003012   NOR N M, SALIH N, SALIMON J (Chemical Sciences Dep, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: nadiaalnami@hotmail.com) : Optimization of the ring opening of epoxidized palm oil using D-Optimal design. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 67 - 75.

In the presence of a catalyst, p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), the ring of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was opened using oleic acid (OA). The optimization effects of different process variables including the mol ratio of EPO/OA, reaction temperature, PTSA percentage and reaction time was performed by response surface methodology (RSM). To assess the effects of process variables and interactions among them, a Doptimal design was used as an RSM tool to acquire the maximum response value. The following are the optimum conditions achieved at the reaction time of 4.73 h in the RSM study: 1.02% PTSA, 3 EPO/OA mol ratio and 119.14 ºC reaction temperature. These conditions resulted in 84% yield, 0.041% oxirane oxygen content (OOC), 59.4 mg/g iodine value (IV), and118.7 mg/g hydroxyl value (HV). The results are in a excellent agreement with the values predicted using a regression model.

7 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

045662   RUBAK Y T, NURAIDA L, ISWANTINI D, PRANGDIMURTI E ( Food Science and Technology Dep, IPB Univ, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: lnuraida@gmail.com) : Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in milk fermented by indigenous lactic acid bacteria. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 345-53.

Fermented milk can be used to produce antihypertensive peptides. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with its proteolytic system hydrolyze milk protein during fermentation to produce several peptides, which include antihypertensive bioactive peptides. This study aimed to investigate the ability of indigenous LAB for the production of angiotensin-Iconverting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides in fermented milk and to characterize the ACEI peptides.  Reconstituted milk (11 %) inoculated with ten LAB isolates, and then incubated at 37 °C until it reaches pH 4.6. The evaluation was carried out for LAB count, lactic acid concentration, peptide content, and ACE-I activity. The low molecular weight (MW) peptides (<3 kDa) were identified using Nano LC Ultimate 3000 series system Tandem Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results: The result showed that the ten LAB isolates were able to produce ACE-I in fermented milk with the activities in the range of 22.78±2.55-57.36±5.40 %. The activity of ACE-I above 50 % produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii BD7, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis BD17, and Lactobacillus kefiri YK4 and JK17, with the highest activity of ACE-I produced by L. kefiri YK4 (IC50 0.261 mg/mL) and L. kefiri JK17 (IC50 0.308 mg/mL). Results of peptide identification showed that L. kefiri YK 4 could release as many as 1329, while L. kefiri JK 17 could release 174 peptides. The peptides produced were 95 % derived from casein. The other peptides were from ά-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and serum amyloid A. The peptides produced consisted of 6-19 amino acid residues, with MWs of 634-2079 Dalton and detected at 317-1093 m/z. A total of 30 peptides have been recognized based on literature searches as ACE-I peptides (sequence similarity: 100 %).

1 illus, 6 tables, 61 ref

045643   PAUL T. PRICE, GAYDOS T A, BERGHAUS R D, BAXTER V, HOFACRE C L, SIMS M D (Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences Dep, Clemson Univ, South Carolina, United States, Email: p.price@phileo.lesaffre.com) : Salmonella Enteritidis reduction in layer ceca with a Bacillus probiotic. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 184-7.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a significant foodborne pathogen that can often be traced to poultry and poultry products. This study aims to evaluate the ability of three commonly used non-antimicrobial feed additives in reducing the amount of SE in the ceca of laying type pullets. On day 0, 60 Hy-Line Brown pullets aged 9 weeks were allocated to individual cages in 15 replicate blocks of four pens. Pullets were administered a mash feed provided ad libitum without supplementation (control) or with dietary supplementation of 454 g/ton yeast cell wall (YCW), or 454 g/ton Bacillus spp. probiotic, or 1133 g/ton yeast culture (YC). On day 3 of the trial, all birds were orally administered 3×107 CFU of a nalidixic acid-resistant SE. On day 10, 7 days after inoculation, all birds were humanely euthanized, and the ceca were aseptically removed for analysis. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of SE among treatments. The mean quantity of SE detected in the ceca expressed in log10 most probable number/g was 2.52 in the control, 2.49 in the YCW treatment, 1.73 in the probiotic treatment, and 1.66 in the YC treatment. The reduction between control and probiotic and control and YC was significant (p=0.021). This study demonstrates the ability of the novel probiotic and the YC to reduce the load of SE in layer ceca.

2 tables, 28 ref

046768   AL- GHEZI N A S, AL-MOSSAWI A E H J, AL-RIKABI A K J (Food Technology Dep, Basrah Univ, Basrah, Iraq) : Antioxidants activity of date seed extraction of some date varieties. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194714.

The study included preparing aqueous , alcoholic, and oil extractions of date seed power of (Phoenix dactylifera)Al Hillawi, Al Khadhrawi and Al ZAHDY date varieties estimating its total contents of phenol and flavonoids, and then it is studied its antioxidants activity, reduction strength and ability to bon Ferrous ion. The results showed that total contents of phenolic compounds are ranged from 56.16 to 67.32 mg/ml for the ethanol extraction, 56.6 to 65.6 to 65.32 mg/ml for methanolic extract and 27.88 to 40.06 mg/ml for aqueous extraction. While the total contents of flavonoids of aqueous extract is ranged from 22.12. to 33.32 mg/ml, 40.21 to 52.16 mg/ml in the ethanolic extract and from 35.11 to 46.16 mg/ml in the methanol extraction. Indeed,aqueous and alcoholic extract of (Phoenix dactylifera) Al Hillawi, AlKhadrawai and Al Zahdy give Antioxidation activity are ranged from 37.50 % to 88.70 %, reduction strength is ranged from 0.895 to 2.63 and the value of Ferrous ion bon is ranged from 41.92 % to 60.93 %.

4 illus, 22 ref

045447   HETTIARACHCHI H A C O, GUNATHILAKE K D P P (Food Science & Technology Dep, Wayamba Univ of Sri Lanka, Gonawila, Sri Lanka) : Bioactives and bioactivity of selected underutilized fruits, vegetables and legumes grown in Sri Lanka: A review. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(6), 34-44.

Being a tropical country, Sri Lanka has many food crops and they have not been extensively studied for their phytochemicals, food-based applications or many industrial uses. A greater deal of research nowadays focus on the identification of bioactive compounds in dietary sources, separation, purification and formulation of functional food products which may utilize as supplements to the body’s antioxidant defense system. The key purpose of the present review was to summarize the bioactivity of compounds available in selected underutilized food crops available in Sri Lanka to utilize them in functional food product development. There is much extent to research the bioactive potential of underutilized food crops. Evaluation of health benefits using ex-vivo studies should target the assessing the metabolic fate of bioactive compounds through cell metabolism since the biotransformation of bioactives through principal and peripheral metabolism in cells may either promote or elicit the desired bioactivity.

3 tables, 75 ref

041583   BHUSARI S, NIKAM K, KUCHEKAR B, WAKTE P (Chemical Technology Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad - 431 001, Maharashtra, Email: chemtech.cdmpk@gmail.com) : Phytochemical investigation, TLC-HPLC fingerprinting and antioxidant activity of cissus repanda roots. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1104-8.

To perform phytochemical screening, TLC, HPLC fingerprinting and antioxidant assay of Aqueous, Aqueous-Ethanolic and 95 % Ethanolic extracts of Cissus repanda roots. Aqueous, Aqueous-Ethanolic and 95 % Ethanolic extracts of Cissus repanda roots were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. TLC patterns of all the three extracts were developed on the basis of phytochemical analysis results. All extracts were subjected to HPLC fingerprinting. The antioxidant potential of all the three extracts of Cissus repanda roots were evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay. All three extracts showed the presence of various phytochemicals belonging to different chemical class viz. Alkaloid, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and polyphenols. TLC fingerprinting of aqueous extracts showed presence of one distinct phytochemical with R_f value of 0.07 while Aqueous-Ethanolic extract showed three phytochemicals with Rf values of 0.11, 0.55, 0.95 and 95 % Ethanolic extract showed two phytochemicals with R_f values of 0.16, 0.71. HPLC fingerprints of all extract showed four prominent peaks. Compounds showing peaks at 48.48 and 67.41 min. were found to be around 21.6 and 19.2 % in the extract. All the extracts were subjected to antioxidant activity. Alcoholic extract of Cissus repanda roots showed highest antioxidant activity of 72.02 % whereas Aqueous extract and Aqueous-Ethanolic extract showed 61.66 and 40.47 % antioxidant activity respectively. The present study provides qualitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Cissus repanda root extracts. HPLC and TLC fingerprint would be useful identification and isolation of therapeutically important phytochemicals. All extracts of Cissus repanda root showed good antioxidant activity.

4 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

041526   SETHURAMAN N, GOKULDOSS B, MURUGESAN A, MANI A, GANI A, SEETHARAMAN S (Pharmaceutics Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: nagalakshmimpharm@gmail.com) : Fabrication and characterization of chitin hydrogel nano silver fused scaffold for wound dressing applications. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(3), 610-7.

A scaffold is a wound dressing material which can be fabricated in the shape of the tissue that we want to restore in our body depending upon their structural and functional requirements. Chitin is the carbon-based resource having boundless activity as a wound healing accelerator. By the addition of silver nanoparticles, the wound remedial ability and antiseptic activity of chitin can be boosted. Chitin was obtained from the crab shell by demineralization, heating (300°C) and dehydration. 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g and 5g of chitin was accurately weighed and formulated into five different formulations with Calcium chloride/methanol solvent. The formulated hydrogel was clarified by Whatman filter paper. Then the nanosilver solution was prepared, characterized by the pale yellow colour and added to the formulations. Further, it was lyophilized to obtain chitin hydrogel/nanosilver fused scaffold formulations namely S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. All the five formulations were characterized for weight loss, swelling ability, porosity measurement and surface analysis. The augmented formulation i.e., S5 was subjected to further characterization studies such as FT-IR analysis, optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, Zeta potential and in-vitro antibacterial activity. From this research, it was concluded that the chitin hydrogel nanosilver fused scaffold is a viable alternative to existing conventional dosage forms which lead to improved bioactivity and a promising biomaterial for wound dressing applications in case of administration affords to result in better patient compliance and cost-effective therapy in the field of biomedical application.

11 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

046558   PAUL V, ARVIND, RAI D C, PANDHI S, SETH A (Dairy Science and Food Technology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, Email: arvind00000@gmail.com) : Effect of coating materials for microencapsulation of basil oil using spray drying. Med Plants 2020, 12(2), 251-7.

Ocimum basilicum L., commonly known as “sweet basil” is a plant with high medicinal values and antioxidant potential. Basil oil is rich in phenolics and terpenoid compounds and used as a potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. Present research work was aimed to study the effect of wall materials for basil oil microencapsulation. Various wall materials, including sodium alginate (SA) and sodium caseinate (SC), were combined with maltodextrin (MD) in two different ratios (1:2 and 1:1) were used for microencapsulation through spray drying. Among the evaluated wall materials, a combination of MD + SA at a ratio of 1:1 bestowed excellent performance both in terms of encapsulation efficiency and morphological characteristics of the prepared basil oil microcapsules.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

046557   MISHRA S, ARVIND, RAI D C (Dairy Science and Food Technology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: arvind1@bhu.ac.in) : Efficacy of extraction methods for release of antioxidants in Caesalpinia bonducella seed pods. Med Plants 2020, 12(2), 243-50.

Locally grown Caesalpinia bonducella seeds pod was subjected to ultrasonication and maceration for extraction by using different solvents like water, ethanol, and ethanol in combination with water at a different ratio to evaluate the extraction potential of phytoactive compounds. FTIR analysis was carried out for the quantitative estimation of functional groups in the different extracts. The highest yield was obtained in the ultrasonicated water extract is 21.9 %. The utmost value of DPPH, ABTS, and SOSA inhibition activity was evaluated in the ultrasonicated seed pod aqueous extract 86.5 %, 90.39 %, 93.59 %, respectively. The highest TPC found in ultrasonicated seedpod extracts was 21.91 mg GA/g. Aqueous extract of both extraction techniques had superior antioxidant activity and phenolic content which may have the potential for nutraceutical applications. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of alkanes, alkene, phenols, steroids, fatty acids, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. in all the ultrasonicated samples with higher antioxidant and phenolic content.

2 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

044830   KAJLA P, SHOBHIT, SHARMA A (Food Technology Dep, Guru Jhambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana) : Storage stability of processed flaxseed powder. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 100-4.

Flaxseeds are well known source of alpha-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid. Owing to the presence of this fatty acid makes the flaxseed highly susceptible to oxidation resulting in decreased shelf stability. In the present investigation flaxseeds were subjected to different processing treatments and packed. Processed flaxseeds were ground and stored at two different temperatures (refrigerated temperature and elevated temperature) in low density polythene zip lock pouches. These powders were assessed for peroxide value and free fatty acid values. It was found that samples stored at refrigerated temperature showed maximum shelf-stability for about 120 days in terms of lower peroxide and free fatty acid values.

2 tables, 22 ref

044785   RAO V V, RAVINDRA V (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Email: vvrao@cryo.iitkgp.ac.in) : Vacuum based coatings for engineering applications. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 71-6.

In the present modern age, vacuum based coatings are employed in every field of technology to reduce size and improve performance. The present paper briefly describes the physical concepts involved in vacuum coating for different applications along with technical details of necessary vacuum equipment.

1 illus, 8 ref

044784   KAKATI A, DAS S (Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur- 721 302, West Bengal, Email: sou@smst.iitkgp.ac.in) : Metallic gold thin film micropattern on polydimethylsiloxanefilm for flexible electronic sensors and circuits. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 61-9.

This work illustrates the importance as well as major challenges related to the development of malleable metallic Au thin film micropattern on soft elastomeric film and then presents a fabrication technique to overcome these challenges for developing reliable, flexible electronic sensors and circuits. A self-assembled molecular adhesive layer has been introduced between the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the thin metal film to increase the adhesion and then analyzed the multilayer structure. The contact angle measurement showed that the introduction (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) molecular adhesive layer increases the hydrophilicity of the PDMS film for a more extended period and Au film on MPTMS coated PDMS shows superior film quality. The random buckles formed on the thin Au film have been successively manipulated using controlled heating after micropatterning. The SEM analysis of the Au thin film confirmed that the deposited film is granular and filled with nanogaps. The electrical characterization of the deposited showed that the sheet resistance of the metal thin is higher compared to the Au thin film on Si surface. This investigation is beneficial for realizing reliable, flexible electronic devices and circuits on soft polymer.

5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

044782   VANITHAKUMARI S C, GEORGE R P, MUDALI U K (Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam- 603 102, Tamil Nadu, Email: ukmudali1@gmail.com) : High performance specialized coatings for applications in corrosive environments. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 17-35.

In this paper a short review of various coatings developed based on facile as well as industrially scalable methods and the challenges encountered in enhancing the durability of the coatings in simulated service conditions are presented. These coatings include (i) development of noble metal (Pt/Pd) nanoparticle coated titanium electrodes for electrochemical processes employed in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, and (ii) development of superhydrophobic (SHP) coatings on titanium, stainless steels, lowchromium steels and copper alloys to address corrosion and biofouling issues in chloride environments of condenser materials in nuclear power plants. Nanostructured noble metal (Pt, Pd) coatings on Titanium and titania nanotube for electrode applications were developed using a novel seed mediated coating technology involving electrodeposition assisted hydrothermal method. Studies demonstrated that by engineering the particle size of Pt, and nano-tubular self assembled arrays of TiO2 (TiNT), the electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation could be enhanced ten times compared to polycrystalline Pt. By employing electrochemical cerium oxidation studies, excellent durability of this Pt nanoparticles coated TiNT electrode surpassing 1000 h in 11.5M nitric acid was also demonstrated. In the second part of the manuscript development of SHP coatings to address corrosion and biofouling issues in chloride medium of condenser materials such as titanium, stainless steels, low chromium steels and copper alloys is detailed. Inspired by the lotus effect two step techniques were adopted for creating a micro-nano roughness pattern, and reducing surface energy by coating with low surface energy material. Micro-nano texturing of different materials was achieved by various methods like polishing, pickling, anodization, sand blasting etc. Attempted different organic fatty acids and silica nanoparticles mixed silane, to enhance durability. Finally durable and stable SHP coatings were demonstrated with high water contact angle and corrosion resistance and reduced microbial attachment indicating superior bio corrosion resistance of the materials studied. Facile techniques were adopted for both coatings in order to support scaling up for real time applications in future.

5 illus, 52 ref

046327   RAVI K, GOYAL K, PRIYADARSHI S, NAIDU M M (Spices & Flavour Sciences Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru- 570 020, Email: mmnaidu@cftri.res.in) : Spice bioactives in edible packaging. J Spices Aromatic Crop 2020, 29(2), 81-97.

Edible packaging received significant attention in recent years. The main advantage of edible packaging over synthetic packaging is that they are environment friendly. The material used in edible packaging (lipids, polysaccharides, proteins) is generally recognized as safe and it acts as a barrier to gases, light and moisture. Spices have been traditionally used for its medicinal value. Spice extract or its essential oil possesses various bioactive compounds which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial property. Incorporation of spice extract or its essential oil into edible packaging exerts antimicrobial activity against the food pathogens thus preventing food spoilage and enhances the shelf-life and also increases the nutritional value of the final product. Antioxidant properties of spices retard the lipid oxidation. Dietary allergy and intolerance are also associated with packaging material and spices. Because of the high cost of film-forming material, scaling-up of edible packaging has remained a problem.

1 illus, 3 tables, 125 ref

039557   GOSWAMI K, SHUKLA P (Foods and Nutrition Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ, Pantnagar U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Field pea (Pisum sativum) varieties: Shelf life evaluation and product development. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 45-50.

Legumes are dicotyledonous seeds of plants that belong to the family Leguminosae. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-which is also known as common pea, dry pea, green pea (green seeded cultivars), yellow pea (yellow seeded cultivars), and garden pea-is a cool season crop, grown in the sub-tropics and at higher altitudes in the tropics. It is one of the four important cultivated legumes (others include soy-beans, groundnuts and dry-beans) in the world. Peas have long been recognised as an inexpensive, readily available source of protein, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The high nutrient density of peas makes them a valuable food commodity, capable of meeting the dietary needs of the estimated 800-900 million undernourished individuals worldwide. So keeping in view the benefits of field pea present study was undertaken for shelf life evaluation and product development from improved varieties of field pea. The improved varieties (Pant P-13, Pant P-14, Pant P-25, Pant P-42 and Pant P-74) were obtained from CRC (Crop Research Centre), Pantnagar. Bengal gram flour and other ingredients were procured from the local market of Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand. Standard procedures were used for shelf life analysis and product development. Results of Storage study showed that with increase in storage period moisture content and total plate count increases. From sensory evaluation it was found that there was non-significant difference in organoleptic characteristics of control (Besan) and Pant Pea-13 flour Dhokla. Nutrient composition of Pant Pea-13 flour dhokla revealed that it contained higher amount of protein (20.43 %), carbohydrates (61.57 %) and iron (6.65mg/100g) content than that of control dhokla.

5 tables, 14 ref

039548   KAUR H, THAKKAR A, NAGPAL K (Amity Univ, Noida- 201 303, Email: kalpananagpal@gmail.com) : UV method development and validation of ellagic acid for its rapid quantitative estimation. J Pharm Technol Res Manag 2020, 7(1), 1-5.

Development and validation of a simple UV- Spectroscopy method was done for the quantitative analysis of Ellagic Acid (EA). The stock solution of 50μg/ml was prepared and scanned, for which absorption maxima was found to be 277nm. Further dilutions to different concentrations (1-5μg/ml) were prepared and analyzed at 277nm. The method so developed was validated as per ICHguidelines for: linearity, robustness, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and quantification. TheLambert- Beer’s law is followed in the range (1-5μg/ml) with correlation coefficient value 0.9994.It was observed that the method is precise and accurate for EA analysis with good recovery percent of 94.47 % to 106.83 %. The method developed was further employed for determining the entrapment efficiency of ellagic acid and its release from its nanoparticle dosage form. The method may be utilized for determining the concentration of EA when present as formulation and in combination with other drugs.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

039414   BOUGUEMRA S, OUAFI S, BOUGUEDOURA N, CHABANE D (Sciences and Technology Univ, Algeria, Email: selmabouguemra@hotmail.fr) : Enhancing bioactive potential by growth regulators in callus of Mentha longifolia L. leaves for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 122-30.

Mentha longifolia L., popularly known as Mint, is a medicinal herb against inflammation and analgesic pains caused by venom of snakes and scorpions. Its leaves are commonly used by nomads of Ahaggar to treat external wounds. Unfortunately, this medicinal plant is less accessible in its natural zone. Hence, here, we propose a biotechnological approach to induce callus yielding the same effects. Callus was induced from young leaves cultivated on modified Murashige and Skoog solid medium supplemented with 30 g L^-1 sucrose, 100 mg glutamine and growth regulators under dark conditions. Aqueous and C-glycoside extracts of plant and callus, respectively were prepared and analyzed by HPLC-DAD/LC-ESI-MS. The study of acute toxicity at 2000 mg kg^-1 followed by the anti-inflammatory activity assessment using carrageenan-induced paw edema and the analgesic activity of acetic acid induced writhing were performed on mice. Compared to the control, the trials showed 79 % higher rate of friable callus induced on 2,4-D and BAP. No mortality or signs of toxicity were observed in mice. Unexpected higher anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities by callus extracts can be attributed to their phenolic composition.

2 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

039285   AGARWAL N, SINGH G, KUMBHAR B K (Food Science and Technology Dep, G.B Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, Email: 25nishaagarwal@gmail.com) : Modelling the hydration kinetics of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in sodium salts using response surface methodology. J Appl Nat Sci 2020, 12(1), 42-52.

The present work investigated the effect of salt solutions of sodium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate on the water uptake by kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) at different temperatures (30, 45 and 60 0C). Thirty-five soaking solutions were prepared using NaCl and NaHCO₃ to find the optimum soaking treatment and time to maximise the hydration. Hydration kinetics of kidney beans was studied in different concentrations of the salt solutions and at different temperatures by the method of weight gain until equilibrium conditions were attained. Response surface methodology was used to design the experiments and to optimize the levels for minimum soaking time and to maximize the hydration. The soaking solutions affected the mass transfer in both seed coat and cotyledon, demonstrating changes on both proteins and polysaccharides.  Increasing the temperature from 30 to 60 0 C in sodium chloride solution and sodium bicarbonate solution (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % concentration) decreased the soaking time from >225 min and 225 min to 82.5 min and 73.5 min respectively to achieve around 80 % hydration. Beans soaked in sodium bicarbonate solution exhibited higher hydration rates than in distilled water followed by sodium chloride solution at the same salt concentration. Soaking for about three hours at 300C resulted in maximum hydration. The optimum soaking treatment was found to be in a salt solution containing 1.10 % NaCl  and 0.92 % NaHCO₃ at 30 C which resulted in a soaking time of 193.45 min. This work demonstrated a simple and non-tedious approach for enhancing the hydration process of grains.

3 illus, 11 tables, 34 ref

039277   SOBAHI T R, ABDELAAL M Y, SALAM M A (Chemistry Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: masalam16@hotmail.com) : Structure and physical properties of cellulose triacetate/ nanoclay nanocomposites. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 85-9.

The nanoclay has been used to modify cellulose triacetate by forming nanocomposites of different composition. The nanoclay and cellulose triacetate as well as the resulting nanocomposites were identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mechanical and thermal properties of different nanocomposites are also investigated. It was generally observed that the addition of the nanoclay to cellulose triacetate increased the thermal conductivity, tensile strength and Young's modulus by 415, 81 and 93 %, respectively, on adding only 5 % of the nanoclay to cellulose triacetate.

6 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

039272   RIDA K, CHAIBEDDRA K, CHERAITIA K (Mohamed SeddikBenYahia-Jijel Univ, Algeria, Email: rida_kamel2001@yahoo.fr) : Adsorption of cationic dye methyl green from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from Brachychiton populneus fruit shell. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 51-9.

Activated carbon adsorbent prepared from Brachychiton Populneus fruit shell, biomass materials, is used for the removal of Methyl Green (MG) from aqueous solutions. For the purposes of the experiment (characterization of the adsorbent), we have used various methods, namely BET, FTIR and SEM. The various parameters influencing adsorption: contact time, initial concentration, mass of the adsorbent and temperature have been studied in batch systems. The modeling of the experimental data showed that the pseudo-second order model perfectly described the adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir model seems to be the most suitable for the equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 67.93 mg/g. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption of the MG dye is a spontaneous and exothermic phenomenon. This study confirms that activated carbon prepared from agricultural wastes has a high adsorption potential, making it an effective means for removing MG from aqueous solutions.

11 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

039270   KAMBLE M G, DEOKAR S K, TAJANE S P, MANDAVGANE S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : Groundnut plant ash: Characterisation and adsorption efficacy study for removal of paraquat dichloride. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 35-42.

For the first time combustion residue of agricultural waste i.e. groundnut plant is characterized in detail and explored as an adsorbent for removal of chlorinated herbicide, paraquat. The study investigates the chemical, physical, mineralogical, and morphological characteristics of GPA (Groundnut Plant Ash) adsorbent produced using groundnut plant. GPA has been characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the functional groups, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology of the carbon. Batch adsorption is performed by varying adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. Result shows that the kinetic models mainly the pseudo-second order and Elovich model had the best fit. The equilibrium data are analyzed using different isotherm models. The adsorption capacity of GPA for paraquat removal is found 265.71 mg/m² which is the highest reported value.

11 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

039269   KAMBLE M G, TRIVEDI N S, MANDAVGANE S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : A low-cost adsorbent (wheat plant ash) prepared from agricultural waste for removal of paraquat from aqueous solutions. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 26-34.

A low-cost adsorbent (wheat plant ash) has been prepared using a common agricultural waste (wheat straw) and its physicochemical characteristics, including chemical, physical, mineralogical, and morphological, and adsorption efficacy are investigated. WPA is characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), CHNS(ultimate analysis) analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Tellersurface area technique, and Fourier transform infrared method. The BET surface area of wheat plant ash was found to be 37 m²/g. To evaluate its adsorption capacity, paraquat is chosen as the adsorbate. Batch adsorption is performed by varying adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and contact time. Experimental data are fitted to both kinetic and isotherm models. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models are applied to experimental data, which indicated that the latter model had the best fit. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models are then applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity of WPA for paraquat removal, determined using the Langmuir isotherm, is found to be approximately 241.3 mg/m² at 303 K.

13 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

039204   ALANAZI M M, AMR M A E, NAGLAH A M, MAGREID R E A, ALSAYED E A (Zoology Dep, King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: eaelsayed@ksu.edu.sa) : Anti-proliferate activity and 5α-reductase inhibitors of chiral macrocyclic (N^α-di-nicotinoyl)[L-phenylalaninyl-L-leucinyl]pentapeptide candidates against LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 60-5.

A series of macrocyclic derivatives 2-6 were prepared using N^α-dinicotinoyl-bis[L-phenylalaninyl-L-leucyl]hydrazide 1 and cyclo pentapeptide hydrazide 2 as starting materials. The hydrazide 1 was cyclized with diaminoalkanes to macrocyclic hezaazahexaamide derivatives 3a-c, respectively. Finally, compound 2 was condensed with 3,5-diacetylpyridine gave the corresponding macrocyclic Schiff base 4. Finally, condensation of 2 with substituted aromatic or heterocyclic aldehyde derivatives gave the corresponding Schiff base derivatives 5a-f and 6a-c, respectively. The synthesized compounds were screened as 5α-reductase inhibitors and anti-proliferative activity against prostate cancer cell lines.

1 illus, 23 ref

039203   ELSAYED E A, MOUSSSA S A, ENSHASY H A E, WADAAN M A (Zoology Dep, King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: eaelsayed@ksu.edu.sa) : Anticancer potentials of zinc oxide nanoparticles against liver and breast cancer cell lines. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 56-9.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) with particle size of 40 and 50 nm against human hepatocellular carcinoma and human breast cancer cell lines. The effects of nanoparticles were analyzed after 24 hours of incubation using standard MTT assay. Incubation of ZnONPs with different cells produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. The IC₅₀ values of ZnONPs for both prepared samples (40 and 50 nm) were comparable. It has been noticed that MCF-7 and MDA cells were more affected by the prepared 50 nm than the 40 nm ZnONPs. On the other hand, HepG2 cells showed inverse relation in terms of their response to the size of the prepared NPs.

3 illus, 1 tables, 22 ref

027420   KUMAR R, MEHNDIRATTA P, MISHRA N, THUKRAL A, PATHAK S, SINGH R (Chemistry Dep, Amity Univ, Gurugram– 122 413, Haryana, Email: srpathak@ggn.amity.edu) : Bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble nano diosgenin by encapsulation using chitosan/bovine serum albumin bilayers. Asian J Pharm 2018, 12(2), 115-9.

To enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble diosgenin (DG) by chitosan/BSA encapsulated nanoparticle formulation. 0.1 % chitosan aqueous solution was mixed with freshly prepared saturated DG solution followed by probe-sonication for 30 min., thereafter 0.1 % BSA solution was added drop-wise and sonicated for another layer formation. Procedure was repeated for bilayer formation. After each layer formation nanoparticles were centrifuged and resuspended in fresh DI water. Results and Discussion: The DLS of nanosized DG shown to have a radius of 2 nm to 40 nm. Surface morphology of nanoDG has been observed using SEM. Non-significant changes under the UV/Vis and IR, suggest the retention of drug properties at nano level. Chitosan/BSA coatings generated a higher surface charge (ca. +28 mV and -30mV) resulting in good colloidal stability. Dissolution technique was used for release profiling of drug from layer-by-layer assembly. The combination of biocompatible ionic polymers chitosan/BSA bilayer encapsulation around nanoDG, allowed sustained release of drug molecule up to 30 hours.

8 illus, 21 ref

028627   MUKHOPADHYAY S, NAUTIYAL J, KOTHIYAL P (Pharmaceutics Dep, Shri Guru Ram Rai Univ, Uttarakhand, Email: sayantan.pharmaceutics@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of Venlafaxine hydrochloride for the effective treatment of depression. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2018, 8(3), 273-88.

In the present study, Venlafaxine hydrochloride-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were successfully prepared by using modified solvent diffusion method. The SLNs were prepared by using 1.5 % and 2.5 % w/v of Tween 80. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug entrapment and surface entrapment. The particle size of prepared nanoparticles was found in acceptable range that is from 213.2 to 635.1d. nm and PdI from 0.243-0.947. Along with this zeta potential of all the prepared nano formulations lies in the range from –11.2 to – 16.9 mV. Low values of surface entrapment efficiency indicated that less amount of drug was present on the surface of drug loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and a higher amount of drug was found to be entrapped in drug loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Finally, carbopol 940 (2 %) gel was prepared by incorporating venlafaxine hydrochloride-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles into it. The prepared gel was evaluated for viscosity, spreadability, pH and drug content. Drug content of all the prepared solid lipid nanoparticulated gel was ranged from 71.94 % to 88.95 %. In vitro diffusion results revealed that 64.05 % - 90.25 % of drug released from the formulations in 24 hrs study period. In formulation FF4 and FF7, by observing the value of n it was confirmed that the anomalous transport is dominant and in remaining formulations, Super case II Transport is dominant. Therefore, it was concluded that prepared formulation was able to provide better management of depression and hence improve patient compliance.

3 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

028620   KANTHARAJU K, HIREMATH P B (Chemistry Dep, Rani Channamma Univ, Belagavi- 591 156, Email: kk@rcub.ac.in) : One-pot, green approach synthesis of 2-aryl substituted benzimidazole derivatives catalyzed by water extract of papaya bark ash. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(7), 1634-8.

A simple, green, rapid and environmentally benign route has been developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles by the reaction of substituted o-phenylenediamine with different substituted benzoyl chloride using water extract of papaya bark ash (WEPBA) as a green catalyst at room temperature. This method provides several added advantages of being completely green, economic, giving high yields and minimizing use of hazardous solvents. Further, the separated product does not required any kind of chromatographic purification.

2 tables, 65 ref

028608   AHMED A J, ALSAMMARRAIE A M A (Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: alyaa.jabbar@yahoo.com) : Synthesis, spectral, structural and antimicrobial studies of silver nanoparticles and Ag(I) complex of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(7), 1608-12.

In the present study, Ag(I) complex is synthesized by reacting silver nitrate with ligand (2-mercaptobenzothiazole) in a 1:2 mole ratio. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles were prepared by the reduction of AgNO₃ using 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in dilute aqueous sodium citrate buffer solution. The Ag(I) complex are characterized by elemental analyses, flame atomic absorption, thermogravimetric analyses, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility, UV-visible as well as FTIR spectroscopy. Analyses, linear geometry is suggested for the Ag(I) complex. The prepared nanoparticles are characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive microscopy, atomic force microscopy, vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that silver nanoparticles with fcc crystal structure. The SEM micrographs indicated that the morphology is nearly rods shaped structure with an average diameter of about 100 nm. Biological activities of the ligand and its Ag(I) complex and silver nanoparticles are tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli bacteria and Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis fungi. It was found that both Ag(I) complex and silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial activities.

7 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

028650   THAMER N A, MUFTIN N Q, AL-RUBAE S H N (Molecular Biology Dep, Al-Mustansiriyah Univ, Iraq, Email: neran1958@yahoo.com) : Optimization properties and characterization of green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Cordia myxa L. leaves. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(7), 1559-63.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were green synthesized using aqueous extract of Cordia myxa L. leaves as reducing and capping agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The prepared copper oxide nanoparticles showed surface plasmon resonance centered at 400 nm. The optimized condition for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles revealed that the aqueous extract of Cordia myxa L. leaves:copper sulfate ratio was 1:3, pH was 9 and copper sulfate concentration was 40 mM. FTIR results showed that stabilization and formation of CuONPs were due to phenolic groups and amines in plant extract. The XRD pattern showed that the particles are monoclinic in nature. The crystalline morphology and size of the nanoparticles were determined by scanning electron microscope. Presence of elemental copper was revealed by EDX analysis. Size range was from 20 to 106.81 nm was determined by atomic force microscope.

9 illus, 39 ref

028610   BELL S S J, SUBHASHINI S (Chemistry Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore- 641 001, Email: sheebachem90@gmail.com) : Self-assembled chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) nanoparticles: a potential drug carrier for docetaxel. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(7), 1469-75.

A series of chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) nanoparticles (PIACS) were prepared to evaluate their drug delivery application, which was prepared via free radical polymerization using ammonium persulphate as initiator in nitrogen atmosphere. The electrostatic attraction between carboxylic groups of poly(itaconic acid) and amine groups of chitosan lead to the size reduction. All the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, particle size analyser, zeta potential analyzer, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Drug was loaded to nanoparticle by co-precipitation method. Drug release studies were carried out in 6.8 and 7.4 pH. Drug entrapment efficiency of chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) nanoparticles was lying between 93-95 %. Predicted ADMET (PreADMET) was confirmed that plasma protein binding was less. These results highlight the potential of chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) nanoparticles as an efficient drug carrier.

12 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

028643   SIBOKOZA S B, MOLOTO M J, MTUNZI F, MOLOTO N (Chemistry Dep, Vaal Univ of Technology, South Africa, Email: makwenam@vut.ac.za) : Diphenyldiselenide mediated synthesis of copper selenide nanoparticles and their poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(7), 1455-9.

Copper based chalcogenide nanoparticles have been synthesized using other methods or techniques. Less is reported on the use of metal complexes as single-source precursors for the synthesis of copper chalcogenide nanoparticles. Diphenyldiselenide is a stable organic source of selenide which is readily cleaved by using sodium borohydride to result in monodentate ligand to the copper metal. The complex is used as precursor to prepare the copper selenide nanoparticles under controlled conditions of hexadecylamine as a solvent and capping medium, time, concentration and temperature. The nanoparticles prepared are of well-defined optical properties and sizes lower than 5 nm which are spherical and highly monodispersed. The polymer fibres were prepared by using poly(methylmethacrylate) loaded with various mass (0.2-1.8 %) copper selenide to make nanofibres with diameters ranging from 1.95-14.65 μm. The thermal analysis reveals the increase in stability of the fibres as the amount of copper selenide nanoparticles is loaded.

5 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

028612   BINO PRINCE RAJA D, RETNAM B S J, ANTONY SAMUEL PRABU G, ALAGU SUNDARAM A (Aeronautical Dep, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher education, Kumaracoil - 629 18 Tamil Nadu, Email: binoaero87@gmail.com) : Mechanical, morphological and thermal characterization of hybrid bamboo/glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Rasayan J Chem 2018, 11(3), 990-8.

In the present research, synthesis and characterization of hybrid bamboo/glass fiber reinforced polyester (PE) matrix-based composites through compression moulding technique was fabricated and characterization is done. Seven different combinations of composite plates were prepared with the fiber alignment of 30^o and 60^o in a plain weaved mat form. Experimental results show that when hybrid fibers combined with polyester matrix, mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness and water absorption tests of the matrix increases the superior specific strength and modulus but have a lower failure strain compared to other combinations and then pure bamboo or pure glass fiber possess decrease in strength compared to hybrid combinations. Thermal and Morphological investigation of the pure bamboo or pure glass fiber and hybrid fiber fiber-reinforced polyester composites have also been carried out. The results found show that application of these fibers as probable reinforcing materials in bio-based polymer composites.

11 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

028652   VISHWANATH D, KESAGODU D, RANJINI P, VIJAYAKUMAR S, BASAVARAJU Y B (Biotechnology Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysuru - 570 005, Email: yuvadevaraj2018@gmail.com) : Synthesis of Zn - catalyzed substituted -3-(3, 4, 5- trimethoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-keto-triazoles and their biological evaluation. Rasayan J Chem 2018, 11(3), 955-61.

The importance of azide and chalcones is highly potential and potent in biology and chemistry. Therefore we Synthesized triazole derivatives of substituted -3-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one in presence of Zn catalyst in alcohol in good yields by chalcone method. All synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral techniques. Further, the compounds were investigated for biological activities

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

028639   SALIH S I, AL-FALAHI N H, SALIEM A H, ABEDSALIH A N (Physiology Dep, Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: alisaliem977@gmail.com) : Effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin matrix treated with silver nanoparticles in fracture healing in rabbit model. Vet World 2018, 11(7), 944-52.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM) treated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on enhancing the healing of the experimentally induced bone gap in a rabbit model. Twenty healthy male local rabbits aged between 6 and 8 months, their weights between 1.5 and 2 kg were used in this study and divided randomly into four equal groups, under general anesthesia (1 cm), bone gap was induced in the tibia bone to create a critical bone defect and leave it without any treatment in the first group (control group). While in the second group the bone gap was filled with PRFM; in the third group, the gap was filled with 0.3 ml AgNPs; and in the fourth group, the gap was filled with PRFM treated with AgNPs. There was no infection at the operation site in all experimental animals, and the radiograph images showed periosteal and endosteal reaction; the gaps were bridged faster in the fourth group as compared with the other groups. The histological examination showed lamellar bone with haversian canal completely filled the fracture gap and contact with old bone in the fourth group as compared to other groups. Using a combination of PRFM and single nucleotide polymorphisms together gave better acceleration in the bone healing process than using each one of them separately.

16 illus, 41 ref

028630   NAUMI F, NATANAEL C L, RAHAYU I, INDRARTI L, HENDRANA S (Chemistry Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Indonesia, Email: shendrana@yahoo.com) : Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell based on sulfonated polystyrene and phosphoric acid with biocellulose as a matrix. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 289-93.

Membrane is one of the key performance for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Commercial membrane often used in PEMFC and DMFC Nafion® has some drawbacks such as high cost, limited operating temperature and high fuel permeability. A new polymer electrolyte membrane based on sulfonated polystyrene (sPS) has been developed. Sulfonated polystyrenebased membrane with addition of biocellulose matrix and phosphoric acid additives was made in this research. The membrane was prepared by using hot rolling and press method through a matrix. Sulfonate group on the membrane is characterized by FTIR. Morphology and atomic composition are characterized by SEM-EDS. Stability and heat resistance are tested by DSC, ionic conductivity tested by EIS and along with the water uptake capability. Result of this study showed the membrane contains sulfonate group as confirmed by FTIR spectrum with the peak stretching vibration of S=O at a wavelength of 1371 cm^-1. Morphology membrane changed due to the modified interaction between polystyrene with biocellulose. Water uptake of the membrane increased to the increase of phosphoric acid concentration. From the experimental data, it can be indicated that the addition of phosphoric acid modified morphology and structure of membrane.

8 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

028646   SOLIHUDIN, RUSTAMAN, HARYONO (Chemistry Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Indonesia, Email: solihudin@unpad.ac.id) : Simple method and environmentally friendly ash content removal process from rice husk char using potassium carbonate solution. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 285-8.

Carbonization of rice husk produces rice husk char with high ash content and silica. The main problem to obtain carbon from rice husk char is the release of silica. In this study, silica was released using potassium carbonate solution by reflux method. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of silica mole to potassium carbonate, reflux time and the calcination temperature of rice husk carbon. The result of carbon activation was then characterized by ash content test, conductivity test, XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX. In this study the ratio of potassium carbonate mole with silica content of 1: 3, reflux time for 2 hours and calcination temperature at 900 ^oC is known. Carbon was obtained in amorphous form with iodine number and methylene blue number of 556 mg/g and 66 mg/g respectively.

6 illus, 10 ref

028629   NARSA A C, PUJIYANTO A, ADANG H G, MAOLANA Y I, INDRARINI L, PUTRI F R, ABDASSAH B M, ABDUL M (Chemistry Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Indonesia, Email: anggaciptan@yahoo.com) : Comparison of different methods for purification of gold nanoparticles- polyamidoamine (PAMAM) generation 4 dendrimer. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 255-9.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are currently being widely applied in cancer diagnosis as a CT Scan contrast agent (imaging) as well asin therapy (theragnostic agents). The polyamidoamine (PAMAM) G4 dendrimer has also been applied as a stabilizer agent to control the size of gold nanoparticles. In the production of AuNP-PAMAM G4 dendrimer, a solvent and reducing agent were used. Therefore, it is necessary to separate and purify the synthesis result of AuNP-PAMAM G4 dendrimer from the undesired compounds. Separation and purification were carried out by two different methods, namely, size exclusion column chromatography Sephadex G25^® (SE), and membrane ultrafiltration (MU). The percent yield of AuNP that has been synthesized was calculated by using Inductively Couple Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and then characterized by using UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The percent yield of AuNP, which was carried out by MU, was 93.75 %. This result was better compared to using SE (81.18 %). The characteristics results from the UV-Vis spectrum demonstrated similar spectra between separation and purification methods using both MU and SE. The characteristics results from TEM also showed similar morphological results.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

028619   JONI P, IRHAN F, SUMBOGO M S D, DEWI ENIYA L (Center for Energy Resources and Chemical Industry, Indonesia, Email: joni.prasetyo@bppt.go.id) : Preliminary study of using palm oil mill effluent to produce bio hydrogen as biofuel. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 245-8.

Indonesia has the largest oil palm plantations in the world and it produces about 32 million tonnes of palm oil annually. During palm oil processing, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is generated and this organic waste has very high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of between 30,000 ppm and 100,000 ppm. POME can be converted directly to hydrogen biogas and this is very desirable because it can be used as both fuel and chemical reagent. Efforts to produce more hydrogen biogas rather than methane biogas can be done via consortium fermentation by suppressing methanogenesis microorganism in activated sludge using physical treatment. In order to maintain the fermentation for hydrogen biogas production, the pH was controlled in a rather acidic condition (pH 5-7). The characteristic of this process was studied by doing batch fermentation. To maintain the desirable fermentation condition, 10 % phosphate buffer and 5 % NaCl were added. It was discovered that hydrogen biogas fermentation using the smallest batch process was influenced by hydrostatic pressure, fermentation time and the amount of active sludge. Therefore, to maximize hydrogen biogas production, the process was done with a bioreactor in order to minimize hydrostatic pressure. In the bioreactor system, hydrogen biogas flows directly to the sampling gas and as a result, the hydrogen biogas produced has a hydrogen concentration reaching 50 % and its yield reached 0.7 mL/mL POME in the batch system. The amount of hydrogen biogas increased in the bioreactor by 0.9 mL/mL POME because the hydrostatic pressure was minimized. As for the semi-continuous process, the cultivation was treated to one day of anaerobic fermentation without additional POME. During this fermentation phase in the bioreactor, the hydrogen biogas generated was 1,200 mL in 2.5 L of working volume reactor. In the continuous stage, the hydrogen biogas yield was stable at 0.9 mL/mL POME for inlet POME 4.10 mL/min.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

028618   IMAN R, JULIANDRI W A, ROSTIKA N A, RAKHMAWATY E D, ANNI A (Chemistry Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Indonesia, Email: iman.rahayu@unpad.ac.id) : Determination of optimum pressure for Gd³⁺ separation from Gd-DTPA with nanofiltration membrane. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 203-5.

Nowadays, many studies on separation of rare earth elements have been conducted due to its diverse utilization. One of its applications in medical area is the utilization of gadolinium in the form of Gd-DTPA complex for contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the preparation of Gd-DTPA, there is a possibility of residual Gd³⁺ which is toxic in nature and therefore requires separation process before it can be applied. The separation of Gd³⁺ from Gd-DTPA complex can be performed by nanofiltrationcomplexation method. In the present study, Gd-DTPA complex was prepared by reacting Gd₂O₃ with DTPA ligand with reflux followed by separation of Gd^₃+ from Gd-DTPA with nanofiltration membrane with varying pressure (5.8, 6.0, 6.2 and 6.4 bars) at 40 °C followed by determination of flux and rejection coefficient of the membrane. The results of the present study indicate that flux of the permeate increased with increasing pressure up to 339.94 L.m^-2. hour^-1 while rejection decreased down to 9.02 % at 6.4 bars. The concentration of Gd³⁺ presence in the Gd-DTPA after the filtration process was 0.201 ppm.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

028614   DIAH K, JONI P, ENDANG S, SUMI H (Chemistry Dep, Indonesia Univ, Indonesia, Email: diahkimia@gmail.com) : Biohydrogen production through separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of empty fruit bunch of palm oil. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 193-7.

Indonesia produces 32 million tons of palm oil per year, the largest volume of yearly palm oil production. This massive amount of palm oil production has led to the accumulation of a large amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) disposed as solid waste. EFB acts as a lignocellulosic biomass consisting of 43 % cellulose, 23% hemicellulose and 33% lignin. EFB can potentially be utilized as a raw material to produce biohydrogen, one of the various bio-energy forms. The EFB was initially subjected to delignification using Aspergillus fumigatus for seven days at 30°C in the pH range of 5-6. This biodelignification is intended to increase the accessibility of cellulase towards the EFB biomass before being converted into biohydrogen by Enterobacter aerogenes. In this work, the delignified EFB was subjected to produce biohydrogen through SHF and SSF methods. The results demonstrate that the production of biohydrogen using EFB as raw material through the SHF method has many weaknesses. The main disadvantage was the product of reducing sugar (RS) inhibits cellulase activity. Cellulase was found to be inactive and sugar production stopped during the fermentation process. Furthermore, E. aerogenes underwent material insufficiency to be converted to hydrogen. The maximum product of biohydrogen was 15.5 ml/g EFB on 260 g EFB/L, with the cellulase concentration of 36 FPU/g EFB. Biohydrogen production using E. aerogenes was significantly affected by the cellulase concentration and the amount of EFB. The production of biohydrogen increased significantly using the SSF method. The highest production of hydrogen gas was 635.3 ml which was achieved at the EFB weight of 220 g/L with a cellulase concentration of 36 FPU/g EFB. The effectiveness of the SSF method for biohydrogen production is shown by the reduction of cellulose (28.70 %) and hemicellulose (23.53 %), compared to the SHF method.

5 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

028631   NUR S U, ANUNG P, ENNY L, ENDANG S, HOTMAN L, TRIANI W, SISKA F (Center for Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Banten-15310, Indonesia, Email: uminurs@batan.go.id) : Critical parameters of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by sodium borohydride reduction. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 179-83.

Nanoparticle technology has rapidly developed during the past few years. The Center for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Technology (PTRR), National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) developed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that can be applied in the medical field through Iodine-125 labeling. There are numerous methods for AgNPs synthesis, but details of important parameters in the synthesis are not available. This study aims to learn the simplest approach to AgNPs synthesis and to determine the critical parameters of stable AgNPs. The synthesis of AgNPs was performed by the reduction method. Silver nitrate was reduced using sodium borohydride and stabilized by using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and NaCl. The critical parameters observed in this study were reducing agent, stabilizer effect and pH. Analysis of AgNPs was performed using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Zeta Potential. The stable AgNPs formation demonstrated a clear yellow solution at a pH of 8 without any sediment. The Surface Plasmon Resonance peaked at around 400 nm by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer analysis. The AgNPs size was measured using TEM which was found to be 20 nm. The analysis using PSA showed that the polydispersity index was 0.369 whereas for Zeta Potential it was -15.93 mV. The presence of reductor and stabilizer had an impact on the product stability. In the simplest approach of stable AgNPs, synthesis must be in exact composition of silver nitrate (1mL, 0.001 N), reductor NaBH₄ (1 mL, 0.002 N), 40 mL PVP 0.3 % (w/v) and 20 mL NaCl 1.5 N, without stirring and temperature setting.

2 illus, 27 ref

028642   SHABARNI G, WAHYUNI H Y, RINI S, TOTO S (Chemistry Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Indonesia, Email: shabarni.gaffar@unpad.ac.id) : Recombinant anti BNP-SCFV production in Escherichia coli and its application for the detection of heart failure by electrochemical immunosensor using screen-printed carbon electrode-gold nanoparticles (SPCE-GNP). Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 102-7.

Heart failure is a medical emergency when the left ventricle gets expanded and this further stimulates the secretion of the BNP hormone into the blood. BNP can be used as diagnostic and prognostic marker for patients with heart failure. The concentration of BNP in a patient’s blood can be detected through the interaction of BNP with Anti BNP-SCFV antibody fragment. In this study we reported the detection of BNP by using Anti BNP-SCFV-based immunosensor. Recombinant Anti BNP-SCFV was produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli host. Furthermore, Anti BNP-SCFV was immobilized on the surface of carbon electrode, coated with gold nanoparticles (Screen- Printed Carbon Electrode-Gold Nanoparticles = SPCE-GNP). The result showed that Anti-BNP-SCFV with molecular weight of 28 kDa was successfully produced in E. coli. Standard BNPs with concentration range from 1 pg/mL to 10.000 pg/mL were tested on SPCE-GNP-Anti BNPSCFV immunosensor to determine their sensitivity and detection limit. The detection limit of Anti BNP-SCFV immunosensor was 1.03 pg/mL. Measuring of BNP concentration in normal blood serum by using Anti BNP-SCFV immunosensor showed that the BNP concentration in the normal blood was 0.55 pg/mL. Measurement of serum sample added with BNP showed that the recovery value was 93.5 %. Anti BNP-SCFV immunosensor with SPCE-GNP electrode can be used to detect BNP levels in the blood serum.

5 illus, 26 ref

028647   SULISTYANINGSIH E (Industrial Engineering Dep, Institut Sains and Teknologi AKPRIND Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: sulistyaningsih@akprind.ac.id) : Application of molecularly imprinted polymer technique on chitosan membranes for increasing creatinine transport effectiveness. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 58-64.

This work aims to investigate the mechanism of creatinine transport across Molecule Imprinted Polymer (MIP) membrane as well as the mechanical properties of membranes. The material used for making membranes is chitosan, and the molecule used as a printer is creatinine. MIP techniques are used to introduce target sites in order to increase the effectiveness of creatinine transport. Membrane transport effectiveness was tested by modeling the hemodialysis kinetics. The results indicate that transport percentage on MIP chitosan membrane is lower than the chitosan membrane, because not all creatinine was lost during the covering of the membrane pores. However, the membrane flux value of MIP chitosan membrane with a ratio of 0.05:0.0183 was higher compared to other membranes. This indicates that this membrane is the easiest and most convenient for the transport process. The chitosan membrane has a higher water absorption capacity because it has more hydrogen bond allowing for more water binding.

6 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

028638   SAIFUL, MULIADI R, IIHAN M, FADLI, YUSUF M (Syiah Kuala Univ, Banda Aceh - 23111, Indonesia, Email: saiful@unsyiah.ac.id) : Preparation of mixed matrix polymeric membrane for removing of contaminants in crude biodiesel. Res J Chem. Environ 2018, 22(2), 15-21.

The adsorptive membrane had been prepared successfully by embedding purolite particles on polymer chitosan employing phase inversion method. The obtained membranes were characterized and used to purify crude biodiesel from acid, soap-level content and total glycerol. The result has shown that the adsorptive membranes have an open porous structure and the purolite particle surface is available for adsorption of contaminants in which the optimum compositions of the adsorptive membranes were 3 % (g/v) of chitosan, 15 % (v/v) of DMF and 60 % of purolite particles. The porosity and the swelling degree of the membrane were 42.83 % and 51.95 % respectively. The membrane of clean water flux was 254.4 Lm^-2h^-1 at the transmembrane pressure of 1 bar. The obtained membrane has shown a good performance on capturing some contaminants in crude biodiesel. The highest adsorption capacity of the membrane could be obtained at 60 minutes of its contact time and the acid value in biodiesel was reduced from 1.07 to below 0.19 mg/g, agreeing with a standard value. The highest soap adsorption value was up to 78.57 %, which was obtained by using the adsorptive membrane. The total glycerol can be reduced to be above 63.93 % after biodiesel sample treatment with the prepared membrane. Finally, it could be noticed that the membranes can be reused for multiple adsorptions with a high adsorption capacity.

6 illus, 1 tables, 9 ref

028613   DAVID T, GRANDIVORIANA N A, FIDELIS N (Nusa Cendana Univ, Kupang - 85000, Indonesia, Email: david_tambaru@staf.undana.ac.id) : Digital-based image detection system in simple silver nanoparticles-based cyanide assays. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 10-4.

Due to its high toxicity, qualitative and/or quantitative monitoring of cyanide in water is of great importance. The official existing methods for cyanide analysis, however, are not only expensive but also require dedicated instruments and are unsuitable for field oron-site analyses. In the study herein, we demonstrate development of a new, simple, inexpensive and dedicated instrument free method for the determination of cyanide in water using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) along with the digital- based image application as a detection system. In this research, cyanide was quantified based on its ability to quench the colour of AgNPs which was captured by a digital camera and the pixel of the image was then used as the analytical response. The performance of this method was evaluated and compared to that of the spectrophotometric method. It was found that the AgNPs synthesized via reduction of AgNO₃, by NaBH₄ with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) as a stabilizing agent, gave a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 400 nm, confirming the successful formation of AgNPs. This proposed method proved to be comparable and/or dependable in place of the previous methods (such as the spectrophotometric method) as it showed high precision, accuracy, recovery and very low limit of detection which were0.96 % (% RSD); 0.69 % (% E); 97.79 ± 2.93 % and 1.92 ppm respectively.

5 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

028625   LUTFI F M, JUWITA M, IBRAHIM P R, RAKHMAWATY E D, IMAN R (Bengkulu Univ, Bengkulu - 38371, Indonesia, Email: lutfi@unib.ac.id) : Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Jicama extract and its application for colorimetric sensing of mercury ions. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 1-3.

We present a report on the extracellular synthesis, characterization and application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a sensor for mercury (II) ions detection. AgNPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of jicama root (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) that acts as a bio reductant. By using sunlight irradiation, synthesis of AgNPs was completed within 60 minutes. The formation of AgNPs was characterized using UV–visible spectrophotometry that gives a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 427 nm. From the FTIR spectra, we inferred that phenolic compounds with hydroxyl functional groups in jicama root are those who are responsible for the reduction processes. The synthesized AgNPs were selective and sensitive to Hg (II) ions. The yellowish-brown color of AgNPs changed into colorless in the presence of Hg (II) ions due to reoxidation of Ag (0) nanoparticles to Ag (I) ions. These findings give a new alternative to the conventional method that usually uses a toxic chemical complexant for mercury ions colorimetric detection such as dithizone, rhodamine B, xylenol orange etc.

4 illus, 12 ref

029910   BANERJEE S (Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati - 517 507, Email: shibdas@iisertirupati.ac.in) : Ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging for disease diagnosis: Excitements and challenges. J Biosci 2018, 43(4), 731–8.

Tissue analysis in histology is extremely important and also considered to be a gold standard to diagnose and prognosticate several diseases including cancer. Intraoperative evaluation of surgical margin of tumor also relies on frozen section histopathology, which is time consuming, challenging and often subjective. Recent development in the ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technique has enabled us to simultaneously visualize hundreds to thousands of molecules (ion images) in the biopsy specimen, which are strikingly different and more powerful than the single optical tissue image analysis in conventional histopathology. This paper will highlight the emergence of the desorption electrospray ionization MSI (DESI-MSI) technique, which is label-free, requires minimal or no sample preparation and operates under ambient conditions. DESI-MSI can record ion images of lipid/metabolite distributions on biopsy specimens, providing a wealth of diagnostic information based on differential distributions of these molecular species in healthy and unhealthy tissues. Remarkable success of this technology in rapidly evaluating the cancer margin intraoperatively with very high accuracy also promises to bring this imaging technique from bench to bedside.

1 illus, 1 table, 61 ref

031158   BHALERAO Y P, WAGH S J (Gujarat Power Engineering and Research Institute, Mehsana - 384460, Email: sjwagh@gmail.com) : A review on thymol encapsulation and its controlled release through biodegradable polymer shells. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(11), 4522-32.

Encapsulation of thymol is important for its volatile nature, taste, and antispasmodic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiinflammatory properties. This review provides a summary of thymol encapsulation in different biodegradable polymers along with the methods of encapsulation and control release in various parts of the body. Biodegradability of shell material along with its health compatibility and the half life of the core material and knowledge of microstructure are some of the main issues that must be addressed while studying encapsulation of Pharmaceutically Active Ingredients (PAI). Different biodegradable polymers used for the encapsulation of thymol are xanthum gum, poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), gelatine, starch, sodium alginate and ethyl cellulose. Preparative conditions, such as concentration ratios, temperature, stirring speed, and nature of solvent used, have deterministic effect on the polymer shell formed around the core material. Purposes for encapsulation of PAI may be numerous, such as controlled release, targeted controlled release, protection/preservation, economic utilization, convenient packaging, and clever option for storage, easy portability and formulation, modification/ hiding undesirable property such as taste, odour and touch. Encapsulation of thymol and its controlled and targeted release in-vitro and in-vivo is discussed.

1 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

031163   RAO M R P, BABREKAR L S (Pharmaceutics Dep, AISSMS Coll of Pharmacy, Pune - 411 001, Email: monicarp_6@hotmail.com) : Liposomal drug delivery for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of Efavirenz. Indian J Pharm Sci 2018, 80(6), 1115-24.

To overcome the limited solubility and low bioavailability of efavirenz a liposomal drug delivery system was formulated using thin film hydration technique. Optimal ratios of total lipid blend:drug, soya lecithin:cholesterol and polyethylene glycol 400 concentration were determined using Box-Behnken design with vesicle size and entrapment efficiency as responses. The optimized liposomal dispersions were characterized by vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, transmission electron microscopy, in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetics. The vesicle size was found to be in range of 694.5-1200.0 nm and entrapment efficiency was above 80 %. Statistical studies revealed that vesicle size and entrapment efficiency increased with increase in total lipid blend:drug and polyethylene glycol 400 concentration. Transmission electron microscopy showed that unilamellar and multi-lamellar vesicles were formed. Optimized liposomal dispersion was solidified using nanosponges. Solid liposomes were characterized by micromeritics, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and bioavailability. As compared to plain drug a 10-fold increase in percent release was observed in 6 h in liposomal preparation. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed that bioavailability increases 2 folds as compared to plain drug. Lipid-based drug delivery like liposomes are taken up through lymphatic pathway. Since the human immunodeficiency virus settles in lymphoid organs, lymphatic drug delivery can be advantageous in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Thus, the pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that efavirenz-loaded liposomes could significantly upgrade the solubility and oral bioavailability of efavirenz and improve the therapeutic efficacy.

5 illus, 7 tables, 55 ref

031165   RAVI L, KANNABIRAN K (Biomedical Sciences Dep, VIT Univ, Vellore - 632 014, Email: kkb@vit.ac.in) : Extraction and identification of Gancidin W from marine Streptomyces sp. VITLGK012. Indian J Pharm Sci 2018, 80(6), 1093-9.

The present study was aimed to screen and identify antibacterial bioactive nitrogenous secondary metabolites produced by the marine Streptomyces sp. VITLGK012. The antibacterial potential of the extracted compound was studied using agar well diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration of the compound for antibacterial activity was estimated using the plate dilution method. The isolate was characterized by morphological, biochemical and molecular taxonomy using 16S rDNA sequencing. Chloroform extract was prepared and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The nitrogenous fraction was identified with Dragondorff’s reagent. The structure of the pure compound was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Crude extract of VITLGK012 showed antibacterial activity with a MIC of 0.5 mg/ml against Proteus vulgaris. VITLGK012 strain was identified to be a Streptomyces species based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of more than 10 molecules in the crude extract. Based on spectroscopic analysis, the extracted compound was found to be nitrogenous in nature and was identified as Gancidin W. The results of the study suggested that Streptomyces sp. VITLGK012 could be a good source for nitrogenous antibacterial secondary metabolites.

8 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref