000797   SACHAN S K, KRISHNA D (Fiji National Univ, Nausori, Fiji, Email: sachanhk@gmail.com) : Fiji sugarcane industry amidst COVID-19 pandemic. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(3), 473-5.

Fijian sugar industry is a major performer in Fiji’s national economy, although it has been challenged by a range of problems alongside its journey. The latest vulnerability of the amplifying pandemic of the novel COVID-19 (coronavirus) has influenced the sugar industry and its interrelated ventures, in Fiji, and, all through the world. The entire supply chain of the sugar industry has been affected by spillover effects. The Fiji sugarcane industry amidst COVID-19 pandemic and concrete steps taken in response by the government and industry during these difficult times are deliberated in this paper.

14 ref

000796   GOMEZ-KOSKY R, ARMAS P M, CALIMANO M B, VILLEGAS A B, OTERO Y, JARAMILLO D N, FERREIRO J A, DANIELS D D, PEREZ L P (Instituto de Investigaciones de La Cana de Azucar, Ranchuelo, Cuba, Email: rafael.kosky@inicavc.azcuba.cu) : Effect of phloroglucinol on in vitro rooting of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. cv C90-469). Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 466–71.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of phloroglucinol on in vitro rooting of sugarcane cultivar C90-469. A completely randomized experimental design was used with seven treatments, three concentrations of phloroglucinol (10, 15 and 20 mg L^-1 ) in combination or not with 1.3 mg L^-1 of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and as control the liquid culture medium without phloroglucinol. After 15 days of culture, the number of shoots rooted, height, number of leaves, fresh weight of the in vitro plant (gFW), number of roots, length of the main root and the total chlorophyll content (SPAD units) were evaluated. In the ex vitro acclimatization phase, the survival of the in vitro plants was evaluated 15 days after transplanting. Concentration of 20 mg L^-1 of phloroglucinol combined with 1.3 mg L^-1 of IAA and 40 g L^-1 of sucrose had 100 % rooting. A greater number of roots per plant, the formation of root hairs and a high survival percentage (87.8 %) of the in vitro plants under ex vitro acclimatization conditions in a shade house were recorded.

2 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

000795   ZHU Z, LI K, LI W (Guangxi Univ, Nanning- 530 004, China, Email: gxlikai@gxu.edu.com) : Preliminary structural analysis of high molecular weight alkaline degradation products of sucrose. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 461-5.

The high molecular weight alkaline degradation products of sucrose (HMWADPS) are the colored substances in sugar juice. Few studies have been conducted to elucidate the structure of HMWADPS. In the present study, the structure of HMWADPS was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the molecular weight of HMWADPS was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The chemical structure of HMWADPS consisted of carbonyl carbon (ketones, aldehyde, and carboxyl), conjugated double bonds, alcoholic hydroxyl, and saturated alkanes. The molecular weight of HMWADPS was calculated to be predominately composed by 19525 and 2357 Da, respectively.

6 illus, 21 ref

000794   VELAZQUEZ-GAMBOA M C, RODRIGUEZ-HERNANDEZ L, ABUD-ARCHILA M, GUTIERREZ-MICELI F A, GONZALEZ-MENDOZA D, VALDEZ-SALAS B, GONZALEZTERREROS E, LUJAN-HIDALGO M C (Tecnologico de Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico, Email: maria.lh@tuxtla.tecnm.mx) : Agronomic biofortification of Stevia rebaudiana with zinc oxide (ZnO) phytonanoparticles and antioxidant compounds. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 453-60.

Agronomic biofortification is a process used to increase the concentration of essential elements in plants through fertilization and thus improve their nutritional quality. Increasing the content of Zn⁺² in Stevia rebaudiana plants would imply adding value to the crop. The use of ZnO phytonanoparticles, in addition to increasing the content of Zn⁺² , can also generate an inductor effect that promotes the synthesis of metabolites of commercial interest. This study reports the effect of fertilization with ZnO phytonanoparticles on morphometric parameters of S. rebaudiana plants and the content of Zn⁺² , stevioside, rebaudioside A, total phenols, flavonoids and the antiradical activity of leaf extracts. Biofortification was carried out in a hydroponic culture using peat moss/agrolite as a support under a completely random experimental design. The green ZnO nanoparticles were added via root at different concentrations. The physiological and morphometric parameters of the plant were not affected with respect to the control by the use of phytonanoparticles. The biofortification of S. rebaudiana with ZnO phytonanoparticles at a concentration of 75 mg/L enhanced zinc content up to 406.8 % with respect to the control. The total phenols (60.5 %) and flavonoids (87.8 %) were also increased without having a negative effect on plant growth. The biosynthetic pathway of steviol glycosides was not affected.

1 illus, 3 tables, 45 ref

000792   MARTINS M B, FILHO A C M, DRUDI F S, BORTOLHEIRO F P A P, VENDRUSCOLO E P, ESPERANCINI M S T (Agronomy Dep, Mato Grosso do Sul State Univ, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Email: mbm_martins@hotmail.com) : Economic efficiency of mechanized harvesting of sugarcane at different operating speeds. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 428-32.

Sugarcane is highlighted in Brazilian agribusiness; however, some operations must be investigated from a technical and economic point of view, such as harvesting. The objective of this work was to estimate the cost of a sugarcane harvester as a function of its operational performance. The experiment was carried out in a sugar and alcohol unit in Tieteˆ-SP/Brazil. The harvest occurred without prior burning of sugarcane field, in an area with an estimated productivity of 92.5 Mg ha^-1 . The operational and energetic performance of the machine were evaluated and the cost of operation at three working speeds (3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 km h^-1 ) was estimated. It was observed that the work speed is related to the operational costs, volumetric fuel consumption accounted for 41–49 % of total operation costs, while depreciation of the machine accounted for 14–17 %, and repair and maintenance costs 11–14 %. Results showed that the average speed of 7 km h^-1 was the one that presented the best economic performance in harvesting operation. Travel speeds significantly affected the operational performance of sugarcane harvester and showed a positive correlation with volumetric fuel consumption. Field capacity and variable costs were proportional to the working speeds. The biggest impact on harvester costs were the volumetric fuel consumption, the depreciation of the agricultural machine and the costs with repairs and maintenance of the harvester.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

000791   GUREL S (Biology Dep, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal Univ, Bolu, Turkey, Email: songul_gurel@yahoo.com) : Sand-wounding of shoot and petiole explants enhances transformation efficiency in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 415-27.

Genetic transformation of recalcitrant species, like sugar beet, has been always a challenging task. In this study, a selectable marker gene (phosphomannose isomerase) and a reporter gene (synthetic green fluorescent protein) were transferred to sugar beet via Agrobacteriummediated transformation by using sand-wounded shoot and petiole explants of two different diploid sugar beet genotypes. Considering the overall means of genotypes and explant types, a clear genotypic variation was evident as ELK345 produced a mean of 5.7 % transient expression and 1.97 % stable transformation efficiency while it was 4.3 % and 1.28 % for the genotype M1195. When explant types were compared independently from other parameters, it was shown that petiole explants were more productive than shoot explants, with an overall mean of 5.3 % versus 4.7 % and 1.77 % versus 1.48 % transient expressions and stable transformation efficiencies, respectively. On the other hand, when a comparison was made without taking into account the genotypes, the effect of wounding treatment on transient expression resulted in about 25 % (4.7 % vs. 5.9 %) and 20 % (4.3 % vs. 5.1 %) increases in petiole and shoot explants, respectively. Such a promoting effect of wounding was even more prominent when the stable transformation efficiencies were compared; petiole explants achieving almost a 60 % increase (1.38 % vs. 2.16 %) while shoot explants doubled (0.98 % vs. 1.97 %) their efficiencies. The optimized protocol reported here can be employed for further increasing the transformation efficiency in recalcitrant plant species including sugar beet. The advantages of using GFP as a reporter and mannose as a positive selection are also discussed.

5 illus, 3 tables, 51 ref

000790   OLORIZ M I, PORTAL O, ROJAS L, GIL V, OCANA B, MACHADO N, HERNANDEZ M, JIMENEZ E, HOFTE M (Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas Univ, Santa Clara- 54830, Cuba, Email: maria@ibp.co.cu) : Puccinia melanocephala and salt stress modified the inositol phosphate and TOR signalling pathway in sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 407–14.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is the primary source of sugar and renewable biofuel energy worldwide. Nevertheless, sugarcane production is affected by different biotic and abiotic stresses. In this work, we analysed the impact of Puccinia melanocephala infection and salt stress on the expression profile of genes related with inositol phosphate synthesis and TOR (Target of Rapamycin) signalling pathway regulation in sugarcane. In this sense, two-month-old plants of rust resistant and susceptible cultivars were infected with P. melanocephala and leaf samples were collected daily during the first seven days post-inoculation. A second group of plants was treated with NaCl, previous to leaf sampled at 2 h and 72 h poststress, leaf chlorophyll content was measured. Quantitative PCR was used to obtain gene expression profiles. Tctp gene was up-regulated in the rust resistant cultivar suggesting that a component of TOR signalling pathway is involving in early pathogen recognition. Biotic and abiotic stresses modified the transcript profile of Mips2 and Tap46 genes, depending on the sugarcane stress resistance. Our results contribute to a better understanding of stress signalling networks in sugarcane.

5 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

000789   BASSEY M S, KOLO M G M, DANIYA E, ODOFIN A G (National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Nigeria, Email: mosessamuel36@yahoo.com) : Trash mulch and weed management practice impact on some soil properties, weed dynamics and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes plant crop productivity. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 395-406.

The effects of sugarcane trash mulch rate and weed management practices on some soil properties, weed dynamics and productivity of sugarcane genotypes plant crops were investigated at Badeggi, Nigeria in 2016 and 2017. The results revealed that application of 6 t ha^-1 mulch produced comparable soil organic carbon content but lower weed dry matter to 9 t ha-1 which significantly added more total nitrogen, available phosphorus and soluble potassium to the soil. Application of PE diuron plus POE 3—maize force, resulted in a comparable weed dry matter to PE diuron plus POE 3—maize force plus 2 MHW. Similarly, PE diuron plus POE 3—maize force, 5 MHW and PE diuron plus POE 3—maize force plus 2 MHW produced comparable stalks and Brix content. Also, 5 MHW generated taller sugarcane plants. Application of PE diuron plus POE 3—maize force proved equally effective as 5 MHW in contributing the highest cane yield. Highest soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus were found in NCS 001. Lower weed dry matter was found in Bida local, and taller stalks, maximum cane girth, higher Brix content and cane yield were observed in NCS 001. In conclusion, application of 9 t ha-1 trash mulch with 5 MHW or PE diuron plus POE 3—maize force plus 2 MHW or PE diuron plus POE 3—maize force effectively controlled weeds, increased stalk height, cane girth, Brix content and cane yield of sugarcane, especially NCS 001

9 tables, 33 ref

000786   DURAES N N L, NUNES J A R, BRUZI A T, LOMBARDI G M R, FAGUNDES T G, PARRELLA N N L D, SCHAFFERT R E, PARRELLA R A C (Federal de Sao Joao Del Rei Univ, MG, Brazil, Email: jarnunes@ufla.br) : Heterosis for ethanol yield and yield components in sweet sorghum. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 360-8.

The improvement of sweet sorghum for biofuel traits is gaining attention globally because of its promising role in the growth and sustainability of the ethanol production chain. The aim of this study was to assess the heterosis on ethanol yield and related agro-industrial traits in sweet sorghum under tropical conditions. Thirty hybrids were generated from a partial diallel scheme using three juicy stem non-sweet female lines (A) with cytoplasmic male sterility crossed with ten sweet sorghum male fertile restorer lines (R). The hybrids, parental lines, and two checks were evaluated in three environments in Brazil. Heterosis in sweet sorghum was observed for ethanol yield (ETH) and several yield components. Four hybrids showed positive heterosis on the R-line basis for ETH. The heterosis was higher for PH (plant height), GMP (green or fresh biomass production), and tons of brix per hectare. The parental A and R-lines diverged in contributing to the heterosis. The lines BR008A and CMSXS644R have been highlighted for ethanol yield and can be included in future A and R-line development.

3 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

000785   JAISWAL V P, SHUKLA S K, SHARMA L, SINGH I, PATHAK A D, NAGARGADE M, GHOSH A, GUPTA C, GAUR A, AWASTHI S K, TIWARI R, SRIVASTAVA A, MASTO E (ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow- 226 002, Email: sudhirshukla151@gmail.com) : Potassium influencing physiological parameters, photosynthesis and sugarcane yield in subtropical India. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 343-59.

Potassium plays an important role in the metabolism of plants, growth, development and yields. Worldwide, KCl is commonly used as source of K fertilizer in agricultural crops. The present experiment was taken up to assess the response of various sources of K on physiological attributes, yield and quality parameters of sugarcane. Treatments were no K application, potassium ammonium sulphate (H₄KNO₄S-9:0:30:20, NPKS ratio), slow release K fertilizer (0:0:45:0), sulphate of potash/potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄-0:0:50:17.5), muriate of potash (KCl0:0:50:0) and muriate of potash (KCl) + elemental S @ 40 kg ha^-1 . Application of K₂SO₄ recorded 15.8 % improvement in tiller population (during peak tillering stage) and 22.2 % improvement in dry matter accumulation (at the harvest stage) over the KCl. About 12.33–24.16 % increments in crop growth rate and the highest net photosynthetic rate (19.91 lmol m^-2 s ^-1 ) were also recorded with application of K₂SO_4. Application of K fertilizers improved the availability of potassium in soil by 8.17 % (254.2 kg ha^-1 ). Potassium uptake in sugarcane crop ranged from 245 to 347 kg ha^-1 . The highest individual cane length (311 cm) was measured with application of K₂SO₄. Application of K₂SO₄ brings forth about 23.8 % increments in millable canes, 14 % in cane weight and 33.8 % in cane yield over no K. Application of K also increased mean sucrose content in juice by 0.58 unit (17.0 pol per cent juice) over no use of K. Overall effect of K application on increasing sugarcane yield and sucrose content simultaneously brought forth improvement in commercial cane sugar (CCS) by 29.43 % (10.50 t/ha) over no use of K. However, application of K₂SO₄ also improved CCS by 25.89 % (11.67 t/ha) over the application of KCl.

7 illus, 4 tables, 70 ref

000784   JUNTAHUM S, JONGRUNGKLANG N, KAEWPRADIT W, EKPRASERT J, BOONLUE S (Microbiology Dep, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen- 40002, Thailand, Email: bsopho@kku.ac.th) : Improved physiological performances of sugarcane during maturation and ripening phase by inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 336-42.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae KKU-BRP-KK6-2, inoculation on sugarcane physiology during the maturation and ripening phases under field conditions. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications and four treatments, including (1) a control, (2) inoculation with AMF alone: AMF, (3) inoculation with AMF and application of a half dose of chemical fertilizer: AMF+50 % F and (4) application of a full dose of chemical fertilizer: 100 % F. After 9 to 12 months of planting, the leaf area index (LAI), height, and diameter in plants treated with AMF+50 %F were recorded highest among all the treatments and were significantly higher than control. The leaf colour intensity (SCMR) values in AMF+50 %F treatments were the highest of all treatments and were significantly higher than the control after 11–12 months, while the relative water content (RWC) in AMF+50 %F treated plants was significantly higher than control after 12 months. After 10–12 months, the percentage Brix value and total fresh weight in sugarcane treated with AMF+50 %F was recorded highest. These results indicate that the application of an effective AMF strain may play an important role in sugarcane physiology in terms of nutrient acquisition, which leads to support plant growth and photosynthetic components that help to improve plant biomass and sugar accumulation

2 illus, 29 ref

000783   REN Y, MAO H, SU W, SU Y, ZHANG C, SHI M, QUE Y (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ, Fujian Province, China, Email: shimutian@126.com) : Improved drought and salt tolerance in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana by Overexpressing sugarcane ScSEC14p gene. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 326-35.

Plant phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are involved in several cellular processes such as lipid metabolism, signal transduction, osmotic regulation, protein transport and stress response. In this study, the effects of sugarcane PITP gene ScSEC14p (accession no. MH899751) on drought and salt tolerance of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana were evaluated along with the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that ScSEC14p gene effectively improved drought and salt tolerance of transgenic lines of N. benthamiana, as indicated by the increased germination rate and superoxide dismutase levels, as well as the decreased malondialdehyde level. In addition, the enhanced tolerance was closely related to the upregulation of stress-related genes and key genes in phosphatidylinositol pathway. It is revealed that the overexpression of ScSEC14p gene resulted in improved drought and salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco and also elucidated the underlying regulation mechanism by ScSEC14p in sugarcane.

9 illus, 48 ref

000782   WU Z-D, HU X, ZAN F-G, PAN Y-B, BURNER D M, LUO Z-Y, JIA-YONG L, ZHAO L-P, YAO L, YONG Z, LIU X-L, XIA H-M, YANG K, ZHAO J, ZHAO P-F, QIN W, CHEN X-K, WU C-W (Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kaiyuan- 661 699, People’s Republic of China, Email: chxk_ysri@163.com) : Subcellular localization of the D27 protein in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Hybrids) using an optimized protoplast isolation, purification, and transient gene expression protocol. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 316-25.

The transient gene expression of protoplasts in plant is a considerable tool for gene functional research that has been widely used in gene analysis and functional characterization. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a protocol for the isolation and purification of sugarcane protoplasts (Saccharum spp. hybrids), conduct transient PEG-mediated protoplast transfection with D27, and localize the D27 protein in sugarcane protoplasts. Total yield and viability of protoplasts were optimized for enzyme combination, mannitol concentration, and duration and temperature of enzymatic hydrolysis. High production of intact protoplasts (10.94 9 10⁶ protoplasts g-1 FW) and a survival rate of [80.0 % was achieved through enzymatic hydrolysis at constant temperature of 28 C, 60–70 rpm min^-1 for 8 h in a solution containing 2.0 % cellulase R-10, 0.5 % macerozyme R-10, 0.6 % pectolyase Y-23, 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine) ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 20 mM KCl, and 400 mM mannitol (pH 5.7). Using GFP as the reporter gene, the protoplasts were transformed most efficiently with 25 % PEG 4000 for 25 min and the ScD27 protein was localized in the chloroplasts. The localization of ScD27 protein in sugarcane protoplast demonstrated that the newly developed protocol was functionally effective. This optimized sugarcane protoplast isolation, purification, and transient expression protocol lays a foundation for future molecular biology research in sugarcane.

8 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

000781   ZHANG P, ZHANG W, SUN H-T, FENG-GUANG H, HAI-BA F, LI-QIANG Q, LI-JUAN Y, LI-YU J, ZHANG B, LIU J-S (Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Univ, Heilongjiang, China, Email: zhang66wei@126.com) : Effects of spray parameters on the effective spray width of single-rotor drone in sugarcane plant protection. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 308-15.

Sugarcane is the most important sugar crop in the world. The development of sugarcane plant protection by drones is still at the early stage. The evaluation and determination of the effective spray width and droplet distribution in the effective range of aerial spray not only improve the efficiency and quality of the aerial spray operation, but also reduce the pollution of chemical pesticides. To study the influence of the spray parameters of single-rotor drone on the effective spray width and droplet deposition in sugarcane canopy, experiments with two factors (flight height and flight velocity) and three levels were carried out. The results showed that the major factor affecting the effective spray width was drone flying height. For droplet density, the combination of 5.5 m flight height and 2.0 m/s flight velocity was found suitable. Under the condition of 6.0 m of flight height and 2.0 m/s of flight velocity, the effective spray width was the optimal. For droplet deposition uniformity, the combination of 6.0 m flight height and 3.0 m/s flight velocity was suitable. Under the comprehensive consideration, the optimal spraying parameters were chosen as 6.0 m of flight height and 2.5 m/s of flight velocity, which led to the lowest usage of pesticide at 15.38 L/ha. The results of this research can provide guidance for choosing proper parameters of singlerotor drone in sugarcane protection.

11 illus, 12 tables, 26 ref

000780   BABIRATH J, MALEC K, SCHMITL R, SAHATQIJA J, MAITAH M, KOTASKOVA S K, MAITAH K (Applied Sciences in Eisenstadt Univ, Eisenstadt, Austria, Email: maitah@pef.czu.cz) : Sugar futures as an investment alternative during market turmoil: Case study of 2008 and 2020 market drop. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 296-307.

In times of turbulent financial markets, investors all around the globe seek for opportunities protecting their portfolios from devastating losses. Historically, commodities were regarded as a safe haven providing sound returns which offset potential losses arising from dropping equity prices in times of market turmoil. While sugar would have provided a proper hedge against crashing equity markets during the initiation of the 2007 bear market and the onset financial crisis, sugar prices dropped likewise equity during the outbreak of COVID-19 and the consequent market shock. The goal of the paper is to elaborate on the differences in sugar price dynamics during the aforementioned economic disruptions by employing a multiple linear regression approach using data from the last quarter 2007 as well as the first quarter of 2019. The findings suggest that the behavioral differences stem from the deep link between oil and sugar prices. While oil did not influence the price of sugar during the outbreak of the financial crisis, it had tremendous influence on sugar prices during the outbreak of the corona crisis. Currently, sugar provides a substantial upside for an investor’s portfolio since the demand and supply-side shock on oil prices due to corona crisis as well as the Saudi-Russian oil price war drove oil prices and consequently sugar prices to a historic low. Sugar futures provide the advantage of offering a smaller contract size compared to oil futures, and even though both commodities trade in contango as of March 2020, the sugar future curve is by far not as steep as the oils. Resultingly, investors benefit from lower rollover costs while prospering from a potential surge in oil prices.

2 illus, 2 tables, 53 ref

000779   PRATHAP D P, MURALI P, VENKATASUBRAMANIAN V (ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore- 641 007, Email: dp.prathap@icar.gov.in) : Barriers to ICT usage: An assessment among the sugarcane farmers in disadvantaged districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 286–95.

This study assessed the barriers limiting the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) usage of sugarcane farmers in the disadvantaged districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Altogether, 240 respondents belonging to all the disadvantaged districts of Tamil Nadu, viz. Tiruvannamalai, Cuddalore, Villupuram and Nagapattinam districts formed the sample case of the study. The sugarcane farmers responded to a list of barriers on a 3—point continuum, viz. not important, important and very important. ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests were applied to analyze the data. ‘Lack of time’ and ‘lack of access’ were perceived to be the two most important barriers. Significant differences were found among the districts in terms of the sugarcane farmers’ perception to five barriers to ICT usage, viz. lack of time (perceived as more severe by Nagapattinam district farmers), lack of access (perceived as more severe by Tiruvannamalai district farmers), lack of training (perceived as more severe by Nagapattinam district farmers), no perception of benefits (perceived as more severe by Cuddalore farmers) and expensive input (perceived as more severe by Tiruvannamalai district farmers). Relatively, the sugarcane farmers of Tiruvannamalai and Nagapattinam districts had perceived the barriers to ICT usage as more severe. The differences in the perception of barriers ascertained by this study envisage customized, district-level sugarcane extension strategies to overcome the barriers and effectively meet the information needs of farmers.

5 tables, 38 ref

000778   WANG F-L, MA S-C, XING H-N, BAI J, MA J-Z, WANG M-L (China Agricultural Univ, Beijing, China, Email: shaochun2004@cau.edu.cn) : Effect of contra-rotating Basecutter parameters on basecutting losses. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 278-85.

Basecutter of sugarcane chopper harvester plays an important role in reducing the harvesting losses and the stubble damage rate. Previous studies have shown that the parameters of contra-rotating basecutter could be optimized for better cutting qualities. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the influence of critical parameters, the rotational speed (RS) and tilt angle (TA) of cutting disc, sugarcane stalk feeding rate (FR), and sugarcane stool diameter (SD), on basecutting losses (BL). Four singlefactor experiments and a four-factor four-level orthogonal experiment were conducted on the contra-rotating basecutter platform. The results of single-factor experiments indicated that the basecutting losses were positively correlated with RS, TA, and SD but negatively correlated with FR. Analysis of range (ANOR) of orthogonal test showed that the influencing order of four factors was SD [RS [ TA [ FR (9.81 [5.31 [ 4.87 [ 4.76), and the optimal combination was RS2, TA1, SD1, and FR3 (200 rpm of disc rotational speed, 5 of disc tilt angle, 60 mm of cane stool diameter, and 1.0 m/s of feeding rate). The results of ANOVA showed that only SD had a significant effect on BL at the significance level of 0.05, while the other three factors had no significant effect on it. This study could provide references for sugarcane grower to keep the planting density of sugarcane in a reasonable range, which could reduce basecutting losses in sugarcane harvesting.

13 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

000777   SAWAENGSAK W, PRASARA-A J, GHEEWALA S H (King Mongkut’s Univ of Technology, Bangkok 10140, Thailand, Email: shabbir_g@jgsee.kmutt.ac.th) : Assessing the socio-economic sustainability of sugarcane harvesting in Thailand. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 263-77.

The study aimed to assess the socio-economic impacts via employment and paid wage/income for sugarcane production in Thailand due to the mechanization of the harvesting system. The results indicated that the employment level and income of the workers depend on the yield, employment types (temporary or permanent worker) and the skill of workers. These factors need to be considered to prepare for the promotion and support of sustainable agriculture farming by switching from manual to mechanical harvesting which may be established in the near future. Moreover, the training for upskill and reskill of mechanical harvesting and other local jobs should be provided by the government and private sectors to facilitate the workers transition from manual to mechanical harvesting. A list of strategies, plans, and recommendations have also been provided to eliminate the weaknesses and threats of changing to mechanized harvesting which can help to improve the socio-economic situation of the stakeholders in the sugarcane industry

4 illus, 8 tables, 57 ref

000776   PRATHAP D P, MURALI P, PAUL P, VENKATASUBRAMANIAN V (ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore- 641 007, Email: dp.prathap@icar.gov.in) : Sugarcane development personnel’s attitudes towards internet usage: Findings from a study in southern India. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 254-62.

In India, sugar factories play an additional role of providing extension services for their registered sugarcane farmers, through the Sugarcane Development Personnel (SDP). The SDP work closely with the farmers, facilitating them to make informed decisions on sugarcane farming and ensure regular supply of quality cane. Surmising that these personnel would use Internet in the information-dissemination process, only if they have formed the attitude to do so, this study measured the attitudes of SDP belonging to two sugar factories of Tamil Nadu state in southern India, towards Internet usage. Data were collected from 40 SDP. The findings indicated that majority of the SDP were cane officers, who were between 35 and 45 years of age and had completed undergraduation. Most of them had PC/laptop for Internet access at office and had over 2 years of experience in using the computers everyday for farm-related activities. ‘Locating the required material’ was reported to be the major difficulty in using Internet for farm use. Majority of the respondents had a ‘moderately favourable’ attitude towards Internet, with the item ‘Internet is a fast and efficient means of gaining information’ of the attitude scale receiving the highest mean score. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the variable ‘Experience in current occupation’ was a predictor of the attitude of the SDP towards Internet. The findings of the study would be helpful to sugar factories, state development departments, sugarcane/sugar research institutes and training institutions, while integrating cyberextension into conventional agricultural extension services.

5 tables, 43 ref

000775   VISWANATHAN R (Crop Protection Div, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Coimbatore- 641 007, Email: rasaviswanathan@yahoo.co.in) : Sustainable sugarcane cultivation in India through threats of red rot by varietal management. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 239-53.

Sugarcane is traditionally cultivated in India since time immemorial to extract gur and Khandsari sugar. In the country, white sugar manufacturing started * 300 years ago the with imported Saccharum officinarum genotypes. After 1850s, sugar industry expanded rapidly and such expansion also led to emergence of new threats in the form of red rot caused by the dreaded fungal pathogen Colletotrichum falcatum. The new threat caused production losses in the then Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal. Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI) was established in 1912 to breed sugarcane varieties for red rot resistance with other desirable agronomical traits. The institute achieved commercial success by releasing the first interspecific hybrid variety Co 205 during 1918 and release of many such varieties to the subtropical region revolutionized sugarcane cultivation by improved cane yield leading to attaining self-sufficiency in sugar requirement. Although the new varieties sustained the boom, red rot started attacking the elite varieties in different decades through a series of epidemics. These epidemics hindered sugarcane cultivation for a while in different states; however after each epidemic, new varieties were deployed to counter the disease onslaught and saved sugar industry from the brink. Many superior varieties with red rot resistance have benefitted the industry, but evolution of new C. falcatum pathotypes caused breakdown of resistance and made the life of many elite varieties short-lived. In the recent decades, variation in C. falcatum was characterized, designated into new pathotypes, and new pathotypes were used for red rot screening. The historical red rot epidemics in the country over the decades resembled to ‘boom and bust cycle’ reported in cereal rust diseases. Domination of single variety combined with flood during monsoon seasons/waterlogging favoured red rot epidemics. Notwithstanding red rot epidemics, red rot-resistant varieties played a vital role to manage the disease and to sustain sugarcane cultivation in India for more than 100 years.

5 illus, 1 table, 81 ref

000774   ALLSOPP P G (Seventeen Mile Rocks, QLD 4073, Australia, Email: peter.allsopp@bigpond.com) : IPM for whitegrubs in Australian sugarcane: from a continuing success to regressing to the past. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(2), 225-38.

Recent research, development and extension (RD&E) activities on sugarcane whitegrubs in Australia are reviewed. Whitegrubs are the key pests in Australian sugarcane, and, following severe damage in the 1990s, there was a concerted RD&E programme to develop and implement a broad-based approach to their management. Studies since the middle 2000s have added to the knowledge on their taxonomy, the insecticides available for infield use, tools to warn of developing insecticide resistance, methods for application of insecticides under the current farming system, better risk prediction and farming systems that might minimise their impact. However, despite a continuing extension message and the undoubted rationale behind an integrated approach, the effectiveness and cheapness of imidacloprid mask the benefits of any system and growers have regressed to reliance on that one insecticide to manage the pests. Future R&D needs to focus on the use of newer insecticide chemistry and the development of cheap and easy-to-use systems for predicting risk from whitegrubs and allowing the minimisation of insecticide use.

56 ref

000808   BORKAR S, DHOLARIYA P K, BORAH A (Lovely Professional Univ, Jalandhar, Punjab) : Functional foods, their components and relevant health benefits: A review. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(5), 204-15.

The relation between the food and health has taken the scientific study to find out solution on food and food ingredients on some specific function in human body. The term functional food can be defined as the food with some beneficial functions, it was first introduced in Japan. The health benefits of plant based food can be related to both antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory method by wide formation of phytochemicals present in fruits, millets, herbs and spices. This present review focus on the information of functional foods, their development concept, and some studies based on development of functional based on millets, fruits, and spice and herbs. In this review along with some studies the beneficial needs of functional food has been discussed. Some of the functional foods with high antioxidant properties are being discussed. The studies on chemicals present in the food commodity and their health impacts is carried out. Many functional foods based on various factors has good impact on human health but due to lack of studies these are not been utilized and hence the industries do not focus on production of required functional foods. In this review we will study the compound of functional foods and their impact on health.

1 illus, 3 tables, 55 ref

000806   PATEL A, TEMGIRE S, BORAH A (Lovely Professional Univ, Jalandhar, Punjab) : Agro-industrial waste as source of bioactive compounds and their utilization: A review. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(5), 192-6.

Processing of horticultural goods produces a large amount of waste. Huge waste and losses in the food and processing industries are facing economic losses and environmental problems. Agro-industries byproducts can serve as important raw material for development of value added food products. The byproducts from fruits and vegetables can be used as unconventional alternate feed for animals which have best source of digestible nutrients and fulfill the gaps between demand and supply of feedstuffs. It is also used as food additives for formulation of nuetraceuticals, pharmaceutical and other functional food. Other agricultural byproducts from cereals and plantation crops are can be utilized as organic residues and processing byproducts for valorization of waste by converting it into most useful products. The use of bioactive compounds extracted from by-products are an important step towards sustainable development. In order to produce value-added products, the use of these low-cost horticultural waste is a novel step in sustainable development.

51 ref

000804   BAHNDRAL A, BORAH A (Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara, Punjab) : Sources of plant based gums and their utilization in herbal drink: A Review. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(5), 172-81.

Nowadays plant gums are being used extensively in the industries such as food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and many others. The gums are used mostly as binding media, sizing agent, stabilizers and also due to their unique functionalities they are used as food additives. Gums are known for their multifarious uses in food industries like bakery, meat, fruit and vegetable. Those obtained from different sources exhibit differences in their chemistry. All have a rich nutritional profile and require different methods for extraction/purification. Gums are having significant importance in food processing industry. Gums are known for their multifarious uses in food industries like bakery, meat, fruit and vegetable. Those obtained from different sources exhibit differences in their chemistry. Thus in this review we are going to discuss about sources of Gums, methods of extraction and their utilization in the development of herbal drink. This is done by the addition of well-known traditional herbs having nutritional potential into the herbal drink to enhance its properties. Elephant apple is a tropical tree distributed among south East Asia, Malaysia, and North Australia. Their extracts have certain properties like anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory. The gum from this fruit will be extracted by using solvent extraction method and the properties will be noted down.

3 tables, 112 ref

000803   SHARMA S, BORAH A (Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara, Punjab) : Bioactive compounds present in different parts of guava and their significance: A review. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(5), 163-71.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a tropical and subtropical fruit crop that is commonly used in food and traditional medicine all over the world. It is a member of the Myrtaceae family. Tannins, flavonoid: quercetin, pentacyclic triterpenoid: guajanoic acid, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, leucocyanidin, uvaol, amritoside, betasitosterol, ellagic acid, oleanolic acid, triterpenes, and ursolic acid are some of the essential phytoconstituents. Guava can be eaten raw or refined into juice, pulp, jam, jelly, nectar, powder, tea, and other items. The guava plant parts are utilized for the improvement of variety industrial and medicinal products. Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anti-mutagenic factors are all found in guava. Guava extract has antinociceptive properties and can help with liver inflammation and serum development.

3 tables, 71 ref

000802   ROTELA S, BORKAR S, BORAH A (Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara, Punjab) : Health benefits of millets and their significance as functional food: A review. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(5), 158-62.

Functional foods are gaining popularity among group of people and millets have been considered as potential candidate for the same, Millets are reported to be a major source of nutrients because of its antioxidant, anti-aging, antimicrobial, and anti-carcinogenic properties and some essential vitamins i.e., beta carotene (yellow pearl millets), niacin, riboflavin, thiamine and minerals (Ca, Zn, Mg, Fe, and Cu). Millets are found to have numerous health benefits and effective against Celiac Disease, Diabetes mellitus, cardio vascular disease (CVD), alimentary tract disorder, Malnutrition and many more. Millets are still main food for millions of poor population in Africa and Asia. Globally millet is not currently listed as one of the most important foods in North American and European food baskets, but highlights its value as an ingredient in multigrain and gluten-free grain products. In this review significance of millets and their role in disease management has been discussed in detail.

17 ref

000773   MARTINS M B, BORTOLHEIRO F P A P, TESTA J V P, SARTORI M M P, CRUSCIOL C A C, LANCAS K P (Agronomy Dep, Mato Grosso do Sul State Univ, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Email: mbm_martins@hotmail.com) : Fuel consumption between two soil tillage systems for planting sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 219-24.

Sugarcane production system requires intense agricultural mechanization to prepare the soil and there are enormous questions about which soil preparation should be adopted in order to improve field productivity. Thus, this work aimed to verify the energy optimization in sugarcane soil preparation for increasing productivity. The experiment was carried out with a banded experimental design, with six replications, consisting of two soil tillage systems, one system used was conventional tillage and the other, deep preparation in band. Conventional tillage was carried out with a heavy harrow and subsoiler, while deep preparation was performed in band with ‘‘penta’’ equipment. In both soil tillage systems, the planting was carried out mechanically. Variables were measured: hourly fuel consumption (L h^-1 ), area fuel consumption (L ha^-1 ), operational yield (h ha^-1 ), biometric parameters and crop productivity. The highest hourly fuel consumption occurred in conventional tillage. The different soil tillage systems did not influence mechanized planting. The highest productivity was obtained in the deep band preparation.

2 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

000772   ARAUJO G M, SANTOS F F L, ALMEIDA S L H, MARTINS R N, VOLTARELLI M A, PAIXAO C S S, PINTO F A C (Federal de Vicosa Univ, M G, Brazil, Email: gdemoura@ucdavis.edu) : Sugarcane harvesting quality by digital image processing. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 209-18.

Sugarcane, a major crop in the Brazilian agribusiness sector, has had significant changes in its cultivation over the years. The harvest of sugarcane was usually carried out manually. However, due to the great demand for labours and high health hazards, manual harvesting was replaced by a mechanized process. Harvesters have a basal cutting mechanism composed of blades that are responsible for cutting the sugarcane. The blades must be continuously analysed and replaced if necessary. The analysis of these blades is performed qualitatively, in which the operator analyses the current conditions of the blades (based on prior experiences); or quantitatively, using a digital calliper to measure the thickness of the blade, wherein the increase in thickness indicates greater wear. Both approaches require the harvester to be stationary and are extremely time-consuming. In order to obtain more efficient results, the present study proposes a novel method to analyse blade wear and harvesting quality through the use of digital image processing. The change in geometric characteristics (area, perimeter, rectangularity, and length) of the blades over time was evaluated along with blade wear and harvesting quality indices (damage index to stalks). The obtained results indicated that the proposed methodology was effective at assessing the quality of the harvesting operation of sugarcane and the wear in the mechanisms of basal cutting present in sugarcane harvesters. The error in estimating the damage index ranged between 0.030 and 0.033%.

10 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

000771   NAJERA-AGUILAR H A, MAYORGA-SANTIS R, GUTIERREZ-HERNANDEZ R F, ARAIZA-AGUILAR J A, MARTINEZ-SALINAS R I, GARCIA-LARA C M, ROJAS-VALENCIA M N (Ciudad Univ, Chiapas, Mexico, Email: rgutierrez@ittapachula.edu.mx) : Aged refuse filled bioreactor using like a biological treatment for sugar mill wastewater. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 201-8.

The serious pollution problem that exists nowadays in aquatic environments has been caused, mainly, by intensive industrial activity. For this reason, this article presents the results obtained in the treatability tests of sugar mill wastewater, using an aged refuse filled bioreactor, (Ø = 0.2 m, h = 3.0 m, of PVC), which was fed under four hydraulic loads (50, 100, 150 and 200 L/m³ - day), each of them for a period of 8 weeks. The efficiency of the system was evaluated by the removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color. The average values in the influent were 2473 ± 437 mg/L for COD and 1048 ± 287 Pt–Co for color. The highest COD removal (98.8 %) was achieved with a hydraulic load of 100 L/ m³ day, generating an effluent with an average value of 26.8 mg COD/L. In the case of color, a removal of 84.2 % was achieved. The results obtained show the evaluated system as an efficient, novel and friendly alternative in its operation, with minimum sludge and odors generation in the treatment of wastewater generated in the cane sugar extraction process

4 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

000770   SANKARANARAYANAN C, HARI K (ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore 641 007, Email: chellappasankar@gmail.com) : Integration of Arbuscular mycorrhizal and Nematode antagonistic fungi for the biocontrol of root lesion nematode Pratylenchus zeae graham, 1951 on sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 194-200.

To study the integration of two Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae and three nematode antagonistic fungi viz., Arthrobotrys oligospora, Purpureocillium lilacinum (= Paecilomyces lilacinus) and Pochonia chlamydosporia on sugarcane cv. 86032 to manage root lesion nematode Pratylenchus zeae, an experiment was conducted under potted condition. Increased shoot and root growth was observed due to either individual or combined inoculations of bioagents than nematode alone control plants. Among the treatments, G. fasciculatum ? A. oligospora combination recorded maximum shoot weight followed by G. fasciculatum ? P. lilacinum. Reduction in P. zeae population recorded in all the bioagents inoculated plants compared to nematode alone control. The nematode reduction was more when antagonistic fungi were combined with AMF and the nematode reductions in roots was ranged between 50 and 77%. Among the AMF and antagonistic fungi combinations, maximum reduction in nematode population (77%) was recorded with G. fasciculatum ? A. oligospora. Compatible association between AMF and other nematode antagonistic fungi observed. There was an increased mycorrhizal colonization recorded in combined treatments of AMF and antagonistic fungi than AMF alone. Integration of AM fungus G. fasciculatum with nematode antagonistic fungus A. oligospora appears to be a potential combination for the control of root lesion nematode P. zeae management in sugarcane.

4 tables, 39 ref

000769   WU K-C, XU L, DENG Z-N, PANG T, ZHANG R-H, LI Y-J, LIU X-Y, HUANG C-F, QIN W-X, WEI J-F, WEI L-P, LI Y-R, WANG W-Z (Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning- 530 007, People’s Republic of China, Email: liyr@gxaas.net) : Small RNA sequencing analysis of germinating single-bud seedcane sett in sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 178-93.

Standardized mechanical planting of single-bud seedcane sett can improve planting efficiency and reduce costs in sugarcane production and is a research focus at present. Small RNA (miRNA) is an important regulator of life activities, which regulates many plant physiological processes such as gene expression, growth, development and metabolism. In this study, miRNAs in six germinating bud samples (S, bud of single-bud sett; D1, upper bud of double-bud sett; D2, lower bud of double-bud sett; T1, upper bud of three-bud sett; T2, median bud of three-bud sett; T3, lower bud of three-bud sett) derived from sugarcane variety GT42 were analyzed. As a result, 8,055,449, 19,172,991, 8,163,579, 11,748,126, 13,547,550 and 12,861,743 clean tags were obtained respectively, and their length was ranged from 16 to 35 nt. For different bud samples, S, D1, D2, T1, T2 and T3, 174, 600, 318, 425, 466, and 317 novel miRNAs were identified respectively, and a total of 1797 miRNAs, 28,042 target genes and 53,141 target sites were obtained from them. As compared with D1, D2, T1, T2 and T3, it was found the sample S showed 219, 157, 108, 44 and 41 up-regulated miRNAs, respectively. Plant hormone signal transduction pathway was the unique pathway enriched by KEGG analysis, and the enriched gene number was 67, 48, 54, 44 and 40 in S_VS_D1, S_VS_D2, S_VS_T1, S_VS_T2 and S_VS_T3, respectively. Furthermore, a total of 19 allelic genes were co-enriched. Among them, the most abundant allelic gene was found to be IAA gene, with a total of 32 gene sequences. All the up-regulated genes were involved in eight aspects metabolic regulation in plant hormone information transduction. The results showed that plant hormone information transduction played a dominant role in the single-bud sett germinating process, which might be the main reason for promoting the early germination and growth. These results can be referred for popularization and application of standardized mechanical planting of single-bud sett in sugarcane.

5 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

000768   LIMA I M, CLAYTON C, TIR A, WIERDAK A, PARKER C, SARIR E, EGGLESTON G (USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, LA- 70124, USA, Email: isabel.lima@usda.gov) : Design and operation of a scaled-up pilot plant for the removal of sugar beet extract colorants using powdered activated carbon. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 167-77.

A pilot-scale filtration unit has been modified and operated at the Southern Regional Research Center of the US Department of Agriculture for scaled-up trials to test the efficacy of powdered activated carbon in the removal of color impurities from sugar beet extract (SBE). As a by-product of sugar beet processing, additional sucrose can be recovered from high color SBE by recycling it from the chromatography system back into the crystallization unit. Large amounts of color compounds can make this process unfeasible. Color and other impurities can be reduced prior to further processing into white refined sugar, by application of high surface area powdered activated carbon (PAC). Pilot-plant trials were undertaken to determine the feasibility of using PAC to adsorb both natural and process-induced colorants from SBE. Experiments were performed using a batch decolorization process to maximize color removal and determine optimal PAC distribution as either body feed or filter pre-coat. With initial colors at 4275 ± 114, 4256 ± 223 and 4774 ± 157 ICU for color measured at pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively, a target of 50% color removal was achieved using 4000 ppm on volume of PAC, with a recommended distribution of 75% as pre-coat in the filter and 25% as body feed in the feed tank. A 50/50 PAC distribution also reached the target color removal rate. A ‘‘merry-go-round’’ experiment was undertaken to simulate a semi-continuous process to achieve continuous color removal over time. Overall, PAC performance was slightly better for the removal of native sugar beet colorants than colorants produced during processing. Addition of PAC did not lead to significant sucrose losses nor affected the pH of beet extract.

8 illus, 2 tableS, 19 ref

000767   VERMA A K, GARG P K, PRASAD K S H, DADHWAL V K, DUBEY S K, KUMAR A (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247 667, Email: amit768@gmail.com) : Sugarcane yield forecasting model based on weather parameters. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 158-66.

A reliable estimate of the crop production prior to harvest is important for determining the prices, import– export decisions, and various food procurement policies that would enable the Government to take advance action in terms of surplus or scarcity production. Crop yield forecasting models could potentially be applied to small areas where all the necessary data are available. For large area data availability becomes critical, and the techniques of regression modeling and remote sensing are favored over growth simulation modeling. In this study, various weather parameters based statistical models have been developed to forecast the sugarcane yield during autumn and spring planting for Muzaffarnagar District of Uttar Pradesh. Last 35 year historical weather data from 1981 to 2015 were used for analysis. Various weighted and unweighted weather indices have been utilized in developing the statistical model. The developed model using regression techniques for the spring season (Model-S4) and autumn season (Model-A5) showed a good relationship between predicted and observed values of yield. Model-S4 error ranges from - 0.063 to + 5.81 %, whereas Model-A5 error varying from - 3.54 to + 3.51 %. In all the developed models, weighted weather indices have been found to be significantly more effective rather than un-weighted weather indices.

3 illus, 8 tables, 30 ref

000766   PI Z, XING W, ZHU X, LONG J, ZOU Y, WU Z (Heilongjiang Univ, Heilongjiang, China, Email: 1997009@hlju.edu.cn) : Temporal expression pattern of bolting-related genes during vernalization in sugar beet. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 146-57.

To screen candidate marker genes implicated in vernalization, bolting-related agronomic traits and the expression of genes homologous to the bolting and flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated in KWS9147 during 16-week (w) chilling. Boltingrelated agronomic traits showed that less than 10-w chilling was not sufficient for bolting. A transitional period was determined between 10 and 14 weeks when vernalization time was enough for bolting in some seedlings. After 14-w chilling, nearly all seedlings were well vernalized. At the transcriptional level, the expression of 19 candidate genes was significantly changed in response to chilling (change fold [2 and P value \0.05). In particular, three genes (BvGI, BvBTC1 and BvFVE1) were notable, as their expression continuously increased or decreased during 8–16-w chilling, when BI and BD were significantly changed. On the basis of correlation analysis, a co-expression network containing two modules was constructed. BvGI, BvBTC1 and BvFVE1 were located at the centre of the first module, which co-expressed with the other 3 photoperiodic genes. In the second module, BvFT1 and BvFT2 were associated with BvLHY, BvGATA22 and BvFVE2. Our study on the temporal expression pattern of bolting and flowering-related genes during vernalization provides valuable information for preliminary screening of key regulators and may facilitate the future molecular breeding of vernalization-insensitive varieties.

5 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

000765   SHARMA K M, MURALIDHARAN C M, BAIDIYAVADRA D A, BARDHAN K, PANCHAL C N (Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural Univ, Gujarat- 370 421, Email: a k.m.sharma456@sdau.edu.in) : Evaluation of potentiality of different adjuvants for date palm pollination and fruit set. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 139-45.

In commercial date palm cultivation, artificial pollination is an expensive necessary agronomic practice. For effective pollination, timely availability of pollen is a requisite; however, in time of pollen scarcity and/or in need of higher amount of pollen for mechanical pollination, dilution of pollen with adjuvant is an effective approach. We tested efficiency of pollination by mixing pollen with different low cost and easily available adjuvants, viz. Maida flour, wheat flour, talcum powder, bajra flour, ash and marble dust in 1:9 and 1:19 ratio, over control (no adjuvant) and evaluate their efficacy in sustaining the fruit set and yield. Our results suggest that all of the experimented adjuvants can be diluted up to 1:9 ratio; however, talcum powder can be diluted up to 1:19 without reducing fruit yield.

2 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

000764   CAIONE G, PRADO R M, VASCONCELOS R L, SOUZA J P, CAMPOS N S, MODA L R, GONZALEZ L C (Agronomy Dep, Mato Grosso State Univ, Alta Floresta, Brazil, Email: jonas.psj@hotmail.com) : Phosphorus sources combined with doses of organic compost increased the population of soil microorganisms and P level in the soil and plant and the dry matter of sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 130-8.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of P sources and filter cake, enriched or not with biofertilizers and liquid peat, on the microbial population and the soil available P levels and shoot dry matter and P accumulation by sugarcane. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 4 x 3 + 1 and three replications. The treatments consisted in four sources of P: simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate and reactive natural phosphate combined with three levels of organic compound: without filter cake, decomposed filter cake (30 t ha^-1 , dry basis) and decomposed filter cake enriched with liquid peat (4 mL kg^-1 of filter cake) and biofertilizers (480 mL kg^-1 of filter cake) and a control treatment without organic compound and without phosphorus. At 45 and 110 days after planting the total population of bacteria and fungi, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and total microorganisms were evaluated. After 60 and 110 days, the soil available P, plants’ P and dry matter and P accumulation were evaluated. The organic compound increased the population of soil microorganism, the soil P levels, the accumulation of P and dry matter by the plants, regardless of the source of P, although the enrichment with biofertilizer and liquid peat did not enhance this effect. In conclusion, the presence of organic compost enhances the effects of phosphate fertilization.

5 tables, 42 ref

000763   REVATHY R, MURALI P, VENKATASUBRAMANIAN V, PRATHAP P, BALAMURALI S (Computer Applications Dep, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Tamil Nadu- 626 126, Email: p.murali@icar.gov.in) : An appraisal of Indian jaggery and confectionery exports in the global market: Markov chain model approach. Sugar Tech 2021, 21(1), 118-29.

Jaggery and confectionery are the classical decentralized cane sweets prepared and used by many people all over the world. Both are playing an overriding role in the sugar economy by reaching the demands of export trade. Traditionally, India has been producing jaggery and confectionery for export revenues and is the foremost leading countries in exporting jaggery and confectionery since the ancient period. The current stage of jaggery exports is not consistent with high variance in prices due to changing market scenario, income and taste patterns. The fluctuation in the export market greatly affects the quantum of exports and requisites a time series analysis with modern techniques. Hence, secondary data were collected to assess the dynamic changes of jaggery and confectionery exports from India to various regions of the world by employing the mechanism of the Markov chain model. The model was executed with jaggery and confectionary export data for the year 2004–2018 and predicted the export as well as price level for the next few years. The Markov chain process has found that North African countries import a very high volume of jaggery and confectionary from India. The other countries were recorded with high or medium holding probabilities in export quantity and price for upcoming years. The overall regionwise results for 2019–2025 confirmed that the export quantity of jaggery and confectionery acquires high level, but the price turns into either very high or drops to medium level in the future period which needs to be taken care by the exporters to improve their trade share in the global market.

4 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

000762   HOEPERS L M L, KOCH G, SILVA M C C, RUARO L, CALEGARIO R F, FILHO J C B, OLIVEIRA R A, DUARTE H S S (Fitossanidade Dep, Federal do Parana Univ, Parana CEP 80035-050, Brazil, Email: henriqueduarte@ufpr.br) : Validation of the G1 molecular marker associated with resistance to orange rust in Brazilian sugarcane genotypes. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 108-17.

Orange rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia kuehnii, is an important disease of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.). A molecular marker (G1) was developed to identify the resistance of sugarcane to orange rust. The aim of the present study was to validate the molecular marker G1 in the detection of resistance to orange rust in Brazilian sugarcane genotypes. 80 genotypes were analyzed by PCR, being classified according to the presence or absence of the marker. For field evaluation of orange rust resistance, a randomized block experiment was conducted, with the same 80 genotypes using four replications. Artificial inoculation was performed in the leaf whorl, with an evaluation made at 30 days after inoculation, using a scale from zero (without symptoms) to four (more than five pustules with sporulation), in which cultivars with an average score between zero and two were classified as resistant, and a score greater than two, susceptible. Of the 17 genotypes classified as resistant through the field test, 9 did not present the respective band. Of the 63 susceptible genotypes, 27 had the band relative to the molecular marker G1. The selection accuracy of G1 marker (the efficiency of predicting resistant phenotype) was 22.86%. The Phi correlation coefficient (/) was calculated, through which it was observed that the variables are independent, with no statistically significant correlation between them. The results indicate that the G1 marker had a low efficiency to predict the resistance to orange rust in clones under selection in a Brazilian breeding program and Brazilian commercial cultivars of sugarcane.

4 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

000761   JAYAKUMAR V, SUNDAR A R, VISWANATHAN R (Crop Protection Div, ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore- 641 007, Email: jkpath@rediffmail.com) : Biocontrol of Colletotrichum falcatum with volatile metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria and profiling VOCs by headspace SPME coupled with GC–MS. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 94-107.

A total of 49 endophytic bacteria isolated from sugarcane were screened in vitro for antagonistic property against C. falcatum through production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Among them, 27 bacteria produced volatiles with moderate inhibitory level, i.e. 30 to 50% and 9 produced volatiles with strong inhibitory properties, i.e. [50 % mycelial growth inhibition over control. The volatile compounds produced by B. axarquiensis—ESR 7 inhibited C. falcatum mycelia growth to the tune of 59.2% followed by B. licheniformis—ESR 26 (57.8 %) and B. subtilis—ESR 24 (54.8 %), respectively. The volatiles produced by bacteria not only inhibited the radial growth of mycelium but also suppressed the vertical expansion of mycelia and caused deformation in mycelia growth. The VOCs produced by 24 endophytic bacteria completely inhibited spore formation in C. falcatum culture. Profiling of antagonistic VOCs produced by bacterial strains ESR 7, ESR 24 and ESR 26 was done by head space-solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectral analysis. The analysis showed the presence of 63 compounds belonging to chemical groups of alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones, acids, amino acid, carbohydrates, ethers, aldehydes, amines and amides. Among the identified microbial volatiles, 6 compounds viz., acetic acid, methoxy-phenyl-oxime, octamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane, 5,7-dimethyl-undecane, hexamethyl-cyclotrisiloxane and dodecane were reported in VOCs produced by all three bacteria. However, among 63 volatiles, only 31 were already reported to be produced by many bacteria and fungi and 11 compounds viz., acetic acid, hexanal, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, undecane 5,7-dimethyl, undecane 3,7-dimethyl, 2-decanone, dodecane, 2-undecanone, 2-dodecanone, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester and 2-methyl-hexadecanol were reported with antagonistic property against many plant pathogens. The study revealed that many VOCs produced by B. axarquiensis—ESR 7, B. subtilis—ESR 24 and B. licheniformis—ESR 26 play role in mediating antagonism against C. falcatum.

2 illus, 2 tables, 83 ref

000759   ZENG Q, HUANG Z, WANG Q, WU J, FENG X, QI Y (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute, Guangzhou- 510 316, China, Email: yongwen2001@126.com) : Genome survey sequence and the development of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers in Erianthus arundinaceus. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 77-85.

Erianthus arundinaceus possesses high biomass, vigor, ratoonability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and is considered to be an ideal species for improving sugarcane. In this study, a genome survey sequence was performed in E. arundinaceus, and SSR markers were developed based on a genome survey sequence. A total of 167.36 Gb raw data were obtained and were assembled into 3161 Mb genome sequences, including 15,238,738 scaffolds. The genome size was estimated to be approximately 3.23 Gp based on kmer analysis. In total, 36,616 SSR motifs were identified and characterized, including 60.69 % dinucleotide, 34.27 % trinucleotide, 3.34 % tetranucleotide, 0.98 % pentanucleotide and 0.71 % hexanucleotide repeats. AG/CT repeat motifs were the most abundant, and GC/CG repeat motifs were somewhat rare, accounting for 54.16 % and 2.69 % of dinucleotide repeat motifs, respectively. A total of 365 SSR loci were obtained by 20 SSR primer pairs amplified in 20 clones of E. arundinaceus and its related species, and 188 SSR loci were specific to E. arundinaceus. Genetic similarity coefficient analysis by UPMGA methods clustered 20 clones of E. arundinaceus and its related species into two groups. Five clones of E. arundinaceus clustered separately with the remaining clones. These results may establish a foundation for further research investigating the E. arundinaceus genome and identifying genuine hybrids between sugarcane and E. arundinaceus.

5 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

000758   HASANAKLOU H T, GHADIM A E K, MORADI F, GHODEHKAHRIZ S J, GHOLIPOURI A (Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dep, Mohaghegh Univ, Ardabil, Iran, Email: foadmoradi@yahoo.com) : The Effects of NH4+ and NO3 - and plant growth regulators on the accumulation of nutrients, carbohydrates and secondary metabolites of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 65-76.

The main objective of this 2-year study was to investigate the effects of nitrogen resources (nitrogen-free, NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ^+, and NH₄NO₃ each 150 % in modified Hoagland solution) and plant growth regulators (PGR-free (6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP, 200 lM), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 200 lM) and BAP + NAA each one 200 lM) on the absorption and transmission of elements from root to leaves and also study the biosynthesis of steviol glycosides in stevia leaves. The results demonstrated that the highest absorption of nutrient elements including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium was observed in the plant cultivated under NO₃ ^- and with BAP + NAA treatment. However, the combination of NH₄NO₃ and BAP significantly increased the steviol glycosides more than that of other treatments. This suggests that stevia requires low amounts of nutrient uptake for the biosynthesis of steviol glycosides. The results also showed that the levels of free carbohydrate and starch were increased in root and leaf under NO₃ ^- and with BAP+NAA treatments. An increase in free carbohydrate biosynthesis and transferring it to the root is completely vital to prevent sodium uptake and assist in the absorption of essential nutrients. These results suggest that the application of NO₃ ^- could increase the nutrient uptake whereas the optimal uptake of the essential elements and the highest amounts of steviol glycosides occur in the treatment of NH₄NO₃ along with BAP.

5 illus, 52 ref

000757   ZOU C, WANG Y, WANG B, LIU D, LIU L, LI C, CHEN F (Northeast Agricultural Univ, Harbin, China, Email: icaifeng@neau.edu.cn) : Small RNA sequencing in sugar beet under alkaline stress. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 57-64.

MiRNAs have been proved to participate in the abiotic stress responses in plants. Sugar beet can adapt itself to different abiotic stresses, in particular the alkaline and salinity stresses. Nonetheless, the number, features, sequences and possible effects of miRNAs on the plant responses to alkaline stress remain largely unclear. Small RNA sequencing was carried out in sugar beet cultivar KWS0143 seedling leaves under alkaline solution treatments for 0 (control, C), 3 (short term, ST) as well as 7 (long term, LT) days, respectively. As a result, the RNAs 24 nt in length showed the highest abundance among three sugar beet libraries, followed by those 21 nt and 22 nt in length. Besides, among these three libraries, a total of 2134 miRNAs were identified, which belonged to 47 families. Each of identified known miRNA showed high conservation level among different plant species. 24 novel miRNAs were also identified that possessed standard miRNA* sequences and hairpin precursors, with the length of 20–24 nt. Expression of 222 miRNAs was detected under each treatment, including 169 known and 53 novel miRNAs. Sixteen miRNAs showed specific expression in ST treatment, while twenty-nine showed expression in LT treatment. Besides, we estimated 45 characteristic coding genes as the targets for 67 alkali-responsive miRNAs. According to GO analysis, numerous target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) showed enrichment into the ‘‘redox process,’’ such as polyphenol oxidase gene LOC04900758. Our results provided a valuable resource on alkali-responsive miRNAs and should benefit the improvement in alkaline stress tolerance in sugar bee

5 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

000756   LI J, LI H, YANG N, JIANG S, MA C, LI H (Heilongjiang Univ, Harbin- 150 080, China, Email: chqm@hlju.edu.cn) : Overexpression of a monodehydroascorbate reductase gene from sugar beet M14 increased salt stress tolerance. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 45-56.

Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), a key enzyme to reduce monodehydroascorbate (DHA) to ascorbic acid (AsA), plays an important role in maintaining the level of ascorbic acid in plant cells. It helps to remove reactive oxygen species and regulate cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we cloned a MDHAR gene from a sugar beet M14 line (BvM14). The full-length BvM14- MDHAR was 1737 bp, and its ORF contained 1059 bp encoding the MDHAR of 352 amino acids. In addition, we expressed the coding sequence of BvM14-MDHAR in Escherichia coli and purified the BvM14-MDHAR protein with high enzymatic activity. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the BvM14-MDHAR was up-regulated in the BvM14 roots under salt stress. To investigate the functions of the BvM14-MDHAR, it was constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. The transgenic plants exhibited an obvious salt stress tolerance phenotype, as evidenced by longer roots, higher fresh weight and chlorophyll contents, as well as higher AsA/DHA levels than wild-type (WT) seedlings under salt stress. In addition, the overexpression seedlings showed higher activities of MDHAR and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and decreased cell membrane damage compared to WT. The results showed that the BvM14-MDHAR confers salt tolerance through its activity in redox regulation. It is a potential target for enhancing crop salt stress tolerance through genetic engineering and molecular breeding effort.

7 illus, 59 ref

000755   ALVELS J A G, CABRAL P D S, TEODORO P E, CANDIDO L S, SILVA F H L, NETO J H, REIS E F (Instituto Federal Goiano, GO, Brazil, Email: eduteodoro@hotmail.com) : Adaptability and genotypic stability of sweet sorghum in the Brazilian Cerrado. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 38-44.

The global demand for renewable sources fuel has rapidly increased in the past years. Sweet sorghum has stood out for being of technically and economically viable alternative for supplying raw materials to distilleries. This research aimed to select, simultaneously, pre-commercial sweet sorghum hybrids with high adaptability and stability, via mixed models, in six different environments. The experiments were conducted in the off-season of 2015/16 and 2016/17 in environments of the Brazilian Cerrado. Sixteen pre-commercial sweet sorghum hybrids were evaluated. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replications. In each trial, fresh and dry matter yield, soluble solids content, and ethanol yield were evaluated. The variance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood. For each trait, the simultaneous selection for stability and adaptability was performed by the statistics of the harmonic mean of the relative performance of genetic values. Genotype 9 environment interaction was recorded significant for all the traits. Among the sorghum hybrids evaluated, N43A1001 stood out for obtaining the highest genotypic means for the evaluated traits, besides showing adaptability and stability for these traits. Therefore, this study demonstrated the possibility of obtaining high ethanol yield from sweet sorghum cultivated in the sugarcane. off-season, in the Brazilian Cerrado, that would help and reduce the high fluctuation of ethanol’s supply and price in the Brazilian market.

5 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

000754   VITI M L, MENDES K F, REIS F C, GUIMARAES A C D, SORIA M T M, TORNISIELO V L (Sao Paulo Univ, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Email: kassio_mendes_06@hotmail.com) : Characterization and metabolism of bound residues of three herbicides in soils amended with sugarcane waste. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 23-37.

This study evaluated the remobilization, mineralization, and metabolism of herbicide-bound residues in soils amended with various types of sugarcane waste. Soil with bound residues of three herbicides and fresh soil samples were added to the biometric flasks, followed by the addition of vinasse, filter cake, or sugarcane straw in order to reactivate the microbial activity. In sandy loam soil, higher mineralization was observed where filter cake was added, and the maximum mineralized percentage was 7.7, 46.7, and 8.1% of diuron-, hexazinone-, and metribuzinbound residues, respectively. Conversely, this soil presented a greater percentage of re-extractable hexazinone and metribuzin residues when vinasse was added. Among the examined herbicides, a higher percentage of bound metribuzin residues remained in the soil (57.5–75.6%). It was possible to identify both metabolites and parent compounds in the re-extracted residues, implying either species could bind to the soil. Therefore, this study has shown that bound residues of three herbicides and their metabolites can become bioavailable, and mineralized or returned to the soil solution, which could adversely affect subsequent crops or non-target organisms. Hence, the remobilization of bound residues must be taken into account when assessing the environmental risk of herbicides in soils in registration processes.

6 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

000753   SUSHIL S N, KALLESHWARASWAMY C M, RANJITH M, ROY S, JAISWAL A K, JOSHI D, PATHAK A D (ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Uttar Pradesh.- 226 002, Email: snsushil@yahoo.co.uk) : Incidence and diversity of termites associated with sugarcane in north-west zone of India with new records. Sugar Tech 2021, 23(1), 15-22.

Termites, being serious pests of sugarcane, have been posing threat to its cultivation in Indo-Gangetic plains of North-West zone of India. Monthly observations round the year revealed a highest per cent incidence of termites in the month of August to the tune of 25.45% followed by 22.73, 21.82, 18.18 and 15.45% in the months of July, September, October and June, respectively. The incidence was lower in winter months, i.e. January, February and March with 4.55, 5.45 and 7.27%, respectively. It is evident from the weather data that monsoon season with high relative humidity and moderate temperature was favourable for the build-up of the population of termites, while winter season was unfavourable. Study on relative abundance of different species of termites in sugarcane revealed that termite species, Odontotermes obesus, occupied the maximum percentage of occurrence to the tune of 28.57% followed by that was 21.42, 14.28, 14.28, 14.28 and 7.14% of Microtermes obesi, O. horni, O. vaishno, O. bellahunisensis and Odontotermes sp., respectively. Of the total species recorded during the course of study, three species, viz. Odontotermes horni (Wasmann), O. vaishno Bose and O. bellahunisensis Holmgren and Holmgren, were recorded for the first time to infest sugarcane in India. An illustrated key was developed for easy and quick identification of termite species collected from sugarcane. The study holds promise for strategic planning for the management of termites in sugarcane agro-ecosystem.

6 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

000800   MUJMULE P S, KANKHARE D H, RAMTEKE S P, MANE S H (Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra) : Optimization of green peas basundi. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(4), 182-4.

The present study entitled “Optimization of green peas Basundi” was carried out with objective to optimize the levels of green peas and sugar in Basundi. The levels of green peas paste and sugar were finalized on the basis of sensory evaluation. The levels selected for green peas paste were 10, 12.5, and 15 per cent and levels of sugars (15% and 20%). Treatment T2 having 12.5 per cent green peas paste and 15 per cent sugar was most acceptable among other treatments in respect of sensory qualities and overall acceptability.

1 table, 7 ref

000499   CHAVDA K A, JETHVA A S, ZINZALA S N, SAPOVADIYA M H, VACHHANI J H (Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Character association and their direct and indirect effects on bulb yield in onion (Allium cepa L.). J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(4), 179-81.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate 75 diverge genotypes of onion during rabi season for correlation and path analysis for bulb yield and its contributing characters. The genotypic correlation coefficient values were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients in almost all the trait pairs. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the characters viz., neck thickness of bulb and number of leaves per plant exhibited moderate and positive direct effect on bulb yield.

2 tables, 18 ref

000495   BHAKUNI V, PRASAD R, SHUKLA P S (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Hill Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand) : Genetic variability and correlation studies for morphological and seed quality parameters in foxtail millet (Setaria italic (L.) Beauv.). J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(4), 160-5.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) is one of the world’s oldest cultivated crops. It’s domestication and cultivation is estimated to have occurred over 4000 years ago (Chang, 1968). By virtue of it’s composition it is quite comparable to Rice and Wheat in it’s nutritive value. It has got fairly high proportion of crude protein (8.2 %), minerals (6.7 %), digestible protein (4.9 %) and exceptionally higher fibre contents (25.3 %). But, in India, the potentiality of foxtail millet is not yet exploited properly. Hence, the present investigation was conducted with 46 genotypes of Foxtail millet with an objective to study the genetic variability and correlation for morphological as well as seed quality parameters. Twenty-three characters were examined in the field for morphological and yield contributing traits while twelve parameters were examined in the laboratory for seed quality. The analysis of variance revealed significant variation among different genotypes. Most of the seed quality and field parameters recorded high estimates for broad sense heritability. All of the seed quality parameters exhibited positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with each other. Based on studies it was concluded that all the genotypes included in the present study are having wide array of variation for different yield contributing traits as well as seed quality parameters. So, these genotypes could be further adopted for breeding improvement.

3 tables, 18 ref

000497   MEENAMBIGAI T V, ANBUKUMAR K, MADHANMOHAN M (Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, ) : Insights into veterinary vaccinology: Bygone and Future. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(4), 170-4.

Development of modern veterinary vaccines are challenging as against conventional vaccines. In the current era of genomics, intense progress has been made in the field of vaccinology and next generation vaccine approaches. Modern approaches in veterinary vaccinology greatly demands novel strategies for controlling emerging pathogens in livestock. This review corrugates a birds eye view of live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines and genetically engineered vaccines. Reverse vaccinology approaches paves a new beginning for development of novel vaccines against infectious pathogens affecting the livestock and poultry sector. This conceptual framework for veterinary vaccinology leads to the rational development of next generation vaccines.

33 ref