000330   WANG L, LIANG J, SA W, WANG L (Qinghai Univ, Xi’ning- 810 016, China) : Sequencing and comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome of Ribes odoratum provide insights for marker development and phylogenetics in Ribes. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021, 27(1), 81-92.

Ribes odoratum, commonly known as clove currant, is a perennial deciduous shrub noted for its long-lasting fragrant flowers and edible fruits. Owing to its ornamental values, this species has been widely used in city gardening and urban landscaping. Here, the complete cp genome of R. odoratum was de novo assembled for the first time. The plastome is 157,152 bp in length, with a GC content of 38.2 %. The cp genome featured a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a pair of inverted repeat regions of 25,961 bp, separated by a large single copy region of 86,896 bp, and a small single copy region of 18,333 bp. A total of 131 genes were annotated in the plastome, including 86 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. 56 SSRs were identified, among which, 82.35 % were located in the intergenic regions. A strong A/T bias in base composition was observed in these cpSSRs. In addition, 49 repeats of different sizes and types were also found in the plastome. Through comparison, seven divergence hotspots were identified between the cp genomes of R. odoratum and R. fasciculatum var. chinense. Sequences of these divergent regions could be developed as potential markers for species delimitation in further studies. We re-investigated the relationship aomong 32 Saxifragales species through plastome-based phylogenywhich revealed that R. odoratum as a sister of R. fasciculatum var. chinense. Thus, our study provides genomic resources and valuable reference for marker development and phylogenomics in Ribes.

52 ref

000329   GHOLAMI S, VAFAEE Y, NAZARI F, GHORBANI A (Horticultural Science and Engineering Dep, Kurdistan Univ, Sanandaj- 66177-15175, , Iran) : Molecular characterization of endangered Iranian terrestrial orchids using ISSR markers and association with floral and tuber-related phenotypic traits. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021, 27(1), 53-68.

We aimed to study the genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeny of Iranian orchids using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to find markers associated with phenotypic traits. Based on the phenotypic analysis, the inflorescence length and the flower number of studied accessions ranged from 3.92 to 27.13 cm and 5 to 50, respectively. On the other hand, the tuber length ranged from 1.80 to 9.35 cm. A total of 310 reproducible ISSR fragments with a size range of 150 to 3000 bp were amplified. ISSR primers provided an average polymorphism information content of 0.391, varied from 0.488 for UBC-876 to 0.351 for UBC-842. Os.J population showed the lowest genetic diversity (H = 0.057 and I = 0.075), while Oyst.JA population showed the highest genetic diversity (H = 0.114 and I = 0.158). At species level, the average coefficient of genetic differentiation (G_ST) ranged from 0.265 for Orchis simia to 0.587 for Himantoglossum affine. Gene flow (Nm) varied from 1.38 (O. simia) to 0.756 (Anacamptis collina). The UPGMA genetic similarity dendrogram using Jaccard coefficients (r = 0.973) revealed six main clusters. Based on the Bayesian clustering method, the highest probability of the data was achieved when accessions were divided into eight groups. Floral and tuber-related phenotypic traits represented high correlations together, and they were associated with some ISSR bands based on the multiple association analysis. Altogether, ISSR markers proved to be useful for discrimination and clarification of the relationships among species and populations collected from geographically different locations. Furthermore, it could identify the polymorphism among accessions within each population and species.

61 ref

000328   LI G, HU F, ZHANG Y, ZHAO Y, WANG H, CHEN T, CHENG X, CAI Y (Anhui Agricultural Univ, Hefei- 230 036, China) : Comparative genomic analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes in three Rosaceae species and expression analysis in Pyrus bretschneideri. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021, 27(1), 39-52.

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are antioxidant enzymes that play a critical role in the polymerization of lignin monomers. Although current research has indicated that SODs are involved in plant growth and development, information on SODs in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and their function in lignin formation is scarce. In this study, 25 SODs, containing three kinds of plant SODs (Cu/Zn-SODs, Mn-SODs, and Fe-SODs), were identified from three Rosaceae species, and 11 of these genes were found in pear. According to the evolutionary analysis, the genes were divided into four subgroups, the division of which is consistent with the intron–exon and conserved motif analyses. These PbSODs were randomly scattered across 7 chromosomes. We have analysed the conserved domains and gene family evolution and predicted the cis-elements of the promoter. Ka/Ks analysis pointed that SOD genes mainly underwent purifying selection. Subsequently, the expression patterns of 11 PbSODs were examined in different tissues, at different developmental periods, in different pear varieties and under different hormone treatments. Gene expression analysis showed that PbCSD3 exhibited transcript levels consistent with the typical changes in lignin content. The changes in SOD activity and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content combined with the results of a spatio-temporal expression analysis showed that PbCSD3 was a candidate gene in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism during the lignification of pear stone cells. Thus, our research reveals the evolutionary features of the SOD family in Rosaceae species and provide useful information for analysis of functional genome of the SOD family in pear.

50 ref

000327   BARROS J F A, GUIMARÃES M J M, SILVA R M E, RÊGO M T C, MELO N F D, CHAVES A R D M, ANGELOTTI F (Embrapa Semiárido, Pernambuco- 56302-970, Brazil) : Selection of cowpea cultivars for high temperature tolerance: Physiological, biochemical and yield aspects. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021, 27(1), 29-38.

High temperature stress can hinder the development of cowpea resulting in several damages including vegetative and reproductive phases of the crop. In this context, the objective of this study was to select cowpea cultivars tolerant to high temperature stress using various parameters related to physiological, biochemical, and yield aspects. For this, the cultivars Carijó, Itaim, Pujante, Rouxinol, and Tapahium were used, maintained in two temperature regimes: 20–26–33 °C and 24.8–30.8–37.8 °C. The experiment was carried out in growth chambers, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement (cultivars × temperature regimes). Responses differentiated among the cultivars Carijó, Itaim, Pujante, Rouxinol, and Tapahium with the increase of 4.8 °C in air temperature. The high temperature promoted a greater quantity of aborted flowers, leading to a reduction in the yield of the cultivars Carijó, Pujante, Rouxinol, and Tapahium. The photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and enzymatic activities were significantly influenced by high temperature. From the combination of the responses of biometric, physiological and productive variables, the cultivar Itaim can be considered as tolerant to an increase of 4.8 °C in air temperature.

33 ref

000326   WEI Z, YE J, ZHOU Z, CHEN G, MENG F, LIU Y (Liaoning Academy of Forestry Sciences, Shenyang- 110 032, China) : Isolation and characterization of PoWRKY, an abiotic stress-related WRKY transcription factor from Polygonatum odoratum. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021, 27(1), 1-9.

WRKY transcription factors play vital roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. As a kind of high value medicinal plant, Polygonatum odoratum has an ability to tolerate various abiotic stresses because of the special growth condition. In current study, a novel WRKY gene from P. odoratum is isolated and compared with homologous sequences from other plants. PoWRKY1 possesses two typical WRKY domains and two C₂H₂ zinc-finger motifs. Evolutionary analysis indicated that PoWRKY1 is most closely related to WRKY protein from Asparagus officinalis. Expression analysis showed that expression of PoWRKY1 is induced by cold and drought stresses but not salt stress. Overexpression of PoWRKY1 in Arabidopsis improved seed germination and root growth of transgenic plants during cold stress and drought. In addition, super oxide dismutase activity and proline content in transgenic plants increased under cold and drought stresses, whereas malondialdehyde levels and relative electrolyte leakage reduced under similar stress conditions. Taken together, these results showed that PoWRKY1 enhances the tolerance to cold and drought stresses. This study lays a potential foundation to understand the molecular mechanism of tolerance to abiotic stress in P. odoratum.

44 ref

000020   HAZRA K K, NATH C P, SINGH S S, SWAIN D K, KUMAR N, DAS K, LAMICHANEY A (Crop Production Div, ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur- 208 024, Uttar Pradesh) : Categorization of chickpea nodules and their relation with plant growth. Natl Acad Sci Lett 2021, 44(2), 91-5.

We categorized chickpea nodules based on their size (mm) [large (> 7), medium (2–7), small (< 2)] and position on roots (primary or lateral) to derive relations between nodule categories and plant growth attributes. Large-sized nodules (LSN) were mostly developed on primary roots (83 %), where medium-sized nodules (MSN) were observed both on primary and lateral roots, and small-sized nodules (SSN) were mostly found on lateral roots. Plant growth attributes had strong positive correlations with LSN number, but not with MSN and SSN number. Leaf, stem, root, and total plant biomass had positive associations with LSN weight (particularly LSN on primary roots), but not with MSN and SSN weights. Multivariate regression analysis also revealed the same. This nodule fractionation technique could be used to characterize chickpea nodules and to quantify the contribution of nodules towards plant growth. This criterion may be used for screening and identifying efficient nodulating chickpea genotype(s).

8 ref

000013   BISHT V K (Herbal Research and Development Institute, Chamoli- 246 401, Uttarakhand) : Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & Eberm.: An alternative source of natural linalool. Natl Acad Sci Lett 2021, 59-61, 59-61.

The present study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil in fresh leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. The leaves were subjected to hydro-distillation, and the oil extracted was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS). The essential oil comprises 15 components accounting for 100 % of the oil. The GC–MS analysis of essential oil showed that L-linalool (66.85 %) was the major component followed by cinnamaldehyde (14.62 %). The other components were β-terpinyl acetate (4.49 %) and 2-propen-1-ol, 3-phenyl-, acetate (4.51 %). Linalool is in high demand for its use in fragrance and flavor industries. Facilitation of cultivation and marketing of medicinal plants in the Uttarakhand state by government and high demand of natural linalool by pharmaceutical industries and higher concentration of linalool content in C. tamala essential oil grown in Uttarakhand create an opportunity for the state to emerge as a resource center for the production of natural L-linalool and to get monetary benefits from it.

14 ref

045751   YAKUBU U P, IBRAHIM S U, BELLO O S (Federal Univ of Technology, Minna, Email: umar.yakubu@futminna.edu.ng) : Impact of some hydrological factors on phytoplankton community structures in agaie-lapai dam reservoir of Niger state, Nigeria. Int J Sci Nat 2020, 11(3), 52-5.

The impact of some hydrological factors (rainfall, inflow and depth of water) on phytoplankton biodiversity in Agaie- Lapai dam reservoir were studied by monthly sampling and measurements taken from May, 2013 to October, 2014. This reservoir is situated at 9 0 39ˊ N latitudes and 60 33ˊ E of longitudes. The reservoir is near Bakaje village at the confluence of the River Jatau and two other rivers, the Jimada and Chemi. Samples of phytoplankton were collected with plankton net of 50µm mesh size in designated stations within the reservoir. Seven (7) phytoplankton taxa are identified during the study belonging to Chrysophyta (with 99 spp), Bacillariophyta (104 spp), Chlorophyta (with 196 spp), Cyanophyta (with 21 spp), Euglenophyta (with 93 spp), Pyrrophyta (with 33 spp) and Cryptophyta (with 35spp). The highest level of impact of rainfall was corrected by the phytoplankton from the month of November to December. Cryptophyta recorded the highest respond while other phytoplankton taxa showed increase or decrease in the first and second seasons respectively. The Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta taxa did not respond to the fall and rise of rainfall level while other phytoplankton taxa were significantly correlated by the rainfall.

4 illus, 13 ref

045749   HAMZA M A (Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: 21moh4691@gmail.com) : Prepared sio₂ doped with flaxseed oil and olive oil by sol- gel as semi white generation material. Int J Sci Nat 2020, 11(3), 43-7.

Silica matrix doped with Flaxseed oil and Olive oil is prepared via Sol-Gel. The photos luminous PL for prepared samples are obtained with excitation wavelength equal to 390nm. The photo luminous spectrum for Olive oil: SiO2 showed two peaks around 530nm and 670nm which correspond to Vitamin E and chlorophylls respectively, while the photo luminous spectrum for Flaxseed oil: SiO2 showed wide peaks around 475nm and covered the most of two region (blue and green) of the three primary colors regions. The PL spectrum for SiO2 doped with Olive oil and Flaxseed oil has a wide bandwidth which covers most of three primary colors regions (red, green and blue). According to result of this work, it could be noted to use SiO2 doped with Olive oil and Flaxseed as optical material to generate of semi white light.

4 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

044269   KUMAR S, GAUTAM D, TALWAN P (Gautam Coll of Pharmacy Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh) : Method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of in atorvastatin and fenofibrate bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by using RP-HPLC method. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(1), 28-34.

A simple, accurate, economical and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of Atorvastatin and Fenofibrate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The separation was achieved on a Thermo Scientific BDS C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d 5m) using a mixture of 25mMSodium acetate (pH adjusted to 5.0 With 1.0 M Glacial acetic acid): Acetonitraile (10::90 % v/v)as mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection was monitored at 254 nm. The retention time of Atorvastatin and Fenofibrate was found to be around 2.672±0.05 min (Atorvastatin) 4.971±0.07 min (Fenofibrate) respectively. Excellent linearity range was found between 1-5 µg/ml for Atorvastatin and 1-5 µg/ml for Fenofibrate. The method was validated with respect to linearity, robustness, precision and accuracy and was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of Atorvastatin and Fenofibrate from the combined dosage formulation.

6 illus, 10 tables, 14 ref

044268   KUMAR S, GAUTAM D, TALWAN P (Gautam Coll of Pharmacy Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh) : Method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of in ambroxol and levocetirizine bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by using RP-HPLC method. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(1), 22-7.

A simple, accurate, economical and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of Ambroxol and Levocetirizine in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The separation was achieved on a phenomenex C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d, particle size of 5µ) using a mixture of 0.01M Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate ( pH 5.0 ± 0.05) & Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) as mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection was monitored at 230 nm. The retention time of was found to be around 3.60min (Levocetirizine) 4.68min (Ambroxol) respectively. Excellent linearity range was found between12-120 μg/ml for Ambroxol and 1- 10μg/ml for Levocetirizine, n. The method was validated with respect to linearity, robustness, precision and accuracy and was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of Ambroxol and Levocetirizine from the combined dosage formulation.

5 illus, 7 tables, 9 ref

044266   SHARMA V , SINGH S, DIXIT A, SAXENA A (R&D Dep, Acube Life Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) : Formulation and evaluation of herbal cough syrup from seeds extract of hedge mustard. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(1), 1-10.

In recent years there is a spurt in the interest regarding survival of Ayurvedic forms of medication. In the global perspective, there is a shift towards the use of medicine of herbal origin, as the dangers and the shortcoming of modern medicine have started getting more apparent, majority of Ayurvedic formulation are prepared from herbs. Syrup is very popular dosage form of cough and cold medications, ease of patient compliance. The objective of this study is to develop a herbal cough syrup and to check the anti bacterial activity of the extract of seeds of Hedge mustard used for the formulation of herbal cough syrup against different bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa , B.subtilis), and to evaluate the physicochemical parameter of cough syrup as well. The cough syrup formulated with simple syrup 66.67 % w/v as sugar base. Quality of final herbal syrup was evaluated with different parameters: physical appearance (colour, odour, taste), pH and turbidity. The formulated syrup under gone stability studies and microbial test for 72 hours, no turbidity was observed and no microbial growth was seen.

5 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

044250   PATEL D, CHOUKSE R, DWIVEDI S (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Univ, Indore, (M.P.), Email: deepikamahesh.birla@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical studies of few herbs used in the treatment of liver disorders. Int J Pharm & Life Sci 2020, 11(1), 0976-7126.

Liver disorders are very common now-a-days due to social and status life style of human beings. A number of modern medicines are available in the market but have various adverse effects. Traditional system of medicine is so ingrained in our culture that, about 80% of the Indian population depends on this system for relief. With such a huge section of an ever increasing population relying on herbal remedies, it is imperative that the plant products which have been in use for such a long time be scientifically supported for their efficacy. The present paper deals with the investigation of pharmacognostical and physicochemical parameters of AI: Abutilon indicum(Leaves), PN: Phyllanthus niruri (Fruits), EA: Eclipta alba (Leaves) and AS: Allium sativa (Bulb). In these study physicochemical parameters, extraction and preliminary photochemical screening was reported.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

044247   KUMAR A , KUMAR A, GAUTAM G K (S D Coll of Pharmacy & Vocational Study, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.)) : Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial activity of halogen dcerivatives1, 3, 4- thiadiazole. Int J Pharm & Life Sci 2020, 11(1), 0976-7126.

1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds are under come the category of heterocyclic compounds. Some new 1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds has been synthesize to use halogens like chlorine, fluorine etc. Initially 4-flouro benzoic acid and thiosemicabazide has been taken in the presence of POCl3. An intermediate product was yield named 5-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)- [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-ylamine then with the help of halogens derivatives two coumpound synthesized i.e. 4-Fluoro-benzylidene)-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-amine and 4-Chloro-benzylidene)-[5-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-amine. Both compounds characterized by IR, Mass & NMR then they were send to evaluate antibacterial activity.

1 illus, 7 ref

044246   KUMAR V, CHAUWKSE R, GAUTAM G K (Bhagwant Institute of Pharmacy, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.)) : Formulation and Evaluation of Thermostable Gel for Acne treatment using. Int J Pharm & Life Sci 2020, 11(1), 0976-7126.

The medium for formulation of a gel is selected according to its desired application. The medium could be one or more solvents depending upon the use of the gel. Methodology: Formulation of Clindamycin-ZAD topical thermostable gel for Acne treatment: Hydrogel is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 99 % water) natural or synthetic polymers. Result and Discussion: As a result of these experiments, we have arrived at a final formula for the topical application of gel to be used in Acne Vulgaris containing Clindamycin Phosphate.

12 ref

044245   PATNAHA S A ,DWIVEDI G P, TIWARI S K (Sociology Dep, APS Univ, Rewa (M.P.), Email: patnahaanita@gmail.com) : Value addition in Madhuca latifolia: Processing and preparation. Int J Pharm & Life Sci 2020, 11(1), 0976-7126.

Innovative approaches in mahua flower (as CESR has done R & D in 2008-2009 in Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh) promoting edible mahua flower can be of good commercial approach in raising socioeconomic status of the people living in rural areas and near forest areas where density of Mahua tree is high. Edible products made from mahua flower were launched in the market then it can compete with the present bakery market of branded products because traditionally mahua flower and products made from it is eaten. The present work deals with all the aspects of the same.

1 illus, 3 ref

045684   MOLEFE K, MWANZA M (Animal Health Dep, North-West Univ, Mmabatho- 2735, South Africa., Email: mkeitiretse@yahoo.com) : Variability of serum reproductive hormones in cows presenting various reproductive conditions in semi-arid areas of the North West Province, South Africa. Vet World 2020, 13(3), 502-7.

Hormones play a significant role in supporting reproductive processes. Predisposition to metabolic disorders may result from biological alterations in the neurohormonal system, thus leading to impaired immune function and poor reproductive performance. The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive hormonal profile in cows with reproductive conditions in semi-arid areas of the North West Province, South Africa, to establish possible correlations between different conditions and the hormonal profile. Blood samples were collected from cows in different communal areas of Mafikeng. Convenience sampling was used to collect samples for the study. Blood samples were collected cows experiencing dystocia (n=50), retained placenta (n=13), downer cow syndrome (n=34), vaginal prolapse (n=16), and abortions (n=69), following cases reported at the Animal Health Hospital of the North-West University, Mafikeng Campus. Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviations, were used to describe the distribution of hormone levels across reproductive conditions. p-value less than the significance level was set at 5 % (p<0.05). Data obtained revealed significantly higher estradiol in abortion (1122.99±71.99 pg/ml), downer cow syndrome (781.32±135.7 pg/ml), and dystocia (862.09±123.44 pg/ml). Oxytocin (OT) differed significantly in cows with dystocia (370.50±71.66 pg/ml) and abortion (574.73±60.65 pg/ml). Significantly low progesterone (Pg) was observed in abortion (2.45±1.509 ng/ml) and dystocia (8.59±0.402 ng/ml) while increased prostaglandin alpha was observed in cows with vaginal prolapse and abortion. The findings highlight an increase in serum estradiol and OT in aborting cows. Low Pg and estradiol in cows with vaginal prolapses and retained placenta were noted. An association was seen between downer cow syndrome and high concentrations of estradiol and Pg. Prostaglandin alpha may increase in cases of vaginal prolapse and abortion. Hormonal alterations were observed and may contribute to the incidences of different reproductive conditions.

2 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

045682   ACHARYA P, LATHWAL S S, SINGH P, PATNAIK N M, MOHARANA B (Livestock Production and Management Dep, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, Email: paragacharya17@gmail.com) : Effect of supplementation with rumen-protected choline and green tea extract on production performance of transition Karan Fries cows. Vet World 2020, 13(3), 489-94.

The main objective of this study was to estimate the effect of supplementation of rumen-protected choline (RPC) and green tea extract (GTE) on production parameters in transition Karan Fries (KF) cows. The present experiment was carried out on 32 pregnant KF cows. In the control group, cows were fed basal diet. In T1, each cow was fed RPC (55 g/day), in T2 – GTE (3 g/d), and in T3– RPC + GTE (55+3) g/day along with basal diet. The duration of the experiment was 30 days before calving to 60 days after parturition. Feeding of both RPC and GTE significantly increased milk yield (p≤0.01), 4 % fat corrected milk yield (p≤0.01), milk fat (p≤0.01), and total solid content (p≤0.05) than control. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in milk protein, lactose, and solids not fat (SNF) content among the groups. Supplementing RPC and GTE in combination improved milk yield and fat content of the milk without altering protein, lactose content of the milk in transition KF cows.

8 tables, 23 ref

044231   FARHA S S , UROOJ A (Studies in Food Science and Nutrition Dep, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Email: asnaurooj@foodsci.uni-mysore.ac.in) : The role of iodine during pregnancy and its consequences on neonatal thyroid hormones - a review. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2020, 10(1), 103-10.

Deficiency of Iodine has numerous adverse effects in humans, known as iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally about 2 billion people are affected by iodine deficiency and the most visible sign is endemic goiter resulting in brain damage causing mental retardation, reduced somatic growth and motor function in children. Environmental factors that interfere with the thyroid metabolism play an important role in causation of autoimmune thyroid diseases and the knowledge of these factors influencing thyroid dysfunction can help in understanding and interpreting the results of such studies in a better way. Assessment of iodine include urinary iodine concentration, goiter, newborn TSH, and blood thyroglobulin. Iodine status in pregnancy remains unclear whether iodine intakes are adequate, leading to calls for supplementation of iodine during pregnancy. In most countries, the strategy applied to control iodine deficiency in populations, is monitored carefully by universal salt iodization, the most cost effective ways to contribute to social and economic development. Hence, optimal intake and knowledge of iodine may minimize the amount of thyroid dysfunction in vulnerable populations. This review was an attempt made to summarize the current knowledge on iodine status and its importance during pregnancy.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

044220   HOSSEINI A , JALALI S M , AJAMI M , ABDOLLAHI M , RANJBAR H, BADELI M (Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research Dep, Shahid Beheshti Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: m-ajami@sbmu.ac.ir) : The evaluation of vitamin c supplementation on nutritional status of patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 489-95.

Leukemia is the seventh common cancer in Iran, and AML is considered as the most common type. Malnutrition is common among patients with cancer. Vitamin C deficiency has a high prevalence among patients with cancer, which may influence a patient's survival chance. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on nutritional status and serum albumin in patients with acute myeloid leukemia referred to Shariati Hospital in Tehran. This study was recruited by a randomized selection of 50 patients with AML, including entrance criteria, into 2 groups including the supplement group and control group. The duration of the study was 1 month. Nutritional status was assessed by the PG-SGA questionnaire, body weight, serum albumin status, and 3 days of food record before and at the end of the study. The results of this study have shown that the nutritional status and body weight in the supplementation group have improved significantly (p-value=0.001 and 0.004, respectively). The serum albumin status has increased significantly in the supplementation group compared to the control group. (P-value=0.002). Conclusion: The results of this study have suggested that vitamin C supplementation in patients with AML under chemotherapy has improved nutritional status and reduced malnutrition due to chemotherapy side effects.

4 tables, 37 ref

045670   SOLIMAN M A, KHALIL M H, EL-SABROUT K, SHEBL M K ( Poultry Production Dep, Alexandria Univ, Alexandria, Egypt, Email: mkshebl@yahoo.com) : Crossing effect for improving egg production traits in chickens involving local and commercial strains. Vet World 2020, 13(3), 407-12.

This study aimed to contribute to the productivity improvement of the local chickens by enhancing their egg production traits using a crossbreeding program between Alexandria (local strain) and Lohmann White (commercial strain). One thousand two-hundred and eighty-five 4-week-old chicks from two strains: Alexandria local strain (AA) and Lohmann White commercial strain (LL) and their reciprocal crosses obtained from 16 males and 160 females, were used to produce four genetic groups (AA, LL, AL, and LA). Differences among genotypes, direct additive, heterosis, and reciprocal effects were investigated regarding the following traits: Body weight at 4 and 8 weeks and at the age of sexual maturity, age at sexual maturity, egg production, average egg weight, and egg mass during the first 90 days of laying. Results: Statistically significant effects of the genotypes were observed on traits studied. Analysis of direct additive effects showed that AA was superior as a sire strain for improving body weight at early age. For egg traits (age at sexual maturity, egg production, average egg weight, and egg mass), LL was better as a sire strain to improve these traits. Significant positive heterosis percentages were observed for body weight. The crosses (AL and reciprocal) were significantly superior in egg traits (egg production, average egg weight, and egg mass) compared to the local strain. The cross (LA) laid significantly earlier than the local strain. Analysis of reciprocal effects cleared that the local strain could be used as a strain of dam to improve body weight and egg traits. Crossing improved egg production, egg weight, and egg mass in hybrids compared to the local strain.

3 tables, 33 ref

044210   HOSSEINI A, JALALI S M , AJAMI M , ABDOLLAHI M, RANJBAR H,M (Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research Dep, Shahid Beheshti Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: m-ajami@sbmu.ac.ir) : The evaluation of vitamin c supplementation on nutritional status of patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 394-400.

Leukemia is the seventh common cancer in Iran, and AML is considered as the most common type. Malnutrition is common among patients with cancer. Vitamin C deficiency has a high prevalence among patients with cancer, which may influence a patient's survival chance. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on nutritional status and serum albumin in patients with acute myeloid leukemia referred to Shariati Hospital in Tehran. This study was recruited by a randomized selection of 50 patients with AML, including entrance criteria, into 2 groups including the supplement group and control group. The duration of the study was 1 month. Nutritional status was assessed by the PG-SGA questionnaire, body weight, serum albumin status, and 3 days of food record before and at the end of the study. The results of this study have shown that the nutritional status and body weight in the supplementation group have improved significantly (p-value=0.001 and 0.004, respectively). The serum albumin status has increased significantly in the supplementation group compared to the control group. (P-value=0.002). The results of this study have suggested that vitamin C supplementation in patients with AML under chemotherapy has improved nutritional status and reduced malnutrition due to chemotherapy side effects.

4 tables, 37 ref

045668   SUGIHARTO S, WIDIASTUTI E, ISROLI I, YUDIARTI T, SARTONO T A, WAHYUNI H I (Animal Science Dep, Diponegoro Univ, Central Java, Indonesia, Email: sgh_undip@yahoo.co.id) : Effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal on immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemistry indices, and intestinal ecology of broilers. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 392-9.

The study investigated the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemical parameters, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. Four hundred Lohmann broiler chickens were distributed to four groups of diets including CONT (corn-soybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with 0.1 % zinc bacitracin), FERM (diet containing 20 % FCPMO), and FERB (diet containing 20 % FCPMO and added with 0.1 % Bacillus subtilis). At days 4, 14, and 19, the chicks were vaccinated using commercial Newcastle disease-infectious bursal disease (ND-IBD), IBD, and ND vaccines, respectively. At day 35, blood was sampled and digesta was obtained from the ileum and caecum. Furthermore, the duodenal segment was obtained. The BACI, FERM, and FERB groups had higher (p0.05) on cecal volatile fatty acids production. Feeding FCPMO improved immune responses, antioxidative status, and physiological conditions, but had less effect on the intestinal ecology of broilers.

8 tables, 31 ref

044206   PRASAD B S, KUMARI S J (Pharmacognosy Dep, Vel’s Institute Science, Chennai - 600 117, Tamil Nadu, Email: satyaprasadsri@gmail.com) : Sensitive and rapid estimation of sarecycline, an antibiotic drug in spiked human plasma by lc-ms/ms. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 365-70.

Sarecycline, a narrow spectrum tetracycline-derived antibiotic, is used to treat moderate to severe Acne vulgaris. The current study is aimed at developing a simple, sensitive and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method and validating the same for determination of sarecycline in human plasma. Zorbax, SB C18, 4.6 mm × 75 mm, 3.5 μm, 80 Å column, 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 4.5.): acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) mobile phase was used for chromatographic separation of sarecycline. The sarecycline and minocycline were monitored by electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. This mode was used to detect the sarecycline and minocycline (IS) at m/z 488.6 / 291.1 and 458.4 / 337.2. Liquid-liquid extraction was employed in the extraction of analytes from human plasma. This method is validated over a linear concentration range of 0.5-150.0 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) of ≥ 0.9997. Both drug and internal standards (IS) were stable in plasma samples.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

045665   HASSAN H, SALAMI A, NEHME N, HAKEEM R A, HAGE J E, AWADA R (Natural Sciences Dep, Lebanese American Univ, Lebanon, Email: awada-rana@hotmail.com) : Prevalence and prevention of brucellosis in cattle in Lebanon. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 364-71.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium of the genus Brucella. This disease is present worldwide, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries, where it is endemic. This first-of-its-kind study in Lebanon aimed to assess the prevalence of brucellosis across the country and to determine the efficacy of a vaccine for reducing losses in herds so that its toll on public health is reduced. Three hundred and fifty-three blood serum and 261 milk samples were obtained from cows in different areas of Lebanon. The samples were analyzed using serological tests (rose Bengal, milk ring, and indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) and confirmed with competitive ELISA and polymerase chain reaction. The highest rate of Brucellae was found in the Bekaa region (10 %). After vaccination of 5 cows and 13 heifers at different times, the results showed that all the vaccinated animals have developed an immune response to brucellosis 60 days after vaccination. This vaccine can be considered as stable and preventative to protect against brucellosis in animals and thus protect the public from this infection. These findings will provide further insight into designing future targeted awareness interventions and adapted policies as efforts toward reducing the prevalence and prevention of brucellosis in cattle in Lebanon.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

045648   ABO-AZIZA F A M, HENDAWY S H M, ODA S S, ABOELSOUED D, SHANAWANY E E E (Parasitology and Animal Diseases Dep, National Research Centre, Egypt, Email: faten.aboaziza@gmail.com) : Cell-mediated and humoral immune profile to hydatidosis among naturally infected farm animals. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 214-21.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm infect different intermediate hosts including sheep, cattle, and camels. The intermediate host’s immune response to the hydatid cyst is still conflict and complex. The current study was designed to evaluate the immune response in sera of hydatid naturally infected sheep, cattle, and camels in the form of features of inflammatory cell infiltrations, levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, besides the humoral specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. Thirty-nine sheep, 74 cattle, and 79 camels’ sera were collected and considered as CE naturally infected and ten samples from each species were graded as non-infected. Lung specimens were collected for histopathological examination. The quantitative concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined. Different antigens were prepared from hydatid cyst; hydatid cyst fluid of lung origin hydatid cyst fluid of liver origin, hydatid cyst protoscoleces of lung origin (HCP-g), hydatid cyst protoscoleces of liver origin , hydatid cyst germinal layer of lung origin, and hydatid cyst germinal layer of liver origin; and characterized by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting analysis. The total specific IgG level against E. granulosus infection was measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicated that the cellular immune response in the infected tissues was characterized by inflammatory cell penetration. The pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokine profile was predominant in infected animals in comparison with non-infected ones. However, the humoral immune response was seen as a high level of IgG in infected animals. The presented data approved that the HCP-g antigen could be considered as a delegate antigen for all other prepared antigens with an immunoreactive band at molecular weights 32 kDa. This study provides a fundamental insight into the events that manipulate cellular and humoral immune profiles in an intermediate host; sheep, cattle, and camel that naturally infected with CE. Hence, it was concluded that CE is a constant disease and confirm the reactivity Th1 in combating hydatid cyst. Besides, it could lead to the activation of the humoral immune response in the form of a high level of IgG.

6 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

045647   RAJ P A A, PAVULRAJ S, KUMAR M A, SANGEETHA S, SHANMUGAPRIYA R, SABITHABANU S (Animal Husbandry Dep, Veterinary Dispensary, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, Email: palbert1982@gmail.com) : Therapeutic evaluation of homeopathic treatment for canine oral papillomatosis. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 206-13.

A study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative potential of homeopathic drugs in combination (Sulfur 30C, Thuja 30C, Graphites 30C, and Psorinum 30C) in 16 dogs affected with oral papillomatosis which was not undergone any previous treatment. Dogs affected with oral papillomatosis, which have not undergone any initial treatment and fed with a regular diet. Dogs (total=16) were randomly divided into two groups, namely, homeopathic treatment group (n=8) and placebo control group (n=8). Random number table was used for allocation. Homeopathic combination of drugs and placebo drug (distilled water) was administered orally twice daily for 15 days. Clinical evaluation in both groups of dogs was performed by the same investigator throughout the period of study (12 months). Dogs were clinically scored for oral lesions on days 0, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 150 after initiation of treatment. The homeopathic treatment group showed early recovery with a significant reduction in oral lesions reflected by clinical score (p<0.001) in comparison to placebo-treated group. Oral papillomatous lesions regressed in the homeopathic group between 7 and 15 days, whereas regression of papilloma in the placebo group occurred between 90 and 150 days. The homeopathic treated group was observed for 12 months post-treatment period and no recurrence of oral papilloma was observed.The current study proves that the combination of homeopathy drugs aids in fastening the regression of canine oral papilloma and proved to be safe and cost-effective.

7 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

044112   FAROOQI N (Judgement and prosecution Dep, Paktia Univ, Paktia, Gardiz, Afghanistan) : Combining various transitional justice approaches in peace building after contemporary conflict, the case of Afghanistan. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 70-2.

Post-conflict justice includes information on six forms of addressing wrongdoings: trails, truth commissions, reparations, amnesties, purges and exiles. But none of the mentioned has been executed in Afghanistan. Transitional justice is very effective in Post-conflict peace-building processes of countries. The sustainable justice is only possible if justice is served. The initiative of peace first justice latter may not result in the sustainable peace of Afghanistan. There was action plan for transitional justice in Afghanistan, but it was mostly symbolic.

10 ref

044111   BI M , GAUR A (Research Scholar IFTM Univ Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh) : A case study of comparison of hydrobiological parameters in rainy season of Gagan River. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 67-9.

Present paper deals with the assessment of water quality of Gagan River in the rainy season between two year time duration. In Gagan river water quality is adversely effected by improper sewage and effluent discharge from small and large scale discharges, human activities etc. The result obtained from different parameters studied are pH (6.54-8.02), BOD (22.1-49.0), COD (45.5-68.55), Alkalinity ( 235-269), Turbidity (125-666) etc. Each of which is greater or lesser in quantity.

1 table, 8 ref

044110   GHASURA S A , PANDYA V (Under-Graduate Medical Students of Nootan Medical Coll, Visnagar, Gujarat) : Study of awareness of m-health applications among under-graduate medical students of Nootan medical college, Visnagar. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 64-6.

Mobile health, a term used for the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices. The m Health field has emerged as a sub-segment of E-health, the use of information and communication technology (ICT), such as computers, mobile phones, satellites, patient monitors, etc., for health services and information. M Health applications include the use of mobile devices in collecting community and clinical health data, delivery of healthcare information to practitioners, researchers and patients, real-time monitoring of patient vital signs, the direct provision of care via mobile telemedicine as well as training and collaboration of health workers. To study the awareness of m-health among undergraduate students in a government medical college and to determine how many people would like to use m-health in their practice. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to December 2019 in first year medical students of Nootan Medical College. M-health survey questionnaires were designed and distributed among medical undergraduates, and their knowledge and attitudes toward m-health were assessed. Descriptive statistics on their knowledge, attitude and utilization patterns were calculated. Results: About 136 respondents who had given verbal consent were included in the study. The response rate was 45 %. Out of 136 students; 73 (53.67 %) were males while 63 (46 %) were females. The mean age of the participants was 21.5 ±2.5 years. Of this total, 57 % had heard of e-health prior to the survey; 28 % were of the opinion that healthcare professionals should hear about e-health in medical college; 50.5 % believed that e-health services for developing countries were useful in general. According to 40.3 %, more information on successful e- health projects would be necessary to introduce M-health services into medical practice. Self-education, and better diagnosis and treatments were the main motivational factors to use e-health. Of those surveyed, 67.2 % had access to Internet but most of them had not used m-health apps more than once in half a year. Students at our institute had a fair but not adequate understanding of benefits of m-health. Incorporating more information on digital health in undergraduate curriculum would enhance the quality of medical graduation and help to treat patients through e health resources like tele consultation and android applications. Review and references by media and respected medical experts was considered most important for downloading an e-health service. The present study demonstrates a lack of adequate knowledge about m-health among medical undergraduates. However, a majority believed that m-health has a very important role to play in present and future healthcare.

2 tables, 9 ref

044109   RAIHAN , PURWANTO U S (Jakarta Islamic Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia) : Relationship between organizational learning, innovation capability, and business performance of Indonesian manufacturing SMES. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 58-63.

Much research has been done to examine the relationship between organizational learning, innovation capability, and company performance. The results of various studies confirm the existence of a positive relationship between organizational learning, innovation capability, and company performance. However, empirical research that focuses on the relationship between these three constructs simultaneously is still limited. This study explores the relationship between these three constructs using Structural Equation Modeling with data obtained from 62 manufacturing companies located in the eastern region of Jakarta province, Indonesia. The finding supports the notion that learning in organizations can play a role as a driver for improving company performance as well as a determinant of innovation activities. The capability of innovation itself is the main driver for improving company performance. Specifically, the findings indicate that the effect of learning in organizations on innovation capability is higher than its effect on manufacturing performance. The findings reflect that innovation capability is capable of acting as mediators in the relationship between organizational learning and manufacturing performance.

1 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

044108   JANGRA A (Geography Dep, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh, Haryana) : A geographical study of Rajguru market, Hisar. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 51-7.

Market is a place where goods and services are provided by sellers to buyers. The present paper aims to study the geographical aspect of shops of Rajguru market of Hisar, Haryana. The Rajguru market is a commercial area which has total area of 8.2 acres. There are 337 shops and the maximum number of shops are of fabric or clothes then the footwear item. The fundamental information has been collected through interview schedule prepared for the purpose. In this study the survey was conducted for 250 shops of Rajguru market and the result was shown in the tabulated form and also through maps which are digitized in ArcGIS software. The result expose that the market is divided into number of blocks, there are spatial variation in the size of shops, different commodities in shops of Rajguru market. The study shows that Rajguru market was established in 1950s, later it was reconstructed in 1970s. The study also depicts that the catchment area of the market is huge, commodities are brought from various places and shoppers come to the market to bought and enjoy the goods and services of market which promote the economic development of the city.

2 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

044107   MENSAH N M D , SEIDU S B , NANOR J N , MOHAMMED H (Jiangsu Univ, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China) : The impact of internet banking on bank performance: Evidence from Ghana. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 45-50.

Banks in Republic of Ghana in recent time are beginning to realize the importance of internet banking and its relevance to the banking sector. Many works have linked internet banking and bank performance. The main aim of this paper is to find the impact of internet banking on bank performance in some bank in Ghana. 350 sample size was selected and data analysis was done using partial least square and structural equation model. The outcome of the study shows that there is a positive relationship between internet banking and bank performance. The study also shows that there is a significant positive relationship between customer satisfaction and bank performance. This work contributes to literature on internet banking and bank performance especially in the context of Africa to be precise in Ghana. The paper also gave recommendation and suggested experimental research should be conducted in the future.

1 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

044106   CHANDRAN N (Co-operative Management Dep, Kerala Agricultural Univ, Thrissur, Kerala) : Operational and managerial effectiveness of primary cooperative agricultural and rural development banks in Palakkad district. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 37-44.

Primary Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks were the pioneers in providing investment credit for agriculture and rural development. The basic task of these banks are to develop agriculture sector, which is the main occupation of majority of people and one of the major contributors to national income. However, at present due to various reasons these banks are confronted with problems, the operational and managerial problems faced by these banks had considerably affected the profitability too. Hence the study aims at studying the operational and managerial effectiveness in Palakkad district of Kerala with special reference to Alathur PCARDB. The study was conducted from the perspective of board of directors and the employees of the bank. It was found that from the point of view of the Board of Directors the only major obstacle for the banks was increasing overdue over the years whereas, from the employees opined that the bank faced certain administrative, functional, structural and human resource related issues.

10 tables, 8 ref

044105   TILAK G (Journalism and Mass Communication Dep, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra) : Study of portrayal of male lead characters in Anurag kashyap films. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 33-6.

The study is focused on understanding the portrayal of male lead characters in films directed by Anurag Kashyap. It explores the characters, relations between the male lead characters and other characters. It also compares males of the Indian society with these characters in context of five films Gulaal, Ugly, Gangs of Wasseypur - 1, Gangs of Wasseypur - 2 and Raman Raghav 2.0. This is a qualitative research based on observations, case studies and interviews. Portrayals of male lead characters of these five films are multi-dimensional interms of writing and presentation, shades and traits. It brings out different shades of human nature. The characters in the films are the replica of common man in the society.It brings out different facets of human nature. It helps the audience to relate, understand and infer their own judgements. The research brings out the motifs of male lead characters and complexity of human nature, which is surrounded by love, hatred, revenge and mostly importantly the churning within which leads to the human transformation.

2 tables, 18 ref

044104   MAHAMUD A S-D , NANOR J N , MOHAMMED H , GAZAIRE A M (Anhui Univ of Technology (East Campus), Maanshan City, Anhui Province, China) : The effect of customer satisfaction on service quality and customer retention: Evidence from rural banks in Ghana. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 23-7.

This study primarily focused on the effect of customer satisfaction on service quality and customer retention on some rural banks in Ghana. Data were collected using questionnaires, out of 350 questionnaires administered, 200 were received and analyzed using partial least square and structural equation model. The results of the study shows that there is a positive relationship between service quality and customer retention. The study also shows that there is a significant positive relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. This study contributes to literature in the field of service quality and customer retention, especially in the Ghanaian context. The study also suggested some recommendation and contribution which limitations wasn’t left out.

1 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

044103   GUEYE M , TRAORE O (Cheikh Anta Diop Univ, Dakar, Senegal) : From double colonization to double commitment: A study of Chimamanda ngozi adichie’s purple hibiscus and buchi Emecheta’s in the ditch. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 16-22.

This paper addresses the female subjugation in two African female writers’ works, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus and Buchi Emecheta’s In the Ditch. It hinges on the issue of women through the major axes of patriarchy, as a whole, and the counterbalance of women as regards their empowerment, but beyond that, the social agenda they come up with in the building and fostering of female leadership thoroughly ingrained in postcolonial feminism. The novelty of the study resides in its aim to give insights in how the two writers connive, through female characterization, to define a prototype-literary discourse woven from self-development, friendship and solidarity to a fuller socially-oriented discourse.

2 tables, 21 ref

044102   WALIA A (Principal Sant Nischal Singh Coll of Education for Women, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana) : Educational implications of individual differences. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 14-5.

The notion that individuals differ in various abilities capacities and personality characteristics in fact responsible for bringing individual tendencies in Education. This paper explained in a concise way regarding the meaning, types, importance, and educational implication of individual for the benefit of the students and Teachers community.

5 ref

044102   AHMED M R , FARGHALY T M , HASSAN A M (Otorhinolaryngology Dep, Al Azhar Univ, Egypt) : Effect of adenotonsillectomy on cardiopulmonary functions. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 10-3.

To investigate and demonstrate changes in cardiopulmonary functions pre & post-operative in children suffering breathing difficulties due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy and scheduled for adenoteonsillectomy. This study was carried out on 80 children from both genders with ages ranging from 3-14 years suffered from adenotonsillar hypertrophy complicated with obstructive sleep apnea [OSA), and upper airway resistance syndrome were scheduled for adenotonsillectomy. All cases followed up for 3 months after operation. As regarding to echocardiography & SpO2 was the same at pre & post-operative assessment. The snoring, difficult breathing, adenoid hypertrophy &nocturnal enuresis showed statistically significant decrease postoperatively [P <0.001). While the appetite, social activity showed statistically significant increase in patient postoperatively [P<0.001). Adenotonsillectomy may have serious impact on improving some annoying manifestations like loss of appetite, nocturnal enuresis or even on affecting the daily normal life activities of a large scale of pediatric population.

3 tables, 16 ref

044098   IMMAYAWAHYU K (Economics and Management Dep, Nanjing Univ of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China) : Examining the driving factors of CO2 emissions using STIRPAT model based on IPAT identity in Indonesia. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 173-9.

The purpose of this study is to illustrate the spatial econometric techniques that estimate carbon dioxide emissions drivers. Following IPAT identity, an extended STIRPAT model was utilized to determine the primary driving factors for carbon dioxide emissions in Indonesia amid 1971-2013. On the premise of the three most important factors in the IPAT model, in particular, population size, economy development, and technological progress, the following influencing factors were introduced: urbanization, industrialization, fixed capital formation, trade openness, and energy consumption structure. The time-series analysis and quantitative investigation were performed on the affecting variable for two different time frames, to be specific, the period of New Order Era (1971-1998) and the period of the Reformation Era (1999-2013). The primary objective of this research is to identify and analyze the driving factors and the correspondences between the variables by utilizing STIRPAT model. This shows that higher population and urbanization further increases the economic development and the energy consumption per capita. Result in the increases CO2 emissions because of energy efficiency, energy saving technology and awareness of environmental protection are still low.

5 illus, 6 tables, 31 ref

044097   KHAN A (Guest Faculty at JN Coll, Madhubani, (Darbhanga), Bihar) : The existence of man and nature in the poetry william wordsworth and robert frost. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 170-2.

William Wordsworth is universally recognized as a great poet of Nature. But he was not content to be thought as poet of Nature only, singing the sensuous bliss of a life lived in natural surroundings, like Cowper in The task: “God made the country, and Man Made the town”. Wordsworth is an outstanding philosophical poet, whose ultimate theme was not Nature only, but the heart of Man also. And the poetry of man took in his hands a rapid development as the poetry of Nature. Whereas Robert Frost is also a great poet of Nature but he is even greater as a poet of man. His landscapes are all landscape with human figures. Frost himself once remarked that he had hardly written two poems without a human being in them. He has written on almost every subject. He has illuminated things as common as a woodpile and as common as a Prehistoric pebble, as natural as a bird singing in its sleep and as ‘mechanistic’ as a revolt of a factory worker. On the other hand, Wordsworth’s poetry shows how human beings fit into the midst the interplaying forces of Nature. He believes that there is a pre-existing harmony between the mind of Man and Nature. Both the poets Wordsworth as a Romantic and Frost as a Modern, have different attitudes towards Nature and its relation to human beings.

10 ref

044096   SHIRANI I, RAHIMI N (Huazhong Agricultural Univ, Wuhan, China) : LPS triggers liver TLR4 signaling from the gastrointestinal tract during SARA. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 167-9.

Intake of huge-concentration of diet for an expanded period can cause of SARA. Subacute ruminal acidosis also a severe cause of the decline in milk quality and quantity. The Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) has identified to stimulate a systemic inflammatory response. That is possibly caused by the dislocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the digestive tract to the circulatory system.

24 ref

044092   RUFA’I M A (History Dep, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ, Sokoto, Nigeria) : The phenomenon of farmer- herder conflict in Sabon Birni district of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 149-53.

Farmers-herders conflict, cattle rustling and rural banditry constitutes teething challenges in contemporary Nigeria. These security threats have been inherent in the history of the country, but are now taking a new approach and dimension. The nature and gravity of farmer-herder conflict varies from place to place, depending on the historical circumstances and relationship between the major actors in the conflict. Thus, the annal of Sokoto Province was filled up with history and story about such violent bloodsheds in Sabon Birni District of present Sokoto State. The record shows the contours and persistent of such crises over time, without detail analysis of the factors and actors responsible for its prolongation. This paper discovers that the historical dialectical relationship with the Fulani herdsmen sometimes account for the reoccurrenceof this conflict. The main preoccupation of this article is to study the historical trajectories of farmer-herder conflict in the frontline villages of Sabon Birni district of Sokoto State, Nigeria.

1 table, 17 ref

044091   SAMADI S (Kabul Univ Afghanistan, Afghanistan) : AfghanistanThe effects of the reform of the king of Aaman Ullah ghazi on the younger generation thoughts. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 146-8.

There is no greater and more important achievement than freedom and independence for a country. Freedom and independence are the greatest wealth for a nation. Always vulnerable to its extremely important geoscience and geo-economic position, Afghanistan has been able to combat outright aggression with complete courage and integrity and maintain its independence. The great and dedicated people of the country, Mom Khan, loved his homeland, his independence and his people. He was one of the kings whose intellectual upbringing had fallen into the circle of intellectuals. Amanullah Khan's main legacy was independence, but Amanullah Khan had bigger plans. He knew that the key to bringing about reform was independence. It was for this reason that he first gained state independence and later worked on reform programs. It should be said that Amanullah's plans were large and changing, in addition to modernism and innovation, Amanullah Khan wanted to change the Afghan system from above. He wanted reform to start at the court, and he did so successfully. With the help of intellectuals, Amanullah Khan took his own steps to bring about change in the country.

7 ref

044090   KUMAR S, MANJEET (Agricultural Meteorology Dep, CCS, Hisar, Haryana) : Spatial analysis of sex ratio in Haryana: Rural and urban dimension. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 142-5.

Sex ratio refers to the balance between males and females in any population. It not affects the demographic process, but also determines the socio economic relationship within a community. The balance between males and females in the total population as well as in rural and urban population has considerable impact on social and economic situation, both in the present as well as in the future context. It indicates the relative proportion of the female and male components of any population. The term sex ratio is number of females per thousand of males. Haryana state has 879 female per 1,000 of males. Sex ratio in Haryana varies from 907 in Mewat to 854 in Gurgaon. In Rural and Urban the sex ratio varies from 882 to 873 female per 1000 males. Present paper has been analyzed the spatial pattern of sex ratio differential in various groups in Haryana. Average Differential in General-Rural differential in sex ratio -0.001, General-Urban differential in sex ratio 0.001, Rural-Urban differential in sex ratio 0.003.

1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

044089   KUMAR S, SINGH A (Agricultural Meteorology Dep, CCS, Hisar, Haryana) : Correlation between female literacy rate and sex ratio in Haryana (2011), India. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 138-41.

Female Literacy rate and sex ratio are two important factors of population Study. Generally we say that literacy plays an important role in improving of sex ratio. Therefore, this paper tries to represent Correlation between Female literacy rate and sex ratio through case study of all districts of state of Haryana. Data was collected from census 2011. When we look at district wise data of Haryana about Female literacy and sex ratio, we find that Mewat district which is the most backward area of state has lowest Female literacy rate (37.38 %) and highest sex ratio (906). while Highest Female literacy is in Gurgaon and Ambala (77.64 %) having sex ratio (853)and( 882) respectively. This study reveals that Spearman's Rank correlation between sex ratio and Female literacy is R = -0.47. This value shows that moderate Negative correlation between Female literacy and sex ratio.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

044070   SINGH V , SINGH A (Statistics Dep, Central Univ of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar) : Analysis of agriculture data using principal component analysis. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 34-7.

Principal component analysis is a multivariate statistical method of data analysis which is used to reduce the dimension of the data. The reduction of dimension is achieved by forming new variables which are linear combinations of variables in the data set. These linear combinations are chosen to account for as much of the original variance-covariance/correlation structure in the original variables as possible. In PCA, our main aim to maximize the variance of a linear combination of the variables. This paper analyses Indian agricultural crop data which consists of the eight major crops reported to the country for the period 2016. The crops consist of rice, bajra, jwar, maize, marua, wheat, barley, and oth_care. In this paper, we applied the principal component analysis (PCA) to explain the correlation between the crops. PCA has recommended that only two PC’s explain 93 % of the total variability of the data set. Data analysis was carried out using R- Software. The Scree and Loading plot shows that correlation exists between crops. The datasets for this study has been taken from Agriculture department, Govt. of India for the year 2016.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

042186   SHITA A, KUMAR N, SINGH S (Humanities Dep, Delhi Technological Univ, Delhi - 110 042, Email: nandkumar@dce.ac.in) : Productivity and welfare effects of agricultural technologies: A study of maize producing households in Ethiopia using PSM approach. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(4), 921-6.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of fertilizer and improved maize varieties of seeds on maize productivity and welfare of maize producing households based on survey data that has been obtained from 337 households in Ethiopia. Results have been estimated by using propensity score matching method. The study indicates that adoption of fertilizer and improved maize varieties increases maize productivity ranging from 9.11-9.95 quintal/ha and enhance welfare of maize producers evidenced by an increase in consumption expenditure of 1021-1297 birr. The implication of this study is the need of unreserved and continuous effort to enhance adoption of agriculture technologies by small holder farmers to reduce the challenge of food security.

1 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

043989   ALQAHTANI A M, OSMAN A AM (King Khalid Univ, Abha, Saudi Arabia, Email: dr.lolo2010@hotmail.com) : Health-related quality of life of saudi caregivers responsible for children with anxiety disorders. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(6), 1-12.

To assess the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and identify the determinants of low HRQOL among Saudi caregivers of children with anxiety disorders. This study was conducted during October 2019 till January 2020, at four pediatric psychiatry clinics in Aseer Region. It included 220 Saudi caregivers of children with anxiety disorders. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. It comprised the Physical Component Summary (PCS-12) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS-12) scores. Results: There were significantly low PCS-12 and MCS-12 scores among female and illiterate caregivers. PCS-12 and MCS-12 mean scores were significantly lower among caregivers of female children, those with several siblings and those with an illness duration >6 years. Predictors for a low PCS-12 score among caregivers included their educational level and a long duration of the child’s illness, while those for a low MCS-12 score included the child’s gender, their number of siblings, and the duration of their illness. The HRQOL of caregivers of children with anxiety disorders is compromised. Its determinants include mothers, illiterate people, caregivers of female children, caregivers of children with several siblings, and caregivers of children with a long duration of illness. Predictors for low PCS-12 scores among caregivers were their educational level and duration of child’s illness, while predictors for low MCS-12 scores were female gender, large number of siblings, and long duration of anxiety disorders.

1 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

045456   VERMA M, SAMINATHAN M, SARAH R, RASTOGI S K (Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Email: drswamyvet@gmail.com) : Immunomodulatory effects of Allium sativum (garlic) in poultry: An overview. J Immunol Immunopathol 2020, 22(1), 19-24.

The present review was compiled to reveal the immunomodulatory effects of Allium sativum (garlic) in poultry. The complex therapeutic property of garlic extract makes it one of the most promising phytobiotic used in poultry and other animal species. Garlic contains various organosulfur compounds include alliin, diallyl disulphide, (E-Z) ajoene compounds and dithiane. The aged ethanolic extract of garlic contains S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAM-C) and S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC). These compounds have different medicinal properties which regulate the immune system, hypercholesterolaemia, growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio among these therapeutic properties, immunomodulation is the key point of this review, due to the high residual effect of antibiotics in poultry and its byproducts. Garlic showed significant immunomodulatory activity by stimulating the proliferation of lymphocytes, antibody production and transition in cytokines secretion. The extracts of garlic also showed anti-inflammatory activity by downregulation of IL-10 and IL-12 in inflammatory bowel diseases and prevent the binding of IL-12 to its receptors present in natural killer cells and T cells. The conclusion of this review is that inclusion of garlic in the diet of poultry improves the immune status by stimulating the cells of immune system.

45 ref