024813   OTEGBAYO B O, OGUNIYAN D J, OLUNLADE B A, ORONIRAN O O, ATOBATELE O E (Food Science and Technology Dep, Bowen Univ, Nigeria, Email: botegbayo@yahoo.co.uk) : Characterizing genotypic variation in biochemical composition, anti-nutritional and mineral bioavailability of some Nigerian yam (Dioscorea spp.) land races. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(1), 205-16.

The aim of this study was to characterize 43 genotypes from five yam species [Dioscorea rotundata (Poir), Dioscorea alata (Linn), Dioscorea bulbifera (Linn), Dioscorea cayenensis (Lam) and Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunith) Pax] which are major land races in Nigeria in terms of their chemical composition, nutritional, anti-nutritional and mineral bioavailability. Findings showed that there was genotypic variation in terms of chemical composition, mineral profile and bioavailability of the minerals among the germplasm. D. bulbifera had the highest cell wall carbohydrates, (cellulose: 3.2 %, hemicelluloses, 2.1 %, lignin, 1.1 %, acid detergent fibre (ADF) 3.2 %, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 6.4 %), D. rotundata had the highest oxalate (606 mg/kg). In conclusion, intra and inter-species variations exist among the yam germplasm in terms of their chemical composition, anti-nutritional and mineral bioavailability. Phytate content of the yam genotypes did not affect the bioavailability of Zn but Ca was affected significantly. The Ox:Ca ratio in most of the yam varieties were below one, thus bioavailability of Ca in yam by oxalate is variety dependent.

2 illus, 3 tables, 53 ref

024812   JUHAIMI F A, OZCAN M M, USLU N, GHAFOOR K (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr) : The effect of drying temperatures on antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition and tocopherol contents in citrus seed and oils. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(1), 190-7.

In this study, the effect of drying temperature on antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of citrus seeds and oils were studied. Kinnow mandarin seed, dried at 60 °C, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Orlendo orange seed had the maximum total phenolic content and a-tocopherol content, with a value of 63.349 mg/100 g and 28.085 mg/g (control samples), respectively. The antioxidant activity of Orlendo orange seed (63.349 %) was higher than seeds of Eureka lemon (55.819 %) and Kinnow mandarin (28.015 %), while the highest total phenolic content was found in seeds of Kinnow mandarin, followed by Orlendo orange and Eureka lemon (113.132). 1.2-Dihydroxybenzene (13.171), kaempferol (10.780), (+)-catechin (9.341) and isorhamnetin (7.592) in mg/100 g were the major phenolic compounds found in Kinnow mandarin. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid was the most abundant acid in all oils, which varied from 44.4 % (dried at 80 °C) to 46.1 % (dried at 70 °C), from 39.0 % (dried at 60 °C) to 40.0 % (dried at 70 °C). The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of citrus seeds and tocopherol content of seed oils were significantly affected by drying process and varied depending on the drying temperature.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

024811   KUMAR S, SOHU V S, SINGH R P, GUPTA S K, SRIVASTAVA P, BAINS N S (Plant Breeding & Genetics Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 001, Email: kumarsatish227@gmail.com) : Investigating the role of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) protein in end use quality of Indian flat breads. Indian J Biotechnol 2018, 17(1), 65-73.

Indian unleavened flat breads more commonly known as chapati are core to existence for two-third of its population. Glutenins and gliadins constitute gluten which gives extensibility and elasticity to the dough, traits which are of great importance in bread making. However, limited studies have been attempted to explore the relationship and functionality of the protein subunits with the quality of the unleavened flat breads. Chapati characterization and molecular analysis was carried on two set of genotypes firstly, different commercial wheat cultivars and genetic stocks for various quality parameters, secondly three back cross derived recombinant populations from the parents with different HMW-GS at Glu 1B locus to associate chapati quality with the glutenin subunits. Significant variation obtained in the genotypes revealed that tall varieties are distinct in quality followed by derivatives of C 306 and C 591 (7.8 for both DI 9 and DI 105). The SDS-PAGE analysis of the high molecular weight glutenin protein revealed that the subunit ‘20’ at Glu 1 B locus is unique to tall traditional wheats. However, such investigations in the recombinant populations indicated complex inheritance of this trait.

2 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

024810   SHARMA A, SHARMA S (Biochemistry Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana- 141 004, Punjab, Email: anju3sep@gmail.com) : Effect of nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on storage protein quality in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 296-300.

The relative availabilities of nitrogen and sulphur can modulate seed storage protein composition in grain legumes and cereals. Soybean contains two major seed storage proteins, glycinins and β-conglycinins that account for approximately 70 % of total protein and their composition is affected by nitrogen and sulphur supplies. The present study demonstrated the effect of sulphur (Gypsum @ 20 kg S ha^-1) and recommended a dose of nitrogen (Urea @ 31.25 kg N ha^-1) alone or in combination on accumulation patterns of various protein fractions and protein quality in soybean seeds under agro-climatic conditions of Punjab. Application of nitrogen or sulphur alone decreased the relative proportion of β-subunit of purified β-conglycinin fraction than control. The acidic polypeptides of glycinin fraction of globulin and 11S/7S ratio were increased in all the treatments in comparison to control, and the maximum increase was reported in the combined application of gypsum with the recommended dose of urea. The lower proportion of total 7S, increased acidic polypeptides and improved 11S:7S ratio by combined treatment of nitrogen and sulphur suggests that gypsum @ 20 kg S ha^-1 can be beneficial when applied along the recommended nitrogen dose to improve soybean protein quality.

1 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

024809   DINESHA B L, NIDONI U, RAMACHANDRA C T, NAIK N, SANKALPA K B (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur- 584 104, Karnataka, Email: dinirbdgtc@gmail.com) : Effect of extraction methods on physicochemical, nutritional, antinutritional, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 287-95.

The effect of three different extraction methods, namely supercritical CO₂, soxhlet and solvent methods on the yield, efficiency, physico-chemical properties, nutritional, anti-nutritional composition, antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activities of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil was investigated in this study. Oil extraction for SC-CO₂ were 37.76 g/100g and 98.43 %, observed to be higher than those of soxhlet extraction (29.12 g/100g and 76.29 %), and significantly lower than solvent extraction (22.12 g/100g and 57.99 %). The physico-chemical composition of the oils showed considerable variation among the extraction methods. The SC-CO₂ extracted oil was found to be of superior quality, showing negligible thermal degradation and exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) higher nutritional and antioxidant activity and lower anti-nutritional composition than the soxhlet and solvent extracted oils. Oils produced by SC-CO₂ and soxhlet extraction methods had antimicrobial activities higher than solvent extracted oil. SC-CO₂ extracted oil was found to have maximum number of bioactive compounds (14 compounds) followed by solvent (8 compounds) and soxhlet (4 compounds) extracted oil. The results of the study demonstrated that SC-CO₂ would be a promising process for the extraction of moringa seed kernel oil of premium quality.

5 tables, 58 ref

024808   BANSAL M, KAUR N (Food and Nutrition Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Email: meghabansal283@gmail.com) : Sensory and nutritional evaluation of beverages developed using malted ragi (Eleusine coracana). J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 279-86.

Five milk based beverages were developed by supplementing malted ragi and were organoleptically evaluated for sensory attributes by semi-trained panel of 10 judges. Control samples were developed by using milk, fruits (banana, kiwi, strawberry, papaya and mango) and honey and in test samples malted ragi was added at different levels ranging from 5-15 percent. Results revealed that banana based malted ragi beverage supplemented with 5 percent malted ragi was overall highly acceptable in terms of all sensory attributes. The most accepted level was chemically analysed for proximate composition, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, available carbohydrates and antinutritional components by using standard methods. The most acceptable malted ragi beverage was estimated to have 11.78 ± 0.06 g crude protein, 6.81 ± 0.51 g of crude fat, 1.21 ± 0.07 g of crude fibre, 27.44 ± 1.03 g of carbohydrates, 594.3 ± 4.5 mg of tryptophan, 517.6 ± 23.2 mg of methionine, 372.3 ± 8.5 mg of lysine, 172.6 mg of calcium, 3.73 mg of iron, 102.2 mg of phosphorus and 0.596 mg of zinc per 100 ml. The anti-nutritional components were 155.8 ± 11.3 mg of phytates, 15.4 ± 2.3 mg of total phenols and 0.32 ± 0.01 mg of trypsin inhibitor activity. Total sugars were found to be 5.44 ± 0.21 g, 3.16 ± 0.15 g of reducing sugars, 2.28 ± 0.14 g of non-reducing sugars and 1.06 ± 0.05 g of starch. It may be concluded that malted ragi can be utilized successfully up to 5 percent level to prepare beverages with high nutritional value without imposing negative impact on sensory attributes which may prove a boon to osteoporotic patients.

1 illus, 14 tables, 32 ref

024807   JALGAONKAR K, MAHAWAR M K, KALE S, KALE P N, BIBWE B, DUKARE A, KANNAUJIA P, MEENA V S (Horticultural Crop Processing Div, ICAR- Central Institute of Post- Harvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar -152 116, Punjab, Email: manojmahawar362@gmail.com) : Response surface optimization for development of Dragon fruit based ready to serve drink. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 272-8.

Dragon fruit based ready to serve drink (RTS) was formulated using dragon fruit (60-80 % v/v), grape juice (0-10 % v/v) and sugar syrup (2-6 % v/v). The juice concentrations were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) following box-behnken design (BBD) for obtaining blended RTS drink with higher functional and nutritional characteristics like total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, total phenol content, colour and sensory evaluation. Results showed that there was significant (P < 0.01) effect of incorporating grape juice and sugar syrup which further improved the organoleptic properties of the blended RTS. Optimum juice percentages obtained for the best blend formulation were,dragon fruit (70 %), grape juice (5 %) and sugar syrup (3 %), respectively. The beverage was observed to be acceptable in terms of its nutritional value and overall acceptability.

7 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

024806   KAUR S, BAINS K, KAUR H (Food and Nutrition Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana- 141 004, Email: kiranbains68@hotmail.com) : Anemia among school-going children in the perspective of socio-economic disparity in Punjab, India. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 230-5.

A survey was conducted to assess socio-economic disparity in the prevalence of anemia among school-children (11-17 years) in few regions of Punjab. Two hundred and ten children from government schools of Punjab were selected and their blood hemoglobin levels were estimated; clinical examination was done for various signs/symptoms of anemia; and dietary iron intake was analysed and compared with the recommended dietary allowances of ICMR (2010). Analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test was applied to assess socio-economic disparity in the prevalence of anemia. Overall, 97 % of the children were anemic, out of which 80 vs. 17 % were moderately and mildly anemic, respectively. Statistically, no significant difference was found in the mean hemoglobin level of the subjects with respect to family income, parent’s education and religion, whereas, substantial disparity was noted with respect to caste. Scheduled caste subjects had the highest prevalence rate than general category and Backward Class and Other Backward Class subjects. Dietary iron intake of the children was grossly inadequate, ranging from 35 to 41 % of the ICMR (2010) recommendations. Therefore, it can be established that anemia prevalence depends more on food habits and dietary behaviour of the children than on socio-economic factors. Dietary diversification should be canvassed at the root level, as anemia is likely the result of predominantly starch-based monotonous poor quality diets with minimal amounts of meat, vegetables and fruits.

4 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

024805   SHRIVAS A A, PINTO S V, PATEL S M, BALAKRISHNAN S (Dairy Technology Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand- 388 110, Email: suneetavpinto@aau.in) : Effect of storage on composition, physico-chemical, rheology, sensory and microbiological quality of Indian cookie Rava Burfi. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 88-97.

In the present study, changes in compositional, physico-chemical, rheological, sensory and microbial properties (SPC, coliform count and yeast and mould count) of rava burfi packed in composite polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) film was monitored during storage at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C) and refrigerated temperature (7 ± 2 °C) on every 3^rd for room temperature and on every 7^th day for refrigerated temperature of storage till the products became unacceptable. All the changes related to composition, acidity, water activity, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), soluble nitrogen, 5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural (HMF) and Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), rheological, sensory and microbiological properties of rava burfi were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) affected by storage period (i.e. 9 days at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C) and 35 days at refrigerated (7 ± 2°C) temperature). During storage period there was a decrease in moisture content (2.5 to 3.0 %) and water activity and an increase in fat, protein, lactose, ash, added sugar, acidity, FFA, soluble nitrogen, TBA and HMF both at ambient (30 ± 2 °C) as well as at refrigerated (7 ± 2°C) temperature. Changes in rheological attributes at both ambient and refrigerated temperatures of storage indicated that there was an increase in hardness, gumminess, chewiness and adhesiveness whereas there was decrease in cohesiveness and springiness values. The sensory scores in terms of flavour, body and texture, colour and appearance and overall acceptability were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) decrease with progressive increase in storage period. The shelf life of rava burfi was found to be 9 days at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C) and 35 days at refrigerated (7 ± 2°C) temperature.

10 tables, 48 ref

024804   KUMARI R, GUPTA A, RANU P, TRIPATHI J (Food Nutrition and Public Health Dep, Sam Higgin Bottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: ami7823@gmail.com) : Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among school going children of Jasra block of Allahabad, India. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 4 - 5.

The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among school going children of district Allahabad in year 2015 to assess the nutritional status of selected school going children (aged 6-12 years). The six months study was based on school going children in four selected village in Jasra block of Allahabad district. A structured Performa was used to collect the information. Out of the 105 children examined, 2 (1.90 %) had clinical signs of night blindness. The overall prevalence of VAD was found to be 10.47 %. Most of them exhibited dull and lusterless appearance of conjunctiva, non-had bitot’s spot, any corneal xerosis, corneal scare and keratomalacia. The prevalence of VAD was higher in girls rather than in boys. To overcome this problem of VAD persisting in community, nutrition education regarding regular intake of plant food rich in carotene such as green leafy vegetables, yellow fruits, carrots and animal foods containing retinol like fish liver oil, fortified food like vanaspati, margarine should be strengthened.

3 tables, 6 ref

024803   RANI A, SINGH R, SINGH C, SINGH M, LAKHERA K (Botany Dep, Swami Vivekanand Subharti Univ, Meerut- 250 005, Email: anjurani.ar1@gmail.com) : Role of nanotechnology in food sector. Biosci Res Bull 2018, 34(1), 33-5.

Nanotechnology is a new emerging technology which has applications in different areas like it plays an important role in food sector and is used during food processing and food packaging. Nano-food may provide proper nutrient supplements like iron, vitamins, proteins and essential minerals. Nanotechnology is also self-assured to develop quality food packaging materials and can reduce plastic use. Scientists also going to develop nm sized salt grain particles that may increase surface area; hence our food materials require very less salt to give our taste buds that will cure high blood pressure. Beer bottles made by Plastics are used by many brewer SABMiller that contain a layer of nano-particles of clay that easily separable and filled more space in walls of beer and makes it harder for fizzy CO₂ to free from the beer or for O₂, that spoil the flavor of beer. There are many Government stakeholders and agencies to determine limitations and release demonstrative prescription and proclamation, as early as possible before -food packaging by nano materials that may have considerable impacts on health of human being. This review focused on the availability of nanofood packaging, processing and their supplements in the current market.

14 ref

023875   VERMA J P (Education Dep, Shri Sai Mahavidayalya, Madhya Pradesh) : A study on tribal adolescents of life skills effect stress with special reference to Satna district. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 203-5.

Present study consists of the tribal adolescents belonging to different areas of Satna district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The study is mainly conducted to find out the effect of Life Skills on Stress with respect to tribes. The investigator chose the adolescent students belonging to different tribes i.e. Gonds, Baigas, Kols, Khairwar, Panika and Mawasi. The tools used for this study is a self-made Life Skill inventory, that is, “An inventory of conventional adaptation to life skills in tribal students”, which consists of 10 dimensions of Life Skills viz; (1) Conflict, (2) Keep to self, (3) Physical recreation, (4) Problem solving, (5) Professional help, (6) Seeking social support, (7) Self-blame, (8) Social action, (9) Spiritual support, and (10) Tension reduction. Each dimension containing 6 items which makes it a total of 60 items with any three possible responses that is 'yes', 'no', and 'don't know'. Cronbach alpha is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. Cronbach's alpha can be written as a function of the number of test items and the average inter – correlation among the items. The alpha coefficient for the items is 0.75 suggesting that the items have relatively high internal consistency. Stress Inventory for School Students (SISS) prepared and standardized by Seema Rani and Dr. Basant Bahadur Singh (2008), published in H.P. Bhargava Book House, Agra. The results indicated that dimensions Keep to self, Social action, Tension Reduction and Life Skills Total are effecting the Stress of tribal students.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

023874   KOHILA M, FELCIYA P (Nadar Saraswathi Coll of Arts and Science, Tamil Nadu) : Language sounds and its patterns. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 135-6.

Imagine that a restaurant manager who has always had trouble with the spelling of English words places an advertisement for a different SEAGH. You see the advertisement and your misperception leads you to ask how he came to form this unacquainted word. It’s very simple, he says. Take the first sound of the term sure, the mid sound of the name DEAD, and the final comprehensive of the word LAUGH. You will, of course, distinguish that this form transports the pronunciation usually associated with the word chef. We investigated the physical production of speech sounds in terms of the articulatory mechanisms of the human vocal tract.

1 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

023873   TIWARI M, TIWARI Y, PATIL P (Shri Sant Gadge Baba COET, Maharashtra) : Effective impact of whole brain development among the abacus learners of younger generation. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 61-5.

Abacus is the binary method understandable by brain. It develops certain characteristics, which are suitable for the training of the learner´s mind such as simplicity, accuracy, precision, originality. The abacus learners are trained to co-ordinate visual, auditory and sensory inputs and solve problems by analyzing the separately. Constant abacus users help to explore confidence in one`s metal faculties, intelligence and problem solving abilities. Understanding mathematics by using abacus fosters an ability to think laterally. In this study a comparative study is done on age group of 4- 7 years (Group B) and 8-12 years (Group A) for the development of different skills such as concentration, memory, visual aspects, retention and recall, grasping power etc. By graphical study it is clear that group B are more superior than Group A.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

023872   PANDIMEENA V, ABINA K (Nadar Saraswathi Coll of Arts and Science, Tamil Nadu) : Language teaching methods. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 59-60.

Imagine for a moment what would happen if everyone in this world became dumb. There would be no communication; no exchange of ideas. In every part of the world people communicated among themselves through their language arbitrarily accepted by every member of the community. Let us begin by defining the terms method. A method is a theoretical construct and syllabus design is the practical aspect of this construct. But since we prefer method as an umbrella term for the specification and interrelation of theory and practice.

4 ref

023871   HIRISSI S G, PURNIMA M (Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Univ, Tamil Nadu) : Violation of human rights in Tamil Nadu reference with women. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 49-51.

Human rights are just about a type of religion in this day and age. They are the considerable moral measuring stick that is utilised to gauge an administration's treatment of its kin. A wide accord has developed in the twentieth century on talk that casings judgment of countries against a universal good code endorsing certain advantages and treatment for all people basically in light of the fact that they are human. Inside numerous countries political level headed discussions seethe over the foreswearing or mishandle of human rights. Indeed, even in prosperous, majority rule nations like Canada much open talk is stated in the talk of rights. Authoritative records to secure human rights have multiplied in Canada, coming full circle in the 1982 entrenchment of the Charter of Rights in the Constitution. Particularly since the approach of the Charter, numerous Canadians have guaranteed that specific advantages they want involve human rights and should be given. In reality, the claim that the coveted advantage is a human right is regularly intended to undermine any resistance as deceitful or even improper. Lost in a significant part of the talk is any avocation for the high good grounded involved by human rights. Most political activists and reporters are content just to take a gander at the United Nations' regularly developing collection of human rights understandings as evidence that these rights exist all around and accordingly must be regarded by everybody. Local human rights enactment speaks to the neighbourhood usage of globally perceived rights that are general and basic. Tragically, human rights are much more muddled wonders than that.

1 illus, 10 ref

023870   DEVI M S, THAVAMANI S (Nadar Saraswathi Coll of Arts and Science, Tamil Nadu) : Women importance in protection and security. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 46-8.

Comparison between “Seventeenth and Eighteenth century” women characters in novel. Along that period they were lead a life in differently. But their motive is common in their protection and security. In seventeenth century, the novel Charlotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre”. In this novel the heroine Jane Eyre wants to lead a life with Education and Security with freedom. At these same time middle of the eighteenth century, the novel Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”. Moll Flanders also wants that when her husbands were leaving. In other words the different ages gives the thoughts and minds of women character about their hard working. Jane Eyre was work hard for money and security, but Moll Flanders wants the money so she was theft and also marrying.

2 ref

023869   WINATA W (Muhammadiyah Unive of Jakarta, Indonesia) : Developing activities of children’s learning through homeschooling. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 28-31.

Education is a right of any children. But not all children can enjoy formal education because of several factors. For children who can not afford formal education, there is an option for nonformal and informal education in the form of homeschooling models. This research was aimed to describe how to develop activities of children’s learning through homeschooling in Indonesia. A naturalistic qualitative method was applied by using observation, interview and documentation to collect the data. The data was being validated by extending the participation, doing more thoroughly observation, using triangulation and auditing. The whole data was analyzed into several steps, i.e. data reduction, coding based on each category, and conclusion. The results of the study revealed that one of the reasons for parents to choose homeschooling because the children feel uncomfortable being in a formal school, unfriendly school environment, abusing at school, both vision and mission of the formal school are not in line with parents’, and children have no interest and motivation to study in a formal school. Thus, in order to overcome those problems, homeschooling is offered. This learning model is designed based on the children’s needs in order to maximize their potential. The development of learning activities in this homeschooling model covered arts and enterpreneurship. Therefore, homeschooling can be an alternative education for children who experience specificity in the learning process. This learning design is contructed to be child-centered so that the potential within the children can be maximally developed.

3 illus, 13 ref

023868   PAUL A K, RICHARD A N (Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology Dep, Univ of Port Harcourt Rivers state, Nigeria) : Blended learning approach on students’ academic achievement and retention: A case study of air force secondary school rivers state, Nigeria. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 15-21.

This study ex-ray the effect of blended learning approach on students’ academic achievement and retention: a case study of Air Force Secondary School Rivers state, Nigeria. Two research questions and two research hypothesis guided the study. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design. The population of the study was one thousand two hundred (1200) students, while the sample was eighty (80) students purposefully selected from the entire population. Social studies achievement test (SAT) was used as instrument for data collection, mean, standard deviation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were the statistical tools used for the study. The finding revealed that students taught using station-rotation model performed most followed by students taught using conventional method, also that students taught using the station- rotation model had the highest retention level, than those taught using the conventional method. Conclusion and some recommendations were also made.

8 tables, 24 ref

023867   SIMON D K, KOKU A M (Basic Education Dep, Univ of Education, Winneba, Ghana) : A comparative study of motor skill performance levels of students with hearing-impairment and students without hearing-impairment in the Hohoe municipality. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 216-25.

The purpose of the study was to compare motor skill-related physical fitness (speed, balance and coordination) levels of the hearing-impaired and non-hearing-impaired students of Volta School for the Deaf and St. Francis Junior High School in the Hohoe municipality. A cross-sectional design was used in conducting this study. The target population for the study was the students of Volta School for the Deaf and all basic school students in the Hohoe municipality. One hundred participants were used for the study; fifty with hearing-impairment and the other fifty without hearing-impairment. Volta School for the Deaf was selected purposively for the study because it was the only school for the deaf in the region and located in Hohoe municipality. A simple random sampling technique was used to select St. Francis Junior Secondary School from among mixed schools in the municipality without hearing-impairment. The University of Illinois Test Instruments designed by American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) in 1986 was used to collect data. The t-test and descriptive statistics on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software were used to analyse the results of the assessment conducted on the participants. An alpha level of 0.05 for two-tail was used. The result showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in the use of speed but there were differences in coordination and balance.

6 tables, 30 ref

023866   VAISHNAVI K S, RAJEEVA A (Kempegowda Institute of Physiotherapy, Banglore, Karnataka) : A comparative study of Maitland’s mobilization along with ultrasound versus proprioceptive exercises along with ultrasound in stage ii and iii osteoarthritis of knee joint.. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 211-5.

Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of pain and disability in elder people worldwide and accounts for a large proportion of visits to health professionals each year. There occurs progressive destruction of articular cartilage and function of osteophytes. It usually affects people in the age group of 45 years or above and tends to worsen with age if not well treated. The treatment of knee Osteoarthritis is mainly aimed at alleviation of pain. Pain and functional impairment is the major feature of OA. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness between Maitland’s mobilization with ultrasound and Proprioceptive exercises with ultrasound, to reduce pain (VAS) and improve functional ability (WOMAC) in OA knee. Subjects were screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria with knee OA. A written informed consent was signed by the subject and was rehabilitated for alternate days for 2 weeks. These subjects were randomly divided in two groups. GROUP A: (n=10): Treated with ultrasound and Maitland’s mobilization. GROUP B: (n=10): Treated with ultrasound and Proprioceptive exercise program. In comparison with VAS-pain and WOMAC-pain, stiffness and difficulty scores, Group A shows significant improvement of all the parameters than Group B. Group A with VAS of pre intervention score being 8 and post intervention 2.5. Group B with VAS of pre intervention score being 5.7 and post intervention 3.6. Group A with WOMAC pain, stiffness and difficulty of pre intervention being 8.6, 3.1 and 32.1 respectively and post intervention 3.7, 1.5 and 11.3. Group B with WOMAC pain, stiffness and difficulty of pre intervention being 13.4, 4.6 and 41.9 respectively and post intervention 6.5, 2.2 and 21.7. Following the intervention, at the end of 2nd week result showed clinically and statistically improvement in the VAS and WOMAC scores in Group A compared to Group B. Therefore, it signifies that the subject can be improve after combined treatment of Maitland’s mobilization with ultrasound.

4 tables, 25 ref

023865   JADOUN B S, CHUNDAWAT M S (Physical Education Dep, Univ of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : A study on comparison of different somato type components in relation to speed. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 208-10.

The main purpose of the study was to investigate somototype factors as predictors of performance in motor fitness components of male National Level Cyclists. The subjects for the study were 100 male National Level Cyclist. The relationship of each somatotype components viz endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy, with performance in motor fitness component – speed was established by computing Product Moment Correlation. In order to find the combined effect of various somatotype components, multiple correlation method was also applied. Results of the study suggested that there was a significant difference found between different somototype components in relation to speed. The sequence of performance in there Somototype groups related to speed was (8.31) mesomorphy >(8.54) ectomorphy >(10.01) endomorphy.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

023864   MANSARAY A B, SESAY A K, BEKEN A (Beijing Sport Univ, Beijing, P.R. China) : Assessing the level of knowledge on the morphology and causes of ankle injury among adolescent boys football players in Njala town. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 203-7.

The research assessed the knowledge of adolescent boys; football players in Njala town, southern Sierra Leone on the morphology and causes of ankle injury. Fifty boys, who were adolescents school footballers participated in the research. All the players were given a questionnaire to complete. The function of the ankle in the human anatomy cannot be overemphasized; it helps to support the whole weight of the body and is thus quite prone to injury. The players were asked about their knowledge of ankle morphology and injury against the background of ankle injury being more common in football. The study revealed that pupils could not clearly identify the morphology, suitability of the ankle and causes for ankle injury in football. Tripping or falling, landing awkwardly after a jump from heading a ball, walking or running on uneven football pitches, twisting or rotating the ankle, rolling the ankle and unsuitable footwear were identified as causes for ankle injury. Home treatment, taping, surgery and proprioception were identified as possible treatments for ankle injury. Demographic data and data for knowledge of ankle morphology and injury were entered into the SPSS software and analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation. It was observed that the players had a moderate knowledge of ankle morphology and its injury. It was recommended that players learn about sport injuries by attending sport medicine and first aid courses or seminars, perform warm up exercises before any game, land with their knees bent after a jump, cool down after rigorous training, play on soft surfaces like turfs, wear shoes that fit properly and absorb shock.

1 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

023863   BHARATHIRAJA S J (Physical Education & Sports Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Puducherry) : Analysis of anthropometric and physiological variables among hearing impaired students. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 200-2.

The purpose of this study was to analysis of anthropometric and physiological variables among hearing impaired students. Eighty hearing impaired students were selected from eight states (Andhra Pradesh n=10, Tamil Nadu n=10, Goa n=10, Kerala n=10, Karnataka n=10, Maharashtra n=10, Orisa n=10 and Pondicherry n=10) who participated in National recreation camp and the camp was organized in Chennai, India during the academic year 2012. The age of the subject ranged from 15-18 years as per the records. Four anthropometric (Age, Height, Weight and Chest measurement) and Three Physiological (Pulse Rate, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure) variables were taken. The instruments were Steadio meter, weighing machine, Inch tap and Spigmomanometer to use and all measurements were taken on the subject’s. Descriptive statistics (Mean& Standard deviation) and analysis of variance ANOVA were used analyze and to find out the significant difference, if any between the (states) group for selected variables. To test the significance the level of confidence was fixed at. 05. There was a significant difference between various states hearing impaired students on age and height. There was no significant difference between various state hearing impaired students on Weight, Chest measurement, Pulse Rate, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

023862   SYKARAS E (Physical Education and Sports Science Dep, Aristotelian Univ of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,Greece) : Effects of manual massage on peak torque following an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol of knee extensors in male elite Tae Kwon Do athletes. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 196-9.

Manual massage is a popular and widely used modality for recovery after intense exercise consisting an important part of athletic rehabilitation or preparation for training and competition. To study the possible effects of manual massage on concentric and eccentric peak torque of knee extensors when applied during intervals of an intense exercise isokinetic protocol which causes exercise-induced muscle damage. Fourteen elite male Tae Kwon Do athletes were tested twice with a week interval between the two measurements (different extremity each). In each session, the participants performed continuous concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise (6 sets of l0 repetitions, with 2 minutes intervals). Manual massage was applied during breaks to one extremity (massage extremity) while for the other limb (control extremity) the interval was passive. Peak torque was measured 3 minutes after the last set for both extremities (intervention and control). The same test was performed 3 minutes prior to the first set. The best performance was compared between pre- and post-exercise using Analysis of variance with repeated measures. For both extremities, peak torque (concentric and eccentric) was reduced after the exercise protocol. This reduction was lower in the massage extremity but the between extremities (groups) difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Application of manual massage during isokinetic exercise intervals did not improve peak torque reduction after knee extensors exercise-induced muscle damage.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

023861   AHMAD Z, ANSAB Z, CHOUDHARY S, ZUBAIR I, KHAN I U (Business Administration Dep, National Coll of Business Administration & Economics., Lahore, Pakistan) : Effect of imagery training on 400-meter sprinters at university level in Pakistan. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 194-5.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of imagery training on the 400-m sprint at the university level. The current study was conducted on the 49 sprinters based on their participation at university level competitions from the year 2013-2017. The age of sprinters was ranged from 18-25 years. Sports imagery ability questionnaire’ [1] was used to measure the imagery ability and completion time of 400-m sprint was noted. To analyze the effect of imagery training a paired sample t-test was employed at P<0.05 level of significance. The results of the study show that imagery ability and time of completion of the sprint was improved among university players. So, imagery training of university players can improve their performance. It is recommended that imagery training and its utilization in sprints should be mandatory at the university level in Pakistan.

1 table, 14 ref

023860   PYSNA J, PYSNY L, PETRU D (Physical Education and Sport Dep, Evangelista Purkyne Univ, Czech Republic) : Health aspects of outdoor activities - Possibilities of use of exercise in nature a course of prevention and treatment of hypertension. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 190-3.

The aim of the paper is to summarize the basic knowledge of problems with hypertension disease and focus to its movement therapy. The component of its therapy is the example of outdoor activities lesson in natural environment.

1 table, 19 ref

023859   SAINI M (Physical Education Dep, J.V.M.R.R. Coll, Haryana) : Contribution of Haryana players in Olympic. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 187-9.

India First Participated at the Olympics Games in 1900 athlete winning medals both silver in Athletics. Haryana contribution in sports always dominated as compared to other Sports. Every Olympic Games in different Games players of Haryana has always in majority specially in wrestling and Boxing. Haryana Players has won the medals in every Olympics as compared to other states. Haryana Players like Sushil Kumar has won the medals in successive two Olympics 2008 and 2012. In 2008 he has won Bronze Medal and 2012 won Silver Medal. Haryana Women Player has also contribute to won medal in Olympic. Haryana women player Sakshi Malik has won Bronze Medal in 2016 Olympic in Free style wrestling and she has become the first women in India who has won medal in wrestling. Another women Player of Haryana Geeta Phogat become the first women who selected for Olympics. Haryana sports policy encourages players of every field who make carrier in sports.

6 ref

023858   SAINI M (Physical Education Dep, J.V.M.R.R. Coll, Haryana) : Effect of yogic activites on lordosis of school students. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-D), 184-6.

The term lordosis refers to the normal inward lordotic curvature of the lumber and cervical regions of the human spine. Generally imbalanced diet, improper environment improper development of muscles, obesity and diseases affecting vertebrae and spinal muscles are such causes which result in lordosis. In addition to these causes, not performing exercises and taking excessive food are also major causes of lordosis. Forty school Girls in the age group of 12 to 16 years were selected from Saini Girls High school Rohtak by using purposive sampling method as subjects for this study. Two groups were made each comprising of twenty subjects. After initial tests of the subjects, they were divided in two homogeneous groups by equating their performance. Yogic practice programme was administered to the experimental group whereas no treatment was given to control group. It was hypothesized that there would be significance effect of yogic activities on lordosis of school students. The findings of the statistical treatment showed the significant effect training upon the lordosis deformity hence, the hypothesis states earlier is accepted for above mentioned statement.

2 tables, 6 ref

023857   PARDESHI S, DHONDAGE S B (BAMU Univ, Aurangabad, Maharashtra) : Effect of eight weeks maximum and dynamic effort training program for improving squat press performance. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 159-61.

The purpose of this study was to examining the effect of eight weeks maximum and dynamic effort training program for improving Squat press performance. It was an experimental study in which pre-test & post- test non equivalent groups design was used. 30 male Powerlifters mean of age (21.17±2.15) were selected as sample by using simple random sampling technique (N=30) from Aurangabad City. They were equally divided into, Experimental group (n=15) and Control group (n=15). Maximum Strength 1RM Squat press test was conducted on both the groups & collected obtained data. Result shows that data collected was analyzed by using Descriptive Statistics to see the maximum and dynamic effort training program was useful to improve squat press performance. Further data was analyzed by using Independent ‘t’ test the mean score of experimental group of Squat press was M=6.83 kg (±1.65) and control group was M=3.83 kg (±1.50) ‘t’ value was 5.19 which shows the significant difference at 0.05 level thus researcher concludes that there was improvement of performance 1RM Squat press of experimental group as compared to control group due to the treatment given.

3 tables, 9 ref

023856   THUC M D C (Giang Univ, Vietnam) : Research and building system developmental strength exercises system by plyometric method for male students’ major in volleyball of physical education department at an Giang University. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 156-8.

The study is the result of the selection exercise system by plyometric method. The author used to interview experts and scientists in this field to choose and apply for an experiment. The result showed that the exercise system was highly effective in the developmental strength training process for male students who major in volleyball of Physical Education department at An Giang University in the first year of the first semester 2015-2016.

2 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

023855   BICHI S M (Physical and Health Education Dep, AhmaduBello Univ, Zaria, Nigeria) : Positioning physical and health education for creativity: Need for skills acquisition in the 2020:20. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 151-5.

One of the specific objectives of lifelong education is ensuring the acquisition of the appropriate levels of literacy, numeric, manipulative, communicative and life skill as well as ethical, moral and civic values needed for laying a solid foundation for life-long learning. This paper advocate enhancement of creative skill learning through Physical and Health Education teaching by employing process-skill approach. This approach exposes learners to problem solving skill which if well-inculcated can have general educative value and produce school learners who will well be adjusted to tackle problems arising in everyday life. Also advocate for the development of skills among learner as a sure way of implementing a qualitative education and ways to acquiring skill. Recommendations are suggested for positive change, how problems which could impede the success of skill acquisition can be overcome through proper planning.

32 ref

023854   PROCTOR L, BRANDON L J (Kinesiology Dep, Georgia State Univ, GA, USA) : Obesity, fitness and academic outcomes of minority children in the Louisiana delta. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 146-50.

The impact of fitness, and overweight on the cognitive development of children and adolescents is not clear and this is especially true for low income minority children. Therefore, this study was designed to assess associations of body mass index and fitness with academic outcomes in African American children living in the Louisiana Delta. From 256 children contacted, 104 (58 males and 46 females) with an average age of 9.1 ± 1.5 years participated in this study. Results indicate that overweight and poor cardiorespiratory fitness, in otherwise fit children, were consistent predictors of reading and math scores for these children. Although further study is needed, these findings suggests overweight and to a lesser extent, cardiorespiratory fitness are more associated with academic outcomes in African American children than other measures of fitness and that overweight is more associated with academic outcomes in low income African American female than African American male children.

4 tables, 26 ref

023853   GOPINATH V (Physical Education Dep, Annamalai Univ, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of acute exercise on electrolyte response among trained and untrained men. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 143-5.

The study was undertaken to analysis the acute effect of aerobic exercise an electrolyte response among trained and untrained men. To achieve the purpose fifteen All Indian Inter University place holders from football, kabaddi and netball teams were selected as trained group and fifteen then students were selected from Department of Education, English and Political Science, Annamalai University, who did not participated any sports activity as untrained group. Their age ranged between 20 to 24 years. The blood sample of 5 ml from each subjects, were collected before exercise and immediately after the exercise. The subjects were performed 15 minutes running on treadmill. The samples were analysed by ion sensitive techniques (serum) with the help of AUL 983 electrolyte analyzer. To assess exercise induced changes paired ‘t’ test was used before and after exercise and ANOVA was employed to findout significant variations on exercise induced rise in electrolytes for trained and untrained groups. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05. Acute effect of aerobic exercise significantly reduce the electrolyte level in the muscles and internal fluids for bath trained and untrained man loss of electrolytes can result in heat cramps or muscle cramps.

1 table, 14 ref

023852   THUC M D C (Giang Univ, Vietnam) : Studying and building volleyball curriculum in optional hour at an Giang university: An Giang province. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 137-42.

The study aims to build the volleyball curriculum which affects the development of physical health and fitness of students in optional hours at An Giang University - An Giang province. The study was conducted through some methods, namely integrated research and relevant literature reviews, pedagogical observation, pedagogical examination, and statistic mathematics. The author has evaluated and demonstrated the effect of the new program in comparison with the old program about the development of physical health and fitness of students through a school year.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

023851   KHANDARE R B (Physical Education Dep, Commerce & Science Coll, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) : Cold therapy of sporting injury in upper thigh region a comprehensive study on the time required to achieve optimal cooling and the effects of swelling. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 134-6.

One of the most common injuries amongst athletes is soft tissue injury due to impact, and the traditional treatment for this is cold therapy using an ice pack. While this treatment is effective, inexpensive, and easily accessible, there is very little quantitative data available on the actual effects of ice on the muscle. The most common advice found in medical textbooks and literature is a 20 minute on, 20 minute off icing cycle. In this study we model the temperature distribution in the upper leg region after one and a half cycles of ice therapy. Our ax symmetric model consists of three layers: skin, fat, and muscle, and we include an initial swelling of the muscle layer that decreases as a function of the muscle temperature. After an initial 20 minutes of cooling, the desired temperature change of 10°C penetrated to only 4 mm into the muscle layer, but after a 60 minute cycle, the desired cooling increased to 1 cm. Our sensitivity analysis revealed that slight changes in properties such as density, specific heat and conductivity did not alter the results significantly. Also, using a fixed muscle thickness independent of temperature yielded a lower temperature drop in the muscle layer. It was concluded that ice therapy, though slow, is effective in cooling some of the muscle to the desired temperature, and its main advantages stem from its inexpensiveness and ease of application. One of the most common injuries amongst athletes is soft tissue injury due to impact.

8 ref

023850   UMESH M, KUMAR S S (National Coll of Education, Vikarabad, Telangana) : A study on cardiovascular efficiency between Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 132-3.

Cardio respiratory endurance is a basic component of physical fitness. Physical fitness is the capacity of an individual to carry out daily tasks with vigour and alertness without under fatigue. Cardio vascular efficiency is an vigour’s achievement through the different physical activities, these efficiency might play a vital complex phenomenon in all substances hence acquiring cardio vascular efficiency is turned al great dob to the players, efficiency players role in ringing small muscles to big muscles cardio vascularity bring about a healthy live and improvement of various internal organs functions without presence of these efficiency a player may not functions in all aspects. Thus assuming efficiency is a key factor to the player and as well as job of the physical trainer or coach.

1 table, 6 ref

023849   KUMAR A (SGGS Khalsa Coll, Mahilpur, Punjab) : Effect of anxiety level in sports male and sports female groups. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 130-1.

The purpose of this study was to compare the Sports Competition Anxiety of male sports and sports female at college level. The present study was conducted on the 60 male sports and 60 sports female of college level of Punjab. Their age was ranged 18 to 25 year. The collection of data to measure e Sports Competition Anxiety Marten’s (1977) Inventory was used. For the analysis of data, collected by administering the questionnaire to all the subject’s t- test was employed at p<.005 level of significant. The result of the study concluded that there was statistically significant difference in sports male and sports female. It is clear that the mean sports male between of sports female is significantly higher than the mean Sports Competition Anxiety of the sports female.

1 table, 8 ref

023848   GAM N T (Univ of Pedagogy Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) : The initial application for selection test on morphology for female gymnastic athletes of the age of 7. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 125-9.

Basing on the basis of genetic, morphology, gymnastic characteristics and having reference on selection scientific achievements in the countries on the world, results of expert interviews. So, we has initially applied 05 tests and selection criterion of Chinese morphology to be used in selecting Vietnamese female gymnastic athletes of the age of 07 (by the bone age).

4 tables, 6 ref

023847   VAN C T B, GAM N T (Univ of Sport Ho Chi MinhCity, Vietnam) : Researching of selection tests on fitness for female gymnastic athletes of the age of 06 (Calculated by the bone age). Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-C), 120-4.

Basing on some selective science researches, gymnastic characteristics, references on selective science achievements of the countries in the world and tested application results in the practises. So that, we have selected 05 selected tests on physical fitness for female gymnastic athletes of the age of 06 (by the bone age).

6 tables, 5 ref

023846   KHAN G (Noida Coll of Physical Education, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : A study of attitude of players towards the university coaching camps of CCS university Meerut. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 96-8.

Coaching is a process of guiding individual to enhance or to bring out the hidden quality of an individual through own personal efforts. In games and sports every team member and owner of team wants to win the competition. The purpose of organizing the coaching camp was to improve the player’s playing technique, team coordination. Sports’ coaching is a very difficult task because the nature of activity was different. Every university organizes different coaching camp every year and lot of layers participated in this coaching camp. During the university coaching camp players, coaches, officials and organizers faces many problems related to coaching camp and their attitude or expatiation towards the coaching camp was different. To find out the expectations and attitude of players towards sports coaching this study was organized on 720 players who was attended the coaching camp during the session 2010-11 and 2011-12. A self-prepared questioner was used to collect the information. This questioner contained 18 questions with 3 responses. Chi square {x2} was used to analyze the responses. The result of the study was concluded that coaching was organized in both sessions and it must be for more than 15 days. Latest equipments and specific grounds are used for coaching. Latest rules and regulations were also discussed.

3 tables, 6 ref

023845   HATCHETT A, ALLEN C, SMITH M (Exercise and Sports Science, Univ of South Carolina, SC, USA) : The effect of a textured shoe insert on running gait. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 91-5.

The aim of this research was to determine the influence a shoe insert with a textured, thermos-plastic heel has on running gait. Sixteen (16) participants completed a three-stage protocol to assess step length, contact time and gait imbalance in barefoot, shod and shod with insert conditions. Results indicated significant correlations between the barefoot condition and shod with the insert condition for contact time (r=0.773, p=0.015), imbalance (r=0.838, p=0.005) and step length (r=1.000, p=0.000). Further analysis revealed no significant difference between the barefoot and shod with the insert conditions for contact time, imbalance and step length. Based upon these results, running with a textured, thermos-plastic insert may influence a runner’s gait to more resemble that of a barefoot condition.

4 tables, 39 ref

023844   SHARMA D (Physical Education Dep, SGGS Khalsa Coll, Mahilpur, Punjab) : Relationship of somatotype classification with the playing ability of softball male players. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 89-90.

For the fulfillment of the purpose of this study, total twenty five male Softball players, who participated in various inter-varsity competitions from Punjab University Chandigarh, were selected as subjects. The age group of subjects was between 18-25 years. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship of Somatotype classification with the playing ability of softball players (male). The Somatotype rating produced by health and Carter (1967) was selected as it involves rating of an individual of some anthropometric and body composition variables. The ‘t’ test was used to assess the relationship of Somatotype classification to playing abilities in softball players. The formula of product moment correlation was applied. In the study, it was found that softball players had insignificant correlation between each of the somatotype components to their playing ability. Hence, lean and thin individuals who are fragile are not suitable for the game like softball.

1 table, 4 ref

023843   SHARMA D (Physical Education Dep, SGGS Khalsa Coll, Mahilpur, Punjab) : Effects of seven weeks Kapalbhati pranayama trainingon vital capacity of physical education students. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 87-8.

To fulfill the purpose of the study, total 20 students of Physical Education (male) were randomly selected from the Department of Physical Education S.G.G.S Khalsa College Mahilpur. The subjects were ranged from 19 to 25 years of age. The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of 7 week Kapalbhati Pranayama training on the vital capacity of Physical Education students. The parameter selected for the purpose of the study was vital capacity. The mean, standard deviation and 't' test was used to compare the parameter within the group. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 (statistical package for the social sciences, version 16.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) After the 7 weeks training of Kapalbhati pranayama, it was found that the training program of Kapalbhati had significant improvement in vital capacity of physical education Students.

1 table, 4 ref

023842   HART P D (Health Promotion Coll of Education, Montana State Univ, Montana) : Fitness performance across ranked body composition groups assessed by different methods. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 82-6.

Body composition (BC) is a valuable indicator of performance both across and within certain sporting events. However, the specific relationship between BC and fitness performance (FP) is less understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between BC, assessed by different methods, and FP in a population of college students.This cross-sectional research used data from 131 college students attending a rural university. BC was assessed using five different methods: 1) body mass index (BMI), 2) percent body fat (PBF) by skinfold technique (SF), 3) PBF by circumference method (CM), 4) PBF by handheld bioelectric impedance (HH), and 5) waist circumference (WC). Fitness test outcome measures included 1) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) from the Queens College Step Test, 2) 1-repetition maximum bench press (BP) scores, 3) maximum repetition push-up (PU) scores, and 4) sit-and-reach (SR) flexibility scores. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine mean FP differences across BC tertiles. In the overall analysis, VO2max was indirectly related to BC tertile in all BC measures. BP was directly related to BC tertile only in BMI and WC tests. PU was indirectly related to BC tertile only in SF, CM, HH, and WC tests. SR was not significantly different across BC tertile in any BC test. These results were not consistent across sex groups. Results from this study show clear differences in FP across ranked BC groups. Furthermore, these differences were not consistent across BC method and not consistent across sex groups.

4 illus, 28 ref

023841   BUGGAPATI L, KUMAR P R (Periodontics Dep, Govt. Dental Coll & Hospital, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh) : Athletes awareness on importance of oral health during sports performance. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 75-81.

The word “sport” is derived from a combination of words meaning “to carry away from work”. In current usage, sport has come to encompass a wide range of human activities, skills, and accomplishments that are not part of routine life. Oral health is an integral part of general health and well-being and a basic human right. Possible sport-related causes of poor oral health include frequent dietary intake of carbohydrates, physiological changes such as decreased salivary flow and drying of the mouth during exercise and exercise-induced immune suppression. Demanding training regimes might make it difficult to access preventive care. No studies have evaluated the awareness of athletes on oral health and its status in India. Hence, the aim of the study is to evaluate how far the Indian athletes are aware on importance of oral health on their performance during sports.

4 tables, 12 ref

023840   RAVICHANDARAN R, RAJALAKSHMI E (Physical Education Dep, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : A comparative study of physical fitness in volley ball players and the players in football and Kabaddi. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 72-4.

The purpose of this study is used to compare the physical fitness of volleyball players and the players in football and kabaddi. The study was conducted on 45 boys of Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. The age group of the subject was ranged from 17 to 20 years. The subjects were tested with the help of the North Carolina physical fitness test battery (Sit-ups, Side –stepping, Standing broad jump, Pull ups) to find out the physical fitness test elements of kabadi players and the players in football and volleyball in SRIT. For the study of mean value, standard deviation, t- test were applied to analyze the data, different steps in “t” test were used.

4 tables, 3 ref

023839   SHARMA D (Physical Education Dep, SGGS Khalsa Coll, Mahilpur, Punjab) : Comparative analysis of personality traits of graduate and post graduate students of physical education. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 70-1.

The purpose of the study for comparative analysis of personality traits, 70 Students including male and female, comparing 35 graduates (B.P. Ed) and 35 post graduates (M.P. Ed), randomly selected for the study. The age of the students ranged between 20 to 27 years. The personality traits of graduate and post graduate students of physical education from S.G.G.S khalsa college Mahilpur. The variables selected for the study were Neuroticism and Extroversion. The score on these variables were obtained by using Eysenck personality inventory prepared by H.J. Eysenck and Sybil B.G. Eysenck. The questionnaire was to compare the graduate and post graduate students of physical education. The mean, standard deviation and ‘t’ test was applied at 0.05 level of significance. In the study there was insignificant differences found on the trait of Neuroticism and in terms of Extroversion, graduate and post graduate students of physical education had insignificant differences.

2 tables, 3 ref

023838   SHARMA D (Physical Education Dep, SGGS Khalsa Coll, Mahilpur, Punjab) : A study of extroversion and neuroticism in rural and urban college cricket players (Boys). Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 68-9.

In modern time’s competition in sports needs mental preparation of team or individual players. It is important as teaching the different skills of a game on scientific lines. The reason of this study was to compare the psychological variables between Rural and Urban college cricket Players of age group 19-22 years. 50 boys each from Rural and urban areas were selected as subjects. To collect the data for Personality traits, Eysenck (1968) Personality questionnaire, revised used to compare the level of Extroversion and Neuroticism among urban and rural Cricket players. The value of mean and standard deviation of the test was computed by applying ‘t’-test at 0.05 level of significance. Non-significant difference was observed on Extroversion and significant difference was observed on Neuroticism between urban and rural college Cricket Players. This study will be helpful to the coaches and trainer should conduct the personality test while they selecting players to evaluate their mental strength and fighting spirit. This test must boost the players for the competition.

3 ref

023837   SHARMA D (Physical Education Dep, SGGS Khalsa Coll, Mahilpur, Punjab) : A study of physical performance of softball girls players with non-softball girls. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health 2017, 4(6-A), 66-7.

The purpose of this study total sixty girls between the age group of 18-20 years were selected as subjects. Out of these 30 girls was softball players, who participated at College level competition and other thirty girls were non-players, who never took active part in any event or game at any age level. The purpose of the study was to judge against the physical performance difference of girls softball players and nonsoftball players. Means, standard deviation and independent student ‘t’ test were used as statistical tools. It was found that softball players were slightly heavier and taller than the non-softball players. Softball players performed better in physical performance tests than non-softball players, however the significant difference was only observed in standing broad jump. Outcome of this study depicted that non-softball players being physically active did not differentiate much than the softball girl’s player.

6 ref