001124   SIMANGUNSONG N I, FITRI R, ANWAR D R (Landscape Architecture Dep, Trisakti Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia) : Identification of rubiah island as a nature tourism destination in Sabang, Aceh. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 332-8.

The Rubiah Island has a beautiful landscape of white sandy beaches, a marine park with coral reefs and a variety of colourful fish. The relatively short achievement of Iboh is also an attraction and potential as a natural tourist destination. With the potential of this natural beauty, Rubiah Island should be a place frequented by tourists. At present, Rubiah Island is not a place frequented yet by domestic and foreign tourists. While the market potential of Singapore and Malaysia is the country with the highest number of tourists coming to Indonesia from the ASEAN region, it is very close to Aceh. The island’s problems include poorly maintained landscape conditions; there are partially damaged historic buildings; the condition of pedestrian paths is not safe and comfortable to pass; various other facilities are not adequate yet as a tourist destination. The purpose of the study is to identify the natural potential and components of nature tourism such as attractions, accessibility and supporting facilities of natural tourism destinations. The research method is descriptive analysis carrying out an inventory of data and travel approaches. Primary data inventory is carried out through direct observation of site conditions. Secondary data obtained through literature review of similar studies in journals, maps and other sources. Identification of Tourism Destinations by conducting a tourism approach to the 5 main elements of tourism: tourist attraction, facilities, infrastructure, transportation and hospitality. Data analysis uses descriptive qualitative to determine the natural potential and constraints on Rubiah Island as a tourist destination. The results of this analysis determines the direction of the development plan. The results of this study show that the natural potential of Rubiah Island is suitable as a natural tourism destination. The attractiveness and improvement of the quality of various supporting facilities needs to be done.

11 illus, 18 ref

001122   ALSHAMARY W F A, ALJUMILY A M H, GHANI E T A, ALKHATEB B A (Mechanization & Agricultural Equipments Dep, Kirkuk Univ, Kirkuk- 9487, Iraq) : The influence of binary irrigation (BI), humic acid (HA), and various saline water on water consumption (WC), water use efficiency (WUE) of corn (Zea mays L.). Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 316-22.

A three factorial field experiment was conducted during autumn 2018, west of Iraq in clay loam soil texture. To study role of humic acid (HA) and binary irrigation (BI) in reducing effects of irrigation with various saline water on the growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The study was implemented according to the split-split plot design within the randomized completely block design with three replications. The three factors were saline water (1.34, 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 dS.m^-1), The HA with two levels, ( 0 and 30 kg.ha^-1) and two methods of irrigation, i.e., continuous irrigation (CI) and binary irrigation. Corn seeds were planted and irrigated according to the scheduled program based on the American evaporation pan class A. Irrigation depth used in this study was 555 mm. Season-1. The results showed that the BI had saved 50 % of the total requirements of fresh water. The highest WUE was 4.30 kg.m^-3 when 1.34 dS.m-¹ irrigation water and 30 kg.ha^-1 of HA were used. The highest WC was at the stage of vegetative growth of (638.4 m³ .ha^-1) and the lowest was (212.8 m³ .ha^-1) at germination stage.

5 tables, 25 ref

001121   MANAN R H, NADASIYATUS H (Landscape Architecture Dep, FALTL Univ, Jakarta- 11440, Indonesia) : The role of vegetation on thermal comfort the Ria Rio reservoir area in DKI Jakarta province. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 308-15.

Urban physical development in Indonesia can lead to an increase in urban air temperatures which generally have higher temperatures than in rural areas and can be outside the standard of human thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a way for humans to respond to stimuli to the temperature of the surrounding environment. Vegetation has an important role in controlling the comfort of thermal microclimates, namely modifying air temperature, controlling humidity, reducing solar radiation and regulating wind speed. The Ria Rio Reservoir area in the DKI Jakarta province, is in an urban environment with a high population and dense building. The purpose of this study is to measure the amount of vegetation function towards thermal comfort in the Ria Rio Reservoir area. The research method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. Measurement of thermal comfort in the area is done by direct observation. Assessment of vegetation function as a modification of the microclimate will be assessed quantitatively using the Key Performance Index to see how large the function of vegetation is in thermal comfort. The results of the study are the magnitude of the value of vegetation comfort as a thermal comfort control in determining the criteria for selecting plants in the regional landscape design.

10 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

001120   PANGARIBOWO, MANAN R H (SAGE Univ, Indore- 452 020, Madhya Pradesh) : Significance of organic food towards human health in the present Covid-19 Time. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 302-7.

This article emphasizes about the health value of organic foods and presents a quality framework for estimating the scientific impact of these studies. Covid-19 attacks people with low immune systems and especially people of under and over ages. Immunity is based on favourable live bacteria which live in the gut for shielding the human body from a variety of ailments. At the time of weak, low or damaged immune system, it is prone to diseases for instance due to corona virus (Covid-19) or other ailments like heart disease, diabetes or cancer. Vegetarian foods increase and help the intestinal beneficial bacteria, as well as the by and large gut micro biome wellbeing, which makes up to 85% of the body’s immune system. Increasing the demand for organic food materials as well as increasing health consciousness goal among the people in the present scenario led the researcher to study about the nature and behaviour of consumer towards the organic products, its pricing, and awareness of consumers towards organic products in a more drastic way. Organic food has high nutritive value through which prevent various risk factors towards allergic diseases, obesity and cancer. For that follow different approaches towards the farming in agriculture system which includes the lack of chemical uses, lack of pesticides, agro ecological system, integrative approach which may result into beneficial system towards the human health care system. Presence of some bioactive compounds may give beneficial results towards the growth and development of the human health system. In this study we have covered the benefits of organic foods, compared some parameters of nutritional values of organic food and convectional food.

2 tables, 30 ref

001119   PANGARIBOWO, MANAN R H (Landscape Architecture Dep, Trisakti Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia) : The influence of social factors and psychological factors in landscape design for children’s playground (CPG). Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 294-301.

This paper examines the influence of social and psychological factors in the design of children’s playgrounds in open space. The methodology used is the first method of observation and in-depth interviews of children (respondents) by taking into account the factors of the child’s age, education and socioeconomic status. Second, conduct a comparative study of general principles of education and child development. Three guidelines for choosing the literature used are: relevance, current, and adequacy (Hadi, 1991). To maintain relevance with the discussions conducted, journals, research reports, theses, dissertations, encyclopedias, and other special articles were selected which included research on social, psychological and behavioral aspects of children in the playroom in public spaces. Landscape architecture can answer the children’s need for freedom or flexibility in nature, both in geometry and perception. Social and psychological factors in children’s playground design give an idea of how the relationship between characteristics, needs and motivation of children with a design. The results of this paper provide a children’s playground landscape design application, which is expected to answer the space requirements for children who will become users. The environment can be seen as a source to motivate and shape children’s behavior.

11 illus, 23 ref

001118   YADAV S P, SINGH R K, SINGH A, YADAV D K, YADAV T K, NAYAK H (Agronomy Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Uttar Pradesh) : Performance of herbicide applied at 2 to 4 leaf stage of weeds on weed dynamics and yield in spring planted sugarcane. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 288-93.

A field experiment was conducted during the year 2017-2018 at Agriculture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) to study the effect of various herbicides on weed dynamics and yield in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The experiment comprised of nine treatments laid out in randomized complete block design replicated thrice. The treatment consisted viz. T₁ - Diuron @ 2.4 kg/ha PE(pre-emergence), T₂ - Diuron @ 3.2 kg/ha PE, T₃ - Diuron @ 2.4 kg/ha 2-4 leaf stage of weed, T₄ - Diuron @ 3.2 kg/ha 2-4 leaf stage of weed, T₅ Paraquat @ 0.5kg/haEPo (Early post emergence), T₆ -2,4-D Na+ salt @ 2.6 kg/ha 2-4 leaf stage of weed, T₇ - Metribuzin @ 1.5kg/ha, T₈ – Hand weeding (60, 90 and 120 DAP) and Untreated control (T₉ ) also included to make comparison of the treatments. The results showed all the weed control treatments significantly superior over weedy check. Hand weeding was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Among the herbicides diuron @ 3.2 kg/ha applied at 2-4 leaf stage of weed recorded lowest weed density, weed dry matter, nutrient removal, weed index and maximum weed control efficiency. The presence of weed reduce cane yield about 49.98% in comparison to hand weeding.The highest cane yield (88.81 t/ha) and net return (Rs.194550.60) was obtained with hand weeding, however highest B:C (2.03) was obtain with the application of diuron 3.2 kg/ha at 2- 4 leaf stage of weed.

2 tables, 18 ref

001117   IBRAHIM B, SUKOSO, SULISTIYONO R, SAIDA (Brawijaya Univ, Malang, Indonesia) : Isolation and characterization of sulfate reducing bacteria from cultivation pond sediments. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 282-7.

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are bacteria that play a role in the bioremediation process. These bacteria are commonly found in anoxic environment, especially at the bottom of the sediments. This study aims to isolate and characterize sulfate reducing bacteria from cultivating pond sediments. A total of 20 bacterial samples were isolated from pond ecosystems in the Kuri area of Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Growth of sulfate reducing bacteria was conducted using selective media postgate B by observing the change in color of the media to black. Purification is done by observing the colonies that grow in the media Nutrient Agar (NA) after incubation for 24 hours. Characterization tests include observations of colony morphology and bacterial cells, as well as biochemical tests. The results showed that SRB has four best isolates in sequence, 3A, 3B, 3D, and 4D. Based on the results of the characterization test using profile matching isolate 3A, it was identified as a member of genus Desolfobulbus.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

001116   PANDA M, PATNAIK A (Sambalpur Univ, Burla- 768 019, Odisha) : A study on ecotoxicity of cartap hydrochloride on “Perionyx excavatus”. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 274-81.

Soil is the largest terrestrial ecosystem supporting various biotic inhabitants. The correlation between the biotic and abiotic constituents gives a proper structure to it. With respect to this, earthworms have a major role in increasing the soil fertility factors by some of their physiological activities like nutrients cycling and immobilization. But their growth is inhibited by the unrestricted and intensive use of agricultural chemicals in crop field. In this study, Perionyx excavatus, an epigeic earthworm was exposed to experimental doses (0 ppm, 2 ppm, 5 ppm and 10 ppm) of pesticide cartap hydrochloride for 30 days to notice its impacts on some of their physiological processes. In the study it has been observed that, survivability, growth, feeding rate of the experimental groups decreased significantly with the increased dose of the pesticide, but an enhancement in their rate of respiration with the same experimental conditions. Statistical tools like two way ANOVA (p<0.001) and correlation were used to record significant differences as well as correlation between the physiological parameters and the doses of the pesticide.

5 illus, 5 tables, 39 ref

001115   SYAHPUTRA P A, KISMIYATI, MUKTI A T (Airlangga Univ, Surabaya- 60115, Indonesia) : Crustaceans ectoparasite of Trachinotus blochii cultivation in hatcheries tub and floating net cages. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 267-73.

The aquaculture activity of Trachinotus blochii has a high economic value. One of the problems that is commonly found in fish cultivation is ectoparasite crustaceans. It is considered ectoparasites because crustacean may cause bacteria and virus secondary infections. The purpose of this study is to identify the genus of ectoparasite crustaceans that infest T. blochii which are cultivated in hatcheries and floating net cages. Observation of T. blochii samples from cultivation in hatcheries and floating net cages on the body surface and gill examination using the qualitative method. Scrapping samples that have signs of being infected with ectoparasite crustaceans. Identification of ectoparasite crustaceans by a microscope at 100x and 400x magnifications. There are ectoparasite crustaceans found infecting T. blochii, the crustacean that belongs to genus Canuella. Canuella prevalence value is 3.3% in hatcheries tubs and 3.65% in floating net cages. There is one genus of ectoparasite crustaceans found, namely the genus Canuella which infects T. blochii that is cultivated in hatcheries tub and floating net cages.

4 tables, 37 ref

001114   PAVITHRRA DHARANI S K, KATHIRVELU C (Adhiyamaan Coll of Agriculture and Research, Athimugam- 635 105, Tamil Nadu) : Preliminary survey for lepidopteran fauna of Kalrayan Hills, Kallakurichi District, Tamil Nadu, India. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 261-6.

To document the lepidopteran fauna of Kalrayan hills, Tamil Nadu, an attempt was made from January to December, 2015 by using aerial netting, light trap and host rearing methods. The results of the survey revealed that, Out of 813 lepidopterans recorded from the study area, 187 butterflies, 27 skippers and 599 moths. They were identified up to subfamily level with the help of standard taxonomic keys of Lepidopterists. It was found that, nine superfamilies viz., Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea, Gelechioidea, Sesioidea, Pterophoroidea, Pyraloidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea and Noctuoidea were recognized. Among those, Noctuoidea was found to be dominant with 259 individuals followed by Papilionoidea (187). Among the superfamilies, Papilionoidea recorded with four families viz., Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae while the superfamily Hesperioidea found with one family Hesperiidae. There were eight moth families viz., Oecophoridae, Sesiidae, Pterophoridae, Crambidae, Shingidae, Geometridae, Uraniidae and Noctuidae were observed under eight superfamilies from the study area using various collection methods. Among them, Noctuidae was the dominant family. Twenty four subfamilies were recorded from the study area comprising both butterflies, skippers and moths viz., Papilioninae, Pierinae, Coliadinae, Lycaeninae, Nymphalinae, Satyrinae, Danainae, Hesperiinae, Xyloryctinae, Sesiinae, Pterophorinae, Schoenobiinae, Spilomelinae,, Sphinginae, Macroglossinae, Ennominae, Microniinae, Noctuinae, Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, Heliothinae, Plusiinae, Aganainae and Erebinae were identified. Among the subfamilies, Noctuinae (106) was predominant followed by Spilomelinae (101).

1 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

001112   KAVITHA V, NANDHINI S U, BASKAR V D C (Agriculture Dep, Karunya Univ, Coimbatore- 641 114, Tamil Nadu) : An analysis of total factor productivity of cotton in Tamil Nadu. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 247-52.

Cotton, popularly called as “white gold” is a leading commercial crop grown world over for its valuable fibre. India has become the global leading grower and largest producer of cotton. However, the growth rate in area, production and yield in the current decade has registered a reduced growth rate. Hence it necessitates a study to analyse the factors responsible for such changes. The ‘Total Factor Productivity’ (TFP) approach is considered as suitable tool to examine the growth in agricultural productivity and to separate out the effect of inputs and other factors like technology, infrastructure etc., on productivity growth. The study utilizes Tornqvist – Theil index for calculation of total factor productivity. Time series data from various published sources were collected for the period 1970 to 2017-18. The results have shown a declining trend in growth of Total Input Index, Total Output Index and TFP. Declined growth of TFP indicated the negative impact of technological changes on cotton. The study has suggested for more research and policy measures to impede the declining trend in TFP of cotton in the state.

10 tables, 5 ref

001109   KURNIAWAN K, GUSTIANO R, KUSMINI I I, PRAKOSO V A (Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture, Bogor- 16129, Indonesia) : Genetic resources preservation and utilization of Indonesian native freshwater fish consumption. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 227-33.

As a megadiverse country, Indonesia should be able to take advantage of its biodiversity richness optimally for national purposes. This paper discussed current issues of freshwater fish genetic resources, regulations, and governance policies, as well as its preservation and utilization programs. The main global issues of extinction of genetic resources due to habitat degradation, over-exploitation, water pollution, invasive species, and climate change have also occurred in Indonesian waters. Indonesia has ratified international agreements relating to biological diversity, biosafety, access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources, Specific regulation on conservation of fish genetic resources has appeared in the conservation of its ecosystems, species, and populations. The Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning (IMNDP) has drawn up a strategic action plan on biological resources management. At the central level, in addition to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF), the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) is determined as management authority, and the Indonesian Academy of Sciences (IAS) is appointed as scientific authority. Local government consisting of provincial and district/city governments can manage water areas be managed of water areas in their jurisdiction based on assessment and approval of MMAF. Aquatic habitat conservation of the freshwater ecosystem needs to be improved to support the domestication program and cultivation of endemic species to ensure the sustainability of fish population. From the study, it can be concluded that management and strategic planning of conservation need to be implemented properly through strengthening legislation, policy development, and its implementations to broader communities, improving synergic coordination among institutions and stakeholders, and training and education of conservation staffs in advanced technology for genetic preservation and utilization.

1 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

001100   SERDIATI N, LIGAINSANI, SAFIR M, RUKKA A H, MANGITUNG S F, VALEN F S, TAMAM M B, HASAN V (Fisheries Dep, Tadulako Univ, Indonesia- 94118) : Range expansion of the invasive nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Sulawesi Sea and first record for Sangihe Island, Tahuna, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 168-71.

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) is native species to North Africa, that has been introduced to many areas worldwide, including Indonesia. On 10-24 January 2020 specimens of O. niloticus were captured from Laine Waterfall in Sangihe Island, Indonesia, as a new record for this island. Introduced non-native fish would be able to have negative impacts on the aquatic species communities through competition food and other resources, so the existence of the O. niloticus is a risk. The characteristics of O. niloticus specimens were as follows dorsal spin rays 15, dorsal soft rays 11, pelvic spin rays 1, pelvic soft rays 5, pectoral fin rays 10, anal spin rays 8, anal soft rays 10. The specific morphological characters of a specimen are provided.

3 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

001089   SUKANDAR, DEWI C S U, HAQ R S Q, FATMAWATI R (Utilization and Fisheries Resource Dep, FPIK-UB, Malang, Indonesia) : Identification and analysis of marine ecotourism potential in Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 85-91.

Pacitan Regency, located on the western part of East Java, has a potential to be developed as an ecotourism area. The coastal village with 23 sites has become a local tourist destination for people of East Java and the number of visits has increased. On the other hand, there has been no management of the tourist areas. The purpose of this research is to examine the potential and management of potential destinations. The research employs a purposive technique by determining the location for data sampling through certain considerations based on weighted scores and multiplication of each parameter. Based on the results of research, there are 3 identified categories namely index of conformity recreational area of ecotourism category which includes leisure travel (84 %), beach sports 76 % and jet sky with a value of 88 %.

3 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

001076   WINNICKI E, KAGAWA-VIVIANI A, PEREZ K, RADOVICH T, KANTAR M (Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences Dep, Hawai‘i Univ, HI- 96822, USA) : Characterizing the diversity of Hawai‘i sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.). Econ Bot 2021, 75(1), 48-62.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) is one of the most important staple crops globally with particular cultural and economic significance in the Hawaiian Islands, yet the extent to which traditional cultivars persist remains unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationships between traditional Hawaiian sweet potato varieties and cultivars that originated elsewhere in the world. We sought to characterize genetic and phenotypic diversity of sweet potatoes represented in the Hawaiian Islands. To this end, a genetic assignment analysis was conducted on a sample of 77 individuals that consisted of traditional Hawaiian, USDA NPGS accessions, and recent herbarium samples. Additionally, voucher specimens of Hawaiian cultivars from the early twentieth century were assessed for variation in leaf morphology. We identified several inconsistencies within the Hawaiian-named varieties, as identically named varieties turned out to be genetically distinct, and similarly named voucher specimens varied in leaf morphology. Our findings call attention to the value of a set of Hawaiian sweet potatoes as “heirloom.” These genetically distinct traditional cultivars have unique value in local markets and present an opportunity to increase cultivar diversity in the markets and fields, support farmer income and diversified agriculture, all while contributing to reinvigoration of  Hawaiian cultural heritage.

4 illus, 72 ref

001075   DOTZEL K M (Connecticut Univ, CT, USA) : Mind the gap: Maize phytoliths, macroremains, and processing strategies in Southern New England 2500–500 BP. Econ Bot 2021, 75(1), 30-47.

This study presents preliminary results from a phytolith analysis of carbonized food residues and sediment soils from sites in southern New England (Connecticut and Rhode Island) dating 2500–500 BP. Phytolith analyses of carbonized food residues from sites across northeastern North America outside of southern New England demonstrate that maize (Zea mays L.) was introduced to the region as early as 2300 BP, hundreds of years before major shifts in settlement strategies became widespread. Phytolith evidence for maize in eastern North America likewise appears hundreds of years earlier than most maize macroremains, such as kernels, cobs, and cupules, appear. This has puzzled researchers attempting to piece together how maize was first circulated and used in the Eastern Woodlands. Preliminary phytolith analysis of carbonized food residues from seven sites indicates that, consistent with research outside the study area, at least some groups in southern New England cooked maize as early as 2300 BP. The results also indicate that maize cooking practices varied in ways that likely reflect broader subsistence strategies and that may explain the temporal gap between maize phytoliths and maize macroremains.

5 illus, 78 ref

001074   LOKO Y L E, EWEDJE E, OROBIYI A, DJEDATIN G, TOFFA J, GBEMAVO C D S J, TCHAKPA C, GAVOEDO D, SEDAH P, SABOT F (National Science Univ, Dassa-Zoumé- 14, Benin) : On-farm management of rice diversity, varietal preference criteria, and farmers’ perceptions of the african (Oryza glaberrima steud.) versus Asian rice (Oryza sativa l.) in the republic of Benin (West Africa): Implications for breeding and conservation. Econ Bot 2021, 75(1), 1-29.

Rice (Oryza spp.) is an important food and cash crop in the Republic of Benin. However, despite its production increase in recent years, the yield of cultivated varieties remains low, and the introduction of improved varieties threatens the rice diversity existing in traditional agriculture. Therefore, documenting the on-farm management of rice diversity, farmers’ varietal preferences, and their perceptions of the performance of cultivated varieties and species are important prerequisites for the development of on-site breeding and conservation programs. To fill these gaps in Benin, 418 rice farmers, belonging to 21 ethnic groups, were surveyed in 39 villages using participatory rural appraisal tools. Subject to synonymy, 30 improved varieties and 68 local varieties were registered and their folk nomenclature and taxonomy were documented. The north of Benin had the highest diversity of rice with the greatest number of traditional varieties, making this region the best place for an in situ conservation program. The number of rice varieties maintained per village varied from 1 to 15 (six on average). The foursquare analysis revealed that the improved variety IR 841 was by far the most popular variety. Most of NERICA varieties were abandoned in the south, while the north still hosts a wide range of local varieties. Twenty-one reasons explained varietal abandonment by farmers, varying according to geographic areas and ethnic groups. The seed system was both formal and informal in the study area. The participatory evaluation revealed the necessity to create and introduce tolerant/resistant rice varieties to drought and flooding stresses in Beninese agriculture that meet farmers’ preferences. Our results showed that north Benin would be the most suitable place for in situ conservation of local rice diversity.

2 illus, 3 tables, 53 ref

000838   Sarmiento R T, Aguinsatan R G, Gorgonio C T (Forestry Dep, Caraga State Univ, Philippines, Email: rtsarmiento@carsu.edu.ph) : Variations in the microclimatic conditions and litter decomposition rates between mixed forest and grassland areas. Ambient Sci 2021, 08(1), 10-4.

Forest vegetation plays an important role in the vast and complex relationship between biotic and abiotic components of the environment. In this study, we aim to construct a baseline analysis on the inf luence of forest in modifying soil and air temperature as well as the filtration capacity of the forest canopy. Results showed that forest microclimatic air and soil temperatures were significantly lower as compared to an open grassland ecosystem. Tree canopies and vegetation play a significant role in reducing the effects of heat in open outdoor spaces by filtering the incoming solar radiation before it reaches the ground surface. Litter decomposition on the other hand is an important biogeochemical process in terrestrial ecosystems. We compared the decomposition rates of the two ecosystems on surface floor litterbags and results showed that forest decomposes faster than grassland areas. Multiple regression suggests a negative association between soil temperatures and decomposition. On a local scale, the empirical relationships developed here are useful for a better understanding and modelling effects of climatic factors on litter decomposition rates

5 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

001055   SUSHMA H A , DINESH KUMAR M, VENKATESHA M M, MADAPURADA A (Agronomy Dep, Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Univ, Shivamogga, Karnataka, Email: venka5033@gmail.com) : Growth and yield performance of hybrid napier and fodder cowpea intercropping under different planting patterns. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 105-12.

Field experiment was conducted during kharif season  of  2019  at  Department  of  Livestock Farm Complex, Veterinary College, Shivamogga. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with thirteen treatments having three replications. During the experiment, three hybrid napier cultivars, i.e., Dharwad Hybrid Napier-6, CO-5 and Taiwan Super Napier-1 & three fodder cowpea genotypes, i.e., Cowpea local, MFC-09-1 and MFC-08-14 were used. Fodder cowpea genotypes were tested as an intercrop in different hybrid napier cultivars under normal spacing and paired row. Combinations of hybrid napier cultivar Taiwan Super Napier-1 with fodder cowpea improved genotypes (MFC-08-14 and MFC-09-1) in paired row performed better and found significantly superior over cultivar Dharwad Hybrid Napier-6 with different genotypes of fodder cowpea. The combination registered higher plant height (373 cm), number of tillers/plant (73.67) and number of leaves/plant (434.67), green fodder yield (321.21 t/ha), dry fodder yield (66.09 t/ha) and per plant yield (17.35 kg). This was closely followed by hybrid napier cultivar CO-5 with fodder cowpea improved genotypes. Different genotypes of fodder cowpea did not differ in green and dry fodder yields but normal planting resulted maximum tonnage of green and dry fodder (7-8 and around 1.5 t/ha, respectively) compared to paired row system (5-6 and around 1.0 t/ha) due to difference in population.

6 tables, 13 ref

001054   SINGH H, SETHI I B, KUMAR S, JAJORIA M, JAT L K, BRAOD N K (S K N Agriculture Univ, Jaipur- 303 329, Rajasthan, Email: indubalasethia2012@gmail.com) : Relative advantages and economics of bajra based intercropping systems under rainfed condition. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 100-4.

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive kharif seasons (2019 and 2020) at Agricultural Research Station, Navgaon (Alwar), S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India, to study the effect of different intercrops in pearl millet (bajra). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. The crop was sown as per the package of practices recommended for zone III-B of Rajasthan. Treatments included Bajra + mung bean (2:1), Bajra + mung bean (4:2), Bajra + black gram (2:1), Bajra + black gram (4:2), Bajra + Cluster bean (2:1), Bajra + Cluster bean (4:2) including sole bajra, mung bean, black gram and cluster bean. Among the different intercropping treatments, Bajra + mung bean (4:2) recorded significantly higher pearlmillet equivalent yield (15.69 q/ha in 2019 and 15.79 qt/ha in 2020) with higher economic efficiency. The intercropping of pearl millet + mung bean (4:2) recorded significantly higher net monetary return (Rs.15184 ha^-1) than all other intercropping systems. The mean maximum benefit-cost ratio (1.87) was also recorded by pearl millet + mung bean (4:2).

2 tables, 23 ref

001053   KAUR M, OBEROI H K, ASHLESHA (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana- 141 004, Punjab, Email: manindersindhu@pau.edu) : Interactive effects of fertility levels and genotypes on production potential, quality estimation and disease incidence of forage sorghum. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 95-9.

A study was conducted during kharif season of 2020 on sandy loam soils of forage research farm of PAU, Ludhiana to study the interactive effects of different fertility levels {control, 50:10:12.5, 100:20:25 (recommended dose of fertilizers) and 150:30:37.5 kg N: P₂O₅ : K₂O per ha} and five genotypes (SPV 2584, SPV 2587, SPV 2593, CSV 21F and CSV 30F) on growth, yield, quality and disease incidence of single cut forage sorghum. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), using three replications. It was revealed from the results that SPV 2584 owing to its profused tillering gave highest green fodder yield to the tune of 76.4 % over the check genotype CSV 30F. The genotypes SPV 2593 and CSV 21F remained statistically at par with SPV 2584 with regards to green fodder productivity. The genotype SPV 2584 also remained superior in terms of quality of green fodder recording highest value of crude protein content (6.36 %) and lowest value of hydrocyanic acid (44.7 %) over other genotypes. The effect of fertility levels was found to be significant upto 100:20:25 kg NPK/ha giving 21.6 and 26.6 % increase in green fodder and dry matter yield, respectively with 50 percent increase in fertility level. The quality of forage sorghum increased with increase in fertility level with corresponding increase in HCN also. The effect of fertility and genotypes on disease severity was found to be significant and highest disease reduction of anthracnose (35.1 %) was recorded with application of 100:20:25 kg NPK/ha.

1 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

001052   BHANUPRAKASH N, YADAV J S, KUMAR A, SATPAL, AKSHIT, SURBHI (Agronomy Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, Email: akshitrathore43@gmail.com) : Effect of different phosphorus and zinc levels on yield and quality of forage sorghum. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 89-94.

A field experiment was carried out at RRS, Bawal (Haryana), India to evaluate the phosphorus and zinc fertilization effect on yield and quality of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) during Kharif, 2018 with variety HJ 541, experiment was laid out in split plot design. Treatments comprised of four phosphorus levels in main plot i.e. Control, 7.5 kg P₂O₅ /ha, 15 kg P₂O₅ /ha and 22.5 kg P₂O₅ / ha and four zinc levels in sub plot viz. Control, 0.50 % foliar spray of ZnSO₄ at 20-25 DAS, 0.75 % foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 20-25 DAS and 25 kg ZnSO₄ /haas basal dose. It was observed that significantly higher plant height and number of tillers/meter row length were recorded with application of 22.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 and 25 kg @ ZnSO₄ /ha at 20, 40 and 60 DAS over comtrol. Further, the green and dry fodder yield of sorghum was significantly influenced by different levels of phosphorus. Application of 22.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 recorded significantly higher the green and dry fodder yield over 7.5 kg P₂O₅ /ha, 15 kg P₂O₅ /ha and control treatments. The basal application of ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg/ha recorded significantly higher green and dry fodder yield of forage sorghum over foliar applications of ZnSO₄ @ 0.50 %, 0.75 % and control. Crude protein content of forage sorghum was improved progressively with increasing levels of phosphorus and zinc.

3 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

001051   KUMAR M, SINGH U, SINGH I, PAREWA H P, VERMA J R, SINGH L N, KUMAWAT M M, RAIGER P R, SARITA (Agriculture Univ, Jodhpur- 342 304, Rajasthan, Email: singhummed@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of customized fertilizer and hybrids on growth attributes and yield of pearl millet under dryland conditions. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 84-8.

Efficient sources of nutrients supplying the nutrients with greater efficacy and high yielding pearl millet hybrid with nutrient responsiveness plays an important role in yield enhancement and quality improvement on pearl millet in the arid region under sandy loam soil. To find out the influence of customized fertilizers and hybrids on growth and yield of pearl millet, field experiments were carried out during kharif seasons of 2019 and 2020 at ICAR-All India Coordinated Research Project on Pearl Millet, Research Farm, Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur (Agriculture University, Jodhpur). Customized fertilizer substantially enhanced growth attributes viz., plant height (200.8 and 183.5 cm), days to panicle initiation (23.0 and 22.7 days), days to 50 % flowering (46.8 and 44.7 days), days to maturity (86.7 and 83.8 days) during 2019 and 2020, respectively over control. Application of customized fertilizer recorded markedly higher grain yield (2124 and 1896 kg/ha) and straw yield (3611 and 3223 kg/ha) during 2019 and 2020 over control and straight fertilizer. Among hybrids, substantially taller plants were observed by the pearl millet hybrid ‘MPMH 17’ (192.6 cm) during 2019 and ‘RHB 173’ (171.6 cm) during 2020. The hybrid ‘RHB 173’ took a greater number of days to panicle initiation (23.8 and 23.7 days), days to 50 % flowering (49.1 and 48.0 days) and days to maturity (84.3 and 82.2 days) during 2019 and 2020. Economic analysis envisages, application of customized fertilizer fetched significantly higher gross return ( 60,528 and 56,872/ha), net return ( 34,072 and 36,307/ha) and B: C ratio (2.75 and 2.49) during 2019 and 2020 over control. Likewise, markedly higher gross return ( 60,109 and 55,638/ha), net return ( 40,361 and 35,061/ha) and B: C ratio (3.02 and 2.68) was obtained by hybrid, ‘MPMH 17’ during 2019 and 2020.

2 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

001050   RAUF A, SINGH B, DHAKA A K (Cooperative Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125004, Haryana, Email: bsdahiya@gmail.com) : Performance of dual-purpose wheat as influenced by cutting and nitrogen schedules. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 79-83.

Present investigation was carried out during Rabi season of 2018-19 at Wheat Section Research Area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. In main plot, three cutting schedules i.e. 45 DAS, 55 DAS and 65 DAS were taken and six nitrogen schedules i.e. N₁ - 1/3 basal +1/3 at first irrigation and 1/3 after cut, N₂ - ½ basal + ½ at first irrigation, N₃ -½ basal and ½ after cut, N₄ - ¼ basal +½ at first irrigation and ¼ after cut, N₅ - ½ basal +¼ at first irrigation and ¼ after cut, N₆ - ¼ basal +¼ at first irrigation and ½ after cut as sub plot treatments. Based on the research findings, it was observed that different cutting and nitrogen schedules significantly influenced the growth, yield attributes and yield of dual-purpose wheat. Crop cut at 45 DAS for green fodder resulted in significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (415.0 g), number of tillers (112.2 /mrl), number of effective tillers/mrl (102.87), grains per spike (47.61) and 1000 grain weight (42.57g) as compared to crop cut at 55 DAS and 65 DAS. Crop cut at 45 DAS for green fodder also produced maximum grain yield (61.36 q/ha) and straw yield (98.12 q/ha), which were significantly higher than cut at 55 and 65 DAS. Whereas, minimum grain yield (47.42 kg/ha) was recorded when crop cut was taken at 65 DAS for green fodder. Among different nitrogen schedule, N3 resulted in maximum plant height (106.9 cm), dry matter accumulation, number of tillers (109.0), number of effective tillers (100.50), grain per ear head and 1000-grain weight. Similarly, maximum grain yield (56.88 q/ha) was recorded when half nitrogen dose was applied as basal and half dose of nitrogen was applied just after cut (N3 ) which was significantly higher than N₂ and N5 but it was at par with N1 , N4 and N6 . Whereas, minimum grain yield (54.09 q/ha) was recorded with N₂ treatment. However, maximum straw yield (98.12 qha^-1) was recorded with N₁ being at par with N₃ and N₆ but significantly higher as compared with rest of the nitrogen schedule.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

001049   PUNIA H, TOKAS J, RANI A, GUPTA P, SATPAL (Biochemistry Dep, CCS Haryana Agriculture Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Haryana, Email: himanipunia91@gmail.com) : Elucidation of adaptive behaviour of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (l.) moench] for fodder yield and its attributing traits under salt stress. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 73-8.

Salt stress has been considered a major limiting factor to crop productivity in arid and semiarid regions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the sorghum genotypes superior in quality and yield under saline conditions. The two factor experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replications during the kharif season 2018 and 2019. Crude protein content and IVDMD decreased significantly under different salinity levels. The higher reduction being reported in PC-5 than SSG 59-3. Crude protein yield (CPY) and digestible dry matter (DDM) was maximum in SSG 59-3 and minimum in PC-5 at 10 dSm-1. Salt stress showed an adverse effect on yield attributes and yield, so seed yield per plant, green fodder yield (GFY), and dry matter yield (DMY), decreased under salt stress. GFY and DMY were maximum in SSG 59-3 while minimum in PC-5. Better performance was maintained by SSG 59-3 than PC-5. This, SSG 59-3 (salt-tolerant) genotype acclimated better than PC-5 (salt-sensitive) genotype by maintaining the fodder quality and yield and may be exploited in plant breeding programs aimed at developing salt-tolerant sorghum genotypes for salinity prone areas.

5 illus, 37 ref

001048   MAJOKA M, PANGHAL V P S, BHUKER A (Vegetable Science Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, Email: makhanmajoka@gmail.com) : Evaluation of different varieties of cowpea for quality seed production in Haryana. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 69-72.

The present experiment was conducted at Seed Research Area, Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) in rainy season during 2017 and 2018 for two years. The objective of the investigation was to identify different varieties of cowpea for quality seed production in Haryana. There were total six varieties of cowpea as a treatments viz., P263, Kashi Kanchan, Pusa Komal, Pusa Sukomal, Charodi-1 and HC-46 that were laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Among six varieties of cowpea, seed contributing attributes viz. days to early flowering (40.60 days), maximum number of pod/plant (24.08), number of seed/pod (14.03), seed yield/plant (15.98 g) and seed yield/ha (13.99 q) were recorded significantly higher in Kashi Kanchan variety which was statistically at par with P-263 and Pusa Sukomal. However, hundred seed weight was recorded maximum in P-263 (9.75 g), which was at par with Kashi Kanchan and Pusa Sukomal varieties of cowpea.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

001047   BHOSALE R U, SURANA P P, SHINDE V B (Agricultural Botany Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, Ahmednagar, Email: vbshinde70@gmail.com) : Heritable variations and character association in anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris l.). Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 64-8.

The study involving twenty-eight genotypes of Anjan grass with two checks were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design with two replications at Grass Breeding Scheme, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. Treatment differences were found to be significant for all the characters studied. High estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for traits viz., number of tillers/plant, leaf breadth, spike length and number of spikes per plant. High estimates of heritability (b.s.%) accompanied by high estimates of genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for the characters namely number of tillers/plant, number of leaves/tiller, leaf length, leaf breadth, spike length, number of spikes/plant, spikelets per spike and green fodder yield. The characters like plant height, number of tillers per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, spike length, spike breadth, spikelets per spike and dry matter percent showed significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with green fodder yield. Leaf length exhibited high positive direct effect and significant positive genotypic correlation with green forage yield followed by leaf breadth, plant height, number of tillers per plant and spike breadth. The characters spike length, spikelets per spike and dry matter also exhibited high negative direct effects on green fodder yield, however its association with green fodder yield observed to be strong and positive. Thus indicating that emphasis should be given on these characters for green forage improvement in Anjan grass.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

001046   KUMAR P, SARAWGI A K, DAS B K, SHARMA D, KUMAR V, VISHWAKARMA G (IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Email: prafull397@gmail.com) : Adaptability and forage potential studies in finger millet (Eleusine coracana l) accessions. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 58-63.

The present investigation was undertaken at Upland Research cum Instructional Farm, Lamker, SGCARS, IGKV, Raipur in Kharif 2018-19 with 100 germplasm accessions to evaluate the forage potential of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) in augmented randomized block design. Mean squares for analysis of variance indicated significant differences among blocks, check and test entries for crop duration, canopy length and fodder weight. The maximum canopy length was recorded in genotype GEC-5 (126cm) followed by GEC-186 (125 cm), GEC-92 (124 cm), GEC-310 (122 cm), GEC-314 (120 cm) and others. Referring to crop duration, genotype IC0476378, IC0477043, GEC322, GEC-11, IC0477620, GEC-296, GEC-53 and GEC-352 can be considered as good for medium fertile soil and average monsoon regions in lieu of mid-durational maturity. For fodder yield, IC0476495 (1646 g/plot) was recorded as most dominating genotype referring to the breeding objective and subsequently GEC11 (1222 g), GEC92 (1112 g), IC0477620 (1042 g), GEC132 (1027 g) and IC0477556- X (990 g) also showed fair potential. To get establish general crop growth parameters in association with fodder as objective, we conclude that 95-105cm of canopy length and 105-115 DAS of crop may be opted to achieve the maximum forage potential in finger millet. We further suggest that IC0476495, GEC11, GEC92, IC0477620, GEC132, IC0477556-X, IC0476838, IC0477317, GEC274, IC0477560, IC0477591 and GEC135 shown good potential and should be revalidated in next crop season followed by incorporation in replicated trials.

3 tables, 19 ref

001045   JINDAL Y K, TOKAS J (Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, Email: yjindalhau@gmail.com) : Evaluation of hybrid napier grass genotypes in different agro-ecological zones across India. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 50-7.

A varietal evaluation trial on Hybrid Napier Grass (Pennisetum glaucum × P. purpureum), which is grown round the year under assured irrigation conditions was conducted at 18 locations under four different agro-ecological zones viz., North-west, North-east, Central and Southern zones of India during 2016-2018. Six genotypes of Hybrid Napier Grass (TNCN 1280, BNH 14, BNH 22, PBN 351, BNH 12 and BNH 11) alongwith three national checks viz. CO 3, CO (BN) 5 and NB 21 were evaluated for assessing their fodder yield potential and quality parameters at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. The hybrid Napier grass genotype BNH 11 gave highest GFY (1050.6 q/ha) followed by TNCN 1280 (1027.7 q/ha) in comparison to mean value of best check CO (BN) 5 at 953.9 q/ha. Similarly, genotype BNH-11 gave highest DMY (243.8 q/ha) followed by PBN 351 (240.6 q/ha) in comparison to mean value of best check CO (BN) 5 at 221.0 q/ha. The highest green fodder yield (2267.3 q/ha) pooled over three years was recorded at Urulikanchan in central zone followed by Coimbatore (1908.7 q/ha) and Vellayani (1886.4 q/ha) in the south zone of India in comparison to mean All India GFY (999.4 q/ha), whereas, the highest pooled dry matter yield (520.8 q/ha) was recorded at Urulikanchan in central zone followed by Vellayani (469.1 q/ha) and Coimbatore (383.3 q/ha) in the south zone in comparison to mean All India DMY (229.8 q/ha). Highest per day production of green fodder pooled over three years was recorded in South zone (7.98 q/ha/day) followed by North West zone (5.94 q/ha/day). Almost same trend was observed for per day production of dry matter (q/ha/day). The highest crude protein yield pooled over three years was obtained at Urulikanchan (34.3 q/ha) followed by Ludhiana (20.5 q/ha) in the Central and North west zone, respectively with a mean value at 13.3 q/ha. Highest crude protein percent pooled over three years was obtained at Ludhiana (8.5 %) followed by Rahuri (8.4 %) in comparison to all India mean of 7.3 %. The genotype BNH 12 gave highest IVDMD % pooled over three years (54.7 %) followed by BNH 11 (53.4 %) in comparison to mean value of best check CO (BN) 5 at 53.3 %. The genotype BNH 12 gave lowest NDF % (62.5 %) followed by BNH 11 (63.4 %) in comparison to mean value of best check CO (BN) 5 at 64.9 %. The hybrid Napier grass genotype BNH 12 had the lowest ADF % (45.4 %) in comparison to mean value of best check CO 3 at 46.3 %. Data reveals that South zone gave highest green fodder and dry matter yields followed by Central zone of India thereby indicating that climatic and edaphic conditions are very suitable for hybrid Napier grass as compared to North West and North East Zone of India.

7 tables, 35 ref

001044   BANIK M, NILANJAYA, SHARMA V K (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural Univ, Samastipur, Bihar, Email: mahi.jit92@gmail.com) : Evaluation of fodder cowpea genotypes under diverse environments for G × E interaction based on GGE biplot analysis. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 43-9.

Thirty cowpea genotypes was evaluated for interaction of genotype and environment (G×E) over six different environments viz., four environment under open field irrigated condition and two under rain-out shelter, during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 at Pusa Farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar by adopting randomized block design with three replications and spacing 45×10 cm. Based on G×E interaction study the sources of variation for genotype (G), environment (E) and G×E interaction was found highly significant. In GGE biplot analysis (‘What won where’ biplot) indicated G4 (Kashikanchan) genotype was winner equally in both E₃ and E₆ environment; and genotype G₃ (EC 390268) was ideal as well as highest seed yielder. For days to maturity genotype G29 was winner in both E₄ and E₅ followed by E₁ and E₂ and genotype G30 (Bundel Lobia-1) was found ideal genotype for days to maturity. GGE biplot graphical evaluation for seed yield per plant and days to maturity revealed E₁ was best environment followed by E₂ and E₄ for selecting stable fodder cowpea genotype adapted for the region.

7 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

001043   BOUGUERRA A, CORNUB A , ZOUAOUI N, DJEBILIA S, EL-HADEF EL-OKKIE M, MARTINB B, MASSOURASD T, MALIKA BARKAT A (Mentouri Brothers-Constantine Univ, Constantine- 25000, Algeria, Email: ali.bouguerra@umc.edu.dz) : Aromatic plants as feed for goats in aurès mountains of Algeria: Characterization of volatile and phenolic compounds. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 29-42.

The aim of this work was to make an inventory of the aromatic plants pastured by goats in the Aurès Mountains of Algeria and to characterize their volatile and phenolic compounds. In this context, a survey was conducted among goat farmers in this region (department of Batna). Plant volatile compounds were analyzed using HS-SPME/GC-MS and phenolic compounds using HPLC-DAD. According to the results of the survey, twenty-nine (29) aromatic plants were identified as goats’ feed. The most cited ones were Thymus algeriensis (96 %), Artemisia herba alba Asso (91 %), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (83 %), Juniperus phoenica L. (80 %), Artemisia campestris L. (80 %), and Marrubium vulgare L. (70 %). The major volatile compounds were α-pinene (40 %), β-thujone (38 %), trans-caryophyllene (31 %), β-myrcene (29 %), camphor (27 %), and -thujone (18 %). The most abundant phenolic compounds were flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, apigenin, hesperidin, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin), cinnamic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid), coumarines, and benzoic acid derivatives. The present results indicate that aromatic plants from Aurès mountains of Algeria are rich in phenolic compounds and could be offered as feed for goats.

7 illus, 5 tables, 63 ref

001042   SINGH K, MANJEET, SHARMA S K, THAKRAL S K, SHARMA K (Dryland Agriculture Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Haryana, Email: kuldeepvartia73@gmail.com) : Improved practices for enhancing productivity and profitability of fodder and grain type pearl millet under semi-arid conditions: A review. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 19-28.

Pearl millet is a major cereal crop in northwestern India. It is the most drought-tolerant cereal grown in the arid and semi-arid regions. Its grains are valued as human food while its fodder makes important livestock ration in crop–livestock farming system. The production potential of rainfed pearl millet is continued to be low as a result of frequent drought due to high variability in rainfall (amount and distribution) during the growing season, low soil fertility, low plant nutrient use, and poor socio-economic conditions of farmers, could not use high technology input. This review mainly highlighted various improved practices for increasing productivity and profitability of fodder and grain type pearl millet. It includes soil moisture conservation practices by practicing the improved planting methods, supplemental irrigation, use of improved varieties, and intercropping. Integrated use of fertilizer and use of low energy input for enhancing the crop productivity.

75 ref

001041   OMPRAKASH, CHANDRA K, BAIRWA S K, DOGRA P, JATAV H S (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture Univ, Jobner- 303 329, Jaipur, Email: omprakash.pbg@sknau.ac.in) : Genetics of resistance against Helminthosporium in maize (Zea mays l.): An overview. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 11-8.

Maize (Zea Mays) plant is affected by number of foliar diseases among of them, Southern Corn Leaf Blight (SCLB) or Maydis Leaf Blight (MLB) incited by the Helminthosporium maydis anamorph: Bipolaris maydis, telomorph: Cochliobolus heterostrophus is one of the most devastating disease of maize in India as well as in the world. Three different races namely race O, T and C of helminthosporium are found responsible for causing this disease. Bipolaris has the potential to reduce the yield significantly up to 70 % depending upon the susceptibility, race of pathogen and environmental conditions.Genetic architecture of maize possess the diverse source of resistance against Helminthosporium which are qualitative, quantitative and multiple disease resistance types in nature but often represents quantitative nature of resistance. A single gene, rhm, imparts a qualitative-like resistance against race O which inherits recessively with additive gene action predominantly. It is implied at the seedling stage but quantitative resistance is needed after silking stage. An additional two resistance genes have been identified in the inbred NC250 that are not allelic to rhm and this resistance is maintained in mature plants. Plenty of attempts have been made to identify the resistance source and to dissect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance or multiple disease resistance to SLB across different maize populations. QTLs responsible for multiple disease resistance were identified of elucidated with the help of meta analysis of available studies.

1 illus, 1 table, 67 ref

001040   PANGHAAL D, KUMAR P, KUMAR R, SINGH K, KUMAR R (Soil Science Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Haryana, Email: rakeshsheoran@hau.ac.in) : Conservation tillage for sustainable forage production and soil quality improvement: A review. Forage Res 2021, 47(1), 1-10.

Conventional tillage practices lead to change in soil structure by modifying soil bulk density and soil moisture content. Continuous disturbance of soil by conventional tillage makes finer and loose-setting soil structure while conservation and no-tillage methods leave the soil intact which results in a change of characteristics of the pores network. Losses of soil organic C (SOC) and deterioration in other properties exaggerated where conventional tillage was employed whereas conservation tillage improved soil quality. When conventional tillage is replaced by conservation tillage CO₂ emissions from soil is reduced. Conservation tillage is thought to take care of the soil health, plant growth and the environment. Forage crop production could be increased by adopting appropriate tillage operation. Conservation tillage has potential to break the surface compact zone in soil with reduced soil disturbance which leads to a better soil environment and crop yield with minimal impact on the environment and sustainable crop production. Macro- and micronutrients, fiber and protein contents are changed in silage by means of different tillage practices. Generally, conservation tillage has profound effects on forage yield. Zero tillage with mulch, zero tillage without mulch, ploughing, and ploughing plus harrowing had more yield than ploughing plus harrowing twice by 33.7, 30.5, 18.9 and 17.9 %, respectively. Conservation tillage lead to lower methane emission in comparison to conventional tillage; on average, 0.32 kg CH₄ -C ha^-1 year^-1 was oxidized with conservation tillage. Capacity building on innovative conservation tillage practices is crucial for researchers, extension workers, development practitioners and the smallholder farmers.

77 ref

001039   JAT L K, SINGH H, SETHI I B, BAROD N K, MALI H, KUMAR S (SKN Agriculture Univ, Jaipur, Email: Alwar, Rajasthan) : Effect of biochar and fertilizer’s on cluster bean and it’s residual effect on wheat. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 379-84.

Field experiments were conducted at Agriculture Farm, A.R.S., Navgaon, Alwar during two consecutive seasons viz., Kharif 2019 and Rabi 2019-20 to evaluate the effect of biochar and fertilizer’s on cluster bean and it’s residual effect on wheat. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 7 treatments and three replications. The results revealed that the application of 100 % RDF + 15q biochar in cluster bean recorded highest in all growth and yield parameters in both crops. In cluster bean, the maximum grain (14.72 q/ha) and straw yield (36.31 q/ha) were recorded under the treatment 100 % RDF + 15q biochar, which were 17.26 & 11.67 % higher over 100 % NPK alone in grain and straw yield, respectively. The residual effect of treatments also observed significant in wheat, the maximum grain (42.60 q/ha) and straw (63.80 q/ha) were recorded where 100 % RDF + 15q biochar treatment applied in previous crop, which were 10.46 & 10.13% higher over 100% NPK alone in grain and straw yield, respectively. On the other hand the lowest values of grain and straw yield were obtained from control treatment. Similar trend was also recorded in plant height, 1000 grain weight in both crops. Similarly, the direct and residual effect of biochar on N,P,K content in grains and straw as well as total uptake were also recorded higher with the application of 100 % RDF + 15q biochar in cluster bean.

4 tables, 13 ref

001038   KUMAR N, SATPAL, KHAROR N (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, Email: nknaveenroyal@gmail.com) : Response of promising entries of single cut fodder oat to different nitrogen levels. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 374-8.

An experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2018-19 at Forage Research Farm Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) to study the effect of N levels on yield and quality of promising entries of oat. The experiment consisted of 40 treatment combinations viz., 10 promising entries (Seven entries i.e. SKO-229, HFO607, HFO-525, JO-05-7, OL-1869-1, OL-1861, OL-1862 + 2 national checks i.e. Kent and OS-6 + 1 zonal Check i.e. OL-125 (North West Zone) of single cut fodder oat and four nitrogen levels (30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N/ha). Results showed that growth parameters, green fodder and dry matter yield were recorded highest with entry JO-05-7. However, crude protein content was recorded highest with entry HFO 607 and OL-125 (9.42 %) which was statistically at par with JO-05-7. While, crude protein yield was recorded highest with entry JO-05-7 (16.6 q/ha) which was significantly higher than rest of entries. Maximum net returns and B: C ratio was fetched with entry JO-05-7 followed by OL-1861. Growth parameters, green fodder and dry matter yield were recorded highest with 120 kg N/ha which were statistically at par with 90 kg N/ha. Furthermore, crude protein content and crude protein yield were also recorded highest with 120 kg N/ha (9.08 % and 14.1 q/ha, respectively) which were statistically at par with 90 kg N/ha. Maximum net returns and B: C ratio was recorded with 120 kg N/ ha followed by lower levels of nitrogen.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

001037   DHEERAVATHU S N, SINGH T, RADHAKRISHNA A, REETU, GAJGHATE R, KANTWA S R, BHARGAVI H A (ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 284 003, Uttar Pradesh, Email: sevanayak2005@gmail.com) : Effect of salinity stress on different seed viability indices in single and multi cut berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) varieties. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 368-73.

In the present investigation, four berseem varieties viz., Wardan, BB2, BB3 and JBSC-1 were tested for their relative salt tolerance to increasing levels of salinity in the combinations of salts which nearly exist in the natural salt affected soils in India. Seeds were germinated in petri dishes and were exposed to four salinity [(4,8,12 and 16EC (dS m^-1)] levels. The germination percentage, shoots and root length, fresh and dry weight of seedling were recorded. The results revealed that the effect of salt levels on these parameters was significant (p< .05). Higher loss of germination percentage was found in BB2 at different levels of salinity than in JBSC^-1. It was inferred that salinity stress significantly decreased germination and growth parameters of seedlings of four berseem varieties; however, varieties JBSC^-1 and Wardan were found relatively tolerant to salinity than BB2.

3 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

001036   SEWHAG M, SHWETA, KUMAR S, KUMAR R, TOKAS J, NEELAM, DEVI U, SATPAL (Agronomy Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Haryana, Email: meenasewhag@gmail.com) : Response of spring planted fodder maize to nitrogen and phosphorus levels. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 363-7.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the nutrient that most frequently limits yield and plays an important role in quality of forage crops. To investigate the effect of varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels on growth, yield and quality of spring fodder maize (Zea mays L.), a field study was conducted during spring 2019 at Agronomy Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar located at 29 °16’N latitude and 75 °7’E longitude at an elevation of 215.2 m above the mean sea level in northwest part of India. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in FRBD design with four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha) and four phosphorus levels (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg P₂O₅ /ha) replicated thrice. Overall results depicted that growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of fodder maize in spring season increased with the increase in nitrogen and phosphorus levels upto 100 kg N/ha and 45 kg P₂O₅ /ha, respectively. With the application of nitrogen @ 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha there was 27.86, 49.50 and 64.50 per cent increase, respectively, in green fodder yield over the control (no nitrogen). Application of increasing level of nitrogen and phosphorus increased the soil available nitrogen and phosphorus status over control. Application of 100 kg N ha^-1 and 45 kg P₂O₅ /ha recorded highest crude protein (%) and crude protein yield of fodder maize, however, the crude protein recorded at 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha was statistically at par with each other. Synergistic effect of N and P was observed on green fodder and dry matter yield.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

001035   KATOCH R, APOORVA, TRIPATHI A, MANOJ N V (Crop Improvement Dep, CSKHPKV, Palampur- 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, Email: rajankatoch@yahoo.com) : Effect of pre-treatments on quality of maize (Zea mays l.) stover. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 356-62.

To improve quality and digestibility of maize stover for meeting the nutritional requirements of livestock, it was subjected to different pre-treatments. Treatment of maize stover with sodium chloride (2 %) resulted improvement in CP content (18.43 %) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (16.80 %). The decrease in ADF (7.35 %) and cellulose content (3.40 %) was also observed after the treatment. Pre-treatment of stover with calcium hydroxide revealed increase in total carbohydrate and ash content of stover. The calcium hydroxide treatment was also effective in lowering the NDF (8.80 %) and ADL content (55.30 %) of stover. Treatment with ammonia resulted significant reduction in silica (52.63 %), total phenolic (67.70 %), simple phenolic (66.90 %) and total tannins content (68.60 %). Maize stover inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens revealed increase in CP content (49.10 %) and decrease in ADF (5.40 %), cellulose (1.60 %) and simple phenolic (59.40 %) contents. Treatment with Trichoderma viride resulted 27.70 % increase in total carbohydrate content of stover. Highest reduction in silica content (47.40 %) was recorded with Saccharomyces cerevisae treatment. Inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum lowered the NDF (5.79 %), hemicellulose (16.50 %), total phenols (34.40 %) and total tannins (18.90 %) content of stover. This treatment was also effective in improving stover digestibility up to 17.84 %. The study indicated that treatment of maize stover either with alkali or inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum are effective for improving nutritional quality of maize stover.

2 tables, 49 ref

001034   RAM B, JAKHAR S S, BHUKER A , SATPAL, SAHARAN H S (Seed Science and Technology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Haryana, Email: bittunaigal14@gmail.com) : Effect of fungicide treatments and containers on seed quality and storability of forage sorghum. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 348-55.

The present investigation was carried out at Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to assess the effect of fungicides treatments and storage containers on seed quality and storability in sorghum. The seeds of forage sorghum variety HJ 541 were treated with seventeen different fungicides and stored in three containers viz. cloth bag, polythene bag and metal box. All the treatment combinations were evaluated for seed quality parameters viz. germination, shoot length, root length, seedling dry weight, vigour indices (I and II) and seed mycoflora percentage. All the treatments showed better performance as compared to untreated control. The fungicide carboxin + thiram (2 g/kg of seed) performed better than others and among containers polythene bag was proved better followed by metal box for storability at ambient condition. Seed quality parameters found decreased and seed mycoflora increased with the passage of time in all the containers and treatments with the progress of storage period.

5 tables, 28 ref

001033   MAJOKA M, PANGHAL V P S, DUHAN D S (Vegetable Science Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Haryana, Email: makhanmajoka@gmail.com) : Effect of nipping and plant spacing on seed production of cowpea in Haryana condition. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 343-7.

The present experiment was conducted at Seed Research Area, Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) in rainy seasons during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The objective of the investigation was to study the effect of nipping and plant spacing on growth, seed yield and quality parameters of cowpea. The experiment was comprised four treatments of nipping (no nipping, nipping at initiation of tendril, nipping at one week after initiation of tendril, nipping at two weeks after initiation of tendril formation stages) and four spacings (60x20 cm, 45x20 cm, 30x20 cm and 30x30 cm) was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Among all treatments, nipping at initiation of tendril formation stage with spacing of 60x20 cm significantly enhance all growth, yield and quality parameters of cowpea seed crop (except plant height) and followed by nipping at one week after initiation of tendril formation stage with spacing of 45x20 cm.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

001032   KIBARAZA A, BHUKER A, MOR V S, JAKAHR S S (Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute, Hisar- 125 004, Email: areth.kb@gmail.com) : Priming effect on enzyme activities in maize hybrid (Zea mays l.) seeds. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 337-42.

The study was conducted to assess seed priming effect on enzyme activities of five maize hybrids of Public and Private seeds sectors viz., PMH-1, IIMRNH 2015-3, IIMRNH 2015-4, P3396 and DKC 9144 during 2018-19 at laboratories of Department of Seed Science & Technology, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The seeds were primed with KH2 PO4 (2.0 %), KNO3 (1.0 %), GA3 (50 ppm) and hydration with water followed by dressing with vitavax power @ 2.5g/kg seed for 17 hours at room temperature and then dried to original moisture content for 24 hours at 40 °C temperature. The results revealed that all priming treatments for 17 hours reduced Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Peroxidase activities which indicates negative effect on seed quality of maize hybrids. Hence, priming method for maize hybrids need to be standardized. Priming with KH2 PO4 (2.0 %) and KNO3 (1.0 %) was found most effective where improvement was more over other treatments. Maximum Dehydrogenase (0.173) and Superoxide dismutase (0.623) activity was recorded in unprimed seeds while maximum Catalase activity (0.417) was recorded in seeds primed with KH2 PO4 (2.0 %) and maximum Peroxidase activities (2.574) was recorded in seeds hydrated in tap water. Among the hybrids, DKC 9144 recorded superiority over other hybrids by registering maximum enzymic activities viz., Dehydrogenase activity (0.210), Superoxide dismutase (0.717), Peroxidase (0.2791) and minimum electrical conductivity (87.8), so this hybrid can be used in further breeding programmes.

5 illus, 27 ref

001031   AMANDEEP, KAPOOR R, SINGH G (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana- 141 004, Punjab, Email: amandeep-pbg@pau.edu) : Genetic variability and association study from exotic germplasm accessions in fodder oats (Avena sativa l.). Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 332-6.

The present study was conducted with 25 exotic germplasm accessions along with three checks at Forage Research Farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Rabi season 2019-2020. The objective of the study was to determine the extent of correlation among green fodder yield with contributing traits and their effects. The high value of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for number of leaves followed by green fodder yield and number of tillers. High heritability was estimated for percent crude protein content (99.68 %), number of leaves (97.84 %) and acid detergent fiber (97.09 %). Higher genetic advance was observed for number of leaves (98.70 %) and green fodder yield (79.38 %). Traits like plant height (0.533), leaf length (0.416) and leaf width (0.292) had positive and significant correlation with green fodder yield. Positive and direct effect of plant height (0.942) and number of leaves (0.218) on green fodder yield. The results suggest that traits like plant height, leaf length and leaf width are the main fodder yield components. So, selection for these traits should be practised in future breeding programme for improving the green fodder yield in oats.

3 tables, 20 ref

001030   KUMAR Y, SEHRAWAT K D (Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Haryana, Email: yogenderkgulia@gmail.com) : Per se performance and selection strategies in barley under organic field condition. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 325-31.

In order to elucidate the per se performance and selection strategies for development of high yielding varieties and/ or promising genotypes under organic condition, 12 varieties of barley were grown and evaluated for 10 metric traits during rabi 2015-16 at Experimental Area of Wheat and Barley Section of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The analysis of variance indicated high significance of mean sum of squares due to treatments for all the traits studied. Three varieties viz., BH 946, BH 902 and DWRB 101 produced higher grain yield and also showed better performance for several other yield components. These genotypes can be used in barley improvement programme and will be helpful in breaking the yield plateau under organic field condition. Moderate to high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was revealed by grains per spike, grain yield per plot, peduncle length, spike length and plant height. Correlation analysis indicated highest significant positive correlation of grain yield per plot with biological yield per plot, followed by harvest index and days to maturity at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Among all the traits, biological yield per plot, harvest index, spike length and peduncle length reflected positive direct effect on grain yield per plot. Therefore, to obtain high yield, one should consider these traits in barley breeding programme.

2 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

001029   PATEL P S, PATEL N B, GAMI R A, KUGASHIYA K G, PATEL P R (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, S. D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, Email: ramangami@gmail.com) : Elucidation of gene action and combining ability for forage yield and its attributing traits in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (l.) moench]. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 320-4.

The present investigation was carried out to study gene action and combining ability in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The experimental material consisted of six parents (including check GJ 43 and CSV 32F (forage)) and their 15 half-diallel crosses. The seeds of 15 F1 hybrids were produced during summer 2019 at Sorghum Research Station, S. D. Agricultural University, Deesa, by manual emasculation and crossing. The seeds of parental lines were maintained through selfing. The analysis of variance for combining ability results revealed that mean sum of squares due to general combining ability were found highly significant for all the traits except the number of leaves per plant. In comparison, the specific combining ability effects were found significant for all the traits. Parents’ gca effects explicated that the parents CSV 21F and UTFS 91 were perfect general combiner for both green fodder yield per plant and dry fodder yield per plant. The patent Malwan found perfect general combiner for plant height (cm), leaf: stem ratio and Brix value. The parent GFS 4 perfect general combiner for days to flowering, days to maturity and protein content. A perusal of data of sca effects implied that the cross combinations GFS 4 × UTFS 9, Malwan × GJ 43 and PSVGS 313 × UTFS 91 recorded the highest sca effects, which were also highest in per se performance which involved poor × good, poor × average, average × good parents combination, respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

001028   POONIA A, PHOGAT D S , VERSHA, KUMAR S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Email: dsphogatccshau@gmail.com) : Principal component analysis in oat (Avena sativa l.) genotypes for green fodder yield and its attributing traits. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 315-9.

The present study on principal component analysis was conducted with 92 genotypes of oat grown in a randomized block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Forage Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2015-16. The analyses of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters at genotypic level. Positive and significant correlations of dry matter yield were recorded with green fodder yield, plant height and seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that characters green fodder yield, plant height and number of tillers/plant had positive and direct effects on dry matter yield. Genetic divergence classified genotypes into nine major clusters. The eight principal components had eigen values more than one and explained 70.01 % of the total accumulated variability. The first principal component explained 12.78 % of the total variation followed by the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth with 10.86, 9.81, 8.34, 8.08, 7.20, 6.89 and 6.04 %, respectively.

1 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

001027   DIWAN D, JAIN S K (SKN Coll of Agriculture, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: skjain.pbg.coalalsot@sknau.ac.in) : Principal component and cluster analysis for quantitative traits to identify high yielding genotypes of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (l.) r. br.]. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 308-14.

The 40 accessions of pearl millet were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications at experimental farm, SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during Kharif 2019. The wide range of genetic distinction for yield and yield component traits was recorded in the germplasm considered under study. The first four principal components having eigen value greater than one were extracted from the mean of 10 traits in 40 accessions with 67.61% variances. A variance of 25.71, 16.87, 13.32 and 11.69 % were extracted from first, second, third and fourth principal components, respectively. Hierarchical clustering technique based on ten quantitative trait data using Ward’s method grouped 40 genotypes into five clusters with clear differentiation for different quantitative traits. Mostly accessions were not assembled into the same cluster based on their geographical origins. Based on PCA analysis, the first principal component (PC1) was the most important which accounted 25.71 % of variation with the major contributors traits biological yield per plant, plant height, panicle length, grain yield per plant and 1000-grain weight. Based on cluster analysis, genotypes of different origin like RIB-12141, Jhukarana, H-77/833-2, G-73-107, RIB-9215, RIB-16332, Desi panchu, AICRP(PM)-21, RIB-10011, AICRP(PM)-292 were grouped in cluster I therefore, breeders can use these genotypes directly as inbred lines and also for further hybridization with low yielding clusters like cluster II and V for yield improvement in pearl millet.

3 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

001026   THANT S, KUMARI P, PAHUJA S K, TOKAS J, YASHVEER S (Agriculture Research Dep, Ministry of Agriculture, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, Email: sumonthantdarrice@gmail.com) : Identification of dual type sorghum genotypes based on correlation and path coefficient studies. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 302-7.

Knowledge about the relationship between green and dry biomass yield, grain yield, and quality traits is important for any dual-purpose sorghum development program. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine correlations and path-coefficients between green fodder yield, stover yield, grain yield and quality traits. The field experiment was conducted at Research Area of Forage Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar during kharif 2019 by using 30 genotypes to study the variability, heritability, genetic advance and genotypic and phenotypic correlations on the basis of nineteen agro-morphological and biochemical parameters. Analysis of variance showed highly significant variation for 19 quantitative parameters under study. Significant variation among all the genotypes was recorded for all the characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was reported for green fodder yield, stover yield and protein yield. In correlation studies, it was observed that green fodder yield was found positively associated with plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, stem diameter, stover yield, dry fodder yield, grain yield, panicle length, 100 grain weight, protein content and protein yield. HCN content was negatively correlated with green fodder yield and dry fodder yield. In path coefficient analysis, green fodder yield (0.4165), grain yield (0.7330), stover yield (0.6543), plant height (0.6983), TSS content (0.3873) had high positive direct effect on dry fodder yield. However, traits like panicle length (-1.0237), no. of tillers/plant (-0.5931), leaf breadth (-0.4657) and stem diameter (-0.4657) had shown negative direct effect on DFY.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

001025   MUBEENA P, THOMAS U C (Agriculture Coll, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 522, Kerala, Email: mubeenap94@gmail.com) : Fodder for climate resilient agriculture : A review. Forage Res 2021, 46(4), 295-301.

Climate change is a growing concern and its impacts are reflected in almost every sector and is mainly due to the increase in greenhouse gases. There is a leap in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has observed from 1930 (278 ppm) to 2018 (408 ppm) and it expected to cross 1000 ppm at the end of the century (IPCC, 2019), which is a major warning to food-fodder security and climate change in 21st century. Fodder production systems play a major role in mitigating climate change through improving carbon sequestration, reducing methane emission per unit livestock product and reducing nitrous oxide emission. Grasslands, pastures and forage crops contribute greatly in the global carbon cycle which stocks at least 30 per cent of world soil carbon. Many strategies can be adopted to enhance the carbon sequestration in fodder production system like implementation of pasture based agro forestry practices, restoration of degraded lands and inclusion of grasses and grazing management. Supplementation of suitable fodder in diet with high digestibility and high energy and protein concentrations will reduce the total methane emission per unit livestock. Certain pastures has a capacity to release biological nitrification inhibitors from their roots, which suppress nitrifier activity and reduce soil nitrification and nitrous oxide. Thus there is a need for strategies that will enable reduced GHG emissions through sustainable intensification of forage production systems to enhance productivity, income generation, climate mitigation and ensuring food-fodder security.

30 ref

001010   VIVEKANANDAN N (Central Water and Power Research Station, Maharashtra) : Intercomparison of estimators of extreme value family of distributions for rainfall frequency analysis. Water Energy Int 2021, 64r(2), 24-32.

Estimation of rainfall for a given return period is of utmost importance for planning and design of minor and major hydraulic structures. This can be achieved through Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) of rainfall by fitting Extreme Value family of Distributions (EVD) such as Generalized Extreme Value, Extreme Value Type-1, Extreme Value Type-2, and Generalized Pareto to the series of observed Annual 1-Day Maximum Rainfall (AMR) data. Based on the intended applications and the variate under consideration, Method of Moments (MoM), Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) and L-Moments (LMO) are used for determination of parameters of probability distributions. The adequacy of fitting EVD to the AMR series is evaluated by quantitative assessment using Goodness-of-Fit (viz., Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and diagnostic test (viz., D-index) tests and qualitative assessment using the fitted curves of the estimated rainfall. The paper presents a study on intercomparison of EVD (using MoM, MLM and LMO) adopted in EVA of rainfall with illustrative example and the results obtained thereof.

4 illus, 10 tables, 16 ref