015284   Khapre A P;Eothankar M H;Bobade H P (College of Food Technology, Marathwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani-431 402) : Soybean and corn flour enriched cookies. Bioinfolet 2010, 7(4), 281-2.

Soybean and corn blend at 30:20 ratio was prepared, mixed with butter, sugar, baking powder and beatened eggs to prepare a dough. The dough was baked at 160°C for 15 min. The cookies prepared from soybean were rich in crude fat, protein, fiber and ash, with good nutritional and acceptable organoleptic qualities.

1 table, 4 ref

015283   Gadhe K S;Jadhav B A;Kshirsagar R B (Food Chemistry and Nutrition Dep, College of Food Technology, M.A.U., Parbhani) : Utilization of soyabean in dhokla preparation. Bioinfolet 2010, 7(4), 309-12.

Dhokla was prepared by replacing Bengal gram flour with that of soyabean at the rate of 20,40,60,80 and 100 percent. The Dhokla was then evaluated for its nutritional, microbial and organoleptic quality attributes. The 100 percent replacement of Bengal gram with soyabean brought about significant improvement in nutritional quality of Dhokla. The fermentation for 14 hrs brought about significant decrease in pH and also increased the microbial load from 9.80 x 10⁹ to 1.31 x 10¹⁰ per ml in all the Dhokla batters. All treatments exhibited good organoleptic scores while, 100 perdent replacement of Bengal gram by soyabean recorded highest scores for all organoloeptic attributes.

3 tables, 8 ref

015282   Devalakshmi N;Prabhakar Reddy K;Naga Mallika E (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati-517 502) : Physico-chemical, sensory and microbial quality of chicken meat chips. Vet Wld 2010, 3(4), 182-4.

Chicken meat chips with different extenders (Bengal gram flour, Black gram flour and cooked mashed potato each at 15% level) and control were prepared and stored up to 8 weeks both at ambient (37±2°C) and refrigerated (7± 1 °C) temperature. The samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality characteristics.

3 tables, 9 ref

014241   Zazouli M A;Bandpei A M;Maleki A;Saberian M; Izanloo H (Environmental Health Engineering Dep, Faculty of Health, Kurdistan Medical Science Univ, Sanandaj, Iran, Email: maleki43@yahoo.com ) : Determination of cadmium and lead contents in black tea and tea liquor from Iran. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(2), 1387-1393.

The aims of this research were to investigate the cadmium and lead content of several commercially available brands of tea (Camellia sinensis L) in Iran and to compare the release of cadmium and lead from them by infusion. Ten of the most widely consumed brands of Iranian and foreign black tea were purchased from local markets. Three samples of each brand were collected and analyzed. Cadmium and lead contents in the tea and tea infusions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer after acid digestion. The results revealed that the minimum and maximum lead contents in studied tea were 0.66 ± 0.14 and 15.48 ± 0.58 ug/g for Sharzad and Sharyat tea, respectively. In addition, the minimum and maximum cadmium content was 0.09 ±0.013 and 1.92 ± 0.38 μg/g for Ahmad and Sharyat tea. respectively. Cadmium content in Iranian tea was not significantly higher than in the foreign tea (p <62> 0.05), however lead was significantly higher than in the foreign tea (p <60> 0.05). Total cadmium contents of the dried tea Infusion that was released in the tea liquor was no detectable for all samples in the 15 min infusion, while relased 24.4% (Sharyat tea) to 72% (Sharzad tea) of the total lead content. The cadmium and lead contents increase in tea liquor with increasing of infusion time from 15 to 30 min. The present study suggests that tea may be a rich source of dietary heavy metal intake and metals content in tea liquor depend on infusion time. The levels of cadmium and lead determined in this study compared well with those reported for tea from some other parts of the world. Based upon the present safety standards, the tea versions selected in the present study were found to be safe for human consumption.

5 tables, 16 ref

014240   Yadav R;Srivastava D (Plastic Technology Dep, H. B. Technological Institute, Kanpur) : Extraction, modification and applications of CNSL/Cardanol based epoxy resin. Paintindia 2009, 59(3), 69-104.

The use of fossil carbon-based monomers in the manufacture of polymers is going down because of their spiraling prices and high rate of depletion of the stocks. This necessitated a look at the renewable natural resourcesjhat can serve as alternative feedstock of monomers for the polymer industry. In this respect, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), an abundant agricultural byproduct, holds considerable promise as a source of unsaturated phenol, an excellent monomer for polymer production. Cardanol, a major constituent of CNSL, can be used for the preparation of cardanol-based novolac/resole resins. The cardanol-basednovolac resins can further be epoxidized with epichlorohydrin resulting in epoxidized novolac resins. Therefore, in the first part of the paper, extraction of cardanol from CNSL, development of novolac resins and epoxidized novolac resins from cardanol or modified products from CNSL or cardanol and various application sectors which utilize modified cardanol-based products is reviewed.

136 ref

014239   Thaker S M;Mahanwar P A (Polymer Engg. & Tech., Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT) Univ, Matunga (E), Mumbai-400 019) : Redispersible acrylic emulsions for coating applications: overview. Paintindia 2009, 59(1), 85-94.

The emulsion is a dispersion of two immiscible liquids. In which one liquid is dispersed phase and other is continuous phase. Water borne coating scores over solvent borne coating in various respects like reduced toxicity, odour, flammability and environmental risk. The use of polymeric materials, in powder form, has been growing over the past ten years at a high rate. The success is the result of environmental and economical advantages combined with energy saving and good application properties. The supply of liquid emulsions is disadvantageous as the transportation is expensive, emulsions maybe destabilized or change its quality with lapse of time and treatment of waste water may be required after the use of emulsions. In the view of these disadvantages recently emulsions are dried. Under the right conditions powders can behave as fluids and be disposed and blended quickly and can be used for adhesive, paint, cement mortar paper coating applications.

2 illus, 2 table, 26 ref

014238   Talebi S M;Abedi M;Gheisari M;Saber M (Chemistry Dep, Isfahan Univ, Isfahan, Iran) : Application of carbon dioxide supercritical fluid for extraction of heavy metals from ambient aerosols. Pollut Res 2009, 28(2), 225-9.

The possibility of using carbon dioxide supercritical fluid for extraction of trace heavy metals including; Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn from airborne particulate matter has been investigated. The effects of pressure, extraction time, and mixed modifier on the extraction efficiencies of heavy metals were studied and the results showed that although all of these parameters enhance the extraction efficiencies, using surfactants has improved the extraction efficiency considerably. Two different chelating agents were used for making complex from the heavy metals and it was cleared that diethyl dithiocarbamate (Na DDC) along with mixed modifier can be effectively used for extraction of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn while dithizone (DT) along with mixed modifier showed capability for extraction of Cd, Cu, and especially for Cr.

5 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

014237   Shivaramaiah H M (Food Protectants & Infestation Control Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020, Email: Shivramaiah@yahoo.com) : Preferential utilization of endosulfan isomers and degradation by two fungal consortia. Pesticide Res J 2009, 21(1), 105-8.

Degradation of endosulfan by two different consortia of fungi was studied in a selective minimal medium containing endosulfan as the sole carbon source. Seven fungal isolates from the soils of coffee plantations and paddy fields of Chettally, Coorg, district, were selected. The degradation of endosulfan was monitored in the medium by gas liquid chromatography. Degradation pattern of endosulfan by fungi of consortium- A (Cladosporium and Aspergillus) was different from that of consortium-B fungi (Fusarium and Alternaria). In Consortium- A, there was preferential utilization of alpha isomer with endosulfan sulfate accumulating in the medium. On the contrary fungi of consortium- B attacked beta endosulfan first and degraded through the formation of endosulfan dial.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

014236   Shah T M;Dighe A K;Patel K;Patel C (NO, Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (IS, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Copolymer latexes with bimodal particale size distribution to improve stain resistance: an overview. Paintindia 2009, 59(3), 115-20.

Polymer latexes with bimodalparticle size distribution can be prepared by introducing small amount of a second seed of polymer particle during semicontinuous emulsion polymerization. The particle size of these miniemulsions depends essentially on the shear force exerted when the monomers are dispersed in water. Incorporating strong acid into a polymer backbone of bimodal copolymer provides an improvement'in stain blocking, block resistance, hiding and shear stability.

4 illus, 8 ref

014235   Sengupta K K (NO, Paragon Paints, Kolkata-700 012) : Nano technology and India-are we ready?. Paintindia 2009, 59(2), 107-10.

3 ref

014234   Sanghi S;Rungta A;Malshe V C (Polymer Science & Engineering Dep, Massachusetts Univ, Amherst, Email: vcmaishe@rediffmail.com) : Super absorbent polymers-part II. Paintindia 2009, 59(3), 135-8.

9 illus, 13 ref

014233   Sanghi S;Rungta A;Malshe V C (Polymer Science & Engineering Dep, Massachusetts Univ, Amherst, Amherst, MA-01003, Email: vcmalshe@rediffmail.com) : Super absorbent polymers. Paintindia 2009, 59(1), 113-20.

9 illus, ref

014232   Kannan M V K (NO, Technology Nukote Coating Systems India Pvt. Ltd. Neville House, Groun, Currimbhoy Road, Ballard Estate, Mumbai-400 001) : Emergence of polyurea resins as a prolific material for surface coatings. Paintindia 2009, 59(1), 71-84.

3 illus, 1 table, ref

014231   Gupta M;Kamani P K (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, (HBTI), Kanpur-208 002) : Synthesis of iron oxide yellow and red by using waste pickled liquor and to study the behavior of growth of nuclei, free acid and iron during reacting. Paintindia 2009, 59(3), 105-14.

Pickled liquor, obtained from iron and steel industries after pickling, is loaded with Iron. This important metal is converted to another important material called iromxide (yellow, red or black). This conversion, if not carried out, can create environmental hazards. There are various methods of conversion. The commercial locally available pickled liquor is converted into yellow and red oxide of iron with satisfactory pigmentary properties.

4 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

014230   Guo M;Meng H W;Wang P;Wang C P;Chu F X (Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, P.R. China, Email: tdky@hotmail.com) : Preparation, characterization and properties of cellulose diacetate/poly (caprolactone) diol graft copolymer. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(2), 1415-27.

Graft copolymer of poly(caprolactone)diol (PCL) and cellulose diacetate (CDA) was successfully synthesized by two-step reactions. The isocyanate-terminated precursor (NCOPCL) was firstly prepared, and then the NCOPCL was grafted onto cellulose diacetate. The graft copolymer was characterized by FT-infrared spectroscopy, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, SEM and DSC. The results showed that PCL was connected to CDA by chemical bonding and the properties of CDA-g-PCL were changed along with the structure. The possible synthetic mechanism for the reaction of PCL graft with CDA was also suggested preliminarily.

12 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

014229   Gautam S;Saxena S;Kumar S;Hajare S N;Wadhawan S;Mishra B B;More V S;Sharma S (Food Technology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Shelf life extension to litchi (Litchi chinensis) and overcoming quarantine barriers to international trade using radiation technology. BARC Newsl 2010, (NULL), 29-34.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis) has a very short shelf life of 2-3 days at ambient temperature limiting its marketability. Gamma radiation processing in combination with low temperature storage was explored as a method to achieve shelf life extension and fulfil quarantine requirement for export. During storage, physical, biochemical, microbiological, organoleptic, antioxidant and radioprotective properties of two major commercially grown Indian cultivars of litchi, 'Shahi' and 'China', were analyzed. Radiation treatment reduced microbial load in a dose dependent manner. Radiation (0.5 kGy) treated and low temperature stored fruits retained the "good" organoleptic rating till 28 days of storage while maintaining other quality attributes.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

014228   Bansal A;Mishra K K (NO, 20 Microns Ltd., Baroda, Gujarat) : Speciality inorganic thickeners & new generation opacifiers. Paintindia 2009, 59(3), 121-30.

The clay minerals, generally characterized by their small particle size, affinity for water, and response to chemical changes in their environment, are noted for their gelling and viscosity-increasing abilities in aqueous systems. Rendered organophilic by association with long-chain organic compounds, several of the clay minerals exhibit similar or even greater gelling abilities in various organic liquids. Rheological or flow properties have important implications in many and diverse applications. Often, an additive is used to impart the desired flow behavior. Among these, organo clay products, formed by the reaction of organic cations with inorganic clays, are the most widely used additives for solvent-based coatings. Titanium Dioxide is a multifacetedmaterial in coating applications. It efficiently scatters visible light thereby imparting whiteness, brightness and opacity to paint and coating material. The cost of Ti0₂ is increasing steadily and thus the cost of paint with minimum operational margin. There are two ways to stabilize this rise in cost, one is to lower the quality of paint by less use of essential ingredients and another way is to use the subsidiary product in the replacement of the primary product either cent percent replacement or partial replacement which gives some cost advantages. This work is related to partially replacement of organic thickener by Hydrogel 70T, Bentocol and Rheo-Bentone and TiO₂pigment with Lithomer R-A white pigment opacifer or Basofix-A Synthetic barium sulphate or ALSIL ZX - A Synthetic aluminium silicate in non aqueous and aqueous paints respectively, without effect on the quality of paint. The cent percent replacement of TiO₂ is impossible and an attempt is made to replace it partially with cost benefit without affecting whiteness, brightness and opacity of paint. Both the extender pigments snowed potential of replacing TiO₂ in different type of coatings ranging from 15% to 25% by weight depending on the desired end properties. The present study is focused on the use of Inorganic clays as specialty inorganic thickeners and Synthetic inorganic chemicals as new generation opacifier for water and solvent borne paints and coatings. These are superiour, particulanly in terms of use, while provilling the same excellent gelling, rheological, brightness & opacifier control offered by earlier additives.

10 illus, 6 ref

014227   Bang A;Kharkar P (NO, Institute of Chemical Technology Univ, Matunga, Mumbai) : UV &EB cross linkable water based pressure sensitive adhesives. Paintindia 2009, 59(1), 95-102.

Pressure sensitive adhesives are materials that form a bond with very light pressure. The cured adhesive is neither solid nor liquid, but rather is a viscoelastic material that is usually quite tacky. Pressure sensitive adhesives are generally categorized into solvent based, water based and radiafiffn cured adhesives. The former covers larger share in the market, but with realization of high VOC (Volatile Organic Content) and effects on environment, major focus is shifted to water based adhesives. The advantages of water-based PSAs are the abatement of air pollution (low VOC) and generally enhanced oxidation resistance of the final film. Radiation cured adhesives are now being employed because of their advantages over other two methods but it too has limitations. It is necessary to utilize the advantages using combination of above methods. This article mainly discusses about the Radiation cured Water Based Adhesives - its synthesis and application. Radiation cured Water Based Adhesives do not currently command a significant market share but the interest remains high in this type of pressure sensitive adhesive technology. A number of important relationships between the proportion of these adhesives and both cure and formulating parameters have been uncovered. Use of these relationships can significantly enhance the chances or designing and optimizing superior Ultraviolet/Electron Beam cured water based Pressure sensitive adhesives.

1 illus, 17 ref

014226   Athawale V;Shetty N J (Chemistry Dep, Mumbai Univ, Vidyanagari, Email: vilasda@yahoo.com) : Polymeric blends from renewable resources-a review (Cashew nut shell liquid). Paintindia 2009, 59(2), 75-106.

1 illus, 159 ref

014225   Amembal A S (NO, Asian PPG Ind. Ltd., B. S. Marg, Bhandup (W), Mumbai-400 078) : Use of taguchi screening techniques for gloss optimization of appliancem powder coatings. Paintindia 2009, 59(2), 57-74.

Powder coatings are considered as the 'Best Available Control Technology' for environmental and ecological balance and control in the paint and coatings industry. However, they are not popular as a choice for high aspect finishes comparable to liquid paints, due to inherent orange peel and lower gloss levels on 20 deg gloss head. The current research study uses the Taguchi Design of Experiments to gain an insight into the factors that are responsible for the improvement in gloss levels at BO-degree and20-degree gloss head in powder coatings. Also, the resins chosen for the study were suitable as "fast-curing" type so that when used online, the length of the oven can be considerably reduced resulting in better energy savings for the applicator. The Taguchi Design method, also called the Robust Design Method, greatly improves engineering productivity. Taguchi Design method helps ensure customer satisfaction. Robust Design focuses on improving the fundamental function of the product or process, thus facilitating flexible designs and concurrent engineering. The statistical tool employs the methodology of signal to noise ratio and its importance in determining significant factors was demonstrated. The factors of type of polyester, type of catalyst used and amount of extender, were established to be more significant than other identified factors. Interactions between the type of catalyst used and type of polyester used were also observed, and a probe into the reason for interaction was made. The extender amount was also observed to independently affect gloss values. Indeed, it is one of the most powerful methods available to improve quality, reduce product cost, and simultaneously reduce development interval.

9 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

014224   Alan S;Demirci B;Iscan G;Kose Y B;Baser K H C (Pharmaceutical Botany Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu Univ, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey, Email: salan@anadolu.edu.tr) : Composition and anticandidal activity of the essential oil of Hypericum perforatum L.. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(2), 1315-1320.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of Hypericum perforatum L. (Clusiaceae) obtained from Turkey was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), simultaneously. Main constituents of the oil was found as germacrene D (23%), β-caryophyllene (14%), bicyclogermacrene (5%), caryophyllene oxide (4%) and spathulenol (4%). The essential oil was also screened for its anticandidal properties against various Candida species.

2 tables, 16 ref

014223   Aboutaleb D;Iratni A;Safi B (Material Engineering Dep, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Material Mineral Composite Laborat, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria, Email: jojosaf@yahoo.fr) : Ostwald ripening phenomena in B₂O₃-PbO glass system. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(2), 1275-1282.

Lead borate glass was prepared by the quench method, followed by treatment at its isothermal temperature at different time periods. When the sample was rapidly cooled from the melt, it showed two distinguished opalescent layers. The SEM analysis and XRD pattern provide characteristics of glass without XRD peaks and their morphology show the aggregated spherical particles in the phase separated glass. This data show that phase separation occurred even when the melts were rapidly cooled. However, the sample shows a Ostwald ripen with increasing time of heat treatment, which implies that the size of particles increases and their number decreases. The infrared absorption spectra show shift edge for sample glass with heat treatment, which indicates a change of structural configuration, i.e. conversion of tetrahedral boron on triangular boron coordination.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

013075   Yadav R;Srivastava D (Plastic Technology Dep, H. B. Technological Institute, Kanpur) : Blends of epoxy and different liquid rubber. Paintindia 2009, 59(4), 65-86.

66 ref

013074   Verma N;Mehra D S;Niyogi U K;Khandal R K (NO, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, University Road, Delhi-110 007) : Retention of colour intensity in henna paste during storage. Nat Prod Radiance 2008, 7(2), 117-21.

Henna (Mehndi), Lawsonia inermis Linn. has been known as the natural source of dye, besides haying medicinal properties. Henna powder is made into a paste in water and used for skin decorations, tattooing and hair dyeing. On drying, the paste imparts a dark brown -black stain. In order to help the users henna paste is suppliced in the conical packing to facilitate several types of designs on the hands and other parts of the body. Since the paste of henna is made in water, on storage in various types of packing especially cones loose its staining power. The present study was taken up as a case study to ascertain the reasons for loss of performance in many commercial products available in the market. The study includes the characterization and effect of various factors on the stability of henna paste and also suggests ways to ensure the desired performance during storage. The results revealed that to maintain staining power of henna paste in cones the pH of the paste should be below 4 in aseptically sealed cones. The paste made from irradiated henna powder in combination with citric acid and sodium methyl paraben has a long storage life and good retention of colour.

9 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

013073   Venkataraman B;Kaytan H;Mott H;Gordon O (NO, ISP (India) Pvt Limited, C-211, Floral Deck Plaza, Opp Seepz., MIDC, Andheri East, Mumbai-400 093, Email: bvenkataraman@ispcorp.com) : Here comes sun protection for wood:increasing the performance & longevity of wood care products. Paintindia 2009, 59(7), 122-4.

3 illus, ref

013072   Srivastava S;Dave M A (NO, K.J. Somaiya College of Sciences Vidya Vihar, Mumbai-400 077, Email: vcmalshe@rediffmail.com) : Functionalized polymeric supports, adsorbents polymeric catalysts. (Part 1, enzyme catalysis and immobilized enzymes). Paintindia 2009, 59(5), 121-8.

7 illus, 2 tables, ref

013071   Siva R (NO, Marpol Pvt. Ltd., Margao, Goa, Email: siva@marpolind.com) : One shot matting-polyester powder coatings. Paintindia 2009, 59(7), 99-102.

Describes about one-shot polyester matting process. Different formulation approaches are discussed and desired gloss level of the coatings can be achieved by one-shot process. This study shows that one-shot process provides consistent matt finish with excellent mechanical & levelling properties and production time is less compared to conventional dry blending method.

4 tables, 6 ref

013070   Shatpalkar S (NO, Asian PPG Ind. Ltd., L. B. S. Marg, Bhandup (W), Mumbai-400 078) : Self polishing coatings. Paintindia 2009, 59(8), 59-67.

Befouling on ship hulls is prevented by the use of antifouling paints. Antifouling has various mechanisms of which self polishing type is receiving a great deal of attention worldwide. The progressive abandonment of TBTself polishing technology all over the world has led to necessity of exploring new TBT free i. e. environmentally safe horizons. The new metal acrylate TBT free systems are finding a new insight in this field where such coatings have found to be lasting for around 5 years.

2 illus, 9 ref

013069   Shah T M;Dighe A K;Patel K;Patel C (NO, Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research & Testing, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Copolymer latexes with bimodal particle size distribution to improve stain resistance: an overview. Paintindia 2009, 59(5), 95-100.

Polymer latexes with bimodalparticle size distribution can be prepared by introducing small amount of a second seed of polymer particle during semicontinuous emulsion polymerization. The particle size of these miniemulsions depends essentially on the shear force exerted when the monomers are dispersed in water. Incorporating strong acid into a polymer backbone of bimodal copolymer provides an improvement in stain blocking, block resistance, hiding and shear stability.

3 illus, 8 ref

013068   Shah R M;Padave N M (NO, Asian Paints Ltd., Technology Centre, Turbhe, Navi Mumbai-400 705) : Development and characterization of alkyd emulsion and its potential usage in coatings industry for a 'greener' world. Paintindia 2009, 59(9), 69-82.

Depletion of natural pefrolem respurces. toxicological effect? on human health, restrictive environment legislation and last but not the least spiraling escalation in prices of crude oil cumulatively have increased interest in development of waterborne coatings. For a Greener world, low VOC products are imperative and in this context powder coating, high solid resins and waterborne coatings are some of the alternatives, among which water borne coatings is one of the popular alternate available today. The challenge before the paint technologist is to obtain the same or rather high performance from these coatings compared to conventional solvent borne coatings. In the following paper, research work carried out in the area of alkyd-emulsion and its parameter study like colloidal stability, drying, stability, film forming mechanism etc. and performance in paint is focused. The emphasis is given on physico-chemical aspects of these properties, their effects & how to modify them for achieving improved performance. By using high molecular weight ethoxylated anionic emulsifiers instead of non-ionic ones, or by using blends of the two types, it has been found that emulsification could be improved in the same way as by developing entirely different structured alkyd resins.

3 illus, 7 tables, 16 ref

013067   Sawant A A;Sonawane S P;Thakor N J (Agril. Dep, Process Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology,, Dapoli, Ratnagiri-415 712) : Post harvest handling, storage and marketing of mango. New Agric 2009, 20(1-2), 135-9.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important tropical and subtropical fruits of the world. It is reported to be grown in more than hundred countries with total production of about 30 million tonnes. India contributes about 57.6 per cent (12.20 million tones) of world mango production and is grown throughout the length and breadth of the country (all the states). India is a rich source of mango varietal wealth as more than 1300 varieties have commercial status and cultivated on large scale. The National productivity of India is stagnant between 7.5 to 8.5 as against world average of around 12 to 15 t/ha. A great post harvest care should be taken during the handling in terms of movement and transport of mango from field to local market, local market to terminal market and to the commercial packing house or processing unit. The principle factors governing post harvest include physical, physiological, mechanical, and hygienic conditions. Post harvest losses can be minimized by adopting certain post harvest management and conservation technologies. Post harvest technologies for mango are such as harvesting, grading, post harvest treatment, packaging, ripening, storage, transportation etc.

6 ref

013066   Prabhu N N;Shanbhag D (NO, Asian PPG Ind., L. B. S. Marg, Bhandup (W), Mumbai-400 078) : Modeling of molecular weight of acrylic resins using full factorial techniques. Paintindia 2009, 59(4), 53-64.

Initiator half life at the processing temperature, initiator concentration and monomer feed rate are the factors governing the molecular weight and the viscosity properties of an acrylic resin in "drip-feed" process. Contribution of each of these factors on the molecular weight of the polymer was determined using Full Factorial Analysis. Twelve resin batches were processed as per the statistical design of experiments. The molecular weight distribution of these acrylic resins were recorded by GPC. The data was analysed by full factorial analysis. A mathematical equation was obtained correlating the molecular weight of the polymer with the levels at which these three parameters are set during the processing. Using this mathematical equation, the molecular weight was predicted for a batch where these parameters were set at particular values. The batch was processed and its molecular weight was determined by GPC. The observed value was found to be in good agreement with the value predicted by the equation. Thus, this statistical tool can be used for predicting the molecular weight of the polymer from the set parameters. The parameters can now be set based on other consideration such as energy consumption, cost of formulation & cycle time and molecular weight can be predicted using the equation. The parameters can be further fine-tuned using the equation to get desired molecular weight thus eliminating the requirement of processing of large number of batches.

7 tables, 2 ref

013065   Patil K (NO, Asian Paints Ltd., C3-B/1, TTC MIDC, Pawane, Thane Belapur Road, Turbhe, Navi Mumbai-400 705) : Stealth coatings-a way to invisibility. Paintindia 2009, 59(5), 65-75.

Stealth coatings demonstrate their peculiar caliber of "making objects invisible" on the principle of electromagnetic waves absorbing capacity and thus making it less vulnerable to the detection of the substrate. Stealth coating applications are far in excess of military stealth and anti-stealth, the scope of confrontation and opposition, but also widely used in human security, communications and navigation systems against electromagnetic interference, security, information to improve overall performance, enhance letter noise ratio, electromagnetic compatibility. Stealth coating is capable of absorbing its projection to the surface of electromagnetic energy, and materials through the heat loss into a class of materials. Newer applications of stealth coatings include its use in foods and drugs. Stealth coatings have proved of a great help in these applications. They not only provide specific property to these edibles but also protect the key ingredient from getting harmed by other external factors like enzymes or microbes. As the concerns for environmental pollution are growing, there are studies carried out to make eco friendly stealth coatings.

7 illus, 9 ref

013064   Panda R;Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd., 61, West End City, Bidholia, Rampur Road, P.O. Clutterbuckganj-243 502, Email: technical.publication.2008@gmail.com) : Structure of urea formaldehyde resins used in particle boards. Paintindia 2009, 59(4), 101-8.

The structure of urea formaldehyde resins were analysed by ¹³ C NMR. The result showed that the structure of urea formaldehyde resins was affected by U/F mole ration, pH value, reaction time and temperature. Urea formaldehyde resins used for particle boards with low formaldehyde emission and better mechanical properties was proposed.

7 illus, 6 tables, ref

013063   Padmanabhan E (NO, , Kansai nerolac Paints Ltd) : Gloss emulsion paints; the green alternate. Paintindia 2009, 59(5), 87-94.

6 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

013062   Natu V M (NO, , , Email: vmnatu@gmail.com) : Nanotechnology & coatings Q & A. Paintindia 2009, 59(10), 103-8.

How are 'host-guest' complexes formed? How can host-guest chemistry help achieve new functionalities? What is the principle of 'small angle X ray scattering (SAXS)'? What is the configuration of a SAXS instrument? Where can the SAXS technique be gainfully applied?

3 illus

013061   Natu V M (NO, , , Email: vmnatu@gmail.com) : Nanotechnology & coatings Q & A. Paintindia 2009, 59(9), 107-12.

What are 'Layered Double Hydroxides' (LDH)? What are the special properties and applications of LDH- polymer composites? What are nano moth-eye antireflective coatings? Plow is 'Dynamic Light Scattering' a suitable technique for characterization of nanoparticles in suspension?

2 illus

013060   Natu V M (NO, , 126-A, Dhuruwadi, A. V. Nagwekar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumabi-25) : Nanotechnology & coatings Q & A. Paintindia 2009, 59(8), 113-6.

Why are 'block copolymer micelles' an important nanomaterial? What is the role of Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP)' in the synthesis of nanopolymers? What is the theoretical principle behind 'Controlled Radical Polymerization' (CRP)? How is 'controlled radical polymerization (CRP)' carried out practically.

4 illus

013059   Mehta A;Ezekiel R (NO, Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar-144 003, Email: ashiv_mehta@yahoo.com) : Nonrefrigerated storage of potatoes. Potato J 2010, 37(3-4), 87-99.

In India, 90 percent of potatoes are harvested in the northern plains in January-February at the beginning of hot summer. Seasonal production patterns, inadequate cold storage capacity, low domestic utilization, limited alternative market outlets (e.g., processing and export) often result in market gluts and poor prices at harvest resulting in economic loss to the farmers. Potato prices start increasing in April-May and in July-August are almost double the prices at harvest. Commercial facilities for long term storage at 8-12°C are not well developed and potatoes are usually stored at 2-4"C under refrigeration, which spoils their culinary properties. The infrastructure for refrigerated storage is also inadequate, unevenly distributed and too expensive for small and marginal farmers. Farmers use indigenous storage practices to hold some of their produce for a few months to get higher prices although the tubers must be desprouted before marketing. Losses due to sprouting and rotting are usually very high (10-40%) under these on-farm storage methods. Development of low cost non-refrigerated storage structures and refinement of commonly used traditional methods are attractive propositions. Beginning in the mid-1980's, scientists started investigating evaporatively cooled storage structures to lower temperatures and increase humidity inside the stores. Stores using passive evaporative cooling (ECS) were designed, developed and recommended for short-term storage of potatoes in North Indian plains where the temperatures are high and humidity is low during the storage period. Reduced losses in potatoes in ECS compared to ambient storage and suitability of the stored potatoes for processing suggested that short-term storage of table and processing potatoes under non-refrigerated improvised structures could be feasible. Use of sprout inhibitors like isopropyl N-(S-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) alone and in combination with maleic hydrazide (MH) helped to further extend the shelf life of potatoes stored in ECS. Storage in ECS was, however, not economical for the farmers due to high initial cost. This review deliberates upon the potato production and storage scenario in India, the developments in the field of non-refrigerated storage structures including ECS, heaps and pits, losses under the non-refrigerated storages, application of CIPC to potatoes before storage, economics of storage and demonostration of improved storage of farmers' locations.

8 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

013058   Malshe V C (NO, , , Email: vcmalshe@rediffmail.com) : Catalysis by functionalized polymers, the ion exchange resins. Paintindia 2009, 59(6), 93-102.

22 ref

013057   Mahapatra S S;Das G;Karak N (Chemical Sciences Dep, Tezpur Univ, Tezpur, Assam-784 028) : Hyperbranched polyamines as potential agents for epoxy resin. Paintindia 2009, 59(6), 55-60.

Hyperbranchedpolamine has been prepared by an A₂ + B₃ approach using cyanuric chloride and diamine. This hyperbranched polyamine has been used to cure commercially available bisphenol-A based epoxy and a vegetable oil based epoxy resin at different dose levels (10-30 phr) with and without commercial polyfamido aminej hardener. The drying time, hardness, impact and chemical resistance of the cured epoxy resins have been investigated. The studies on morphology, thermostability and flame retardancy of cured films indicate the uniform distribution of different phases, high thermostability (up to 250 °Cj and self-extinguishing characteristics respectively. Results show that these hyperbranched'polyamines could be used for epoxy resins as a potential agent for curing. The performance characteristics as coating materials are also improved by this active agent. All results obtained from this studied are be presented in this paper.

1 illus, 18 ref

013056   Mahanwar P A;Thandu M (Polymer Engineering and Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: pmahanwar@yahoo.com) : Electron beam curable coatings and the use of vegetable oils in them: a review. Paintindia 2009, 59(5), 101-12.

The use of high-intensity radiation (EB and UV) as an alternative to the thermal process in curing and polymerization has shown rapid growth and wide acceptance over the past few years in many industrially important technological areas. Also as coatings industries are forced to curb VOC emissions, use of renewable raw materials like vegetable oils in coatings formulation are finding increasing applications. The general features of electron beam curing systems and their applications are reviewed. Also discussed are the use of vegetable oils in EB curable systems.

1 illus, 36 ref

013055   Mahanwar P A;Deshmukh P (Polymer Engineering and Technology & Surface Coating Technology Dep, Mumbai Institute of Chemical Technology Matunga Univ, Mumbai-400 019, Email: pamahanwar@yahoo.com) : Electron beam curable nano-coatings. Paintindia 2009, 59(6), 61-82.

Many Coating industries come under increasing pressure to reduce energy costs, speed production 5 comply with strict environmental standards; many are looking at the innovations of UV/EB technology for solution of the problems. Electron Beam/EB} curing involves free radical polymerization, since activation energy in EB is low for chain propagations, high curing speeds can be achieved at ambient temperature. Nano-Composite EB curable coatings by incorporation of Nano-particles & pigments enhances the coating properties.

10 tables, 38 ref

013054   Karambalkar R R (NO, Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited, Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400 013, Email: reshmakarambalkar@nerolac.com) : Paint waste management. Paintindia 2009, 59(7), 69-84.

Every Industry is conscious about the problems associated with waste generated after/during manufacturing and during usage of products. Government regulatory bodies have set Rules and Regulations for the industry to minimize the waste but there are no clear guidelines for household users. Waste generated can be looked from reverse angle as a source of input for other unrelated process, products. The waste can be given a renewed purpose as a resource. 'Waste management' means working towards 4'R's i.e. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Re-think before considering anything as a waste. Waste can be successfully managed by 3 'R's i.e. Reduce - can be more effective in protecting the environment than treating waste or cleaning it up after it has been created. Reuse - Maximize the reuse to keep cost down. Recycle - Work towards avenues for recycled paint, which will create demand for left over paint.

4 illus, 15 ref

013053   Hariharaputhran D (NO, , ) : Missed opportunities discover the real you in you!. Paintindia 2009, 59(8), 124-6.

17 ref

013052   Gupta S;Jyothi Lukshmi;Jamuna Prakash (Studies in Food Science & Nutrition Dep, Mysore Univ, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, Email: jampr55@hotmail.com) : Effect of different blanching treatments on ascorbic acid retentionin green leafy vegetables. Nat Prod Radiance 2008, 7(2), 111-16.

Blanching is a prerequisite for preservation of green leafy vegetables. However, it may cause partial destruction of some nutrients like ascorbic acid which is highly oxidizable with time in the post harvest period on atmospheric exposure. The objective of the present study is to identify a suitable blanching treatment and conditions (temperature, time and media) for commonly consumed green leafy vegetables that ensures enzyme inactivation and maximum ascorbic acid retention. Ten commonly consumed leafy vegetables, viz. Amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus Linn.), Ambat chuka (Rumex vesicarius Linn.), Bathua (Chenopodium album Linn.), Brahmi [Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban], Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Linn.), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.), Keerae (Amaranthus sp.), Kilkeerae (Amaranthus tricolor Linn.), Shepu (Anethum graveolens Linn. syn. Peucedanum graveolens Linn.), and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea Linn.) were blanched for 1,2 and 4 min at 80, 90 and 98°C in water and chemical media, steamed for 5 and 10 min with and without chemical treatment and microwaved for 1 and 1.5 min, unblanched greens served as control. Retention of ascorbic acid was reduced as the blanching time and temperature increased in all greens. It was comparatively higher in chemically treated samples both in conventional and steam blanched samples. Steam blanched samples (5 min) had a higher level of ascorbic acid than conventional blanched samples irrespective of blanching media. Ascorbic acid content of microwave-blanched samples was better in some greens compared to conventionally blanched greens. Blanching at 80°C for 1 min, steaming for 5 min and microwaving for 1 min was sufficient to inactivate peroxidase in all except two green leafy vegetables irrespective of the blanching media. From the nutrition point of view, chemical blanching proved to be advantageous both in steam and conventional blanching for short period and it also ensured enzyme inactivation.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

013051   Gupta M;Kamani P K (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI), Kanpur-208 002) : Synthesis of true pigment from extender pigment (barium sulfate) by surface treatment. Paintindia 2009, 59(9), 61-7.

Deals with treatment of barium sulfate extender pigment from iron oxide for different architectural and industrial coatings. A novel pigment with better optical and functional performance is obtained by depositing a thin layer of ferric oxide on barium sulfate particles. This pigment in various coating system improves physicochemical performance. The treated barium sulfate extender pigment acts as an active barrier. The experimental techniques of surface treatment have been discussed along with the instrumental analysis by SEM, EDAX, and XRD etc. The increasing cost of synthetic true pigments has led to this novel research which is believed to have commercial application and will help in reducing the cost of final products significantfy.

4 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

013050   Gidwani A T (NO, Emulsion Platform Group Asian Paints Limited, LBS Marg, Bhandup (W), Mumbai-400 078) : Advances in UV curable coatings using photolatent additives. Paintindia 2009, 59(4), 87-100.

Recent advances in photolatent additives for UV curing helps in doing away with the shortcomings of conventional UV curable systems. There are intrinsic limitations associated with radical photo polymerization such as oxygen inhibition, insufficient curing of shadow areas, poor coating of thick and highly pigmented coating, lack of adhesion on certain substrate. All these limitations can be overcome by recent development using photolatent additives and thus support the expansion of the scope of UV curing technology in industrial and automotive application. Photolatent bases are stable and inactive in the dark when incorporated in coating systems, but efficiently releases tertiary amines or amidines on irradiation with UV or daylight. Variety of formulation can be cross/inked'byphotolatentbase catalyst. The new technology allows adjustable speed UV and daylight curing, as well as post cure of poorly exposed and shadow areas on three dimensional objects. It also extends the pot life of2K systems, which have to be mixed prior to the application. Another exciting application of photolatent effect is the addition of pleasant smell in paint using photolatent fragrance additives. Also photo induced effect can be obtained by using Photolatent colorants.

11 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

013049   Gidwani A T (NO, Asian Paints Ltd., C-3B/1, Pawane TTC Industrial Area, Behind Savita Chemicals, Turbhe, Navi Mumbai-400 705) : Novel route for the synthesis of low VOC polyurethane dispersion. Paintindia 2009, 59(8), 69-84.

High requirements concerning environmental protection are the reason for an increased interest in low VOC coatings technologies. One strategic route is the development of waterborne coating systems. Due-to versatility, aqueous polyurefhane dispersions (PUD) are of special interest. The various processes for the synthesis of solvent free PUDs which includes Ketazine process, melt dispersion process, acetone and NMP processes have been described in details. Alternative solvents to NMP replacement in polyurethane synthesis have been elaborated. Comparative study of NMP and acetone process has been described and how the composition parameters play the key role in the synthesis of a low VOC or Zero VOC PUD.

9 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

013048   Gidwani A;Deshpande S (NO, Asian Paints Ltd., C-3B/1 Pawane TTC Industrial Area, Behind Savita Chemicals, Turbhe, Navi Mumbai-400 705) : Alternative to alkyl phenol ethoxylates in emulsion polymerization & pigment dispersion. Paintindia 2009, 59(7), 103-18.

Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) consists of Octylphenol (OPEs) or Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates (NPEsj. APEOs are low cost and high performance non-ionic surfactants used in variety of application. They are used in cleaning products, industrial process, agricultural formulations and paints. In the paint and coatings industry they are used as emulsifiers for the emulsion polymerization process, and as dispersing additive for water-based pigment pastes. APEO surfactants give rise to environmental concern due to their poor biodegradability, their toxicity including their metabolites and their potential to act as endocrine disrupters in marine organisms. As a consequence. Environmental protection Agency (EPA) and EU (European Union] commission have recommended to implement a risk reducing strategy, which foresees the ban of all applications leading to direct emissions to waste water and strict emission controls for all other technical processes using APEOs as surfactants. Safer alternative to APEOs are Alcohol Ethoxylates (AEs) and methyl ester ethoxylate which are readily available and technically feasible for many industrial processes. Alcohol Ethoxylates are less toxic and degrade more quickly in the environment. Alcohol ethoxylates which can be used as effective alternative to APEO emulsifiers mainly includes fatty alcohol ethoxylate, secondary alcohol ethoxylate and branched secondary alcohol ethoxylate. The replacement of APEOs surfactant by eco- friendly surfactants in emulsion polymerization and as dispersing additives in water based pigment paste has been reviewed in this paper.

11 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref