003012   NOR N M, SALIH N, SALIMON J (Chemical Sciences Dep, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: nadiaalnami@hotmail.com) : Optimization of the ring opening of epoxidized palm oil using D-Optimal design. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 67 - 75.

In the presence of a catalyst, p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), the ring of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was opened using oleic acid (OA). The optimization effects of different process variables including the mol ratio of EPO/OA, reaction temperature, PTSA percentage and reaction time was performed by response surface methodology (RSM). To assess the effects of process variables and interactions among them, a Doptimal design was used as an RSM tool to acquire the maximum response value. The following are the optimum conditions achieved at the reaction time of 4.73 h in the RSM study: 1.02% PTSA, 3 EPO/OA mol ratio and 119.14 ºC reaction temperature. These conditions resulted in 84% yield, 0.041% oxirane oxygen content (OOC), 59.4 mg/g iodine value (IV), and118.7 mg/g hydroxyl value (HV). The results are in a excellent agreement with the values predicted using a regression model.

7 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

045662   RUBAK Y T, NURAIDA L, ISWANTINI D, PRANGDIMURTI E ( Food Science and Technology Dep, IPB Univ, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: lnuraida@gmail.com) : Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in milk fermented by indigenous lactic acid bacteria. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 345-53.

Fermented milk can be used to produce antihypertensive peptides. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with its proteolytic system hydrolyze milk protein during fermentation to produce several peptides, which include antihypertensive bioactive peptides. This study aimed to investigate the ability of indigenous LAB for the production of angiotensin-Iconverting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides in fermented milk and to characterize the ACEI peptides.  Reconstituted milk (11 %) inoculated with ten LAB isolates, and then incubated at 37 °C until it reaches pH 4.6. The evaluation was carried out for LAB count, lactic acid concentration, peptide content, and ACE-I activity. The low molecular weight (MW) peptides (<3 kDa) were identified using Nano LC Ultimate 3000 series system Tandem Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results: The result showed that the ten LAB isolates were able to produce ACE-I in fermented milk with the activities in the range of 22.78±2.55-57.36±5.40 %. The activity of ACE-I above 50 % produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii BD7, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis BD17, and Lactobacillus kefiri YK4 and JK17, with the highest activity of ACE-I produced by L. kefiri YK4 (IC50 0.261 mg/mL) and L. kefiri JK17 (IC50 0.308 mg/mL). Results of peptide identification showed that L. kefiri YK 4 could release as many as 1329, while L. kefiri JK 17 could release 174 peptides. The peptides produced were 95 % derived from casein. The other peptides were from ά-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and serum amyloid A. The peptides produced consisted of 6-19 amino acid residues, with MWs of 634-2079 Dalton and detected at 317-1093 m/z. A total of 30 peptides have been recognized based on literature searches as ACE-I peptides (sequence similarity: 100 %).

1 illus, 6 tables, 61 ref

045643   PAUL T. PRICE, GAYDOS T A, BERGHAUS R D, BAXTER V, HOFACRE C L, SIMS M D (Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences Dep, Clemson Univ, South Carolina, United States, Email: p.price@phileo.lesaffre.com) : Salmonella Enteritidis reduction in layer ceca with a Bacillus probiotic. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 184-7.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a significant foodborne pathogen that can often be traced to poultry and poultry products. This study aims to evaluate the ability of three commonly used non-antimicrobial feed additives in reducing the amount of SE in the ceca of laying type pullets. On day 0, 60 Hy-Line Brown pullets aged 9 weeks were allocated to individual cages in 15 replicate blocks of four pens. Pullets were administered a mash feed provided ad libitum without supplementation (control) or with dietary supplementation of 454 g/ton yeast cell wall (YCW), or 454 g/ton Bacillus spp. probiotic, or 1133 g/ton yeast culture (YC). On day 3 of the trial, all birds were orally administered 3×107 CFU of a nalidixic acid-resistant SE. On day 10, 7 days after inoculation, all birds were humanely euthanized, and the ceca were aseptically removed for analysis. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of SE among treatments. The mean quantity of SE detected in the ceca expressed in log10 most probable number/g was 2.52 in the control, 2.49 in the YCW treatment, 1.73 in the probiotic treatment, and 1.66 in the YC treatment. The reduction between control and probiotic and control and YC was significant (p=0.021). This study demonstrates the ability of the novel probiotic and the YC to reduce the load of SE in layer ceca.

2 tables, 28 ref

046768   AL- GHEZI N A S, AL-MOSSAWI A E H J, AL-RIKABI A K J (Food Technology Dep, Basrah Univ, Basrah, Iraq) : Antioxidants activity of date seed extraction of some date varieties. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194714.

The study included preparing aqueous , alcoholic, and oil extractions of date seed power of (Phoenix dactylifera)Al Hillawi, Al Khadhrawi and Al ZAHDY date varieties estimating its total contents of phenol and flavonoids, and then it is studied its antioxidants activity, reduction strength and ability to bon Ferrous ion. The results showed that total contents of phenolic compounds are ranged from 56.16 to 67.32 mg/ml for the ethanol extraction, 56.6 to 65.6 to 65.32 mg/ml for methanolic extract and 27.88 to 40.06 mg/ml for aqueous extraction. While the total contents of flavonoids of aqueous extract is ranged from 22.12. to 33.32 mg/ml, 40.21 to 52.16 mg/ml in the ethanolic extract and from 35.11 to 46.16 mg/ml in the methanol extraction. Indeed,aqueous and alcoholic extract of (Phoenix dactylifera) Al Hillawi, AlKhadrawai and Al Zahdy give Antioxidation activity are ranged from 37.50 % to 88.70 %, reduction strength is ranged from 0.895 to 2.63 and the value of Ferrous ion bon is ranged from 41.92 % to 60.93 %.

4 illus, 22 ref

045447   HETTIARACHCHI H A C O, GUNATHILAKE K D P P (Food Science & Technology Dep, Wayamba Univ of Sri Lanka, Gonawila, Sri Lanka) : Bioactives and bioactivity of selected underutilized fruits, vegetables and legumes grown in Sri Lanka: A review. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(6), 34-44.

Being a tropical country, Sri Lanka has many food crops and they have not been extensively studied for their phytochemicals, food-based applications or many industrial uses. A greater deal of research nowadays focus on the identification of bioactive compounds in dietary sources, separation, purification and formulation of functional food products which may utilize as supplements to the body’s antioxidant defense system. The key purpose of the present review was to summarize the bioactivity of compounds available in selected underutilized food crops available in Sri Lanka to utilize them in functional food product development. There is much extent to research the bioactive potential of underutilized food crops. Evaluation of health benefits using ex-vivo studies should target the assessing the metabolic fate of bioactive compounds through cell metabolism since the biotransformation of bioactives through principal and peripheral metabolism in cells may either promote or elicit the desired bioactivity.

3 tables, 75 ref

041583   BHUSARI S, NIKAM K, KUCHEKAR B, WAKTE P (Chemical Technology Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad - 431 001, Maharashtra, Email: chemtech.cdmpk@gmail.com) : Phytochemical investigation, TLC-HPLC fingerprinting and antioxidant activity of cissus repanda roots. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1104-8.

To perform phytochemical screening, TLC, HPLC fingerprinting and antioxidant assay of Aqueous, Aqueous-Ethanolic and 95 % Ethanolic extracts of Cissus repanda roots. Aqueous, Aqueous-Ethanolic and 95 % Ethanolic extracts of Cissus repanda roots were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. TLC patterns of all the three extracts were developed on the basis of phytochemical analysis results. All extracts were subjected to HPLC fingerprinting. The antioxidant potential of all the three extracts of Cissus repanda roots were evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay. All three extracts showed the presence of various phytochemicals belonging to different chemical class viz. Alkaloid, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and polyphenols. TLC fingerprinting of aqueous extracts showed presence of one distinct phytochemical with R_f value of 0.07 while Aqueous-Ethanolic extract showed three phytochemicals with Rf values of 0.11, 0.55, 0.95 and 95 % Ethanolic extract showed two phytochemicals with R_f values of 0.16, 0.71. HPLC fingerprints of all extract showed four prominent peaks. Compounds showing peaks at 48.48 and 67.41 min. were found to be around 21.6 and 19.2 % in the extract. All the extracts were subjected to antioxidant activity. Alcoholic extract of Cissus repanda roots showed highest antioxidant activity of 72.02 % whereas Aqueous extract and Aqueous-Ethanolic extract showed 61.66 and 40.47 % antioxidant activity respectively. The present study provides qualitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Cissus repanda root extracts. HPLC and TLC fingerprint would be useful identification and isolation of therapeutically important phytochemicals. All extracts of Cissus repanda root showed good antioxidant activity.

4 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

041526   SETHURAMAN N, GOKULDOSS B, MURUGESAN A, MANI A, GANI A, SEETHARAMAN S (Pharmaceutics Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: nagalakshmimpharm@gmail.com) : Fabrication and characterization of chitin hydrogel nano silver fused scaffold for wound dressing applications. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(3), 610-7.

A scaffold is a wound dressing material which can be fabricated in the shape of the tissue that we want to restore in our body depending upon their structural and functional requirements. Chitin is the carbon-based resource having boundless activity as a wound healing accelerator. By the addition of silver nanoparticles, the wound remedial ability and antiseptic activity of chitin can be boosted. Chitin was obtained from the crab shell by demineralization, heating (300°C) and dehydration. 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g and 5g of chitin was accurately weighed and formulated into five different formulations with Calcium chloride/methanol solvent. The formulated hydrogel was clarified by Whatman filter paper. Then the nanosilver solution was prepared, characterized by the pale yellow colour and added to the formulations. Further, it was lyophilized to obtain chitin hydrogel/nanosilver fused scaffold formulations namely S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. All the five formulations were characterized for weight loss, swelling ability, porosity measurement and surface analysis. The augmented formulation i.e., S5 was subjected to further characterization studies such as FT-IR analysis, optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, Zeta potential and in-vitro antibacterial activity. From this research, it was concluded that the chitin hydrogel nanosilver fused scaffold is a viable alternative to existing conventional dosage forms which lead to improved bioactivity and a promising biomaterial for wound dressing applications in case of administration affords to result in better patient compliance and cost-effective therapy in the field of biomedical application.

11 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

046558   PAUL V, ARVIND, RAI D C, PANDHI S, SETH A (Dairy Science and Food Technology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, Email: arvind00000@gmail.com) : Effect of coating materials for microencapsulation of basil oil using spray drying. Med Plants 2020, 12(2), 251-7.

Ocimum basilicum L., commonly known as “sweet basil” is a plant with high medicinal values and antioxidant potential. Basil oil is rich in phenolics and terpenoid compounds and used as a potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. Present research work was aimed to study the effect of wall materials for basil oil microencapsulation. Various wall materials, including sodium alginate (SA) and sodium caseinate (SC), were combined with maltodextrin (MD) in two different ratios (1:2 and 1:1) were used for microencapsulation through spray drying. Among the evaluated wall materials, a combination of MD + SA at a ratio of 1:1 bestowed excellent performance both in terms of encapsulation efficiency and morphological characteristics of the prepared basil oil microcapsules.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

046557   MISHRA S, ARVIND, RAI D C (Dairy Science and Food Technology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: arvind1@bhu.ac.in) : Efficacy of extraction methods for release of antioxidants in Caesalpinia bonducella seed pods. Med Plants 2020, 12(2), 243-50.

Locally grown Caesalpinia bonducella seeds pod was subjected to ultrasonication and maceration for extraction by using different solvents like water, ethanol, and ethanol in combination with water at a different ratio to evaluate the extraction potential of phytoactive compounds. FTIR analysis was carried out for the quantitative estimation of functional groups in the different extracts. The highest yield was obtained in the ultrasonicated water extract is 21.9 %. The utmost value of DPPH, ABTS, and SOSA inhibition activity was evaluated in the ultrasonicated seed pod aqueous extract 86.5 %, 90.39 %, 93.59 %, respectively. The highest TPC found in ultrasonicated seedpod extracts was 21.91 mg GA/g. Aqueous extract of both extraction techniques had superior antioxidant activity and phenolic content which may have the potential for nutraceutical applications. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of alkanes, alkene, phenols, steroids, fatty acids, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. in all the ultrasonicated samples with higher antioxidant and phenolic content.

2 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

044830   KAJLA P, SHOBHIT, SHARMA A (Food Technology Dep, Guru Jhambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana) : Storage stability of processed flaxseed powder. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 100-4.

Flaxseeds are well known source of alpha-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid. Owing to the presence of this fatty acid makes the flaxseed highly susceptible to oxidation resulting in decreased shelf stability. In the present investigation flaxseeds were subjected to different processing treatments and packed. Processed flaxseeds were ground and stored at two different temperatures (refrigerated temperature and elevated temperature) in low density polythene zip lock pouches. These powders were assessed for peroxide value and free fatty acid values. It was found that samples stored at refrigerated temperature showed maximum shelf-stability for about 120 days in terms of lower peroxide and free fatty acid values.

2 tables, 22 ref

044785   RAO V V, RAVINDRA V (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Email: vvrao@cryo.iitkgp.ac.in) : Vacuum based coatings for engineering applications. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 71-6.

In the present modern age, vacuum based coatings are employed in every field of technology to reduce size and improve performance. The present paper briefly describes the physical concepts involved in vacuum coating for different applications along with technical details of necessary vacuum equipment.

1 illus, 8 ref

044784   KAKATI A, DAS S (Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur- 721 302, West Bengal, Email: sou@smst.iitkgp.ac.in) : Metallic gold thin film micropattern on polydimethylsiloxanefilm for flexible electronic sensors and circuits. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 61-9.

This work illustrates the importance as well as major challenges related to the development of malleable metallic Au thin film micropattern on soft elastomeric film and then presents a fabrication technique to overcome these challenges for developing reliable, flexible electronic sensors and circuits. A self-assembled molecular adhesive layer has been introduced between the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the thin metal film to increase the adhesion and then analyzed the multilayer structure. The contact angle measurement showed that the introduction (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) molecular adhesive layer increases the hydrophilicity of the PDMS film for a more extended period and Au film on MPTMS coated PDMS shows superior film quality. The random buckles formed on the thin Au film have been successively manipulated using controlled heating after micropatterning. The SEM analysis of the Au thin film confirmed that the deposited film is granular and filled with nanogaps. The electrical characterization of the deposited showed that the sheet resistance of the metal thin is higher compared to the Au thin film on Si surface. This investigation is beneficial for realizing reliable, flexible electronic devices and circuits on soft polymer.

5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

044782   VANITHAKUMARI S C, GEORGE R P, MUDALI U K (Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam- 603 102, Tamil Nadu, Email: ukmudali1@gmail.com) : High performance specialized coatings for applications in corrosive environments. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 17-35.

In this paper a short review of various coatings developed based on facile as well as industrially scalable methods and the challenges encountered in enhancing the durability of the coatings in simulated service conditions are presented. These coatings include (i) development of noble metal (Pt/Pd) nanoparticle coated titanium electrodes for electrochemical processes employed in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, and (ii) development of superhydrophobic (SHP) coatings on titanium, stainless steels, lowchromium steels and copper alloys to address corrosion and biofouling issues in chloride environments of condenser materials in nuclear power plants. Nanostructured noble metal (Pt, Pd) coatings on Titanium and titania nanotube for electrode applications were developed using a novel seed mediated coating technology involving electrodeposition assisted hydrothermal method. Studies demonstrated that by engineering the particle size of Pt, and nano-tubular self assembled arrays of TiO2 (TiNT), the electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation could be enhanced ten times compared to polycrystalline Pt. By employing electrochemical cerium oxidation studies, excellent durability of this Pt nanoparticles coated TiNT electrode surpassing 1000 h in 11.5M nitric acid was also demonstrated. In the second part of the manuscript development of SHP coatings to address corrosion and biofouling issues in chloride medium of condenser materials such as titanium, stainless steels, low chromium steels and copper alloys is detailed. Inspired by the lotus effect two step techniques were adopted for creating a micro-nano roughness pattern, and reducing surface energy by coating with low surface energy material. Micro-nano texturing of different materials was achieved by various methods like polishing, pickling, anodization, sand blasting etc. Attempted different organic fatty acids and silica nanoparticles mixed silane, to enhance durability. Finally durable and stable SHP coatings were demonstrated with high water contact angle and corrosion resistance and reduced microbial attachment indicating superior bio corrosion resistance of the materials studied. Facile techniques were adopted for both coatings in order to support scaling up for real time applications in future.

5 illus, 52 ref

046327   RAVI K, GOYAL K, PRIYADARSHI S, NAIDU M M (Spices & Flavour Sciences Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru- 570 020, Email: mmnaidu@cftri.res.in) : Spice bioactives in edible packaging. J Spices Aromatic Crop 2020, 29(2), 81-97.

Edible packaging received significant attention in recent years. The main advantage of edible packaging over synthetic packaging is that they are environment friendly. The material used in edible packaging (lipids, polysaccharides, proteins) is generally recognized as safe and it acts as a barrier to gases, light and moisture. Spices have been traditionally used for its medicinal value. Spice extract or its essential oil possesses various bioactive compounds which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial property. Incorporation of spice extract or its essential oil into edible packaging exerts antimicrobial activity against the food pathogens thus preventing food spoilage and enhances the shelf-life and also increases the nutritional value of the final product. Antioxidant properties of spices retard the lipid oxidation. Dietary allergy and intolerance are also associated with packaging material and spices. Because of the high cost of film-forming material, scaling-up of edible packaging has remained a problem.

1 illus, 3 tables, 125 ref

039557   GOSWAMI K, SHUKLA P (Foods and Nutrition Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ, Pantnagar U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Field pea (Pisum sativum) varieties: Shelf life evaluation and product development. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 45-50.

Legumes are dicotyledonous seeds of plants that belong to the family Leguminosae. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-which is also known as common pea, dry pea, green pea (green seeded cultivars), yellow pea (yellow seeded cultivars), and garden pea-is a cool season crop, grown in the sub-tropics and at higher altitudes in the tropics. It is one of the four important cultivated legumes (others include soy-beans, groundnuts and dry-beans) in the world. Peas have long been recognised as an inexpensive, readily available source of protein, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The high nutrient density of peas makes them a valuable food commodity, capable of meeting the dietary needs of the estimated 800-900 million undernourished individuals worldwide. So keeping in view the benefits of field pea present study was undertaken for shelf life evaluation and product development from improved varieties of field pea. The improved varieties (Pant P-13, Pant P-14, Pant P-25, Pant P-42 and Pant P-74) were obtained from CRC (Crop Research Centre), Pantnagar. Bengal gram flour and other ingredients were procured from the local market of Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand. Standard procedures were used for shelf life analysis and product development. Results of Storage study showed that with increase in storage period moisture content and total plate count increases. From sensory evaluation it was found that there was non-significant difference in organoleptic characteristics of control (Besan) and Pant Pea-13 flour Dhokla. Nutrient composition of Pant Pea-13 flour dhokla revealed that it contained higher amount of protein (20.43 %), carbohydrates (61.57 %) and iron (6.65mg/100g) content than that of control dhokla.

5 tables, 14 ref

039548   KAUR H, THAKKAR A, NAGPAL K (Amity Univ, Noida- 201 303, Email: kalpananagpal@gmail.com) : UV method development and validation of ellagic acid for its rapid quantitative estimation. J Pharm Technol Res Manag 2020, 7(1), 1-5.

Development and validation of a simple UV- Spectroscopy method was done for the quantitative analysis of Ellagic Acid (EA). The stock solution of 50μg/ml was prepared and scanned, for which absorption maxima was found to be 277nm. Further dilutions to different concentrations (1-5μg/ml) were prepared and analyzed at 277nm. The method so developed was validated as per ICHguidelines for: linearity, robustness, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and quantification. TheLambert- Beer’s law is followed in the range (1-5μg/ml) with correlation coefficient value 0.9994.It was observed that the method is precise and accurate for EA analysis with good recovery percent of 94.47 % to 106.83 %. The method developed was further employed for determining the entrapment efficiency of ellagic acid and its release from its nanoparticle dosage form. The method may be utilized for determining the concentration of EA when present as formulation and in combination with other drugs.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

039414   BOUGUEMRA S, OUAFI S, BOUGUEDOURA N, CHABANE D (Sciences and Technology Univ, Algeria, Email: selmabouguemra@hotmail.fr) : Enhancing bioactive potential by growth regulators in callus of Mentha longifolia L. leaves for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 122-30.

Mentha longifolia L., popularly known as Mint, is a medicinal herb against inflammation and analgesic pains caused by venom of snakes and scorpions. Its leaves are commonly used by nomads of Ahaggar to treat external wounds. Unfortunately, this medicinal plant is less accessible in its natural zone. Hence, here, we propose a biotechnological approach to induce callus yielding the same effects. Callus was induced from young leaves cultivated on modified Murashige and Skoog solid medium supplemented with 30 g L^-1 sucrose, 100 mg glutamine and growth regulators under dark conditions. Aqueous and C-glycoside extracts of plant and callus, respectively were prepared and analyzed by HPLC-DAD/LC-ESI-MS. The study of acute toxicity at 2000 mg kg^-1 followed by the anti-inflammatory activity assessment using carrageenan-induced paw edema and the analgesic activity of acetic acid induced writhing were performed on mice. Compared to the control, the trials showed 79 % higher rate of friable callus induced on 2,4-D and BAP. No mortality or signs of toxicity were observed in mice. Unexpected higher anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities by callus extracts can be attributed to their phenolic composition.

2 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

039285   AGARWAL N, SINGH G, KUMBHAR B K (Food Science and Technology Dep, G.B Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, Email: 25nishaagarwal@gmail.com) : Modelling the hydration kinetics of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in sodium salts using response surface methodology. J Appl Nat Sci 2020, 12(1), 42-52.

The present work investigated the effect of salt solutions of sodium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate on the water uptake by kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) at different temperatures (30, 45 and 60 0C). Thirty-five soaking solutions were prepared using NaCl and NaHCO₃ to find the optimum soaking treatment and time to maximise the hydration. Hydration kinetics of kidney beans was studied in different concentrations of the salt solutions and at different temperatures by the method of weight gain until equilibrium conditions were attained. Response surface methodology was used to design the experiments and to optimize the levels for minimum soaking time and to maximize the hydration. The soaking solutions affected the mass transfer in both seed coat and cotyledon, demonstrating changes on both proteins and polysaccharides.  Increasing the temperature from 30 to 60 0 C in sodium chloride solution and sodium bicarbonate solution (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % concentration) decreased the soaking time from >225 min and 225 min to 82.5 min and 73.5 min respectively to achieve around 80 % hydration. Beans soaked in sodium bicarbonate solution exhibited higher hydration rates than in distilled water followed by sodium chloride solution at the same salt concentration. Soaking for about three hours at 300C resulted in maximum hydration. The optimum soaking treatment was found to be in a salt solution containing 1.10 % NaCl  and 0.92 % NaHCO₃ at 30 C which resulted in a soaking time of 193.45 min. This work demonstrated a simple and non-tedious approach for enhancing the hydration process of grains.

3 illus, 11 tables, 34 ref

039277   SOBAHI T R, ABDELAAL M Y, SALAM M A (Chemistry Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: masalam16@hotmail.com) : Structure and physical properties of cellulose triacetate/ nanoclay nanocomposites. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 85-9.

The nanoclay has been used to modify cellulose triacetate by forming nanocomposites of different composition. The nanoclay and cellulose triacetate as well as the resulting nanocomposites were identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mechanical and thermal properties of different nanocomposites are also investigated. It was generally observed that the addition of the nanoclay to cellulose triacetate increased the thermal conductivity, tensile strength and Young's modulus by 415, 81 and 93 %, respectively, on adding only 5 % of the nanoclay to cellulose triacetate.

6 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

039272   RIDA K, CHAIBEDDRA K, CHERAITIA K (Mohamed SeddikBenYahia-Jijel Univ, Algeria, Email: rida_kamel2001@yahoo.fr) : Adsorption of cationic dye methyl green from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from Brachychiton populneus fruit shell. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 51-9.

Activated carbon adsorbent prepared from Brachychiton Populneus fruit shell, biomass materials, is used for the removal of Methyl Green (MG) from aqueous solutions. For the purposes of the experiment (characterization of the adsorbent), we have used various methods, namely BET, FTIR and SEM. The various parameters influencing adsorption: contact time, initial concentration, mass of the adsorbent and temperature have been studied in batch systems. The modeling of the experimental data showed that the pseudo-second order model perfectly described the adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir model seems to be the most suitable for the equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 67.93 mg/g. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption of the MG dye is a spontaneous and exothermic phenomenon. This study confirms that activated carbon prepared from agricultural wastes has a high adsorption potential, making it an effective means for removing MG from aqueous solutions.

11 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

039270   KAMBLE M G, DEOKAR S K, TAJANE S P, MANDAVGANE S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : Groundnut plant ash: Characterisation and adsorption efficacy study for removal of paraquat dichloride. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 35-42.

For the first time combustion residue of agricultural waste i.e. groundnut plant is characterized in detail and explored as an adsorbent for removal of chlorinated herbicide, paraquat. The study investigates the chemical, physical, mineralogical, and morphological characteristics of GPA (Groundnut Plant Ash) adsorbent produced using groundnut plant. GPA has been characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the functional groups, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology of the carbon. Batch adsorption is performed by varying adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. Result shows that the kinetic models mainly the pseudo-second order and Elovich model had the best fit. The equilibrium data are analyzed using different isotherm models. The adsorption capacity of GPA for paraquat removal is found 265.71 mg/m² which is the highest reported value.

11 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

039269   KAMBLE M G, TRIVEDI N S, MANDAVGANE S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : A low-cost adsorbent (wheat plant ash) prepared from agricultural waste for removal of paraquat from aqueous solutions. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 26-34.

A low-cost adsorbent (wheat plant ash) has been prepared using a common agricultural waste (wheat straw) and its physicochemical characteristics, including chemical, physical, mineralogical, and morphological, and adsorption efficacy are investigated. WPA is characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), CHNS(ultimate analysis) analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Tellersurface area technique, and Fourier transform infrared method. The BET surface area of wheat plant ash was found to be 37 m²/g. To evaluate its adsorption capacity, paraquat is chosen as the adsorbate. Batch adsorption is performed by varying adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and contact time. Experimental data are fitted to both kinetic and isotherm models. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models are applied to experimental data, which indicated that the latter model had the best fit. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models are then applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity of WPA for paraquat removal, determined using the Langmuir isotherm, is found to be approximately 241.3 mg/m² at 303 K.

13 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

039204   ALANAZI M M, AMR M A E, NAGLAH A M, MAGREID R E A, ALSAYED E A (Zoology Dep, King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: eaelsayed@ksu.edu.sa) : Anti-proliferate activity and 5α-reductase inhibitors of chiral macrocyclic (N^α-di-nicotinoyl)[L-phenylalaninyl-L-leucinyl]pentapeptide candidates against LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 60-5.

A series of macrocyclic derivatives 2-6 were prepared using N^α-dinicotinoyl-bis[L-phenylalaninyl-L-leucyl]hydrazide 1 and cyclo pentapeptide hydrazide 2 as starting materials. The hydrazide 1 was cyclized with diaminoalkanes to macrocyclic hezaazahexaamide derivatives 3a-c, respectively. Finally, compound 2 was condensed with 3,5-diacetylpyridine gave the corresponding macrocyclic Schiff base 4. Finally, condensation of 2 with substituted aromatic or heterocyclic aldehyde derivatives gave the corresponding Schiff base derivatives 5a-f and 6a-c, respectively. The synthesized compounds were screened as 5α-reductase inhibitors and anti-proliferative activity against prostate cancer cell lines.

1 illus, 23 ref

039203   ELSAYED E A, MOUSSSA S A, ENSHASY H A E, WADAAN M A (Zoology Dep, King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: eaelsayed@ksu.edu.sa) : Anticancer potentials of zinc oxide nanoparticles against liver and breast cancer cell lines. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 56-9.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) with particle size of 40 and 50 nm against human hepatocellular carcinoma and human breast cancer cell lines. The effects of nanoparticles were analyzed after 24 hours of incubation using standard MTT assay. Incubation of ZnONPs with different cells produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. The IC₅₀ values of ZnONPs for both prepared samples (40 and 50 nm) were comparable. It has been noticed that MCF-7 and MDA cells were more affected by the prepared 50 nm than the 40 nm ZnONPs. On the other hand, HepG2 cells showed inverse relation in terms of their response to the size of the prepared NPs.

3 illus, 1 tables, 22 ref

007471   LIU Y, WU J, ZHANG C, CHEN Y, XIONG M, SHI R, LIN X, YU X (Fujian Univ of Technology, Fuzhou- 350 118, Email: mingjing2000@126.com) : Thermodynamic and kinetic study of CO₂ adsorption/desorptionon amine-functionalized sorbents. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(6), 473-82.

The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of CO₂ adsorption of SBA-16 loaded with pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) have been investigated using adsorption column system. The Langmuir isotherm model fitts the CO₂ adsorption isotherms well, and the average isosteric heat of adsorption is 59.6 kJ/mol, indicating that the CO₂ adsorption on PEHAloaded SBA-16 is chemisorption. The Avrami fractional dynamics model is very suitable for illustrating the adsorption behaviour of CO₂ adsorption, and the results of kinetic analysis show that increasing the partial pressure of CO₂ or the working temperature is beneficial to the adsorption of CO₂ . Three desorption methods were evaluatedto achieve the optimal desorption method. The results show that VTSA and steam stripping method are effective methods for industrial CO₂ desorption. Steam stripping may be more suitable for plants that already have low-cost steam. The activation energy Ea of CO₂ adsorption/desorption is calculated using Arrhenius equation. The activation energy Ea of CO₂ adsorption/desorption was calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The results show that the absolute value of Ea (adsorption) decreases with the increase of CO₂ partial pressure. In addition, the Ea value of vacuum rotary regeneration method and steam stripping method is smaller than the Ea value of temperature swing regeneration.

6 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

007495   YUEN T W, GOPINATH S C B, ANBU P, KASIM F H, YAAKUB A R W, LAKSHMIPRIYA T, LEE C-G (Malaysia Perlis Univ, Kangar- 01000, Email: subash@unimap.edu.my) : Encapsulation of fungal extracellular enzyme cocktail in cellulose nanoparticles: Enhancement in enzyme stability. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2019, 56(6), 475-83.

We demonstrated the nano-immobilization of fungal enzymes through their encapsulation in cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs). An extracellular enzyme cocktail (a mixture of amylase, protease, lipase, and cellulose) was produced from Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium through submerged fermentation. The process of encapsulation was carried out through a microemulsion nanoprecipitation method in the presence of a lipid, a surfactant, and a co-surfactant. The morphology of CNPs was determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy; CNPs were less than 100 nm in diameter. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy demonstrated the successful encapsulation of the fungal enzyme cocktail and revealed C and O as its major components. FTIR peaks of CNPs with encapsulated enzymes occurred at 3421.80, 2828.91, 1649.29, 1450.24, and 1061.61 cm⁻¹ as well as in the range of 1050–1150 cm⁻¹ . Encapsulated enzymes showed excellent stability with a peak at −70.91 mV in zeta potential studies. Thermogravimetric analysis proved that the CNP-encapsulated enzymes had an initial weight loss at 250$°$C. The encapsulated fungal enzyme cocktail exhibited higher catalytic performance and stability than the free enzymes. The encapsulated fungal enzyme cocktail derived from A. niger at the concentration of 100 µg/mL, showed the highest amylase activity with a clear zone of 2.5 cm. Overall, the results of this research reveal the enhancement in the activity of fungal extracellular enzyme cocktail through nanoencapsulation.

6 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

007467   JOSEPH A M, JOSEPH S, MATHEW N, KOSHY A T, JAYALAKSHMI N L, MATHEW V (Substitutive Dental Sciences Dep, Majmaah Univ, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia, Email: angelmaryjoseph@ gmail.com) : Effect of incorporation of nanoclay on the properties of heat cure denture base material: An in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2019, 10(4), 658-63.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation of organically modified nanoclay in 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % by weight on the flexural strength, surface hardness, and linear polymerization shrinkage of heat cure denture base material. One hundred and twenty specimens of heat‑polymerized acrylic resin were fabricated. The specimens were divided into four groups (n = 10) coded I to IV. Group I was the control group (unmodified acrylic resin specimens). The specimens of the remaining three groups were reinforced with nanoclay (organically modified montmorillonite) nanoparticles to achieve loadings of 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % by weight. The resulting nanocomposites were subjected to mechanical testing and were characterized using X‑ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant increase in flexural strength within and between the groups. The most significant increase in surface hardness was observed between Group I (control) and Group II (1 % nanoclay). Linear polymerization shrinkage of the specimens showed a significant decrease in the control and all the experimental groups. Addition of 1 wt % nanoclay to polymethyl methacrylate heat cure denture base material could enhance the surface hardness and reduce the linear polymerization shrinkage of the resin. However, there was no significant increase in flexural strength of the resulting nanocomposite.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

007468   JOSHI C, GOHIL U, PAREKH V, JOSHI S (Conservative and Endodontics Dep, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Email: drchintanjoshi@ rediffmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of the remineralizing potential of commercially available agents on artificially demineralized human enamel: An in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2019, 10(4), 605-13.

Caries is highly prevalent multifactorial disease, but its progression can be prevented in the initial stage of demineralization through remineralization (RML). Various materials have been proposed for the same, successful outcome can prove to be a boon in the prevention of caries. The aim of the study is to assess the RML potential of four commercially available agents so as to restore the enamel closest to its previous microhardness levels.  Sixty permanent intact premolars were randomly divided into six groups: Four test groups – (1) bioactive glass (BAG) Novamin (SHY‑NM), (2) nano‑hydroxyapatite (nHAp) (Acclaim), (3) functionalized tricalcium phosphate (f‑TCP) (Clinpro Tooth Crème), and (4) grape seed extract (GSE); one positive control – (5) fluoride (1000 ppm) containing dentifrice (Colgate Calci‑Lock); and one negative control – (6) distilled water. The samples were initially evaluated for baseline surface microhardness (SMH); later on, these samples were placed in the demineralizing solution for 48 h in an incubator at 37 °C, and postdemineralization again SMH was measured. Thereafter, the samples were subjected to the pH cycling for consecutive 21 days, and SMH was recorded. The SMH was evaluated using a Vickers microhardness tester. Statistical analysis was done using a post hoc Tukey test for each group based on the stage of treatment and one‑way ANOVA for comparison among different groups. BAG Novamin showed SMH recovery at 96.75 % followed by f‑TCP at 95.83 %, nHAp at 90.88%, and GSE at 48.71%. Statistically significant differences were observed between the first three groups and the rest of the groups after RML stage. BAG Novamin, f‑TCP, and nHAp showed considerable RML followed to a lesser extent by GSE.

7 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

007460   BILAL R, ARJUMAND B (Qassim Univ, Qassim- 51452, Email: rabia.orthodontist@gmail.com) : Shear bond strength and bonding properties of orthodontic and nano adhesives: A comparative in-vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2019, 10(4), 600-4.

Nano restorative composites have been successfully used in restorative dentistry and have high strength and wear resistance. Conventional orthodontic adhesives also possess optimal strength to withstand occlusal forces. This study was done to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic bracket after bonding with nanorestorative composite and orthodontic adhesives. This in-vitro experimental study used sixty extracted teeth (divided into two groups). In Group A (n = 30), the brackets were bonded with Filtek Z350 (3M/Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA), a nano ceramic restorative composite, and in Group B (n = 30), the brackets were bonded with Transbond XT (3M/Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA), a conventional orthodontic adhesive. The SBS of the orthodontic brackets was measured using a universal testing machine. The modified 0–5‑scale adhesive remnant index (ARI) was used to assess the amount of adhesive on enamel and bracket surfaces. The surface topography was observed to evaluate enamel damage. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) SBS of 11.07 (1.96) Mega Pascal (MPa) was observed with Filtek Z350, whereas the group bonded with Transbond XT showed the mean (SD) SBS of 12.18 (1.69) MPa. The results showed that Transbond light curing adhesive produced higher SBS than Filtek, but the difference was statistically insignificant (P = 0.088). The comparison of ARI score between the two groups also showed statistically insignificant difference (2 = 4.764, df = 5, P = 0.445), and most of the teeth in both groups exhibited score 3 (63 %), showing the least damaging mode of bond failure to the enamel bracket interface. There was no significant difference in the mean SBS of Filtek Z and Transbond XT adhesives. Both materials showed optimum bond strength to with stand occlusal forces.

2 tables, 28 ref

007472   MAZINANI M, NASERIAN A A, RUDE B, VALIZADEH R, TAHMASBI A (Ferdowsi Univ of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, Email: naserian@um.ac.ir) : Production of rumen-protected essential amino acids with chemical technique. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(4), 789-95.

In this experiment, essential amino acid (Methionine) and two chemical compound, were used to make ligands that produce pH-sensitive amino acids that are stable in the rumen and absorbable in the post rumen part of the digestive tract. The treatments were made with heat and steer, reflux and ultrasound reaction at different times, temperatures and solvents to make new bonds and pH-sensitive amino acid ligands.During the first 8 hours of incubation (rumen phase) 55.42 % of RPMet1 was released, during the 2 hours (abomasum phase) 91.00 % of the compound had been released and during the final hours up to 35h (intestine phase) 93.21 % had been released and 6.79 % of this product was stable. About the RPMet2 figure shown that in first 8 hours of incubation (rumen phase) 49.25 % of RPMet1 was released, in next 2 hours (abomasum phase) 87.93 % of the compound was released and in the final hours up to 35h (intestine phase) 94.05% was released and 5.95% of this product was stable. Result shows that this chemical method increased retention time in rumen and the bond is reversible in lower pHs,similar to the abomasum.

3 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

007457   ABIDIN N Z, ZUBAIRI S I, HASHIM H (Kebangsaan Malaysia Univ, Bangi- 43600, Email: haslaniza@ukm.edu.my) : Surface modification to reduce deposition flux of spray dried noni (Morinda Citrofolia L.) juice. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(4), 743-50.

Spray drying is widely spread technique for drying of liquid products especially fruit juices such as noni juice. However, during spray drying of noni juice stickiness problem commonly occurs due to low molecular weight sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose). The aim of the present research was to determine the impact of Teflon surface modification on the yield of spray dried Nonijuice and deposition flux. Different exposure time of feed spray was undertaken prior to adhesion flux weight determination. Three different sets of inlet temperature (100 °C, 150 °C and 190 °C) and exposure times (of 15 min, 30 min, 60 min,75 min, 90 min and 115 min) were tested. Samples were evaluated for contact angle, weight of adhesion flux, hygroscopicity and moisture content. There was a sudden increased in deposition flux (p0.05) for both plate materials. The borosilicate plates (BP) registered up to 80 % deposit removal whilst Teflon plate (TP) recorded only 20%. Physical observation of the Teflon plates showed that some areas of the plate (100 °C) were fully clear from any particles. Nevertheless, for the borosilicate glass plates, the primary adhered particles tend to retain and smeared along the plates. In addition, there was a substantially negative relationship between the contact angle and adhesion weight, (r = -0,924, p<0.01). The negative connection suggests that by increasing the contact angle, the adhesion weight will decrease and vice versa. The contact angle of the Teflon (PTEFE) surface was approximately 117.2 ± 1.4°, which provided an excellent hydrophobic surface. In this research, the powder with the lowest amount of hygroscopicity was gained at 190 ^oC using the Teflon plate. For that reason, surface modification was indeed amplified the surface hydrophobicity thus decreasing the deposition flux.

5 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

007466   HAMEED A, WAQAS M K, ASRAR M, BAKHSH S, SARFRAZ M, ULLAH H, ABBAS T, IRFAN M, AWAN M A , IJAZ S, et al. (Trinity Coll, Dublin, Ireland) : Superlative behavior of W/O type phytocosmetic formulation’s SPF (Solar Protection Factor) in response to thixotropic and antioxidant attributes. Biomed Res 2019, 30(6), 851-7.

The aim of the current research work was to develop a stable herbal cosmetic formulation and to study its rheological characteristic and their impact on solar protection factor (SPF). The formulations possess good antioxidant potential and virtuous sensory attributes. An accelerated stability study was performed under variant thermal conditions for 60 days in order to evaluate any variation in droplet size and thixotropy. The droplet size of fresh formulations F1 (WSEA) and F2 (SNEA) was found to be 2.04 ± 0.577 µm and 2.31 ± 0.532 µm with thixotropic value 16964 ± 41 (D/cm² .s) and 16471 ± 35 (D/cm² .s) respectively. The solar protection factor at optimum thixotropic values of both formulations F1 and F2 was 3.11 ± 0.34 and 2.34 ± 0.12 respectively. At accelerated stability conditions, there was a minute reduction in the formulation consistency due to decrease in viscosity and increase in droplet size. The good SPF in these herbal cosmetic formulations was attributed to the presence of polyphenols, which protect the skin from harmful UV radiations.

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

007491   THAKRE R A, GAHUKAR S J, AKHARE A A, CHUNGADA A S, SURBHAIYYA S D, BODADE S R (Agriculture Botany Dep, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidhypeeth, Akola, Maharashtra) : Effectiveness of higher dilutions of developed polyclonal antibodies in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Citrus tristeza virus in citrus. Biomed Res 2019, 30(6), 882-6.

DAS ELISA has revolutionized the detection test, making it feasible to test large number of samples. ELISA test can provide rapid, sensitive and economical detection of CTV in crude extracts from citrus trees. Polyclonal antibodies specific to CTV were produced in Rabbit using ultrapurified virus. Raised antiserum specificity was confirmed with Dot-blot. Plate ELISA at higher antibody dilutions was performed to check the reactivity at lowest concentration of antibody. No colour development observed in any combinations of antigen-antibody dilution. All OD readings were negative in the ELISA reader at 405 nm. Study revealed that dilutions of antibody beyond 1:32000, non-functional to detect CTV.

1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

007494   VENKATESHWARLU K, SHANKAR K R, MURTHY K V R, RAO G S N K (Aditya Coll of Pharmacy, East Godavari- 533 437, Email: kudupudi72@gmail.com) : Applicability of natural gums for the development of controlled release vancomycin hydrochloride tablets in site specific colon region using statistical optimization. Asian J Pharmaceut 2019, 13(4), 385-97.

The present study was initiated to develop colon targeted enteric-coated matrix tablets of Vancomycin HCl 500mg by incorporating chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complex (PEC). The matrix tablets were development and optimized using 3²-full factorial design. The Vancomycin HCl is an antimicrobial substance used in the treatment of enterocolitis. Hence, localization of the drug at its site of action is more useful. The pharmacokinetic parameters of drug also offer feasibility for colon-specific drug delivery and were developed with a view to have lag time 4–6h, controlled release in the colon over a period of 16–20h. The optimized formulation showed 10 % drug release during lag time, 98 % at 20h, and the study of antibacterial activity for the developed best formulation indicating effective killing of Staphylococcus aureus. The study was carried out to check the ability of PEC to release the Vancomycin HCl in the presence of rat cecal content medium resembling the physiological environment of colon.

9 illus, 13 tables, 11 ref

007488   SUDHAN S H H, GNANAPRAKASH K, CHANDRASEKAR K B (Pharmaceutics Dep, Creative Educational Society’s Coll of Pharmacy, Kurnool- 518 218, Email: shhsbiotech@rediffmail.com) : Optimization of temperature, pH and duration for enhanced antibiotic productivity of microbes isolated from sea cucumber. Asian J Pharmaceut 2019, 13(4), 381-4.

Five sea cucumber species were collected from fishermen at coastal region of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, and dissected aseptically. Intestinal fluids and coelomic fluids were collected. After serial dilution of the collected fluids, primary screening was carried out by crowded plate method using modified Soybean Casein Agar media (Kester et al.). Selected antibiotic-producing organisms producing zone of inhibition (ZOI) higher than 6 mm (ZOI >6 mm) were evaluated for broad spectrum of activity using two Gram positive, two Gram negative, and two fungal species by perpendicular streak method. Biochemical characterization and nutrient optimization were carried out for selected three isolates (named IF₃₂, IF₅₂, and CF₄₂) which were found to have broad spectrum of activity as well as passed Kirby–Bauer antimicrobial susceptibility test. This article focuses on optimization of temperature, pH, and duration for maximum antibiotic productivity of the selected isolates.  Optimum temperature, pH, and duration of maximum antibiotic production were evaluated for the selected antibiotic producers. Crude antibiotic was collected after 24 h of incubation under different temperature and pH conditions and tested against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1430). The specific temperature and pH at which maximum ZOI was produced by the collected crude extracts against test organisms were considered. The duration of maximum antibiotic production was evaluated by incubating the isolated organisms under the optimized temperature and pH. The optimum temperature for the production of crude antibiotic from IF₃₂, IF₅₂, and CF₄₂ was found to be 32 °C, 35 °C, and 31 °C, respectively. The pH at which maximum antibiotic production was observed is found to be 8, 7, and 9, respectively, for IF₃₂, IF₅₂, and CF_42. The duration of maximum antibiotic productivity at the optimized conditions was found to be 4th, 5th, and 3rd days, respectively, for IF₃2, IF₅₂, and CF_42.

3 tables, 14 ref

007483   SHRIVASTAVA B, SUNIL M, KISHORE V S (Pharmaceutics Dep, Jaipur National Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: venkatgopi8789@gmail.com) : Topical combination delivery of benzoyl peroxide and adapalene niosomal gel for acne treatment. Asian J Pharmaceut 2019, 13(4), 356-67.

Adapalene (ADP) is very effective in 0.01 % strength, but it causes skin erythema in the applied area. ADP and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) are the most commonly used drugs in treatment of acne. ADP acts as keratolytic agent and BPO acts as potent antibacterial agent, both the drugs are used individually in a cyclic manner. The combination of both drugs if used judiciously can be used to cure mild to moderate acne effectively by acting on pathogenetic site. The successful treatment of acne depends on the maintenance of effective drug concentration levels at the affected site. The main benefit over liposome is that the lipids are replaced by non-ionic vesicles and hence the preparation is totally non-antigenic. The non-ionic surfactants like SPANs are obtained from synthetic sources, and hence the quality is maintained same all the time. The ADP was incorporated into niosomes using SPAN 60 and cholesterol was used as a stabilizer. Various ratios of SPAN 60, cholesterol, Stearic acid, BPO, and ADP were tried and optimized. Various process parameters were also optimized for the rotary flask evaporation method. The present study investigates the effect of niosomal coadministration of BPO and ADP in term of invitro skin retention study and invivo antiacne effects. These vesicular carriers, because of their improved percutaneous delivery and better skin retention, have proved to be very useful in enhancing therapeutic index of drugs used for tropical diseases. The niosomal dispersion was incorporated into Carbopol gel. The gel was kept for 3 months accelerated stability studies. The niosomal dispersion was evaluated for various parameters such as vesicle size, shape, and morphology by transmission electron microscopy. In vitro and in vivo studies were carried out. The drug release pattern from gel was evaluated on the basis of in vitro studies and skin irritation studies on rabbit skin. The in vitro study shows sustained release gel effects whereas the in vivo study shows no signs of irritation on the applied skin area.

12 illus, 8 tables, 23 ref

007480   SEEMA M, NEELKANT P, PHOOL C (IFTM Univ, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: seemamahor@gmail.com) : Isolation, characterization and evaluation of Mimosa pudica seed mucilage as pharmaceutical additives. Asian J Pharmaceut 2019, 13(4), 334-9.

The aim of this present work was to isolate, characterized, and evaluate the natural plant-based polysaccharides from the seeds of Mimosa pudica plant which belongs to family Mimosaceae. In pharmaceutical industries large number of excipients is used which are obtained from natural sources, mucilage is one of them. Mucilage and their derivatives are a group of polymers extensively used in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Materials and Methods: The fresh M. pudica seeds were collected from Botanical Garden Greater Noida India. The plant was authenticated at the pharmacognosy department by a scientist at National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) Delhi. (Authentication voucher no. NISCAIR/RHMD/Consult/2019/3437-38) All other chemicals used were of analytical grade, and distilled water was used throughout the experiments. M. pudica (family Mimosaceae), commonly known as sensitive plant and widely used as herbal medicine in India, is widely available and has very low cost. It is diffuse under shrub found widely in the tropical and subtropical parts of India. Seeds of M. pudica yield mucilage, which is composed of d-xylose and d-glucuronic acid. Mimosa seeds mucilage hydrates and swells rapidly on coming in contact with water. The present investigation involved isolation of mucilage from M. pudica seeds commonly known as chhui mui followed by phytochemical and physicochemical evaluation. Results and Discussion: The mucilage isolated from the seed of M. pudica will be useful as an excipient for oral drug delivery systems as the results of phytochemical and physicochemical tests indicated the suitability of mucilage for tablet dosage form as well as a suspending agent for suspension due to its flowability, weakly acidic pH, swelling potential, and viscous in nature. The present study suggests that isolated mucilage from the seeds of M. pudica showed good flow properties which is suitable for a direct compression formulation and is non-irritating in nature to the mucosal membrane.

1 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

007462   FAROOQ S U, KUMAR S, SHAHID A A (Pharmaceutics Dep, Singhania Univ, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, Email: suf.pharmacist@gmail.com) : Formulation development and evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of vitamin A for better bioavailability. Asian J Pharmaceut 2019, 13(4), 328-33.

The objective of the investigation is to formulate self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of Vitamin A (tocopherol) to improve its aqueous solubility as its fat-soluble vitamin. Solubility of Vitamin A in various oil surfactants and cosurfactants is determined. Ternary phase diagram is constructed at different ratios of surfactant and co-surfactants to determine self-emulsifying region. Effect of oil content, pH of aqueous phase and mean globule size of resulting nano-emulsion is studied. Optimized formulation was identified and was evaluated for in vitro dissolution profile in comparison with pure drug. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems yielded nanoemulsion with globule size range of 81.7 nm with the Z average of 504.4 nm indicating all the particles were in nano-meter range. Drug content was measured and found to be 99.62 % in optimized formulation A20. Phase inversion is not noticed after thermodynamic studies. SNEDDS of Vitamin A comprising of clove oil, Tween 40, and polyethylene glycol 600 were prepared for enhancing the dissolution and bioavailability. SNEDDS were optimized based on the optimum globule size, increased dissolution, and drug release. Close to complete drug release was achieved from the formulation A20 which is significantly higher as compared to that of other formulations.

11 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

007487   SRIKAR G, RANI A P (Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Guntur- 522 510, Email: srikar.grandhi@gmail.com) : Aqueous-core nanocapsules of lamivudine: Optimization by design of experiments. Asian J Pharmaceut 2019, 13(4), 318-27.

The prior objective of the current work was to optimize the surfactant concentration and type of polymer to achieve high entrapment efficiency, less particle size, and less drug release rate constant of aqueous core nanocapsules (ACNs) containing lamivudine. Modified multiple emulsion technique was used to prepare the nanocapsules with biodegradable polymers, namely, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) and polylactic acid; and the surfactant employed was Span 80. The experiments were designed by one factorial design that was repeated for every categoric factor under response surface methodology of design of experiments using Stat-Ease Design-Expert software. The obtained results of response variable, namely, entrapment efficiency, particle size, and drug release rate constant were statistically treated by ANOVA for response surface quadratic model and found that influence of both factors on all the response variables was significant at P < 0.05. The optimized formulation was found to have the entrapment efficiency of 77.12%, particle size of 250.3 nm, and the drug release rate constant of 0.106 h⁻¹. The results indicated that the objective of this was achieved and ACNs technique was efficient to develop nanoparticles for water-soluble drugs with improved efficiency.

5 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

007490   SURYANI, SAHUMENA M H, ALFIANDI, PUTRAWANSYA L R P, ADJENG A N T, ASWAN M, RUSLIN (Pharmacy Dep, Halu Oleo Univ, Sulawesi tenggara, Indonesia, Email: soerysuer@yahoo.com) : The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system formulation of Mefenamic acid. Asian J Pharmaceut 2019, 13(4), 287-94.

Mefenamic acid is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, in the biopharmaceutical classification system, mefenamic acid is included in Class II compounds with low oral bioavailability based on its dissolution rate or solubility in the digestive tract. One way to overcome the solubility problem of mefenamic acid is by formulating it into self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Previous research has shown that self-emulsifying drug delivery system of mefenamic acid produced greater drug solubility. In our research, we formulated SNEDDS of mefenamic acid to improve its solubility. SNEDDS is a mixture of isotropic oil, surfactants, cosurfactants, and drugs that form nanoemulsion oil in water when emulsified in water. The aim of this study was to formulate mefenamic acid SNEDDS using two different oil phases and compare their characteristics. Mefenamic acid SNEDDS formulation was carried out using the oil phase (olive oil and virgin coconut oil [VCO]), surfactant (tween 80 and tween 20), and cosurfactant (propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol [PEG] 400) with various concentrations. Optimization of the mefenamic acid SNEDDS formula was determined by observing the emulsification and clarity times, which were clarified with % transmittance. Then, further characterization of particle size, potential zeta, and stability was conducted. The optimization results obtained by F24 had a composition of olive oil, tween 80, and PEG 400 with a ratio of 1:8:1 and the results obtained by F53 had a composition of VCO, tween 80, and PEG 400 with a ratio of 1:5:1 meeting the requirements with emulsification time of 57 and 50 s, and transmittance values of 90 % and 95 %. The characterization results showed that F24 with the composition of olive oil, tween 80, and PEG 400 ratio 1:8:1 had a particle distribution of 569.4 nm, zeta potential +9.0 mV, and stability in gastric fluid media. Meanwhile, the characterization results showed that F53 having the composition of VCO, tween 80, and PEG 400 with the ratio of 1:5:1 had a particle distribution of 16.8 nm, zeta potential +2.9 mV, and stability in gastric fluid media. Based on the data, it can be concluded that the oil phase of VCO produced mefenamic acid SNEDDS formulas, which are better than the olive oil phase.

6 illus, 7 tables, 30 ref

007461   EL-REFAI A A, RABIE M M, EL-GAMMAL R E, AL-SABAN W A (Food Sciences and Technology Dep, Hadramout Univ, Hadhramaut, Yemen, Email: wailalsabban2016@gmail.com) : Nanoemulsion of sesame seeds oil: Preparation, evaluation and stability. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 3004-8.

This work aims to study the effect of using nanoemulsion particles on the stability of sesame seed oil emulsion. During the roasting process of sesame seeds (Sohage-1), some physico-chemical properties of sesame seeds and its oil were determined. The moisture, protein and fiber contents were decreased whereas oil, ash and carbohydrates contents were increased. Sesame oil was extracted from roasted sesame seeds using mechanical pressing; some physico-chemical properties for extracted oil were determined. Results indicated that colour, acid value, free fatty acids (%), peroxide and hydrolysis values were increased, while saponification value was decreased in sesame oil. Also traditional and nanoemulsions form of sesame oil were prepared.Characterization of these emulsions particles was conducted using zeta potential and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results also indicated that small droplet size of nanoemulsion particles being 26.28 nm in emulsion which prepared by using nano-technique as compared with those of 638.8 nm in traditional emulsion type and low polydispersity index (PDI) was nanoemulsion particles 0.266. This lead to more uniformity in droplet size thus could improve the stability of emulsion system. The TEM results of nanoemulsion particles of sesame oil showed that spherical droplets and nearly similarity in shape in nanoemulsion in compared with semi-spherical and varied particles size in traditional one. Creaming index, centrifugation test, conductivity and freeze-thaw cycles were used to evaluate all type of prepared emulsion stability. The nanoemulsion particles of sesame oil were found to be more stable than those of traditional one. These results indicated that the nanoemulsion process could increase the stability of prepared emulsion. Thus, using of nanoemulsion technique could be used as commercial way to enhance the stability of prepared emulsion.

2 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

007465   HALIMA R, NARULA A (Biotechnology Dep, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore- 562 157, Email: halimajenish@gmail.com) : Green synthesis and optimization of silver nanoparticles from Piper betel and Jatropha curcas to enhance α-amylase activity. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2969-75.

In the present study, the catalytic nature of silver nanoparticles was studied in the reaction mixture with amylase enzyme. Amylase is an industrially important enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of starch into glucose. The silver nanoparticles in the study were synthesized using a green approach where the leaf extracts of Piper betel and Jatropha curcas act as reducing agent in reducing silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. The reaction medium was optimized for better yield by altering the parameters like pH, temperature, silver ion concentration, reducing agent concentration and irradiation and hence the improvement in yield of silver nanoparticles was noticed. Moreover, the synthesized silver nanoaprticles were confirmed through UV-visible spectra, FTIR, SEM and EDX spectra. By optimizing, more stable particles were synthesized with a size of about 41 nm from both the leaf extracts. The synthesized nanoparticles were added in the reaction mixture with α-amylase and the reaction rate was enhanced to about three-folds in comparison with that without silver nanoparticles.

13 illus, 12 ref

007458   AL-BUSAFI S N, AL-KINDI S M, SULIMAN F E O, AL-KALBANI A A (Chemistry Dep, Sultan Qaboos Univ, Al-Khodh-123, Sultanate of Oman, Email: saleh1@squ.edu.om) : A flavone fluorescent probe for cysteine detection. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2909-14.

A new blue-emitting fluorescent probe 1 based on flavone structure was prepared for the selective detection of cysteine. The probe was prepared through three synthetic steps from commercially available starting materials. Selective detection of cysteine by probe 1 in the presence of other non-thiol amino acids was established by UV-visible and fluorescent experiments. A remarkable fluorescence emission was observed at 469 nm when cysteine was mixed with probe 1. The Michael addition reaction of cysteine to probe-1 was confirmed by ¹HNMR technique.

6 illus, 44 ref

007477   RANI G U, RAO B K, BHANU P A, SWAPNA G (Chemistry Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Guntur- 522 510, Email: krbhattiprolu@gmail.com) : Facile green synthesis and biological activities of silver nanoparticles using Coldenia procumbens Linn.. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2903-8.

The facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is finding an imperative use in different fields due to their potential applications. The present study is focused on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Coldenia procumbens Linn., in an eco-friendly way in order to reduce the toxicity from chemical methods. The zeta potential, size of the silver nanoparticles was measured and the characterization was done from UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The disc diffusion method has used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of synthesized nanoparticles with different bacterial pathogens and the antioxidant capability of silver nanoparticles was tested and has shown significant DPPH radical scavenging activity.

7 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

007474   PATIL P S, DESHANNAVAR U B (Chemical Engineering Dep, KLE Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri Coll of Engineering and Technology, Belgaum- 590 008, Email: deshannavar@gmail.com) : Performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to ferment sugarcane juice. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2885-90.

In the present study, four Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains S. cerevisiae (NCIM 3200), S. cerevisiae (NCIM 3045), S. cerevisiae (baker′s yeast) and S. cerevisiae (EC1118) have been used and compared for their capability to ferment sugars from the juice of sugarcane (of variety CO 86032) for production of sugarcane wine. The growth pattern of each strain was studied followed by the fermentation at optimized conditions such as pH and temperature. The strains′ potential to produce sugarcane wine has been compared in terms of their sugar consumption, alcohol production, titrable acidity and volatile acidity production with respect to permissible amounts given by Indian Regulations. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC1118) performed better in fermentation among other compared Saccharomyces strains at the optimum temperature of 28 ºC, optimum pH 5, total soluble solids of 18 º Brix and total sugar content of 185 g/L. Analysis of sugarcane wine fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC1118) has pH, 3.57, total alcohol content, 13.55 ± 1.77 %, titrable acidity, 8.30 ± 0.01 g/L and volatile acidity, 0.84 ± 0.00 g/L. The overall acceptability from sensory analysis supports the above physico-chemical analysis results of sugarcane wine.

5 illus, 3 tables, 49 ref

007492   VEENA V, SHIVAPRASAD K H, LOKESH K S, SHARANAGOUDA H, RAMAKRISHNA D (Chemistry Dep, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya Univ, Ballari- 583 105, Email: veenaraj138@gmail.com) : Design, synthesis, computational and biological evaluation of 4-amino-3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole surface functionalized gold nanoparticles. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2875-84.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an obvious choice for rapid advance in nanotechnology due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and less toxicity. Functionalization of AuNP surface with 4-amino-3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole (ADMT) ligand as ADMT-AuNPs was investigated with the aim to probe the suitability of innovative product to develop new antibacterial and anticancer strategies. Various characterization studies like UV-spectra, Zeta size, Zeta potential, XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR results of AuNPs and ADMT-AuNPs have been performed to study the structural and electronic properties. The studies revealed that the functionalized nanoparticles are highly crystalline in nature with the sizes ranging between 20-22 and 50-55 nm for AuNPs and ADMT-AuNPs, respectively with FCC structures. The characterization data reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles are stable and presence of strong interactions between the metallic surface and the organic ligand. Further, ADMT-AuNPs showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. MTT assay exhibited the cell viability with an IC₅₀ value of 45.32 % v/v for ADMT-AuNPs against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Molecular characterization i.e., in silico docking analysis helped in identifying and organizing the structural similarity/diversity at the molecular level. The in silico study indicated that the structure S1a has good glide score and glide energy for H-bonding among the possible conformations against bacterial and breast cancer protein. Molecular docking studies confirmed the introduction of conformational changes that are essential to surpass the potential energy barriers of ADMT-AuNPs for biocompatibility and proved that they hold a promising future in the medical field.

8 illus, 3 tables, 80 ref

007484   SIDDIQUE M N I, AHMAD M F (Malaysia Terengganu Univ, Terengganu, Malaysia, Email: m.nurul@umt.edu.my) : Improvement of methane yield by anaerobic co-digestion of sewage and petrochemical wastewater: Effect of temperature. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2816-20.

Anaerobic bio-digestibility of blend municipal sewage sludge (MSS), condensed waste activated sludge (CWAS) and petrochemical wastewater (PWW) has been evaluated utilizing semi-continuous operation, anaerobic reactors worked during mesophilic (37 ºC) and thermophilic (55 ºC) states. Supplementation of a significant PWW portion (49 % of VS) in an MSS + CWAS combination brought about 2.94 times more methane production, 153 versus 450 mL/g volatile solids (VS) under 37 ºC furthermore 2.59 times more methane production, 198 versus 513 mL/g VS under 55 ºC. The supplemented PWW portion might have been not inhibitory for the system. Those effects of this work show the profit from municipal sewage sludge, condensed waste activated sludge and petrochemical wastewater co-digestion.

2 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

007478   REVADHI T, NANTHIN R (Post Graduate and Research Chemistry Dep, Pachaiyappa’s Coll, Chennai- 600 030, Email: revetheet@yahoo.co.in) : Biosynthesis and characterization of bioplastic poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from hydrolyzate of ulva using Bacillus subtilis Rnm. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2811-5.

Biopolymers are a new generation biopolymers, which have wide range of applications. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is one of the best biopolymers for replacement of non-biodegradable petroleum-based plastic and can be produced from organic wastes source by some bacterial strains under imbalance growth conditions. In present study, hydrolyzate was prepared from biomass of seaweed Ulva by acid pre-treated and used as a feedstock for PHB biosynthesis by Bacillu subtilis rnM. The pre-treatment was carried out by two different pretreatment conditions such as room temperature and high temperature and pressure (HTP). The hydrolysate prepared by 2 % HCl at HTP supported for the maximum PHB biosynthesis than the other pre-treated conditions. The yield of PHB obtained by B. subtilis rnM when tested with laboratory grade sugars was lower to that achieved with hydrolysate of Ulva sp. The biosynthesized PHB was characterized by TGA, DSC, FTIR, XRD and NMR techniques.

5 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

007475   PRODJOSANTOSO A K, PRAWOKO O S, UTOMO M P, SARI L P (Chemistry Dep, Yogyakarta State Univ, DIY- 55281, Email: prodjosantoso@uny.ac.id) : Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Salacca zalacca extract as reducing agent and it’s antibacterial activity. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2804-10.

In this article, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a reduction reaction process using Salacca zalacca extract is reported. The AgNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and UV-visible spectrophotometry methods. The AgNPs antibacterial activity was determined against of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The main functional groups contained in Salacca zalacca extract are carbonyl, hydroxyl and nitrile groups, which are believed to reduce the silver ions to metal. The surface plasmon resonance values of brownish red AgNPs are in the range of 410 nm to 460 nm. The structure of AgNPs is face centered cubic (FCC). The diameter of silver nanoparticles crystallite is 14.2 ± 2.6 nm. The AgNPs growth inhibition zones of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis are 9.6 mm and 9.2 mm, respectively.

9 illus, 7 tables, 43 ref

007479   ROLAND R M, BHAWANI S A (Chemistry Dep, Malaysia Sarawak Univ, Kuching- 94300, Email: sabhawani@gmail.com) : Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer for the removal of melamine. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(12), 2770-6.

In this article, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) of melamine was synthesized by non-covalent approach using microemulsion medium. In this study, melamine is used as a template molecule, acrylic acid as a functional monomer, N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAm) as a cross-linker and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator and microemulsion as a solvent. The produced polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The batch binding analysis was conducted for the evaluation of MIP and NIP rebinding efficiency with the melamine template. The adsorption studies including the adsorbent dosage of polymer, initial concentrations and pH of melamine solution were successfully carried out on both MIP and NIP. For selectivity test, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was chosen as the competitive molecule against melamine template. A very good relative selectivity coefficient was achieved. The removal of melamine from different samples were conducted successfully by achieving a good removal efficiency in milk, river water and human blood serum 84.30, 94.26 and 93.32 %, respectively.

7 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref