045455   PRAKASH S, PALOD J, NAIK H S, SHAMSUDEEN P (Poultry Management Dep, Poultry Production and Management Coll, Hosur- 635 110, Tamil Nadu, Email: vetvsp@gmail.com) : Importance of dietary nucleotides and its impact on immunomodulation: A review. J Immunol Immunopathol 2020, 22(1), 10-8.

Genetic selection and Intensive system of husbandry practices pave the way for high animal protein requirements by increasing the animal’s productive potential in the past decades. To counterbalance the production traits, immune parameters are unacquainted. Targeting the nutrition of animals is the elementary way to optimize both production and immune performance. Nucleotides emanate as potential immune stimulants, since biosynthetic pathways are inefficient to supply huge demand for additional nucleotides requirement for immune cell proliferation during the indispensable stress periods. Hence, nucleotides are described as ‘conditionally essential’ elements. Numerous animal experiments divulge that inclusion of nucleotide in diet showed multiple advantages, such as increased disease resistance, acceleration of antibodies production, stimulating the neutrophils and macrophages (leukocytes) production, and T cells activation which are reviewed in this article in brief.

1 illus, 1 table, 57 ref

045448   YOUSSEF A S M, GHATAS Y A A, MOHAMED Y F Y, TOAIMA W I M, MAA M (Horticulture Dep, Benha Univ, Egypt) : Response of caraway (Carum carvi L.) plant to bio-fertilizers in substitution of chemical fertilization. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(6), 45-54.

The present work was performed on caraway plants during the two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Baloza Research Station, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt to evaluate the effect of biofertilizer applications as partial replacement for chemical fertilization on vegetative growth, seeds yield, essential oil productivity and its main components as well as chemical constituents of caraway under Sinai conditions. Treatments were the combination of five fertilization levels (full recommended dose of NPK only, 75, 50, 25% of the recommended NPK plus bio-fertilizers and bio-fertilizers only). The results showed that application of T2 (75% of the recommended NPK plus bio-fertilizers) increased vegetative growth, yield, maximized essential oil percentage and yield compared to other treatments. However, the minimum values of vegetative growth, yield and essential oil productivity were obtained with plants treated by T5 (bio-fertilizers only). Finally, carvone and limonene were the main chemical constituents of essential oil for caraway.

6 tables, 73 ref

043794   LILIMANTIK E (Lambung Mangkurat Univ, Banjarmasin, Indonesia) : The fishery marketing channel in kotabaru regency South Borneo Indonesia. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 49-53.

This research was aimed at analyzing the fishery marketing patterns in Kotabaru Regency, South Borneo Indonesia. Analysis employed were (a) marketing channels using snowball sampling method, (b) farmer’s share and (c) margin marketing. The results showed that (a) fishery marketing consisted of five channels, (b) price share obtained by producer was ranged from 42 % until 84 % of total price paid by consumers, which showed the marketing system was efficient, and (c) the marketing margin obtained by small trader was larger than that of wholesaler. Meanwhile, profit margin distribution was higher compared to the marketing cost margin distribution. It meant that the profit obtained broker trader was bigger if compared with costs of marketing and production.

1 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

043792   PAWAR M B, QUADRI SA, SHANKAR T R (Shri Muktanand Coll of Arts, Gangapur, Aurangabad, Maharashtra) : Studies on the fecundity (F), gonadosomatic index (GSI) of Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) due to administration of hormonal doses PGE, Ovaprim and Ovatide at FSPC, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 39-41.

Fecundity (F) and Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) at fish seed production center at Aurangabad was estimated for a period during June to September months (2013- 2015). During the present study the fish samples was within the range of 30cm to 60cm in length and 400g to 750g in weight. Fecundity and its correlation with body weight of Cyprinus carpio upon administration of ovaprim, ovatide and pituitary gland extract, Average body wt ±SD and Average number of eggs ± SD, a±SD, b±SD, r, and Average relative fecundity±SD for both fecundity and gonadosomatic index were estimated. Fish body weight and weight of gonad gives the gonadosomatic index (G.S.I.). It is the ratio of fish gonad weight to body weight, it is particularly helpful in identifying days and seasons of spawning, as the ovaries of gravid females swiftly increase in size just prior to spawning. Gonadosomatic index of fish increases with maturation being maximum during peak period of maturity and abruptly declines after spawning. The development and growth of gonad simultaneously takes place in the fish and fish grows and the GSI is high. Present study ensured that the growth of fish, body weight and gonad development is correlated. Gonadosomatic index of fish is related to spawning and reproduction of fish. At maturity stage fish has maximum GSI value and after spawning GSI value declines. The GSI value also related to amount of food available to them in water and temperature of water also. So generally during the breeding season of such selected fish shows maximum GSI value and after spawning it is reduced. In this study we have carried out GSI of male and female fish simultaneously. When GSI of both sexes were we came to know that maximum values of GSI have occurred almost at the same time in both sexes and after spawning it is recorded that there was a great decrease in GSI values.

2 tables, 15 ref

043791   PATIL AR, CHOGALE ND, PAGARKAR AU, KOLI JM, BHOSALE BP, PATHAN DI, SAWANT SS, SARANG SS (FPTM Dep, Fisheries Coll, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra) : Biochemical and shelf life characteristics of air packed pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) during chill storage. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 34-8.

The effect of sodium benzoate on the shelflife of air packed pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) during chill storage at 4±2 °C was studied. Based on the cumulative observations of biochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters the shelflife of pangasius fish was predicted. In the present study, organoleptic, biochemical and microbiological quality changes were observed in chilled stored air packed pangasius fish steaks treated with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % sodium benzoate. Organoleptic, biochemical and microbiological analysis showed that chilled stored air packed pangasius fish steaks with treatment of 2 % sodium benzoate had longer shelf life of 16 days. Whereas untreated air packed pangasius fish steaks had a shelf life of 12 days. The findings of the present study, clearly suggest that a combination of sodium benzoate and storage at chilled temperature could be used to prolong the shelf life of pangasius.

6 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

043790   KUMAR K (Zoology Dep, LNMU, Darbhanga, Bihar) : Analysis on effects of hostathion on selected metabolic and heaematological parameters of an air breathing fish. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 31-3.

Abstract The present study was an attempt to compare the toxicity between a heavy metal (copper) and a pesticide (®Hostathion) on the behavioural as well as metabolic and haematological parameters of the fish Calarias Batrachus. Results clearly show that pesticides have an adverse effect on the living biota in aquatic environments. Hence it is highly imperative that we should resort to biopesticides. In this paper conducted to compare the effects of the heavy metal copper and the pesticide ®Hostathion on the behavioural and physiological activities of the Air Breathing fish, Calarias Batrachus and thereby to study the impact of the same on this fish population.

2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

043789   GUZMAN M F D, MACALALAY R L S, SURAT R A F, VILLARUZ J B, ROSARIO G R (Aurora State Coll of Technology, Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines) : Catch composition and relative biomass of fishes caught by danish seine in Lingayen gulf. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 24-30.

The Lingayen Gulf is one of the major fishing grounds in the Philippines. The main clients of the fishing ground are the fishermen in the province of Pangasinan. The bulk of the catch of these fishermen are caught mainly using Danish Seine. Though there have been study conducted, related or succeeding studies were not undertaken so far. In the absence of updated studies, we undertaken a study to assess the catch composition and relative biomass of fishes caught by Danish seine. Two Sampling sites were selected, namely, Sector I (western Coast) and Sector III (eastern Coast). Two 45 HP commercial fishing vessels were utilized in the study in two sectors of the Gulf. Each vessel utilized modified Danish seine net and sampling was done every 15 days for a period of two months. The landed catch volume of every species were obtained from the fishing vessel’s logbook. Results showed that there were 38 species of finfishes belonging to 22 families identified in the two sectors (25 species in Sector I and 29 species in Sector III). Decapterus macrosoma yielded the highest catch for the whole sampling periods and the most dominant catch in Sector I, while Saurida tumbil in Sector III. Catch landings were higher in Sector I with 6,448.6 kg as compared to Sector III has 2,525.8 kg. Out of the 22 families identified, 14 of these were demersal while the remaining were pelagic. Two new families were identified in this study which not mentioned in the early studies. Due to the limitations of this study, further studies related on the growth by sexes and other important growth parameters of different species is recommended for better management of the Lingayen Gulf.

3 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

043788   OCRAN J N (African Union Commission, Post Office Box, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) : Feed resources and policy options on feed for aquaculture production in Africa: A review. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 19-23.

Africa is well endowed with diverse feed resources that can be utilized in aquaculture production in Africa. Some of the feed resources, currently being used have been described in this article, including their merits and demerits, whilst others are yet to be identified, evaluated and used. The aquaculture sector in Africa is bedeviled with lack of and high cost of aqua-feeds, which places a limitation on aquaculture production in Africa. With feed accounting for about 60 to 90 percent of the total cost of production, the need to identify and evaluate feed resources has become very urgent. Policy making and implementation can play a great role in addressing the challenges in the aqua-feed sector. As such. various policy options for the development of the feed sector to boost aquaculture production in Africa have also been outlined.

23 ref

043787   GUZMAN M F D, ROSARIO G R (Aurora State Coll of Technology, Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines) : Length-weight relationships of marine fishes caught by danish seine in Lingayen gulf. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 16-8.

The length-weight relationship were analysed for each marine fishes caught by Danish Seine, using specimens collected from the Magsaysay Market, Dagupan City, Pangasinan. Two Sampling sites were selected, namely, Sector I (western Coast) and Sector III (eastern Coast). Two commercial fishing vessels were utilized in the study; one each in Sector I and Sector III. Sampling was done every 15 days for a period of two months. The length-weight relationship, determined by the regression analysis were evaluated for each major fishes. In Sector I, the length and weight relationship for Decapterus macrosoma, Sphyraena barracuda, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Decapterus kurroides and Nemipterus bathybius was growing in a negative allometric way except of the Rastrelliger kanagurta that grows in positive allometric way. In Sector III species of Saurida tumbil, Rastrelliger brachysoma, Trichiurus lepturus, Nemipterus bathybius and Sphyraena barracuda) Sector III grows in negative allometric way. In addition, most of the species shows a strong positive correlation this indicates that as the length increases, weight also increases.

1 illus, 1 tables, 7 ref

043786   DAS S, PATRA A, MANDAL A, MONDAL N S, DEY S, MIRJAN SK, GHOSH A R (Environmental Sciences Dep, Burdwan Univ, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal) : Alterations in biochemical parameters of fish species under choline administration directly into the pond water in a semi-intensive fish farming system: A comparative study. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 08-15.

The present study deals with the impact of choline chloride supplementation, applied directly into the pond water in a semi-intensive farm culture system for 90 d on two Indian Major Carps (IMCs) (Catla catla, Labeo rohita) and two air-breathing teleostean fishes (Anabas testudineus, Clarias batracus).The experiment was conducted in two seasons (breeding and dry) under choline (treated) and non-choline (control) exposure. Biochemical parameters, viz., PRO (total protein) content gained maximum significantly (p< 0.01) in treated-breeding with the lowest in control-dry in intestine, liver, muscle, brain. IMCs showed significant (p< 0.01) increased amylase activity in the liver and intestine in treated-dry and treatment-breeding conditions, while liver amylase activity in both the seasons increased manifolds significantly (p< 0.01) in air-breathing fishes, showing a sharp decline only in the intestine. Protease and lipase activity in the intestine and liver of choline-fed fishes disclosed declining trend in the breeding season significantly (p< 0.01), but treated (choline-fed) IMCs under dry revealed the significant (p< 0.01) increasing and decreasing trend of protease and lipase activity respectively; the reverse trend at dry season was found in air-breathing fishes under choline-fed condition. ALP (alkaline phosphatase) in intestine indicated significant (p< 0.01) lowest activity in treatment-breeding, highest in treatment-dry. This study explored the higher activity towards total protein generation, especially muscle; higher carbohydrate digestion; elevated lipid digestion in choline-fed fishes. So, the fishes from this farm-based pisciculture system are healthy and its yield can be prescribed as a rich source of quality fish food for human health.

3 tables, 52 ref

043785   LAISHRAM J (Forestry and Environmental Sciences Dep, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bishnupur, Utlou, Manipur) : Seasonal variations and significant difference in selected Physico-chemical characteristics of Loktak lake, Manipur, North-East India. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(6), 01-7.

Assessment of some selected physico-chemical characteristics of Loktak lake was conducted in five water sampling stations (sites) i.e. Nongmaikhong, Phoubakchao, Laphupat Tera, Karang and Ithing villages located in and around Loktak lake from March 2013 to February 2014. During the study parameters such as Air Temperature (mean ranged from 21.50-24.33 °C), Water Temperature (24.08 - 25.88 °C), pH (6.97-7.50), Dissolved Oxygen (4.59-7.10 mg/l), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (2.94-4.88 mg/l), Free CO2 (5.87 - 17.60 mg/l), Total Dissolved Solids (60.83-80.83 ppm), Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (0-3.33 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (57.50-61.25 mg/l), Conductivity (115 -140.83 μS/cm) and Transparency (82.33-125 cm) across the five stations were analysed. Comparison of means of each physico-chemical parameter of the five sites and the variation of means over the sites is tested by one way ANOVA. Seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters is studied. All the mean values of the parameters analyzed were observed below or between the standard limit lay down by WHO (World Health Organisation) except lower mean values of Dissolved oxygen recorded in Phoubakchao and Nongmaikhong stations. Hence, the water quality parameters of the studied season indicated moderate organic pollution of the lake. In order to maintain good water quality of the lake the concerned authorities and the communities living in and around the lake need to stop all those activities which causes pollution of the lake.

4 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

043784   ISLAM M M, ABEDIN M T, HAQUE M A, HAYDER S, SUJON M N, ALAM M A, SAYED M A (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology Univ, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh) : Evaluation of nutritional status of small indigenous fish species under climate change found in northern region of Bangladesh. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 51-8.

The present study was conducted on small indigenous dry fish for evaluating proximate composition viz ash, protein, total sugar, fibre, fat, phosphorus, sulfur and sodium content. Three species were used such as Puti (Puntius sophore), Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), and Darkina (Esomus danricus). Our study showed that there was a little variation in the nutrients and mineral content of Mola, Puti and Darkina fish collected from different northern region of Bangladesh. Puti fish shows good nutrients in all districts except sodium and phosphorus in Dinajpur district. In case of Mola fish the protein, total sugar and fiber content is slightly higher in Bogura, Rajshahi and Dinajpur districts respectively, whereas the phosphorus content is slightly higher in Dinajpur district compare with other districts. From the analysis of Darkina fish it was found that, ash content in Dinajpur is slightly higher than other districts. The ash content of the dried fishes obtained was in the range of 14.30 to 18.65% and the highest value obtained from Darkina (Esomus danricus) and the lowest from Puti (Puntius sophore). The protein content was found in the range of 41.59 to 61.96 % with the highest value in Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) and the lowest in Darkina (Esomus danricus). There was a variation in total sugar content which is in the range of 1.61 to 2.65 % where the highest value in Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) and the lowest in Puti (Puntius sophore). Fibre content was in the range of 2.17 to 8.74 % with the highest value obtained from Puti (Puntius sophore) and the lowest value from Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola). The fat content was in the range of 2.17 to 7.77 % with the highest value obtained from Puti (Puntius sophore) and the lowest in Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola). It is concluded that climate change, species variation, and the feeding habit may be the major factors to uphold the nutrient content in SIS.

8 illus, 27 ref

043782   ADADU MO, OCHOGWU J (Federal Coll of Freshwater Fisheries Technology Baga, PMB 1060 Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria) : Acute toxicity of detergent on juveniles of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 38-43.

The acute toxicity of commercial detergent, (Good mama) containing linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS) was determined using juveniles of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus in 96 hours bioassay. After acclimatization, the fish were exposed to concentrations of 0mg/l, 20mg/l, 30mg/l, 40mg/l, 50mg/l and 60mg/l respectively. The mean lethal concentration, LC50 values for the detergent was 37.65mg/l. With increase in concentration of the toxicant, respiratory disturbances, loss of balance, erratic swimming before death, were observed in the exposed fish. This varied greatly with difference in concentration of the toxicant and these showed that mortality increases with increase in concentration. The differences observed in the mortalities of C. gariepinus juveniles were significant (p<0.05), an indication that mortality could be a function of concentration and time of exposure. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of detergent into aquatic ecosystem should be discouraged.

1 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

043781   JESINTHA N, MADHAVI K (Fishery Science Coll, Muthukur, Andhra Pradesh) : Marine capture fisheries: Sustainability issues. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 34-7.

Marine capture fisheries play a critical role in sustaining and nourishing human society. It is an important source of food, economy and well-being of coastal population since time immemorial. But in recent years, human activities are threatening the health of the ocean and putting enormous pressure on marine ecosystems. Overfishing, pollution, indiscriminate fishing practices and climate change are together causing, irreversible changes in the ocean that could threaten its environmental health and economic vitality. Hence, there is urgent need of strengthening sustainable practices and policies in fisheries around the globe to drive marine capture fisheries towards sustainability.

15 ref

043780   SUGUNA T (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary Univ, Undi, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh) : Endocrine regulation of larval ecdysis and metamorphosis of the prawn Macrobrachium lamerrii. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 31-3.

Macrobrachium lamerrii passes through four larval stages and a juvenile stage before metamorphosing into the adult prawn. The larvae undergo six to eight molts during development before metamorphosis to the adult stage. Various physiological activities such as molting and reproduction are controlled by Neuroendocrine centres like eyestalk, brain and thoracic ganglion. Exposure of the larvae to extracts of eyestalks, brain, or thoracic ganglia brought about significant alternations in the molt frequency. The extracts of the brain and thoracic ganglia reduced the duration of the intermolt period while eyestalk extracts increased the intermolt duration. It was further observed that exposure of larvae to extracts of brain and thoracic ganglia brought about increase in size and weight of the larvae. So the eyestalk of M. Lamerrii is found to be composed of growth inhibiting hormones where as thoracic ganglion and bra in are composed of molt / growth accelerating hormones. The hormones of the adult Macrobrachium lamerrii are also found to be more potential than that of the juvenile M. Lamerrii.

5 tables, 11 ref

043779   MBALASSA M, NSHOMBO M (Biologie Dep, Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) Univ, Bukavu, DR Congo) : Influence of environmental factors on migration patterns of Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL, 1822) in lake edward watershed, albertine rift valley, East Africa. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 22-30.

The study aimed to determine the environmental factors influencing Clarias gariepinus migrations within Lake Edward watershed. 1,103 C. gariepinus were tagged seasonally with external T-bar Anchor tags and released at four estuarine sites between July 2011 and May 2012. Relocations of 115 C. gariepinus were determined between September 2011 and December 2013 within the lake watershed. Rainfall, water temperature, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were key environmental factors significantly (p< 0.05) influencing both the migrations and spawning of C. gariepinus. Two bimodal migration periods were detected, the first in April-May and August-October in wet season, was associated with upstream spawning migrations; and the second in June–July and December in dry season, and was associated with downstream migrations. The fisheries management strategies should take into consideration migration periods and the regular monitoring and evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water status of the lake and its adjacent hydrosystems.

4 illus, 4 tables, 61 ref

043778   SUBEDI B, PAUDEL M (Agriculture and Forestry Univ, Chitwan, Nepal) : Rice cum fish farming: Trends, opportunities and challenges in Nepal. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 16-21.

Rice cum fish farming is a new intervention and has a huge scope in the context of Nepal with the high feasibility in Terai region. Since, rice is the dominant cereal crop of Nepal, its production along with fish in the rice fields has been found profitable. The total area coverage is only 0.013% of irrigated rice fields with the production of 15 metric ton. The overall productivity of both rice and fish are increasing due to mutualistic relationship between two crops. Rice cum fish farming is the integrated sustainable farming system resulting in the optimum utilization of resources, enhancement of rice production, food security and increment in the income of the farmers. However, the trend of adoption of this technology is decreasing due to lack of technical knowledge, triggering socio-economic conditions and policy constraints. Implementation of government policies related to research and extension in this technology can result in the wider adoption that plays an important role for the upliftment of living standard of rural farmer of Nepal by reducing the poverty and malnutrition.

3 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

043777   IZAARA A A V, BWANIKA G, NDAWULA L, KWETEGYEKA J, ABAHO I (National Agricultural Research Organization – Mukono Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Mukono, Uganda) : Effect of type of nutrient media on the biomass and fatty acid profiles of microalgae (Chlorella spp.). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 11-5.

Locally available nutrient materials (Cow dung, Soybean extracts and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP)/UREA) were used to prepare culture media for growing Chlorella spp. and compared to the commonly constituted Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) as a control. Algae was cultured in 25L rectangular glass tanks with 24 hour illumination and aeration. Ammonia, pH and counts of algae cells/ml were recorded daily for 24 days. Chlorella spp. production rate, effect of intrinsic ammonia and pH on culture performance, duration of culture cycle and the di fferences in resultant fatty acid composition of the algae were tested. Results indicated a significant effect of culture media on the growth performance of Chlorella spp. (F = 3.42, P< 0.05), although the interaction between time (day) and nutrient media was also significant (F = 17.27, P< 0.05). Bold’s Basal Media had significantly lower mean abundance of Chlorella spp. per millilitre than all the other media (F = 20.65, 13.57±7.1×104 , P< 0.05). However, Soybean media supported significantly higher densities of Chlorella spp. than other media (F = 20.65, 20.65, 21.53±7.4×104 , P< 0.05). The abundance of Chlorella in DAP/UREA and Cow dung media did not differ significantly (F = 20.65, 17.01×104±4.3 and 18.43±6.0×104 , P = 0.46 respectively). There was a notable positive effect of pH on growth of Chlorella whereas ammonia did not have much impact even at relatively high concentrations (236.095 mg l-1 in DAP/UREA). Of the fatty acids in Chlorella, polyunsaturated fatty acids (>40 % of Total Fatty Acids) were predominant in all media. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were recorded low (<5 % TFA) for Cow dung, BBM and Soybean. DAP/UREA was superior for MUFAs and HUFAs. The results from this study demonstrated the feasibility of cultivating Chlorella spp. using locally prepared nutrients.

2 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

043776   MCLEAN E, FREDRIKSEN L, ALFREY K, CRAIG SR, BARROWS FT (Aqua Cognoscenti LLC, West Columbia, South Carolina, USA) : Performance of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802), fed fishmeal-and fish oil-free diets. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 06-10.

Diets were manufactured for largemouth bass (LMB) replacing fishmeal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), and a hydrolyzed soy meal. Experimental diets included a FM control (FMC), and three FM-free formulations containing equal amounts of PBM and SBM with fish oil (diet F₂), Algal meal DHA (F₃) or a soy protein concentrate (SPC). A commercial LMB diet was included for reference. Fish (n=20 per group) were randomly dispersed into one of 20 tanks with group weights of ±5 %, and densities of 7.39±0.17 kg m-3. Tanks were maintained as a RAS (28.3±0.76 oC, DO2 at 7.7±1.19 mg L-1) and randomly assigned to one of the five diets (n=80 fish per diet). Animals were fed to apparent satiation 3x daily for 12-weeks. Groups were weighed every 3 weeks and feed consumption recorded for calculation of FCRs. At trial end all fish were weighed and measured individually and 3 fish per tank employed for various analyses and comparisons against pre-trial samples. At trial end no differences (P > 0.05) were observed between groups for growth, SGR, or condition. FCR differed between the commercial and F₃ diets (P < 0.05). F₂ fed fish had higher (P < 0.05) visceral fat than F₃ fed fish. Survival was 98-100 % across all groups. Results indicate that judicious dietary manipulations may allow elimination of FM from LMB diets without compromising overall performance.

5 tables, 31 ref

043775   WHITAKER N, SRINIVASAN M (Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, P.O. Box 4, Mamllapuram, Tamil Nadu) : Human crocodile conflict on the Cauvery river delta region, Tamil Nadu, south India. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(5), 01-5.

Conflict between humans and crocodiles on the Cauvery river delta region is discussed. Four instances of situations were recorded, namely attacks on people (fatal and non-fatal), the capture of crocodiles from nearby inhabited areas, translocation of crocodiles to other areas of the River, and crocodiles entering human habitation. Distances between translocation sites and non fatal attacks averaged 10.12 Km, whilst distance between fatal attacks averaged 58.73 Km.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

043774   KUMARI S (MLSR Middle School, Bangaon, District-Saharsa, Bihar) : Freshwater and marine water fish diseases: A review. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 65-8.

Pathogenic microorganisms may induce infection by numerous stress factors, such as insufficient physicochemical and microbial content of culture water, poor nutritional status and high stocking density. Acute levels of contaminants and suspended solids in seed fish and adults can directly cause anomalies and mortality. In terms of elevated morbidity and mortality, decreased development and expanded spending on the use of chemicals as prevention and control steps, multiple opportunistic bacterial pathogens and parasites cause catastrophic losses in the fish industry. Fish disease prevention is as is known, of paramount importance in terms of sustainable aquaculture development.

2 tables, 13 ref

043773   ANDRIANI Y, PRATIWY F M (Fisheries Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Sumedang, Indonesia) : Isolation and identification of rumen microbes and rumen fluid enzymes to use as the bio-degradator feed in aquaculture. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 61-4.

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify a cellulolytic bacterium from the rumen cattle and proteolytic enzymes from the rumen sheep fluid. Biodegradation by cellulolytic rumen bacteria can be used as a source of cellulolytic bacteria and biodegradation by proteolytic enzymes that act to degrade feed fibrous material to improve the quality of nutrients and digestibility of feed ingredients at a cheaper price than the use of commercial cellulase enzymes. The cattle rumen fluid were used to identify the rumen microbes. Based on the cellulolytic analysis through Iodin test, two bacteria isolates were selected and showed the highest score of cellulolytic index scored of 3.0 and 3. Morphologically, the microbes identified as Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mycoides and using KitStandard Analytical Pofile Index (API). In another side, the sheep rumen fluid were extracted to analyzed the enzymes activity and showed the rumen enzyme activity obtained in this study resulted much higher cellulase activity of 1.66 IU / ml / min than other enzymes such as amylase, phytase, and protease. The present study showed that rumen fluid has its possibility as bio-degradator of feed materials in aquaculture, which contain high level of cellulose.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

043771   ANGELO M B , EMMANUEL M V C, ALVIN T R (Central Luzon State Univ, Nueva Ecija, Philippines) : Efficacy of formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 50-5.

The formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) was evaluated in terms of its efficacy at different immersion time. The highest and lowest survival rate was recorded in T1 (93.33±4.71 %) and T2 (22.31±15.68 %), respectively. Fish in T1 were not experimentally challenged with the pathogenic bacterium while fish in T2 were not vaccinated but challenged with the bacterium. The relative percent survival (RPS) of vaccinated groups (T4 = 53.06±25.71 %, T5 = 49.42±37.57 %, T3 = 36.57±29.18 % and T6 = 36.32±6.71 %) showed no significant difference to each other (p>0.05). Treatment 4 via 1-hour immersion attained the highest level of protection against the virulent S. agalactiae as compared to T3 (30 minutes’ immersion), T5 (90 minutes’ immersion) and T6 (120 minutes’ immersion). Fish in T2 to T6 already exhibited the same physical/clinical signs of bacterial infection such as corneal opacity, bleeding at the base of the fins, lethargy in swimming, erratic swimming, loss of appetite and/or difficulty in breathing.

4 tables, 42 ref

043770   GERALD N M F, LYDA B B, JEMUEL S D, ALVIN T R (Central Luzon State Univ, Nueva Ecija, Philippines) : Effect of UV light exposure on the ampicillin susceptibility and pathogenicity of Enterococcus faecalis to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 42-9.

The main objective of this study was to expose wild type Enterococcus faecalis via ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and to compare its antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity to its wild counterpart. During the 24 hours and 48 hours of incubation, the zone of inhibition (ZOI) of wild type and UV-treated E. faecalis showed significant difference among the ampicillin dosages examined (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200 and 400 μg/20 μL) except at 80 μg/20 μL for 24 and 48 hours, and 200 and 400 μg/20 μL for 48 hours. As a general trend, the wild type E. faecalis had higher ZOI as compared to the UV-treated E. faecalis at the majority of ampicillin dosages. Both the wild and UV-treated bacterium was classified as intermediate at 5 μg/20 μL and susceptible in the rest of ampicillin dosages according to the classification of Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. In general, there was no difference in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of wild and UV-treated E. faecalis. Ampicillin with a breakpoint of 5 μg/20 μL was comparable with the results obtained in Kirby-Baeur method in which both isolates were classified as susceptible for as low as 5 μg/20 μL. It was also proven that the commensal E. faecalis can cause diseases or even death (40 % mortality) to cultured tilapia at the density of 10⁸ cells/mL. The gross signs of the enterococossis have appeared as early as day 2 post-inoculation (PI) and began to cause death after day 5 PI.

1 illus, 7 tables, 42 ref

043770   PRATIWY F M, PRATIWI D Y (Fisheries Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Sumedang, Indonesia) : The potentiality of microalgae as a source of DHA and EPA for aquaculture feed: A review. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 39-41.

Microalgae have the various function with positive health effects. For not only human beings, but also its potentiality has important roles for aquaculture system. Microalgae provide the essential fatty acids namely PUFAs. The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with two most important parts; Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is well known for essential nutrition in aquaculture. This review was examined the DHA and EPA function, DHA and EPA contained in microalgae, and value-added microalgae as PUFA fed source in aquaculture. The future directions of microalgae-assisted aquaculture for industrial applications were suggested.

2 tables, 24 ref

043769   BOSTAMI M B, AKTER M S, BANU H, HASAN M, SARKER M A-A (Fisheries Dep, Rajshahi Univ, Bangladesh) : Effect of stocking density on nursery rearing of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var spicularis) spawn in hapa nursery. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 31-8.

The research work was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density on nursery rearing of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio var spicularis) spawn reared in hapa The experiment was carried out with three treatments group each having three replicates at Puthia fish seed production farm, Rajshahi. The Common carp spawn were collected from the same hatchery. Three different treatment with the stocking density was maintained at 400/m³ (T₁, SD4), 600/m3 (T₂, SD6) and 800/m³ (T3, SD8). Spawn were fed diet blend boiled egg yolk for 1-4 days and semi-solid wheat bran (50 %) and mustard oil cake (50 %) were fed remaining the study period. The physico-chemical characteristics such temperature (°C), transparency (cm), dissolved oxygen (mg/l) and pH of the pond water were monitored around the study period. All the tested water quality parameter were in acceptable limit for fry rearing. Growth performance, production of Common carp fingerling and benefit cost analysis (BCR) were studied. The weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR %, bwd/day) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in SD4 fish groups than SD6 and SD8 groups. The mean value of weight gain (g) was 17.955±0.17^ag (SD4), 15.995±0.20^bg (SD6) and 14.825±0.15cg (SD8). The survivability at the end of the rearing of fingerling was significantly higher in SD4 (56.47±6.94^a %) group than SD6 (50.80±2.40^ab %) and SD8 (42.99±1.37^b %) groups. However, the total yield of Common carp fingerling was higher in SD8 group than other groups. Yet, the BCR was significantly (P<0.05) higher in SD4 (1.97± 0.00^a ) group than SD6 (1.81± 0.00^b ) and SD8 (1.72± 0.01^c ) groups. Stocking density of 400 spawn m3 exhibited significantly higher profit of Common carp in hapa net in pond among the treatment.

5 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

043768   NUR A, HOSSAIN M F, HASAN M N, ZANNAT S, CHAKROBORTY K, RAFIQUZZAMAN SM (Fisheries Biology and Aquatic Environment Dep, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural Univ, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh) : Effect of selected seaweed powder as a fish feed on growth and immune system of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 24-30.

Formulating new fish feed is one of the major challenges for profitable aquaculture. With this view, this study was designed to find out the effect of seaweed as replacement of fish meal on growth and immune response of Tilapia. This experiment was carried out in earthen pit with four treatments (T1: Control, T2: 10 %, T3: 20 % and T4: 30 % seaweed as fish meal replacement) with three replications of each. Fishes were reared in very small earthen ponds called pits for 60 days. Results found that, the average weight gain, the relative percent (%) increment of weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR % day-1 ) was highest in T₄ followed by T₃, T₂ and T₁ (P0.05). Regarding the immune response of Tilapia, the blood parameters such as red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscle volume (MCV), mean corpuscle hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscle hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured. Results found that the highest number of RBC (3.23×106 cells mm-3) and WBC (12.86 × 103 cells mm-3 ) were found in T₄ along with other blood parameters compared to T₃, T₂ and T₁. So, it can be inferred that seaweed has positive impact on growth and immune system of fish.

6 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

043767   KOMBA E A, MUNUBI R, CHENYAMBUGA S W (Agriculture and Technology Univ, P O Box 976 Musoma, Tanzania) : Comparative evaluation of water quality parameters and growth performance of sex-reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in two different climatic conditions in Tanzania. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 18-23.

A study was done to compare water quality parameters, growth and production performance of Sexreversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in two districts of Tanzania, which experience different climatic conditions (cold and moderately warm). Fingerlings (1.00 g average weight) were stocked in earthen ponds (2 fish/m3 ), then raised for six months. Fish were fed twice daily and ponds were inorganically fertilized fortnightly. Measurements of water quality parameters and fish growth parameters (weight, length and width) were done biweekly. The results revealed significant differences on various water quality parameters; including temperature, salinity, conductivity and alkalinity between the two districts (p≤0.05). Mean growth rate, specific growth rate, mean final weight, estimated annual yield and Food Conversion Ratio were significant better for fish grown in warm than those in cold climate (p≤0.05). It is concluded that, fish growth and water quality parameters are better in warm than cold condition.

2 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

043766   DRAKEFORD B M, FAILLER P, NUNES A, HOSSAIN M AR, VAN P T, XINHUA Y, AYSON F, MARINDA P, NYANDAT B (Portsmouth Univ, Portsmouth PO1 3DE, United Kingdom) : On the relationship between aquaculture and food security: Why does aquaculture contribute more in some developing countries than it does in others?. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(4), 12-7.

As much as 78 % of fish production is subject to international trade competition. While this may be positive for economic growth, it may be at odds with achieving food security. The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship between aquaculture and food security, focussing on trade and markets in some developing countries that account for more than 90 % of aquaculture output. The international trade in fish products largely involves the movement of high value species from developing to developed countries and the opposite in reverse, which can contribute to food security. Countries where food security is not improving tend to rely on small-scale aquaculture production of species that are not desired in the main markets, themselves relying on imported fish to meet domestic demand. This suggests that an aquacultural revolution in these countries may contribute to food security, as well as economic growth.

1 illus, 20 ref

043765   SAID E N, AHMED F A A, SALEEM A-S Y, MOHAMMED H H, YOUSSEF M Y, FATTAH A F A (Veterinary Public Health Dep, Zagazig Univ, Zagazig, Egypt) : Behavioural response, welfare, and performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under different water temperatures. Int J fish Aquat Stu 2020, 8(4), 01-11.

This work was carried out to detect behavioural response, performance and welfare of Nile tilapia fingerlings under different water temperatures. Fingerlings were reared in eight 90-L aquaria in duplicate for 60 days with 15 fish per aquarium at different temperatures (20 °C (group1), 24 °C (group 2), 28 °C (group 3), and 32 °C (group 4). The results showed that group 4 was higher in surfacing, surface swimming and aggressive behaviour than other groups. While, group 3 was higher in middle swimming behaviour and crossing test than other groups, but bottom swimming behaviour was higher in group 1 than other groups. Also final body weight of group 3 was markedly greater than other groups, finally, it is concluded that a temperature 28 °C is the optimum for achievement of Nile tilapia welfare due to high body weight, lowering in surfacing, scratching and aggressive behaviour, increasing the ability of Nile tilapia for practicing swimming behaviour.

11 illus, 10 tables, 45 ref

043762   KOMBA E A, MUNUBI R N, CHENYAMBUGA S W (Animal Dep, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere Univ of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box, Morogoro, Tanzania) : Comparison of body length-weight relationship and condition factor for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in two different climatic conditions in Tanzania. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(3), 44-8.

This study compared length-weight relationship and condition factor of male Nile tilapia raised in two districts experiencing different climatic conditions in Tanzania, Mbarali and Mufindi. Fish were raised for six (6) months and measurements were done biweekly. The results suggests negative allometric growth pattern (b < 3) for the fish grown in both experimental locations. The “b” values for the lengthweight relationships were 2.87 and 2.94 in Mbarali and Mufindi, respectively. The correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination indicated strong relationship (>99 %) between length and weight of the fish. The condition factor (K) ranged from 2.74 to 3.50 in Mbarali and 1.96 to 2.40 in Mufindi, throughout the experimental period. Significantly higher condition factor was observed for fish grown in Mbarali (3.168 ± 0.056) than those in Mufindi (2.166 ± 0.056). It is concluded that, the climate of Mbarali provides better conditions for growth of fish than that of Mufindi.

1 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

043761   ISLAM M S, WAHAB M A, HAQ M S, HAQUE S M, RYHAN N B (Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Chanchra, Jashore, Bangladesh) : Climate change and anthropogenic impacts of the freshwater flow in the gorai river system of Bangladesh. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(3), 32-43.

The Ganges River supplies fresh water to the South-West region of Bangladesh mainly through one of its distributaries—the Gorai River. The length of the river is 199 km and the area of the Gorai River catchment is 15,160 km². India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka in April 1975 to divert water and make the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River navigable. The Gorai used to discharge into the Bay of Bengal through the Mathumati and Baleswar Rivers. The Madhumati is connected to the Nabaganga at Bordia point. This is the drainage path of the Gorai water, which now reaches the Bay mainly via the Passur and Sibsa Rivers. The distribution of the Gorai River flow at Bordia between the Nabaganga and Madhumati Rivers and tidal conditions which influence the sediment concentration are not known. The objective of this study is to monitor the freshwater flow in the Gorai River System of Bangladesh. The study is carried out based on primary and secondary data sources. The variation of river flow within a natural range plays an important role in promoting the social-ecological sustainability of a river basin. In order to determine the extent of the natural range of variation, this study assesses hydrologic flow thresholds for the Lower Ganges River Basin. The flow threshold was calculated using twenty-two “Range of Variability (RVA)” parameters. The impact of Farakka Dam on the Lower Ganges River flow was calculated by comparing threshold parameters for the pre-Farakka period (from 1934 to 1974) and the post-Farakka period (1975–2013). The diversion has reduced the dry season discharge of the Ganges and Gorai rivers in Bangladesh. Statistical analyses indicate that the changes in the dry season discharge of these rivers are significant. The ecological consequences of such hydrologic alterations include the reduction of fish and agricultural diversity. Reduced discharge in the Gorai River has induced accelerated sedimentation and increased salinity in the southwest region of Bangladesh. The methodological approach presented in this study is applicable to other river basins.

5 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

043760   CHAPMAN A, HUYSMAN N, VOORHEES J M, KREBS E, BARNES M E (South Dakota Dep, McNenny State Fish Hatchery 19619 Trout Loop, Spearfish, South Dakota, USA) : Color of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment does not effect juvenile rainbow trout growth during hatchery rearing. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(3), 32-6.

This study evaluated the effects of three different colors of physical environmental enrichment on the growth of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after 54 days of hatchery rearing. Arrays of four aluminum angles painted either red, blue, or green were suspended in covered, 1.8-m diameter circular tanks. Mean (± SE) individual fish lengths (mm) (198 ± 3, 200 ± 2, and 196 ± 4 for red, green, and blue, respectively) and weights (g) (85.1 ± 3.4, 83.4 ± 1.8, and 84.6 ± 2.8 for red, green, and blue, respectively) were not significantly different among the color treatments. There were also no significant differences in total tank weight (kg) (92.8 ± 1.0, 91.7 ± 1.2, and 93.1 ± 0.6 for red, green, and blue respectively) and per cent gain (%) (106.1 ± 2.2, 103.8 ± 2.6, and 106.8 ± 1.3 for red, green, and blue respectively). These results indicate that the rearing benefits of suspended environmental enrichment are likely not influenced by the color of the structure.

1 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

043758   ATREVY B C, DÈGNON R G, KPATINVOH B, ADJOU E S, GANGBE M C, ALLAGBE A, OSCAR A (AbomeyCalavi Univ, 01 P.O.B: 2009 Cotonou, Benin) : Efficacy of some essential oils in the fight against strains of mould extracted from smoked fish taken in South Benin. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(3), 22-7.

The use of plant extracts from aromatic plants in the fight against the alterative factors in foodstuffs is very much in vogue today. This study aims to prove the effectiveness of four (04) plants in the control of moulds isolated from smoked fish. The extraction yield, the majority composition of the oils and their effectiveness against moulds isolated from smoked fish was determined. From the results obtained, it appears that the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum have the highest extraction yield. The determination of the composition of the essential oils showed that they are rich in compounds that suggest strong antifungal activity. The use of essential oils against mould isolated from smoked fish has shown that all oils are effective but that those from Pimenta racemosa and Syzygium aromaticum are the most effective.

6 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

043757   HOSSAIN M A, DIPU H R, JHAN R K, PERVIN R (Fisheries Management Dep, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology Univ, Dinajpur, Bangladesh) : Spatial and temporal changes of plankton assemblages in Atrai River, Bangladesh. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(3), 15-21.

The present study investigates the changes in plankton assemblages and the causal factors at Atrai River in Bangladesh. Monthly sampling of plankton and water quality parameters were performed. Plankton assemblages were characterized with high dominance of phytoplankton (88 %), while zooplankton represented only 12 % in the plankton community. A total of 49 genera of plankton and 11 genera of zooplankton were identified. The distance-based linear model (DistLM) detected temperature, pH, water transparency and dissolved oxygen (P=0.001) as key environmental factors predicting the changes in plankton assemblages in the study region. The changes in abundance and distribution of plankton are primarily driven by the variability of temperature and pH following water transparency and dissolved oxygen in the Atrai River. The outcomes of this study improve our understanding of the variability in plankton community and regulating environmental drivers in the river system.

3 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

043756   FATIMA S, MUZAMMAL M, REHMAN A, RUSTAM S A, SHEHZADI Z, MEHMOOD A, WAQAR M (Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan) : Water pollution of heavy metals and its effects on fishes. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(3), 06-14.

Water is the most important need; human activities have made it polluted and harmful for life in the water as well as on land. One of the most important pollutants is heavy metals when these HM are present in the water, they can accumulate in fishes and pose a harmful threat to their health. Urbanization and industrialization have led the aquatic system to be polluted by these HM and are affecting the balance of ecosystem and diversity of aquatic life. In water, Zn, Pb, and Ni are the dominant pollutants while Zn is also a major pollutant in sediments. Many hazardous effects are caused by heavy metals on fishes like deformities, metabolic problems, kidney diseases, liver problems, tumors, reproductive loss, and behavioral changes. Fishes are included in the human diet thus these pollutants also indirectly affect human health.

3 tables, 89 ref

043755   KHANDURI M, SAXENA A (Fisheries Resource Management Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Ecological light pollution: Consequences for the aquatic ecosystem. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(3), 01-5.

Light Pollution is a growing concern for man and the environment. As awareness of the issue grows, various studies reveal its hitherto unnoticed effects on various organisms and ecological processes. The aquatic ecosystem has not been untouched by its influence either, and although much research is still required in the field, an attempt has been made to compile studies and reviews on the effects of Ecological Light Pollution on the world under water. Light has both direct and indirect influences on aquatic systems, and some possible consequences on various aspects of aquatic ecology have been extrapolated from existing studies. It has been attempted to bring attention to some implications that Ecological Light Pollution may have for the aquatic communities, and the aspects that require further investigation for a better understanding of the consequences of increased artificial illumination for entire aquatic ecosystems.

51 ref

043753   MOHAMED A-R M, AL-JUBOURI M O (Fisheries and Marine Resources Dep, Basrah Univ, Iraq) : A comparison study on growth, reproductive and food habit of Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi in the Al-Diwaniya River, middle of Iraq. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(2), 49-56.

Biological aspects of Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi was studied in terms of length and weight, age, growth, sex ratio, size at first sexual maturity, gonad development (GSI) and food habit in the Al-Diwaniya River, Iraq. These biological features were compared with other studies on the species. Fish were collected by different fishing gears. The length–weight relationship was calculated for fish sizes 11 to 39 cm as W = 0.032L ^2.7017, with negative allometric growth. The monthly fluctuation in the relative condition factor of the species was influenced by the spawning cycle and feeding intensity of the fish. Seven ages were identified from scales and the mean lengths of these ages were 11.8, 21.4, 26.2, 30.5, 34.5, 37.8 and 41.1 cm, respectively. von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞= 56.0 cm, K= 0.229 and t0= - 0.103 years. The growth performance index (Φ) was found to be 1.99. The overall male to female ratio (1:1.48) was biased in favour of females. Length at maturity was 33 cm for males and 34 cm for females. The GSI was at the highest level in April then dropped dramatically for both sex, suggest that the species may spawn in late April to May. M. sharpeyi is a herbivore fed on macrophytes, algae, detritus, and diatoms. Some biological properties of the species were among those described for the species in other waters.

9 illus, 2 tables, 52 ref

043752   GANA AB, TIJANI S, IBRAHIM R (Forestry and Fisheries Dep, Kebbi State Univ of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria) : Nutrient utilization, haematological indices and carcass compositions of heteroclarias fingerlings fed Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae meal. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(2), 42-8.

A feeding trial was conducted in 18 (34 litres) plastic bowls for 56 days to evaluate the nutrient utilization, haematological indices and carcass compositions of Heteroclarias fingerlings fed Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae meal. Six 40 % experimental diets were formulated with different replacement levels of Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) and designated as T1 (0 % HILM: control), T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 containing 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 % respectively. 10 fingerlings (2.54 g – 2.57 g) were stocked into each 18 plastic bowl and fed thrice daily to satiation. At the end of the experimental duration, the fish fed T2 had the highest weight gain. However, significant differences (P>0.05) were recorded among treatment means in weight gain. There was no significant difference (P0.05) between T1, T2 and T6. No significant difference recorded among treatment means in the red blood cell, however, a significant difference was recorded in white blood cell between fish fed T1, T3 and T2, T5, T6. The proximate compositions (wet basis) profile of the experimental fish fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal showed that there was a significant difference (P0.05) was recorded among the treatment means in crude fibre. Hermetia illucens larvae meal can be included in the diet of Heteroclarias fingerlings without negatively affecting their health condition and survival.

6 tables, 55 ref

043750   AMIDOU K N, PEGUY T A, THOMAS E E, CLAUDE F J, FLORENCE F, YACOUBA M (Animal Production Dep, Dschang Univ, Cameroon) : Growth performances of three populations of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in SudanoGuinean altitude zone of Cameroon. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(2), 28-33.

In order to contribute to the improvement of aquaculture production, growth performances of three populations of Oreochromis niloticus from Cameroon were studied in the IRAD station of Foumban. A total of 600 post-larvae (0.03 ± 0.01g) from three hydrogeographics origins (Niger, Sanaga and IRAD Station) were randomly distributed in duplicate in 6 concrete tanks of 1 m² each at a density of 100 ind./m². The main results were as follows: except for survival rate and food consumption, all other growth performances were significantly influenced. Furthermore, except the nutrient quotient which highest significative value was achieved in the population of the IRAD station, the value of all the others characteristics were significantly very high in the population of Niger Basin.

1 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

043748   SAMANTA D, SAMANTA C, BHARGAVA D (Zoology and Applied Aquaculture Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Diversity analysis of freshwater fishes in paddy field ichthyofauna in sutahata and haldia block of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(2), 18-23.

Freshwater fish diversity in paddy field ichthyofauna and their plenty vary to a great scope in respect to a variety of pollution. Existences of 15 species belonging to 5 orders have been noted during the study period. Instability in occurrence and abundance of the species are influenced by number of pollution viz. industrial pollution, pollution from pesticides, brickfield pollution, pollution from shrimp culture etc. To stop pollution which causes decreases the paddy field ichthyofauna Government should take necessary steps to save the diversity of paddy field ichthyofauna, otherwise the diversity exists permanently.

18 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

043747   BOUNGOU M, SINARÉ Y, ZAMBA A I, SANTOS M J, KABRÉ G B (Biologie et Physiologie Animales Dep, Joseph KIZerbo Univ, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) : The population of monogeneans on the gills of Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) and the impact of abiotic and biotic parameters. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(2), 11-7.

From March to September 2016, the parasitic fauna of monogenean gill of 116 specimens of Sarotherodon galilaeus caught at Loumbila reservoir was investigated, in rainy and dry seasons. Standard methods of parasitological examination were used for identification of monogenean species. Five parasite species were found: Cichlidogyrus douellouae, C. acerbus, C. halli, C. tilapiae, and Scutogyrus bailloni. Generally, the mean intensities of the different parasite species were very low, except for C. halli, with high mean intensity. From the results obtained, it was observed that the size of fish and host sex do not have (P>0.05) any influence on parasitism infection. The infection rate of C. douellouae was significantly high in dry season. These results may help to improve strategies in aquaculture management, to reduce potential economic losses of S. galilaeus caused by parasitic infection.

2 illus, 4 tables, 54 ref

043743   DANIEL UI, ORIAKPONO OE , OGOLO CD (Animal and Environmental Biology Dep, Port Harcourt Univ, Nigeria) : Evaluation of the hatching and growth performance of Clarias gariepinus exposed to benzene (Burchell, 1822). J Essent Oil Res 2020, 8(1), 41-3.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of benzene on the hatching and growth of Clarias gariepinus. The experiment was carried out for a period of 5 weeks. The brood stock (two males and two female of Clarias gariepinus) used for hatching the eggs were maintained for 3 weeks on a diet of 40% crude protein (3 % body weight). The research was carried out in triplicate of five different concentrations of Benzene in addition to the control in eighteen plastic bowls with ne following concentrations of Benzene: 0ml/l (control), 0.03ml/l, 0.06ml/l, 0.09ml/l, 0.12ml/1 and 0.15m1/l respectively. The results showed that 0. 15m1/l concentration of benzene caused 100 % mortality to the exposed eggs after the 5^th day while 0.12ml/l caused 100 % mortality after the seventh day. The research revealed that the toxicant; benzene, can affect both the hatching and growth of C. gariepinus. However, at a concentration of 0.12ml/l of C₆H₆, there was no observable increase in length after week 1 and 2. This was also observed at a concentration of 0.15ml/l of C₆H₆ for week 1 and 2. The highest mean length observed was 1.5 cm at a concentration of 0ml/l of C₆H₆. The study therefore opined that benzene should be used with restraint and prevented from entering into the environment in order to reduce hatching success and retarded growth performance leading to reduction or shortfall in annual fish yield in the wild.

4 tables, 11 ref

043742   SADHUKHAN K, RAMESH CH, SHANMUGARAJ T, MURTHY MV R (NCCR Field Research Centre, Mandapam Camp, Tamil Nadu) : Photographic evidence on association of sponge dwelling brittle star Ophiactis savignyi with chocolate sponge Spheciospongia sp. in gulf of Mannar. J Essent Oil Res 2020, 8(1), 37-40.

During an intensive coral reef monitoring survey at Hare Island and Manoli Island under Mandapam group of Islands, and Valimunai Island of Keezhakarai group, in the month of February 2019, the common brittle star Ophiactis savignyi was found inside the tissue of chocolate sponge Spheciospongia sp. Adult, young and juveniles of O. savignyi were encountered during the survey. Disc diameter of the specimens ranged between 0.8mm to 9.3mm. A total of 34 specimens of O. savignyi were observed inside the 5 sponges. Photographic evidence of this mutualistic associations have been highlighted in the present study with short taxonomic note on Ophiactis savignyi.

3 illus, 16 ref

043741   HAUMAHU S, UNEPUTTY P A, LEWERISSA YA (Aquatic Resources Management Dep, Pattimura Univ, Ambon, Indonesia) : Growth and potential reproductive of gastropod Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758 inhabit OMA coastal waters, central Maluku, Indonesia. J Essent Oil Res 2020, 8(1), 32-6.

Strombus luhuanus (strawberry conch) is one of the marine gastropods belongs to Strombidae family. S. luhuanus is a consumed species by Maluku communities and usually is collected in adult size. The research was conducted in Oma intertidal zone, Central Maluku, Eastern Indonesia with the objectives were to analyse the growth of S. luhuanus and its potential reproductive. Sampling was done randomly from January to June 2019. Shell length of S. luhuanus was measured using digital vernier calliper to the nearest 0.05 mm and was determined its sex. Growth of S. luhuanus was analysed by using FISAT II software. A total of 1151 individuals of S. luhuanus were found in this study. The value of asimthotic length (L∞) was 63.25 cm, growth coeficient (K) was 1.60, and two cohorts were found in this study. Generally, sex ratio of female and male of S. luhuanus was 56.58: 43.42 % or 1.27: 1.00.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

043740   ZAKI V H, ABDELKHALEK N KM, ABDEL-DAIM M M, EL-SON M A, NOFAL M I, FAWZY M, SHALABY S, EL-SHEBLY A (Internal Medicine Dep, El Mansoura Univ, Mansoura, Egypt) : Assessment of some heavy metals in water and fish along suez canal with special emphasis to antioxidative enzyme profile. J Essent Oil Res 2020, 8(1), 25-31.

Fish mortalities among cultured Nile tilapia in 4 sectors in the Suez Canal region, Egypt have been recorded. Fishes were transported to the laboratory for clinical examination and samples were taken for histopathological examination. The physical and chemical properties of water quality parameters were evaluated. Additionally, heavy metal levels in water and fish tissues and serum oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were assessed. The results showed fish exhibited darkened skin coloration, congested gills with blackening, yellowish discoloration of the liver, and shrunken oocytes of the ovary. Histopathological findings revealed congestion of Branchial blood vessels, hyperplasia of the secondary gill lamellae, and Coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes. The levels of heavy metals in water and tissues were significantly elevated such as Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and Iron (Fe). The oxidative stress markers such as SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GST were considerably elevated in the 4-sector regions of the present study. It can be concluded that elevated heavy metals can induce fish mortalities and their elevated levels in fish tissues will cause potential hazardous effects on human consumers.

6 illus, 3 tables, 63 ref

043739   CHEIKYULA JO, TORSABO D , NWABUIKE AV (Federal Univ of Agriculture, Benue State, Nigeria) : A comparison of the growth of the nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed blue crown® and skretting®. J Essent Oil Res 2020, 8(1), 20-4.

A comparison of the growth of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed with Blue crown® and Skretting® commercial feeds was studied for a period of 8 weeks. A total of sixty fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus were used. The treatments showed significant difference (p< 0.05) in terms of the mean final weights of 5.23±0.01 to 5.32±0.01 for Blue crown® and Skretting® respectively and gain in total length by the fish with values ranging from 0.93±0.03 to 1.13±0.03 for Blue crown® and Skretting®. The SGR, GR, MFTL, MFSL, FCE and FCR showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two feeds. Some water quality parameters assessed during the experiment indicated that only the dissolved oxygen was significantly different between the two treatments (p< 0.05) with values ranging from 4.44±0.04 (Blue crown®) to 4.58±0.04 (Skretting®). Since the growth of the fingerlings in both feed treatments did not differ when compared, it is inferred that the two feeds can be used in the culture of this species of fish.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

043738   TATTAO J A M, VELASCO R R, DOCTOLERO J S (Aquatic Resources Dep, Central Luzon State Univ, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines) : Potential of ashitaba (Angelica keiskei Koidzumi) leaves as a feed additive on the diet of Nile tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus L.). J Essent Oil Res 2020, 8(1), 16-9.

The interest of using natural materials such as medicinal plants has increased its acceptability as feed additives to fish for the attainment of efficient feed utilization. Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) is considered as medicinal plants that contains high nutritive value and diverse bioactive components. Due to the increasing costs and short supply of fish-based feed ingredients efforts have been directed to search for an alternative. The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Ashitaba leaves as feed additive on the diet of Nile tilapia. Four experimental diets were prepared, composed of different levels of Ashitaba such as 0 % (commercial feeds), 5 %, 10 % and 15 %. Results of the study showed that the control group attained comparable growth and survival with that of fish whose feeds were incorporated with Ashitaba leaves. The study concluded that addition of up to 10 % Ashitaba leaves could be used for the culture of Nile tilapia without negative effect on its growth and survival. Further, utilization of Ashitaba leaves as feed additive can potentially improve the growth performance and survival rate of Nile tilapia fry.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

043737   YANMIFE M O, RACHANA D B, ADMANE H S (National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, PMB 6006, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria) : Performance of chufa tuber meal as a nutritional additive to the diet of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. J Essent Oil Res 2020, 8(1), 11-5.

The investigation evaluated the nutritional effect of chufa tubers in the growth response of Cyprinus carpio. Chufa tuber was soaked in hot water to remove available phytotoxins, processed and stored in a cool dry place. It was substituted in five different diets at the rate of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % inclusion for maize formulated at 38% crude protein level. Each treatment was conducted in triplicate and fed twice daily at 5 % body weight for ten weeks to 150 fingerlings of C. carpio. Among the different treatments, diet B (25 % inclusion) was significantly different (p<0.05) and performed best in terms of survival rate, fish biomass (1127.7g), feed conversion ratio (0.40), protein efficiency ratio and maximum feed cost reduction of 7.15 % higher than the basal diet (A). The study showed that diet B should be utilised for improved growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for profit maximization.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

043736   CHEIKYULA JO, TORSABO D, ADEJOH SM (Federal Univ of Agriculture, Benue State, NigeriaGrowth of the dutch clarias (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed two commercial feeds - coppens and ) : . Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2020, 8(1), 07-10.

The experiment was conducted to assess the performance of two commercial feeds on growth of the Dutch strain of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings for 56 days under hatchery condition in July and August, 2019 with the aim of comparing the growth response in terms of Specific Growth Rate (SGR), total weight, total length and survival rates. Sixty (60) fingerlings of C. gariepinus with average weight of 1.20±0.00g and two commercial feeds (Coppens and Skretting) with varying crude proteins were used for the study. Some water parameters analyzed indicated Temperature range of 27.35±0.03 and 27.14±0.07 for T1 and T2 respectively, pH of 7.41±0.07 and 7.41±0.03, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) of 65.38±1.07ppm and 73.75±0.45ppm, Electrical Conductivity (EC) of 130.75±2.14µS and 147.50±0.90µS and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of 4.44±0.04mg/L and 4.51±0.03mg/L respectively. The treatments had no significant difference in terms of Mean Weight, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Feed Conversion Efficiency and Survival Rate (P< 0.05). In terms of mean weight, Coppens gave 4.02g while Skretting gave 4.44g. SGR showed in Coppens 2.63 and 2.64 in Skretting. Although fish fed with Coppens and Skretting both demonstrated good growth performance.

2 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref