein has minimum solubility at pH 5.0. The results of functional properties of the calabash seed flour showed that water absorption capacity was 156.7%, oil absorption capacity 93.3% with least gelation concentration of 7.0%. The emulsion capacity, foaming capacity and stability were relatively good, suggesting that the calabash seed kernel can be utilized for both domestic and industrial purposes.

6 tables, 38 ref

015550   Nanoti S M;Garg M O (Indian Institute of Petroleum, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248 005, Email: director@iip.res.in) : Petroleum refining industry: technological challenges and opprotunities. Indian chem Engr 2009, 51(Spl), 165-73.

The current hydrocarbon value chain, from oil exploration, production refining to marketing, has become a highly integrated process and is being increasingly expected to deliver fuels at reasonable cost to drive economies. The Indian refining industry is currently faced with several challenges and, undoubtedly, is expected to face unprecedented challenges in the future. Nonetheless, it contributes a significant portion to the GDP of the nation. The challenges, which the industry is currently facing and is likely to face, include unstable crude prices, significant price differential between light and heavy crudes, shifting product demands, reducing fuel oil uptake etc. Also, there is a moving target for purity of petroleum products and the need to synergistically utilise other energy sources, particularly, bioresources. The future refineries would have to be necessarily smart in terms of understanding these challenges and to be able to adapt their designs and operations to take advantage of the same. For example, high conversion processes would be needed to take advantage of low price of heavy crudes, maximise energy efficiency, minimise the carbon dioxide (CO₂) footprint and, thus, encourage use of hydrogen free technologies. There is also a need to synergistically integrate current operations with petrochemical production while allowing for the high volatility of this market. Lastly, in any refining operation, there are several byproduct streams, which are considered to be of low value. These streams need to be looked at for value addition as they can bring significant impact to the refinery bottom line. This paper shall attempt to outline some of the major issues mentioned above and can act as a roadmap for the refiners.

7 illus, 3 tables

015549   Nagehan Ucan H;Dursun S;Gur K;Aktumsek A (Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Selcuk Univ, 42003 Konya, Turkey, Email: nagehanucan@selcuk.edu.tr) : Organochlorine pesticide residue analysis in some fruit samples collected from Konya city supermarkets. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(6), 4843-55.

Food demand increased with increasing population on the world and this demand required usage of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. Extremely and uncontrolled usage of pesticide give numbers of problem on vegetation and human health. In this study, the existence of organochlorine pesticide residues have been investigated in 18 types of fruit specimens consumed in Konya, Turkey. The numbers of investigated residues of organochlorine pesticides were 24. The examined fruit specimens for analysis of pesticide residues were apple, pear, black grape, plum, quince, carrot, white grape, persimmon, orange, pomegranate, banana, tangerine, pumpkin, grapefruit, strawberry, kiwi, jarusalem artichoke and medlar. As a result, it was found that, the levels of orghanochlorine pesticides in the all investigated furit specimens were lower than those of the MRL of European Legislations.

1 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

015548   Koyuncu N;Uylaser V (Food Engineering Dep, Agriculture Faculty, Uludag Univ, 16059 Gorukle-Bursa, Turkey, Email: uylaserv@uludag.edu.tr) : Benzoic acid and sorbic acid levels in some dairy products consumed in Turkey. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(6), 4901-8.

In this study, white cheese, kashar cheese, yogurt, ayran, mayonnaise and margarine samples of different brands were analyzed for benzoic and sorbic acid levels. They were obtained from retail outlets in Bursa, Turkey. The occurrence and concentration level of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in the samples were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detector (235-254 nm). Chromatographic separation was achieved with a CIS column and acetate buffer (pH 4.74)-methanol mixture (70:30) as a mobile phase. The levels of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in the analyzed samples were in the range of not detected to 466 mg/kg or L and 2.09 to 1133 mg/kg or L, respectively. In 80 and 40% of the analyzed yogurt samples, 100 and 20% of the analyzed ayran samples, 80% of the analyzed white and kashar cheese samples established benzoic acid and sorbic acid, respectively, although not permitted by the Turkish Food Codex. Benzoic acid and sorbic acid levels in the other samples were determined in the maximum tolerable limit of the Turkish Food Codex.

4 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

015547   Joshi A (NO, , Technical Manager, Asian Paints Ltd., Asian Paints House, 6A, Shantinagar, Santa Cruz (East), Mumbai-400 055, Email: amit.joshi@asianpaints.com) : High performance pigments. Indian chem Engr 2009, 51(Spl), 129-43.

17 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

015546   Jindel N;Sharma L;patel M;Ghoksi M;Johan N (Plastics Technoloty, Institute of Scinces and Technology for Advanced studies and Research, allabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat - 388 120) : Recycling of food grade plastics packaging films for various applications. Prajna 2009, 17(Dec), 79-85.

Food grade plastics films were recycled effectively and efficiently by simple and economical methods. Different routes were followed and a comparative study was conducted. The plastics films were blended with virgin plastics and formulated with different additives to make them more polar and reactive. The mixing of plastics films with, virgin plastics and other additives were performed on two roll mill and specimens were prepared on different processing machines like film extrusion, injection moulding, compression moulding etc. The major areas were the recycled compounds used are injection moulding, extrusion, until adhesion etc.

3 illua, 4 tables, 15 ref

015545   Eshratabadi P;Salarvand Z;Rashidi L (Food and Agriculture Dep, Institute of Standard (Isiri), P.O. Box 31585-163, Email: eshratabadi-pr@isiri.org.ir) : Antioxidant effect of phospholipids extracted from soyabean on fat and food oil. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(6), 4889-93.

Nowdays, phospholipids are considered as a natural additive with useful and applicable effects in food industry and many studies are being carried out on this field. In this study the antioxidant effect of phospholipids extracted from 5 different soyabean varieties, named Persia (SR), Hill (HL), Williams (WZ), Gorgan 3 (GN) and Simes (SS) have been compared in soyabean oil as well as that on the stability of sunflower oil. Crude and degummed soyabean oils of all 5 varieties as well as refined sunflower seed oils with added phospholipids were subjected to induction period (IP) measurements employing Rancimat method. The results from the first step showed that Williams variety has markedly different behaviour of antioxidant in comparison with the others. Comparing the data from second step, it is concluded that Simes variety increase stability of sunflower oil more than the others.

3 tables, 13 ref

015544   Cilingir A C;Ucar V;Udofia I J;Jin Z M (School of Mechanical Engineering, Esentepe Campus, Sakarya Univ, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey, Email: cilingir@sakarya.edu.tr) : Biphasic finite element modelling of contact mechanics of hemi-arthroplasty of human hip joint. part II: polycarbonate urethane on cartilage contact. Trends Biomater artif Organ 2008, 22(2), 65-72.

Poroelastic finite element study was performed to compare the contact mechanics of employing different biomaterials such as metal and polycarbonate urethane for hemiarthroplasty hip resurfacing. The effects of loading, radial clearance and cartilage thickness on the predicted maximum contact pressure and pore pressure were investigated in this study. The femoral component, considered in part 1, was modified on the bearing surface by using a polycarbonate urethane layer with thickness of 2 mm to investigate the effect of soft bearing material against the articular cartilage. The stress distributions within the components of hemiarthroplasty of hip joint were also studied. The most significant effect on the predicted maximum contact pressure and pore pressure for metal on cartilage and polycarbonate urethane on cartilage models was found to be cartilage thickness in this study. Therefore it was concluded that because of cartilage degeneration by time, using soft femoral component decreased the predicted maximum contact pressure and pore pressure on cartilage in this study. Varying the radial clearance between femoral component and articular cartilage and applied load did not show a significant effect on the contact mechanics between metal on cartilage and polycarbonate urethane on cartilage models. Also a comparison of the predicted maximum von Mises stresses within the components of metal on cartilage and polycarbonate urethane on cartilage models had only small differences, ranged from 0 to 10%.

6 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

015543   Ahmad A;Sahoo D;Ahmad J;Tandon S (NO, Central Institute of Medical and Artomatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226 015, Email: s.tandon@cimap.res.in) : GC-MS composition of rose oil (Rosa damascena) of different agro climatic refions of North India. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(6), 4643-7.

The essential oil composition of rose oil (Rosa damascena) obtained from different agro climatic region of north India has been evaluated by GC, GC-MS and relative retention time in the oils. The rose oil have been distilled from the different regions of Pantnagar, Lucknow, Moradabad and Kashmir. The major components of rose oil mainly citronellol, nerol, geraniol, nonadecane and heneicosane have been identified. A total of 32 components amounting to 93.1, 88.79, 88.37 and 95.47% of rose oils of Pantnagar, Lucknow, Moradabad and Kashmir, respectively have been identified.

1 table, 15 ref

025088   Khapre A P;Deothankar H M;Bobade H P (College of Food Technology, Marathwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani-431 402) : Development of anola based herbal health beverage. Bioinfolet 2010, 7(3), 271.

Processing technology to prepare anola based herbal health beverage blended with adulasa, shatavari leaf extracts and ginger rhizome extract was developed to justify their health benefits.

5 ref

025087   Kaur A;Vohra D K (NO, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 004, Email: anupreetz@yahoo.co.in) : Bulk liquid membrane as a separation technique to recover acetic and propionic acids from dilute solutions. Indian J chem Technol 2010, 17(2), 133-8.

Liquid membranes incorporating potential chemical species can perform rapid and selective transport of a variety of guest species and that too being much energy efficient than other separation methods. Separation characteristics of a bulk liquid membrane were investigated to recover acetic acid and propionic acid from dilute aqueous solutions by reactive extraction process. The liquid membrane made up of trioctylamine as an extractant and toluene as an organic diluent was tested. The membrane was kept in contact with two aqueous phases namely acidic feed phase and alkaline strip phase. The parameters affecting the extraction of the acid including nature of the feed phase, sodium hydroxide concentration in the strip phase and concentration of trioctylamine in membrane phase were investigated. The membrane system was observed to have potential to extract both the acids which was confirmed with the increase in the percentage extraction and the mass-transfer coefficient with time. The set-up under investigation could extract about 40% of the acid in first five hours of operation under defined conditions. The set-up was found to be more favourable for propionic acid in comparison to acetic acid as the difference in extraction efficiency widens with the increase in the strength of the strip phase solution.

7 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

025086   Deokota R;Chhetri R B (Natural Sciences Dep, Kathmandu University, P.O. Box No: 6250 KTM, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal, Email: rajeevchettri@hotmail.com) : Traditional lore on the preparation of Marcha in Sunsari district, Nepal. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2010, 9(2), 275-8.

Communicates the indigenous method of preparation of the starter culture or marcha, for the fermentation of the traditional liquors. There exists high consumption of alcoholic beverages among mooshar, tharu, limbu, magar, newar, rai, sunuwar communities of Sunsari district, Nepal. They use nearby different plants growing in the vicinity as part of ingredients in the preparation of marcha leading to the production of two types of alcohols, viz. jand and raksi, having distinct flavour, concentration and taste, depending on the types of the plants used while preparing marcha. Such plants are collected from nearby forests, grassland, wasteland, cropland, roadsides and riversides during off season. The flour obtained from grain of rice is commonly used as a stock medium in the marcha.

3 illus, 12 ref

024083   Yap J;Toh Z A;Goh V;Chen L;Vesper S (Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Protection Agencry (NEA), Singapore, Email: vesper.stephen@epa.gov) : Assessment of mold concentrations in Singapore shopping centers using mold-specific quantitative PCR (MSQPCR) analysis. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(3), 290-3.

Molds can pose a human health threat and may amplify in buildings in humid climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mold growth in Singapore shopping centers based on the collection of 40 dust samples from 15 shopping centers, including one with a history of water damage. The dust was analyzed by a DNA-based technology called mold-specific quantitative PCR (MSQ-PCR). In a water-damaged shopping center, most of the 26 water-damage indicator species were detected at some concentration and many were much more abundant than the average in the shopping centers. MSQPCR is a useful method for quantifying indoor molds in tropical climates.

^ssc2 tables, 12 ref

024082   Suresh Kumar B V;Sajan C P;Rai L;Byrappa K (Studies in Geology Dep, Mysore Univ, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Email: bvsureshkumr@yahoo.com) : Photocatalytic activity of TiO₂:AlPO4-5 zeolites for the degradation of indigo caramine dye. Indian J chem Technol 2010, 17(3), 191-7.

Aluminophosphate zeolite (AlPO₄-5) coated or impregnated by clusters of TiO₂ were prepared under hydrothermal conditions (Temperature, ~150°C; Pressure is autogenous). These composite materials were subjected to a systematic characterization using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and BET surface area measurements. The encapsulation of TiO₂ in the A1PO₄ zeolite framework was confirmed by the profile analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns. The resultant products were employed successfully in the degradation of Indigo carmine dye. The effect of pH and the efficiency of composite materials on the degradation of Indigo carmine dye have been worked out. The decrease in the chemical oxygen demand proved the decomposition of harmful organics present in the dye solution.

9 illus, 25 ref

024081   Singh G;Kiran S;Singh P;Marimuthu P (Chemistry Dep, DDU Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: gsingh4us@yahoo.com) : Novel food preservative approach to fruit juice by tailed pepper essential oil and oleoresins. Indian Perfumer 2008, 52(4), 29-32.

Spice essential oils and oleoresins of tailed pepper, collected by hydrodistillation and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively, were used as natural food preservatives for orange juice. Results showed that the essential oil and oleoresins possess preservative effect against juice samples in comparison with control.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

024080   Saraswathi P;Saritha E;Swaminathan K (Biotechnology Dep, Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science College, Coimbatore (T.N.)) : Adsorption of chromium (VI) on chemically activated saw dust. Asian J envir Sci 2009, 4(1), 29-33.

Bioremediation of heavy metal pollution remains a major challenge in environmental biotechnology. The ability of chemically activated sawdust to remove chromium from aqueous solution was investigated. Experiments were carried out as a function of adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of chromium and contact time. The mechanism of metal sorption by chemically activated sawdust gave good fits for Langmuir, Freundlich and Lagergren models. The bioadsorption efficiency of chromium to the sawdust was decreased as the initial concentration of metal ions increased. The percentage removal was increased (79% to 97%) with an increase in contact time (20 to 100 min) at an initial Cr (VI) concentration of 20 mg/L. According to Langmuir isotherm, the monolayer saturation capacity (Qo) was 33.55 mg/g. The study showed that chemically activated sawdust was more favourable for the adsorption of chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions.

5 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

024079   Ranjana Banerjee R;Nandi M M (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713 209, Email: murarimohan_nandi@yahoo.co.in) : Inhibition effect of amino acid derivatives on the corrosion of brass in 0.6 M aqueous sodium chloride solution. Indian J chem Technol 2010, 17(3), 176-80.

The inhibitive effects of three amino acids and their benzenesulphonyl derivatives against the corrosion of brass in 0.6 M aqueous sodium chloride solution have been studied using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The amino acids used are glycine (I), L (-) aspartic acid (II) and L (-) glutamic acid (III) and their corresponding benzenesulphonyl derivatives IV, V and VI. The inhibition efficiency of these compounds increases in the order I< II<. III for amino acids and the same trend is followed for benzenesulphonyl derivatives. Compound VI is found to be the best inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency of VI with 4 x10^{-5 concentration is the highest, which reaches 81.2-85.5%. It has been observed that introduction of C₆H₅-SO₂-group increases the inhibition efficiency of the amino acids by 14-33% due to (a) higher molecular size (b) π - electron contribution of the benzene ring and (c) presence of more active adsorption sites.}

5 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

024078   Purushotham B;Radhakrishna P M;Sherigara B S; Shiva Kumar (NO, Tetragon Chemie Pvt.Ltd., IS 40, KHB Colony, Yelahanka New Town, Bangalore-560 106, Email: bpurushotham@vetcareindia.com ) : Effect of feeding extruded soybean food on reproductive hormone profile in pet dogs. Int J Biotechnol Biochem 2009, 5(3), 243-50.

As the key vegetable protein commodity, soybean and its products are becoming more important as dietary raw materials for human being and his faithful companions. Soybeans naturally abundant in isoflavone compound that are reported to possess weak biochemical activity, including estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, and hypocholesterolemic effects, in mammalian species. Soybeans contain three types of isoflavones; daidzein, genistein, and glycitein in four isomeric forms. These compounds have been implicated for adversely affecting reproduction in animals fed diets containing large amounts of soybean meal^{1,2. There is wide spread belief that isoflavones are not anti-nutrients and genistein and related phytoestrogens work as chemo-preventive agents3 for a variety of human diseases and cancers based on epidemiological evidence of reduced cancer rates in populations with a high intake of soy. Processing of soybean seeds and its products also significantly affects the retention and distribution of isoflavone isomers in the final products4. Extrusion cooking has been shown to be effective method to reduce the anti-nutritional factors5,6,7 To assess the effect of Soybean, which is extruded, the present study was focused on using the extruded soyabean in pet food formulations and evaluating the reproductive safety of dogs. In this food interaction study, the mean average of 353g/day/dog of pet food was fed to six dogs for 52 weeks. During feeding programme dogs maintained normal health and weight. It was demonstrated that feeding of Soya enriched pet food did not influence the main sex hormones in serum of the dogs. Experimental results revealed that Pet food containing extruded soybean did not influence the serum progesterone, estrogen and testosterone levels. The main hormone levels are found to be in normal range as discussed.}

3 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

024077   Paul V;Pandey R;Srivastava G C (Plant Physiology Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: vijay_paul_iari@yahoo.com) : Keep tomatoes fresh for more time. Indian Hort 2009, 54(5), 14-15.

Tomato is most important and nutritionally rich vegetable. Being a climacteric fruit, ripening of tomato has direct implication on human nutrition. Ethylene is main plant hormone that regulates ripening in climacteric fruits. The 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is discovered as the most potent inhibitor of ethylene action. The ripening and related changes in tomato are delayed by the use of 1-MCP and that too without any significant influence on colour, nutrition and quality. With a single treatment of 1-MCP (0.3 ppm for 24 hours), ripening in tomato is delayed by 5-15 days depending on variety, ripening stage and storage temperature. This chemical therefore has a tremendous potential in reducing the post-harvest losses in tomato.

024076   Mehta A S (NO, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavanagar-364 002, Email: asmehta@csmcri.org) : Debromination of sea water and aqueous sodium bromide bromate solution. Indian J chem Technol 2010, 17(3), 204-14.

Model proposed by Wagner et al. for distillation data considering gas phase resistance as the controlling resistance is modified in the present study wherein instead of gas phase resistance liquid phase resistance is considered as the controlling resistance for mass-transfer. This has been successfully applied to the experimental data collected during process development for recovery of bromine from brine employing air-blowing method. Experimental data collected are evaluated based on the modified model of Onda et al. and Wagner et al. Calculated values of mass transfer coefficients tally well with the observed values of mass transfer coefficient. Packed column performance is also compared with the results of Castillo et al. for removal of volatile organic compounds by steam stripping from water, wherein values of volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient ranged from 0.001-0.008 (1/s) whereas in the present study it ranges from 0.0006-0.0164 (1/s).

4 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

024075   Li J T;Bai B B;Song Y L (Colleg of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei Univ, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Heb, Baoding-071 002, Email: lijitai@hbu.cn) : Degradation of acid orange 3 in aqueous solution by combination of Fly ash/H2O2 and ultrasound irradiation. Indian J chem Technol 2010, 17(3), 198-203.

An efficient and convenient method for degradation of Acid orange 3 (AO3) dye from aqueous solution by combination of Fly ash/H₂O₂ and ultrasound irradiation is reported. The effects of the relevant operating conditions (pH value, dye concentration, H₂O₂ concentration, dosage of Fly ash and different reaction system) on the degradation of AO3 were also observed. The combination method was found to be effective and could yield better results than either sonolysis or Fenton-like oxidation individually. Removal of 96% was obtained under the optimum conditions (dye concentration, 100 mg/L; H₂O₂, 5.4 mM; Fly ash, 2.5 g/L; pH 3, ultrasonic irradiation frequency of 25 kHz, room temperature). The process of the degradation follows Behnajady's kinetic mathematical model.

9 illus, 25 ref

024074   Kursun O;Tasci F;Akcan Kale A S;Baskaya R; Pehlivanoglu F (Food Hygiene and Technology Dep, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Univ, Burder, Turkey-151 00, Email: ozenkursun@hotmail.com) : Microbiological quality of rabbit meat. Indian vet J 2009, 86(1), 18-21.

Study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of rabbit meat. A total of 40 New Zealand white rabbits were used in the study. Shackling method was applied to 20 of the rabbits and the other 20 animals were slaughtered on the ground. Overall, 97.5% of the meat samples contained total aerobic count between 10^{2 106 CFU/g. Coagulase positive staphylococci were found in 50% of the meat samples at the mean value ranging between 102-104 CFU/g. Enterobacteriacease were found in 37.5% of the meat samples at the mean range of 102-102 CFU/g, coliform bacteria in 22.5% of the meat samples at the mean range of 102-103 CFU/g. Enterococci in 15% of the meat samples at the mean range of 102 -103 CFU/g. On the other hand, Salmonella were isolated from only 20% of the meat samples.}

5 ref

024073   Karthikeyan B (NO, Prism Consultants, Adyar, Chennai, Email: bkprism@gmail.com) : Process safety : managing changes safely. Indian J Fertil 2009, 5(8), 61-4.

Process changes are continually carried out in the industry to maintain competitiveness. These changes become a source of process incidents if they are not managed properly. Managing changes safely requires a well defined management of change process and management commitment to make the process work. About 85% of process incidents in the industry are attributed to improperly managed changes. The article describes the requirements of the Management of Change element of US OSHA CFR 1910.119 Process Safety Management rule and the methodology for implementing a sound management of change process.

024072   Harish Kuamar;Chaudhary R S (Chemistry Dep, Ch. Devi Lal Univ, Sirsa-125 055, Email: harimoudgi11@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of sodium hexa metaphosphate antiscalant on the corrosion of carbon steel in industrial cooling water system. Indian J chem Technol 2010, 17(3), 181-90.

In order to have clear understanding about the contribution of antiscalant and zinc ions separately towards the corrosion control of carbon steel in six different synthetic cooling waters, a single antiscalant, sodium hexa meta phosphate (SHMP), was tried with and without zinc ions, which may control scaling as well as corrosion problem in cooling water system (CWS). Weight loss, electrochemical polarization and metallurgical research microscopy technique were carried out at 30, 40 and 50°C using different concentrations of the inhibitor and zinc ions. Mechanism of inhibition is explained on the basis of molecular structure of the inhibitor. The inhibitor provides good inhibition efficiency and acts as anodic inhibitor when present alone and mixed inhibitor with zinc ions. SHMP due to its cyclic structure, forms cage-complex with Fe^{2+ ions from any two adjacent negatively charged phosphoryl oxygen anions. Moreover, addition of zinc ions to cooling water along with SHMP, do not increase inhibition efficiency to an appreciable extent.}

7 illus, 7 tables, 32 ref

024071   Gautam N;Sharma N (Microbiology Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Dep, Dr. Y. S. Parmar Horticulture and Forestry Univ, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: neha_mbg@yahoo.com) : Bacteriocin: safest approach to preserve food products. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(3), 204-11.

Start of the 21st century with its universal call to feed the hungry is an appropriate time to refocus attention on food security and especially the impact of biopatenting on poor communities who are the primary victims of hunger in our world. Antibacterial metabolites of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus spp have potential as natural preservatives to control the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in food. Among them, bacteriocin is used as a preservative in food due to its heat stability, wider pH tolerance and its pro-teolytic activity. Due to thermo stability and pH tolerance it can withstand heat and acidity/alkanity of food during storage condition. Bacteriocin are ribosomally synthesized peptides originally denned as proteinaceous compound affecting growth or viability of closely related organisms. Research is going on extensively to explore the nascent field of biopreservation. Scientists all over the world are showing their keen interest to isolate different types of bacteriocin producing strains and characterize bacteriocin produced by them for food preservation.

3 tables, 81 ref

024070   Dutta C (Fish Processing Technology Dep, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, 5, Budherhat Road, P O Panchasayar, Email: chandra_vall23@yahoo.co.in) : Storage characteristics of fish balls from rohu, Labeo rohita at-20 C. Indian J Fish 2009, 56(1), 39-42.

The storage characteristics of fish balls prepared from minced rohu meat at -20 øC upon treatment with cryoprotectants such as sorbitol (4%), sucrose (4%) and sodium tripolyphosphate (0.3%) were studied. The levels of different parameters like salt soluble nitrogen (SSN), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and free fatty acid during storage period were observed to be within the acceptable limits. The product treated with cryoprotective agents had a better acceptability compared to control group.bed epithelium along with lytic areas, necrosis and enlarged nucleus. The morphological changes in the digestive cells of mussels are attributed to environmental stress i.e., due to the sequestration of heavy metal pollutants in the specimens collected from the coast. The damage to tissues at cellular level has been discussed in the light of previous reports and observations which employed green mussels as biomonitors of marine pollution.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

024069   Chakrabarti R;Varma P R G (NO, Research Centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Techhnology, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: crupsankar@yahoo.com) : Residual potassium sorbate level effective to control fungi in dried salted fish at tropical ambient temperture. Indian J Fish 2009, 56(2), 129-34.

The use of sorbic acid and sorbate are permitted in all countries for preservation of fish and fishery products as effective inhibitors of fungi. The dipping in 0.2% potassium sorbate solution for 2 h was found to be sufficient for silver pomfret, goat fish and rainbow sardine to maintain residual sorbate level close to the accepted permissible limit of 1000 ppm in muscle (moisture level of 23%). Jew fish and thread fin trevally required slightly longer dipping time to retain the same sorbate level because of thick skin. During storage at ambient temperature (28 ± 5 °C) with RH 80 ±15%, the sorbate level in dried rainbow sardine and trevally decreased rapidly to below 200 ppm in 6 months and visible fungal colonies appeared on these samples during the same period. Dried fish samples of jew fish with lowest residual sorbate level i.e., 420 ppm, could retain sorbate ion above 200 ppm and was free from visible fungal growth for 6 months. Residual sorbate level of above 200 ppm in the muscle of dried fish samples was found necessary to inhibit/delay the fungal growth during storage.

5 table, 24 ref

024068   Arthanareeswari M;Sankar Narayanan T S N; Kamaraj P;Tamilselvi M (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, SRM Univ, Chenni-603 203, Email: marthanareeswari@yahoo.com) : Influence of galvanic coupling on the formation of zinc phosphate coating. Indian J chem Technol 2010, 17(3), 167-75.

Influence of galvanic coupling of mild steel (MS) with titanium, copper, brass, nickel and stainless steel (SS) on the phosphatability is elucidated. The galvanic couple accelerates metal dissolution, enables quicker consumption of free phosphoric acid and facilitates an earlier attainment of point of incipient precipitation, resulting in higher amount of coating formation. The surface morphology of the coatings exhibit more uniform coating for the mild steel substrates phosphated under coupled conditions. XRD pattern of the zinc phosphate coating formed under coupled condition confirms the presence of phosphophyllite rich coating. The potential-time measurements are also carried out. The study reveals that galvanic coupling of mild steel with metals that are nobler than steel during phosphating proved to be beneficial in accelerating the coating formation.

4 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

024067   Akkaya L;Birdane Y O;Cemek M;Oguz H (Food Hygiene and Technology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe Univ, Afyonkarahsar, Turkey) : Occurance of aflatoxin M1 in cheese. Indian vet J 2009, 86(1), 107-8.

Human exposure to aflatoxin B₁, (AFB₁) can arise from direct consumption of contaminated commodites like milk of farm anmals previously exposed to AFB₁ in their feed. (Concon, 1989). Aflatoxin M, (AFM₁) is relatively stable in raw and processed milk products, and is unaffected by pasteurization or processing into cheese. Thus, if raw milk contains AFM₁ cheese made from such milk will also contain AFM₁ (Barbieri et al., 1994; Sarimehmetoglu et al,. 2004). Taking this into 'account, this study wa.s initiated to investigate the presence of AFM₁ in various types of cheese samples consumed in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.

8 ref

022994   Verma R S;Rahman L;Verma R K;Chanotiya C S; Chauhan A;Yadav A;Yadav A K;Singh A (Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Resource Centre, Purara, P.O. Gagrigole, Begeshwar, Uttrakhand-263 688) : Essential composition of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. flowers from Uttarakhand. Indian Perfumer 2009, 53(3), 32-3.

Hydrodistilled essential oil of flowers of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. grown in Kumaon region of western Himalaya was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty one compounds constituting 93.1% of the oil were identified. The major components were capillene (52.3%), γ-terpinene (15.2%), eugenol (8.5%), β-caryophyllene (6.6%) and p-cymene (3.3%).

21 ref

022993   Shawl A S;Rather M A;Kumar T (NO, Inidan Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, Kashmir-190 005, Email: asshawl@gmail.com) : Essential oil composition of Artemisia pollens (Davana) cultivated in Kashmir valley-India. Indian Perfumer 2009, 53(3), 35-7.

Artemisia pallens Wall, ex D.C. (Davana) is an annual aromatic herb native to South India. It is prized for its essential oil known as Davana oil of commerce. Artemisia pallens was successfully introduced in Kashmir for its essential oil. The oil on GC and GC-Mass examination led to the identification of 26 compounds. Major constituents were davanone (72.59), (E)-ethyl cinnamate (8.40), β-eudesmol (3.20), davanol isomer- 2 (2.86), (E) methyl cinnamate (2.41), davanol isomer-1 (2.05), bicyclogermacrene (1.66), geranyl acetate (1.38) and linalool (1.08). The higher content of davanone in the oil suggests that the oil produced from Kashmir is quite competitive and acceptable to the industry.

1 table, 20 ref

022992   Pal A;Kachhwaha S S;Maji S;Babu M K G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi-110 042, Email: sskachhwaha@rediffmail.com) : Thumba (Citrullus colocyntis) seed oil: a sustainable source of renewable energy for biodiesel production. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(5), 384-9.

Thumba (Citrullus colocyntis) seed oil can be used for production of biodiesel. A comparative experimental study, carried out on a four cylinder, direct injection, water cooled diesel engine operating on diesel and biodiesel blends (B10, B20 and 030) of C. colocynlis and Jatroplia curcas, showed that like J. curcax, biodiesel of C. colocyntis can be used as an alternative fuel with I belter performance and lower emissions compared with diesel.

6 illus, 1 tables, 12 ref

022991   Gothwal R K;Mohan M K;Ghosh P (NO, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur-302 001, Email: r_gothwal@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of low cost adhesives from pulp & paper industry waste. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(5), 390-5.

This study presents lignin extraction from commercial black liquor and utilizes it as a partial substitute in phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin synthesis. Characteristics of modified resin [non volatile solid content (<44%), alkalinity (<5%), pH (<11.6) and free formaldehyde ( < 1%)] were found close to control PF resin with a variable viscosity (418-781 cP). Shear test properties showed that phenol (15%) replacement with black liquor lignin produced comparable physical bond properties and could be used to formulate a low cost modified PF resin for plywood panels.

1 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

022990   Geetha B S;Rameshkumar K B (Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Div, Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 562, Email: dayal.geetha@gmail.com) : Essential oil constituents on Naringi crenulata leaves. Indian Perfumer 2009, 53(3), 29-30.

Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of Naringi crenulata was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty three components comprising 87.9% of the oil were identified by GC-MS. Sesquiterpenoids (81.0%) predominated the oil components; (β-caryophyllene (17.9%), spathulenol (7.0%) and a- acorenol (6.2%) being the major constituents.

8 ref

019858   Venkateshalah B V;Thippeswamy L (Dairy Technology Dep, Dairy Science College, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024) : Hurdle tachnology-a novel technique for preservation of food products. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2008, 19(1-2), 58-62.

Foods preserved by combined methods remain stable and safe even without refrigeration, and are high in sensory and nutritive properties due to the gentle processes applied. The concept of hurdle technology is gaining ground in industrialized as well as developing countries. Several topics have been discussed briefly: hurdle concept, potential hurdles, hurdle technology, food design and applications in food industry.

1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

019857   Vebjateswarlu;Bandyopadhyay P;Rajashekar T (NO, National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat) : Research developments on rasogolla technology. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2008, 19(1-2), 1-8.

Rasogolla was traditionally manufactured from cow milk in the eastern parts of India, where it has originated. The most important properties of milk with respect of rasogolla making are type and quality of milk. Conditions of coagulation of milk meant for rasogolla making have been standardized to improve the quality and yield. Coagulation of cow milk at 80°C was found to be optimum for rasogolla making. Concentration of sugar syrup plays an important role in controlling the body and texture ofrasogolla because in the cooking process if the concentration of sugar syrup is not appropriate, balls may crack, flatten or burst. In addition to the type of milk, quality of chhana and use of an appropriate proportion and type of binding material also play an important role in deciding the body and textural properties of rasogolla. The study of texture is important to establish physical and mechanical behaviour of rasogolla which is of utmost importance in determining the nature. The mechanized production would help maintain consistent quality standards under better hygienic conditions and provide an attractive packaging system and increased shelf life.

9 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

019856   Varghese S;Sachdeva S (Dairy Technology Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Development of rennet casein based processed cheese analogs with non-conventional flavourants and milk fat substitution. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2007, 18(1-2), 18-23.

Investigations were carried out to standardize the compositional and processing parameters for tow-cost processed cheese (PC) analogs containing rennet casein as the major protein source and milk fat and/or vegetable oil as fat source. The fat blends containing milk fat and double refined groundnut oil in ratios 100:0, 70:30, 50:50 and 0:100 were used in the development of low cost PC analogs. The flavour and appearance scores obtained for samples containing increasing levels of groundnut oil were slightly inferior as compared to sample containing milk fat alone. However, no off-flavour was imparted by the addition of groundnut oil and the samples were judged to be acceptable. The cheese flavour was simulated using non-conventional flavourants. The cost of raw materials was reduced by nearly 46 per cent when compared to those required for conventional processed cheese.

7 tables, 6 ref

019855   Surendra Nath B B;Vadavathi M K;Unnikrishnan V (DC & B Section, National Dairy Research Institute((Southem Champus), Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030) : Day mix for preparation of avalakki (beaten rice) payasam. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2008, 19(1-2), 6-8.

Avalakki (beaten rice) payasam, a popular variety of payasam in Karnataka and Kerala, has a low shelf life (<24 h at room temperature). Therefore, a dry mix was prepared for the payasam. In a simple way, the dry mix could be reconstituted to payasam whose sensory attributes compared well with those of the traditionally made product. The dry mix kept well for over six months at room temperature, when packed in polyethylene pouches.

1 tables, 6 ref

019854   Sunil Kumar;Chaube A;Jain S K (NO, Rajeev Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishvavidyalay, Bhopal) : Economic sustainability of jatropha biodiesel in India. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 292-300.

In recent times, the world has been confronted with an energy crisis due to depletion of resources and increased environmental problems. India itself imports around 70 percent of its oil requirement. Diesel is the primary transport fuel of the country. It comprises of around 42% of total fuel market. Our country imported around 2.3 million tonnes of diesel in 2007-08 against 9.6 lakh million tonnes in 2006-07. The situation has led to the search for an alternative fuel for petro-diesel, which should be not only economically sustainable but also environment friendly. Of course the interest in the Jatropha plantation primarily focuses on biodiesel. The key factor is: Will it be possible to establish the right cultivation and processing methods so that the Jatropha plant can produce a high-quality fuel which can compete with petrochemical diesel in terms of price? One key element that makes all the difference between success and failure is the cost factor - in other words, the potential returns. Nobody in the country is in the favor of the implementation of a high-tech agrarian methodology that needs maximum input to delivers bumper crops. Contrary, people are looking for a practicable type of cultivation that is compatible with the routines and possibilities of local farmers, so that the Jatropha plantations can be profitable for the rural cultivators with a minimum input of men, money and materials.

3 illus, 6 tables, 6 ref

019853   Suneetha Devi K;Hiremath J P;Bhat G S (Dairy Chemistry Dep, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024) : Effect of caseinophosphopeptides on release of calcium from the confections by in vitro studies. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2007, 18(1-2), 23-7.

Caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) were isolated from highly fermented buffalo milk whey (1.2 per cent lactic acid) and chakka hydrolyzed with trypsin. Confections namely chewing gum, sugar free chewing gum and lozenges were prepared by incorporating the CPPs at levels of 1,3 and 5 per cent and controls were prepared without CPPs. Simulated studies were conducted to estimate the release of calcium from the confections at definite time intervals viz. 20 min and 4 min for chewing gums and lozenges, respectively. Release of calcium showed a linear relationship with the levels of incorporation of CPPs in all types of confections. Incorporation of chakka CPPs at 5 per cent level showed 82,77 and 97per cent calcium release in chewing gum, sugar free chewing gum and lozenges, respectively. The same confections incorporated with 5 per cent CPPs from whey released 80, 76 and 96 per cent of calcium.

3 tables, 12 ref

019852   Soni M;Jain S;Patidar K;Misra H;Jain D C (NO, , 3/4 Ramtekri, Opp. Jiraf Park, Mandsaur-458 001, Email: sonim25@rediffmail.com) : Solvent free microwave assisted extraction. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 17-19.

Solvent free microwave assisted extraction (SFME) is a green technology and appears as a good alternative for the extraction of essential oil from aromatic plant. SFME was improved, by adding three types of microwave absorbing medium to the sample, was used to extract essential oils from dried plant materials. Improved SFME was more suitable than conventional SFME, microwave assisted hydro distillation and hydro distillation for extracting essential oil from dried plant materials without any solvent or pretreatment and made the whole process simpler, quicker and more economical.

^iia1 table, 6 ref

019851   Singh A;Gautam R (Industrial Safety and Environmental Management, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Vihar Lake Road, Mumbai-400 087, Email: dranjusingh@gmail.com) : Pesticide waste treatment-a successful bioaugmentation strategy. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(2), 427-36.

Pesticide wastewater contains toxic and inhibitory compounds, which adversely affect biological growth. Another major challenge with these effluents is high total dissolved solids (TDS), thereby making maintenance of an active bacterial population in bioreactors difficult. An additional problem is the wide variation in ingredients making up the composite stream because of product and schedule demands. Consequently maintaining a steady state in reactor performance is a challenging task. This paper is concerned with exploring the role of nutrients and bioaugmentation towards maintaining steady state reactor performance with the observed odds and maintenance of the active biomass. Isoproturon is a phenyl urea herbicide, the production of which generates effluent with high COD. A continuous activated sludge reactor of 5 L capacity was started with sludge from the ASP of a leading pesticide manufacturing industry as seed. Successful treatment (91% COD reduction) of such a stream was achieved using bioaugmentation techniques. The initial biomass in the reactor was systematically augmented with a special culture for 1 month. Regular monitoring and biomass addition further stabilized the bacterial population. The reactor consistently gave high COD reduction (80-90%) during its operation.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

019850   Sikandra;Boora P (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Nutritional evaluation of sorghum and chickpea incorporated value added products. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2009, 28(3-4), 181-5.

Study was carried out for nutritional evaluation of different value added products viz. biscuits, cup cakes, laddu, chapaties and noodles prepared by using sorghum (CSV-9, HC-136), chickpea (HC-96-99) and wheat (WH-711) flours in different proportions. Chickpea is not merely a good source of lysine (deficient in cereals), but a good source of riboflavin, also generally deficient in predominantly cereal-based diets. Supplementation has improved the nutrient composition, sugars and mineral content of the products. The protein content increased in biscuits, chapattis, cup cakes and noodles. Calcium, copper, iron and zinc content increased in biscuits, chapattis, cup cakes and noodles. Supplemented products have acceptability as good as control product. Therefore, these value added products should be included in the diet of vulnerable groups in order to improve their nutritional status.

2 tables, 12 ref

019849   Sengupta P P;Sinha G K;Srikant S;Krishna B; Murty G M D (R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Modification of process parameters to achieve improved pickling efficiency at Rourkela Steel Plant. Steel India 2008, 30(2), 23-6.

Efficiency of the pickling process with respect to scale removal has a marked influence on the performance of downstream cold rolling operations. Laboratory investigations and subsequent modifications of pickling parameters carried out at Pickling Line-2 of Cold Rolling Mill, Rourkela Steel Plant resulted in increased productivity of the line and improvement of surface cleanliness of pickled coils.

3 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

019848   Sen N;Sardar M K;Ghantasala S R;Gupta S K; Basu D S (R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Control of silicon in EDD steel at Bokaro Steel Plant. Steel India 2009, 31(2), 30-2.

Bokaro Steel Plant produces 25,000 tons of low `C' EDD (extra deep drawing) steel in the form of HR and CR flat products. Silicon present in the steel is more than 0.02%. High level of Si adversely affects ductility properties in the end product. Inferior ductility is resulting in a shrinking market share of this high value grade. An attempt has been made in the work to study the parameters responsible for reversal of Si from carryover slag to metal. It has been found that carryover slag is primarily responsible for silicon reversal, and its amount should be restricted to 6 kg/kg of steel.

3 illus, 5 ref

019847   Seenappa V;Hiremath J P;Bhat G S (Dairy Chemistry Dep, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024) : Influenc of storage on physico-chemical and sensory attributes of weaning foods developed for milk allergic children. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2007, 18(1-2), 43-7.

Study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory attributes of the weaning foods (WF_s) developed for milk allergic children. Weaning foods of type A, C and E were developed for milk intolerant children using different cereal flours namely ragi, wheat and rice flakes, respectively along with hydrolyzed whey and soy protein. The respective control WF_s of type B, D and F were also prepared using unhydrolyzed components. Proximate compositions of all the WF formulations were determined. All the WF_s were packed in separate polythene pouches and stored at 27 ± 1°C for 60 days. Various physio-chemical and sensory changes in the WF_s were determined on 0th, 30th and 60th days of storage. The bulk density, spreadability, free fatty acids and peroxide values increased significantly during storage in all types of WF_s. The corresponding values for type A, C and E weaning food were found to be higher as compared to other types. The spreadability of all types of WFs at 50°C decreased with the increase in storage period. Moisture content increased and ranged from 5.37- 5.54 per cent, 5.41- 5.74 per cent and 5.21-5.43 per cent for A, C and E weaning foods between 0th and 60th day, respectively. Sensory scores evaluated on nine point hedonic scale, decreased slightly in all types of WF_s. Overall acceptability scores of Type A, C and E were lower than the respective controls.

4 tables, 11 ref