020936   Laplante W C (NO, , GE Power & Water, Greenville, S.C., Email: william.laplante@ge.com) : Performing root pass welds on a super duplex stainless steel pipeline. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(3), 72-5.

4 illus, 3 ref

020935   Kundu D;De G (Sol-Gel Div, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, Email: gde@cgcri.res.in) : Optical coatings. Sci Cult 2015, 81(11-12), (NULL).

CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI) has been pursuing inensive research in the area of 'optical coatings' on glass and related substrates to control the optical performances and other surface functionalities. The well-known wet chemical route 'sol-gel' has been used to deposit such coatings. Among various types of coatings, reflective and antireflective (AR) coatings, optical quality scratch-resistant coatings, hydrophobic, colour, non-linear optical and fluorescent coatings are noteworthy. In this article, a brief overview of these coatings have been discussed with some representative examples.

9 illus

020934   Koner D N;Jha S K (Spares Manufacturing, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur-831 001, Email: dip.koner@tatasteel.com) : Salvaging of large bell of D furnace of TATA steel. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(2), 76-84.

Large bell is an integral part of the top charging system of blast furnace. It ensures periodical raw material charging inside the furnace. During midterm relining of D furnace of TATA Steel, it was observed to be badly damaged while in service. The magnitude of worn out of bell wall thickness was up to 90 % against the drawing size; Because of cost and lead live (minimum 8-9 months), reconditioning of the bell of D furnace needed to be done within 2 months. Innovative ways was adopted to salvage the existing damaged large bell. The total cycle time taken to salvage was 45 days which was well within the requirement. The large bell after salvaging was assembled with large bell hopper and leak tested. The leak test observed only 25 droplets of water/minute came out from the seating area against the norms of 50 droplets/minute. The bell is in now service and has contributed to timely completion of shutdown with minimal cost.

18 illus, 2 tables

020933   Kharole S K;Kushwah S S;Bhadauria S S (Univ Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishweavidyalaya, Bhopal, Email: skkharole@rgtu.net) : Up gradation and modernization of water treatment plants (WTPs) at Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh, India. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(4), 550-6.

This paper presents about up gradation and modernization of two water treatment plants at Bhopal, a capital city of Madhya Pradesh province, of India. The author visited the WTPsites to study the ongoing water treatment processes and operations involved in through which surface water is being purified. The paper consists of study and description of materials, equipment and procedures used at plant for water treatment. Author also put his best to elaborate the actual plant conditions, and problems faced in or out by processes and operations involved at plant and the tactics used to deal with them in the plants. The study of two main local water treatment plants of Bhopal under considerations are Narayangiri Water treatment Plant (5 MGD) and Kolar Water Treatment Plant(34 MGD). The main objectives of up gradation and optimization are to perform study of the treatment plants and to relate the actual ground conditions with the theoretical conditions. To provide suitable suggestions and method to improve the efficiency of plant as well as to reduce the operational cost of the plants. The purpose of this paper is also to emphasize on the recycling of water in the plant by providing suitable solutions.

18 ref

020932   Khadse G K;Yadav R B;Labhasetwar P K (NO, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Email: gk_khadse@neeri.res.in) : Removal of organic load from drinking water with household sand filtration technique. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(2), 392-8.

Study was conducted for removal of TC, FC and phytoplankton from the contaminated drinking water using household sand filters. Respective counts of 352- 720 CFU/100 ml and 188-3 60 CFU/100 ml of TC and FC in raw water reduced to ND-12 CFU/100 ml and ND-8 CFU/100 ml respectively after filtered through sand filter unit. The filtered water showed the TC and FC counts at the start of experiments, but as the filter unit ripe, filtered water did not shows any bacterial count. Phytoplankton count in raw water and filtered water ranged between 210-280 count/ml and 20-32 count/ml respectively. It was observed that the removal efficiencies were 95% for TC, and 99.9% for FC and 80-90% for Phytoplankton. From the present investigation it is concluded that these household filters are useful as domestic water filter in rural and isolated areas and case of emergency situations like floods, for safe drinking water supply.

9 illus, 9 tables, 17 ref

020931   Kelkar M;Sundar R;Padmanabhan V (NO, , Nalco, An Ecolab Company) : Energy and water conservation and filler substitutes with pre-treated filler to improve competitive edge and environmental sustainability via 3D Trasar<. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(2), 170-5.

In order to remain competitive, manufacturers need to increase quality and cost performance. Energy conservation and high-cost fiber replacement with lower cost filler are viable ways to sustain profitability. Nalco has several innovative new technologies, which are aligned with customer key sustainability drivers to improve overall performance of their processes and system. Nalco's patented 3D TRASAR automation technology monitors water systems in real time 24/7 and feeds chemicals based on requirement with traced and tagged chemistry instead of a fixed schedule. 3DTRASAR innovation helps in identifying various stresses in cooling water treatment areas such as high heat load, variation in water parameters, turbidity, biological demand etc., and reacting to it instantaneously. This approach helps to save water and energy, and minimizes the environmental damages by reducing residual chemical in discharged water from the cooling tower. Nalco's patented FillerTEK technology combines several aspects of chemical and mechanical filler modifications to pre-flocculate filler to well-defined particle size and distribution, minimizing the interference with the fiber-to-fiber network. The technology enables paper makers to increase filler loading in paper and paper boards and to reduce drying energy with no negative impact on strength, optical properties and printing or conversion.

2 illus, 8 ref

020930   Karthikeyan S;Prathima A;Elango A; Sabariswaran K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramanathapuram-623 502, Email: skarthikeya74@gmail.com) : Environment effect of CeO₂ nano additive on performance and emission reduction in a COME operated CI marine engine. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 167-72.

The role of additives for biodiesel has gained most reliable position in the current scenario as they reasonably formulate base fuel composition contribute to efficiency reliability and long life of an engine. They also can have surprisingly large effects even when used in low (ppm) range. With the use of fuel additives for blending the biodiesel in compression ignition engine, one can expect improved engine performance, diminished exhaust emissions characteristics and also improved fuel properties, which could enhance the combustion characteristics. There are many reports based on the biodiesel blended with nanoparticles additive, however, there is a vacuum in the research pertaining to the use of the most common, low-cost and eco-friendly CeO₂ nanoparticles as additive to prepare blended canola biodiesel fuel. Moreover, there are very few literatures available on the usage of CeO₂ blended biodiesel. In the present study, an attempt has been made to improve and understand the engine performance of biodiesel blended with CeO₂ nanoparticles and to reduce the resultant exhaust emissions

9 illus, 19 ref

020929   Karthikeyan M;Nagarajan V (Civil Engineeering Dep, Sri Ranganathar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore, Email: mkartik2009@gmail.com) : Feasibility study on utilization of marine sand in concrete for sustainable development. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 313-18.

Concrete is normally developed using river sand as fine aggregate. In this work, M₃₀ grade of concrete has been developed by the mix proportion of 1:1.22:2.54 with water cement ratio 0.42. In this proportion, 1.22 parts of fine aggregate is partially replaced with sea sand. Concrete specimens were mould with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of sea sand replacing the fine aggregate. Various tests such as axial compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength have been conducted on the hardened concrete after 7, 14 and 28 days curing and the results are tabulated. From the test results, compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength are satisfactory up to 30% replacement of sea sand. With 30% replacement of sea sand, micro silica has been added as an admixture to increase the strength further.

1 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

020928   Kapustika N;Blomquist P (NO, , EWI, Columbus, Ohio, Email: nkpustka@ewi.org) : Improved welding of primer-coated steels. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(3), 67-71.

5 illus, 6 ref

020927   Kapustika N (NO, , EWI, Columbus, Ohio) : Achieving higher productivity rates using reciprocating wire feed gas metal arc welding. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(2), 94-8.

9 illus, 10 ref

020926   Kannan T;Murugan N;Anbarasan I (SVS College of Engineering, , Coimbatore-642 109, Email: kannan_kct@yahoo.com) : Effect of heat input on intergranular corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel clad metals. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(3), 46-58.

Cladding is a process of depositing a thick layer of a metal surface to a carbon steel or low alloy steel base metal for the purpose of providing a corrosion-resistant surface when that surface is to be exposed to a corrosive environment. Glad metals are more prone to corrosion attacks as compared to base metals because they are compositionally and microstructurally inhomogeneous. Claddings require a proper evaluation of their corrosion resistance in order to ensure that they are suitable for the desired applications. This paper focuses on an experimental study of duplex stainless steel cladding of low carbon structural steel deposited by flux cored arc welding process. In this research work, double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation technique was employed to evaluate the intergranular corrosion resistance of the claddings. The effect of heat input on intergranular corrosion resistance is presented in graphical forms, which are very useful to control the corrosion resistance of the claddings.

2 illus, 8 tables, 20 ref

020925   Kanhere S V;Waghana S P (NO, , ) : Water in diesel emulsion: effiecient fuel. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(2), 34-9.

Diesel engines are the most power conversion efficient engines, due to which it dominates the usage in various sectors but in spite of these advantages it emits various pollutants in air which can no more be tolerated. Modern hardware based solutions for pollution control with high price tag are incompatible with existing diesel engines and are pressing needs to develop technology which can fit into existing engine model and lower the emissions. This review presents the various techniques to prepare and stabilise the emulsion of water in diesel with or without use of surfactant. Primary focus will be on the combustion modelling of water in diesel emulsion and its effect on combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions. Review also covers recent development in water in diesel emulsion and discusses it's feasibility in world energy market. The advantages of water emulsion in diesel are reductions in the emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matters, which are both health hazardous, and reduction in fuel consumption due to better burning efficiency. Its most important aspect is that diesel emulsion engine can be used without any retrofitting of regular diesel engine. The micro-explosion phenomenon, which is due to the volatility difference between water and diesel, is thoroughly discussed in the article with 'shrinking core' model. Water contents ranging from 3 to 45% have been expounded to find the effect of water content on various factors of combustion. The effects of injection pressure and water concentration on the spray combustion characteristics, like ignition delay and lift off length of combustion of the emulsion, were investigated with the help of a diesel like constant volume chamber. The high pressure and high temperatures were created by combustion of carbon monoxide mixed with compressed air and oxygen and ignited by a spark plug.

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020924   Howell J (NO, Focus Hope Industries, Inc., Detroit, Mich, Email: richard.miller@focushope.edu) : Purchasing your first robotic welding system. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(4), 82-6.

4 illus

020923   Houssain R;Chowdhury M A (NO, , ) : Prospective study of biomass fuel and optimal comparison with diesel fuel: in Bangladesh perspective. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(2), 61-5.

In modern technology, optimization is a big factor now. In the present days our main focus is to produce more supplies optimizing the resources. Bangladesh is a densely populated country and thousand tons of filth is produced every day. Therefore, biomass is a common term for this country and also an aspect of energy resources. At this research work, an attempt has been taken to make a prospective study based on biomass fuel for power generation and its comparison with diesel fuel, in point of view of Bangladesh. The assessment of comparison between biomass fuel and diesel fuel is done by Homer Pro Micro grid analysis tool.

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020922   Gupta S K (NO, , ) : Approach to best welding practice. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(4), 28-34.

4 illus

020921   Galymbek B;Adilet K;Moldir M;Nurbol T (Operation and Service of Oil and Gas Fields Dep, Kazakh National Technical Univ, Almaty-050 013, Republic of Kazakhstan) : Highly pressurized hydraulic fracturing fluid behavior in oil-bearing rocks. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(2), 963-70.

The article is focused on hydraulic fracturing (HF) of oil-bearing rocks demonstrated on three practice tests showing that the application of this method is not possible in underground rock formations. It is established that the fluid injected into the oil reservoir under pressure spreads along numerous grooves radially mixing with reservoir fluids.

4 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

020920   Gabbi R G;Atmapoojya S L;Agrawal D K (Research Scholar, Manoharbhai Patel Institute of Engineering & Technology, Gondia(Maharashtra), Email: raviraj.singh9422@gmail.com) : Application of GIS techniques and BIM tools in fixing the canal alignment. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(3), 14-25.

The previous decades had shown the huge progress in information and computer technology and their applications in various fields. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a powerful software tool, by using this technology it is very convenient to generate GIS database system, digitize the existing map, obtain and translate electronic data from various sources and journals, generating the layer and their overlay analysis, preparation of TIN surface or models etc. Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools is basically an intelligent model based process which is very helpful for planning and designing purpose. The aim of this study is to present various GIS and BIM tools applications for fixing the canal alignment at Somnala Minor Irrigation Scheme of Gosikhurd Indira Sagar Project. GIS was developed to provide a powerful tool to analyze large volume of geographical data. It stores a considerable amount of spatial information in a compact and accessible form, it has the ability to work with spatial and non-spatial data and also it can create information by integrating data layers. In addition several scripts have been developed to calculate necessary results. This paper presents the application of GIS and BIM tools for fixing the canal alignment in a command area based on topography, soil type, ground water potential zone, elevation plan etc.

11 illus, 10 ref

020919   Dutta D;McKay J (Science & Technology Dep, Government of India, NRDMS Div Technology Bhavan, New Mehruali Road, New Delhi-110 016, Email: ddutta@nic.in) : Development of an integrated capacity building framework for building spatial data infrastructure for integrated ground water governance and management in India: Lessons from Australia. Int J Envir Dev 2015, 12(2), 115-33.

The balancing act between groundwater over exploitation and environmental sustainability world over has led to number of research studies, which have brought out the requirements for bridging the gaps in understanding between groundwater users, groundwater scientists and managers. Recent studies have also made it clear the overriding requirement of capacity building at all levels in society to enhance the understanding, sensitivity and commitment towards improving the sustainable use of groundwater in Asia and other regions. With the emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and its application for development purposes world over, information has become an important input for capacity building. Recent development in this direction is the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), which is defined as the collection of technologies, policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate the availability of and access to spatial data. In view of the above requirement, an attempt has been made in the current study to develop an integrated Capacity Building Framework for Groundwater Spatial Data Infrastructure development based on the lessons learnt from a country that has reformed the groundwater governance, developing water data infrastructure and implementing the same for sustainable development.

19 ref

020918   Dongre S R;Gupta R (Civil Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra-440 010) : Optimal design of level-1 redundant water distribution networks with fuzzy demands. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(2), 331-8.

A water distribution networks (WDN) capable of sustaining failure of any one pipe without causing disruption in services either in full or in part is considered as level-1 redundant network. Unknown future water demands are treated as fuzzy parameters using fuzzy logic technique. Fuzzy optimization model is formulated for design of level-1 redundant WDN consider fuzzy demands. Fuzzy nodal demands are characterised by triangular membership triangular membership functions. For each node, membership function for available nodal heads is also considered to be approximatelv represented by triangular membership function. Furthermore, desirable nodal heads are also considered as fuzzy. Relationship between fuzzy available nodal heads and fuzzy desirable nodal heads is used to convert fuzzy constraints to crisp constraints. Genetic algorithm (GA) which can easily consider multiple demand scenarios for various pipe failure conditions is used for determining the optimal design cost. The proposed methodology has been illustrated with two example networks.

6 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

020917   Deb A K (DEE, FASCE, Weston Solutions, Inc., USA) : Challenges of 21st century: Urban water supply system management of developing countries. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(2), 381-7.

Challenges of 21st Century water utilities of developing countries, particularly in India are enormous. Customers would demand excellent service from water utilities. Main challenges are to provide 24 hour safe water supply of adequate quantity and quality at adequate water pressure at customer taps. These challenges involve technical issues such as use of proper technical tools and database management for developing proper proactive maintenance management, financial issues such as to generate enough revenue to manage water utilities program, management issues such as improvement in efficiency of water, energy and human resources by balancing budgets, and customer issues to maintain proper customer satisfaction. Main issue in a water system is management and proper maintenance of its distribution system. In general, about 80% of water utility investments are committed to the distribution and transmission system. The distribution system is a very important component of modern water supply system and it is the last link between the customer and the water utility. Proper management of distribution system is necessary to maintain 24 hour service with adequate water pressure and adequate quality of water at the customer tap. Lack of adequate rehabilitation and replacement of water mains during past several decades is causing incidence of main breaks and outage of water service to rise, and water leakage to increase. Most of the water utilities in developing countries are not fully metered. Metering is an essential component to generate enough revenue in managing water efficiently and minimizing leakage loss. In most of the large cities in India leakage loss may range from 30% to 50%. Distribution system management is a key issue in reducing leakage loss and maintaining adequate water pressure, water quality and quantity at the customer tap. This paper outlines technical and management issues and probable solutions of management of water systems of developing countries to improve performance of the systems to a level of that of water systems of developed countries. One case study will be used in illustrating the concept.

5 illus, 4 ref

020916   Davis V;Mohhammed Shafee S;Baskar P (NO, Hindustan Univ, Padur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: victordavisp@gmail.com ) : Performance analysis of four stroke SI engine with preheated intake air. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1277-84.

The drastic depletion of petroleum fuel from the crust of earth will lead to energy crisis in future. Improving the efficiency of all the systems using petroleum products is a way to manage this scenario until an effective alternative is found. The application of thermocouple modules in automobiles is the result of recent significant development in material sciences. In this paper, an attempt has been made to experimentally investigate the performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption, total fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency by preheating the intake air using a thermocouple module on a single cylinder four stroke spark ignition engine. The brake specific fuel consumption and total fuel consumption is found to decrease when the air is preheated indicating the reduction in the fuel consumption. The mechanical efficiency is observed to increase at all loads. The mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency have shown an increased value for the preheated intake than the stock intake.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

020915   Datta I (NO, , North America Arc Equipment Product Marketing for ESAB Welding & Cutting Products out of its Denton, Tex, Office) : GMAW gun troubleshooting. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(4), 77-81.

12 illus

020914   Das C R;Bhaduri A K;Thomas Paul V; Krishnamraju P;Albert S K;Balakrishanan R (NO, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: bhaduri@igcar.gov.in) : Effect of long-term post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of P91 weld metal. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(3), 29.

Modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel is used in fossil-fuel fired power plants due to its good thermo- physical, weldability, fabricability and high temperature mechanical properties. Toughness of the P91 weld metal, deposited by the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process, is reported to be lower than that deposited by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. In spite of this, considering the higher deposition rate and economics, the SMAW process is very popular in industry. Thus, achieving adequate toughness in the P91 weld metal deposited using the SMAW process is an important requirement to qualify the weld joints. Weld joints were prepared using the SMAW process and subjected to post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 760° for durations of 3, 10 and 100 hours. Micro-structural observations revealed coarsening of the lath martensite and the precipitates accompanied by an increase in toughness with increase in PWHT duration from 3 to 10 hours. The effect of PWHT duration on subzero toughness was found to be significant, with the subzero toughness increasing with increase in PWHT duration upto 10 hours and then decreasing on PWHT for 100 hours. Increase in sub-zero toughness could be attributed to adequate tempering, while the decrease in toughness on PWHT for 100 hours was attributable to the formation of fresh martensite during cooling from the PWHT temperature. This variation of toughness of the SMA weld metal with duration of PWHT needs better understanding from the view point of the composition of the weld metal. Detailed microstructural analysis was carried out to understand the reasons for the variations in the mechanical properties. This paper presents and discusses the results of this experimental investigation.

020913   Das C R;Bhaduri A K;Mahadevan S;Mastaniah P; Albert S K (NO, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: bhaduri@igcar.gov.in) : Influence of electron beam welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of boron-added modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weld. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(3), 31.

Modified 9Cr-lMo steel is used in high temperature applications due to its good thermo-physical, mechanical, weldability and formability. This steel is susceptible to Type IV cracking, in which failure of the weld joint occurs on creep exposure in the intercritical region of the heat-affected zone (ICHAZ). Improved resistance to Type IV cracking in modified 9Cr-lMo steel weld joints can be achieve by addition of 100 ppm boron along with controlled nitrogen. However, in the absence of boron-added welding consumables, weld joints of this steel are presently being made using boron-free welding consumables. Consequently, during creep, the microstructure of boron-free weld metal is relatively less resistant to coarsening compared to the boron-added base metal and HAZ. The objective of the present investigation is to understand the effect of electron beam welding parameters on the micro-structure and mechanical properties of the welds. Weld joints of the boron-free (P91) and boron-added (P91B) modified 9Cr-lMo steels were prepared by varying the welding parameters during electron beam welding. The soundness of the weld joints was confirmed by radiographic examination and bend testing. The tempering behavior of weld metal and base metal was studied and compared. The test results show that the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of the P91B steel is comparable to that of the P91 steel but lower than that of boron-free weld metal. This paper discusses the influence of electron beam welding parameters on themicrostructure and mechanical properties of boron-added modified 9Cr-lMo steel welds.

020912   Das C R (Materials Joining Section, Materials Technology Div, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Failure analysis, hardfacing and weldability of 9-14Cr steels. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(2), 43-50.

16 illus, 14 ref

020911   Charde N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Malaya Univ, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: nachicharde@yahoo.com) : Resistance spot welds of 3041 austenitic stainless steel, Part 1: Fundamental, simulation, weld growth, tensile strength and failure mode analysis. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(2), 51-67.

Austenitic stainless steel(ASS) is very common material that used in many industries today. Suitable joining method should be of low cost; reliable and long life. In such situation, the industries may prefer to use the resistance spot welding (RSW) for such ASS sheet. The weld quality of RSW joint is usually considered by nugget size which relies on the welding parameters. This paper analyzes the weld nuggets' characteristic of 304L austenitic stainless steel with relevant to its basic welding parameters (current, weld time and force). The entire experiment is carried out by varying the welding current and welding time at first attempt and the welding current and electrode force at second attempt. The increment of current and weld time has resulted proportional increment of nugget diameters; whereas the force increment has resulted reduction of nugget diameters. These results have been relatively compared with simulation results for the proper weld region identification. Eventually the welded joints were characterised by tensile shear test, macro graph and elongation measurement to relate the changes that happened due to the variations of welding parameters.

11 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

020910   Chakraborty A;Choudhury B (NO, , ) : Parametric study of a solar heat deiven silica gel-water paired adsorption chiller. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(2), 19-29.

Heat driven sorption based cooling systems are gaining interest as they are environmentally friendly and have the potential to save precious fossil fuel resources. Low grade thermal sources like solar or waste heat can run a silica gel-water paired adsorption chiller to generate chilled water below 10°C. However, the performance of the adsorption chillers is poor when compared to vapour absorption or vapour compression based cooling systems. An effort has been made in this work to analyze the influence of different operating parameters on the cooling performance of a silica gel-water adsorption chiller driven by hot water from an evacuated tube solar thermal collector system. A cycle simulation program verifies the effect of heat transfer fluids' temperatures and the cycle time on the cooling capacity and COP of the chiller. An optimized operating strategy of the chiller, based on either maximum cooling capacity or maximum COP, may be found out using this work. Cycle time, driving source temperature and the cooling water temperature are found to considerably affect the performance of the chiller.

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020909   Bridjesh P;Arunkumar G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Univ, Chennai-602 105) : Energy and exergy analysis of diesel engine by varying compression ration. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(2), 997-1013.

In this study, the energy and exergy analysis has been carried out by applying first law and second law of thermodynamics on a single cylinder conventional diesel engine at various compression ratios. The desired compression ratios were attained by changing the clearance volume. The test results indicated that the heat carried away by exhaust gases was 10% at compression ratio of 15.37:1. The unaccounted loss was more, 41.6% at a compression ratio of 14.5:1. The heat carried away by cooling water was 24% at compression ratio of 16.4:1. The energy analysis shows that the availability of brake power at compression ratio of 17.5:1 is 27%. The destructive availability is 57% at compression ratio of 13.7:1.

5 illus, 11 tables, 14 ref

020908   Bleving S (NO, , Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Miss, Email: steven.blevins@hiiingalls.com) : Shipbuilder solves stud welding problem. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(3), 65-6.

3 illus, 3 ref

020907   Ashish Kumar;Santosh Kumar;Rajneesh Kumar (NO, National Metallurgical Lab, Jamshedpur) : Some studies on Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) toughness behavior of API 5L X52 steel. Indian Weld J 2015, 48(2), 68-75.

Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) simulation by Gleeble is a useful method for evaluating welding process parameters to improve the toughness of weld HAZ by optimizing process parameters. The HAZ Toughness in low alloy steels is strongly influenced by the welding parameters (as HAZ microstructure is influenced by the heat input and cooling rate). In the present work different regions of weld HAZ of API 5L X52 steel have been simulated by using Gleeble @ 3800 Thermal- Mechanical Simulator. Two cooling rates (t_8/5) 10 s to simulate low heat input (LHI) welding conditions without preheating, (t_8/5) 40s to simulate high heat input (HHI) welding were used. Charpy V-notch impact tests were conducted on the simulated as well as on the base material at room temperature (25° C) and at -40° C. Results showed that HHI simulated coarse grain HAZ (CGHAZ) region attributed highest Impact energy of 300 J in comparison to 199 J of base material at 25° C. In HAZ regions, lowest room temperature toughness was observed in sub critical HAZ (SCHAZ) for both HHI and LHI conditions. Lowest impact energy at -40° C was observed in fine grained HAZ (FGHAZ) for both HHI and LHI conditions. Hardness test showed that LHI samples exhibited slightly higher hardness than HHI condition and the hardness profile for HAZ regions was similar for both HHI and LHI conditions.

8 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

020906   Aperador W;Ruiz E;Bautista-Ruiz J (School of Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogota, Colombia, Email: g.ing.materiales@gmail.com) : Corrosion study of a carbon steel immersed in concrete alternative by electrochemical frequency modulation. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1137-48.

The electrochemical frequency modulation technique is an electrochemical technique used to determine the corrosion rate in steel embedded in concrete made with mixtures of fly ash and steel slag alkali activated and exposed to accelerated carbonation. This technique uses two signals input AC voltage; and has the quality of each signal has a different frequency, these signals are applied to reinforced concrete. As the current is a nonlinear function of the potential, the system responds in a nonlinear manner to the excitation potential is obtained as a measurement of response current in this response sum components they are jointly involved difference and multiples of the input frequency. This technique uses causality factors, which can verify experimental data, finds the exact values of the corrosion current density, the corrosion current and obtaining the cathodic and anodic slopes. The characterization of cementitious materials, was performed by X-ray diffraction. It was determined that mixtures containing steel slag generate low corrosion rate values.

4 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

020905   Akhouri A P;Arun Kumar (NO, Cdr Indian Navy, India) : Vulnerability assessment of naval and other critical infrastructures. J pure appl ind Phys 2016, 6(1), 19-24.

As the safeguarding of critical assets is becoming essential it is necessary to identify the weak areas. The identification of weak areas will help the system administrator to apply adequate safety measures at specific points/areas. The vulnerability assessment will also assist the administrator to frequently asses the vulnerability. The methods for vulnerability assessment from attack are discussed in this paper.

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020904   Ahlawat M;Naresh Kumari (NO, , ) : Wind energy scenario: a survey. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(2), 12-8.

The basic requirement for socio-economical growth of any nation is energy. Presently the energy demand is increasing at very high rate. This high demand of energy cannot be fulfilled by the use of conventional energy sources because they are limited in nature leading to blackouts. So we need to develop our non-conventional sources of energy up to the mark to meet our energy requirements. These contemporary sources not only increase energy independency but also do not cause pollution resulting in mitigating climatic changes thereby improving health status. One of the contemporary energy sources is wind energy. Wind energy is identified as the key source by international energy agency to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Here we will discuss the present and future scope of wind energy globally and in India.

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019922   Zheleznikova O E;Sinitsyna L V;Mikaeva S A (NO, Ogarev Mordovia State Univ, 68 Bolshevistskaya Str., Saransk 430005, Republic of Mordovia, Email: mikaeva@npo.lit.ru) : To the problem of hygienic efficiency of LED lighting facilities. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2373-82.

The object of the paper is experimental investigation of LED lighting hygienic efficiency. A comprehensive methodology for psychophysiological and hygienic assessment of the LED lighting equipment which (the methodology) was elaborated by the authors was used in the course of the experiments. The experiments were carried out by means of a designed experimental research facility ensuring variation of luminescent (basic) and LED lighting. There were selected the indicators of the visual organ state which are the most optimal and complying with the investigational tasks. The article describes the most significant results of the experimental investigations. A practical relevance of the received experimental material used for LED lighting was demonstrated.

1 illus, 9 tables, 20 ref

019921   Zhao Y;Zeng X;Zhang W;Jin J (College of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Polytechnic Univ, Tangshan 063009, Hebei Province, P.R. China, Email: zhwl@heuu.edu.cn) : X-ray absorption fine structure of Ti coordination changes in Na₂O-B₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ glass system. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(7), 2412-14.

The Na₂O-B₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ glass was prepared by adding 8 wt % TiO₂ into the basic glass 10Na₂O-50B₂O₃-40SiO₂ (mol %). Application Ti K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), the change of Ti structure during the glass phase separation process was mainly investigated. Glass phase separation and TiO₂ crystallization of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results indicated that Ti⁴⁺ formed [TiO₄] tetrahedral structure in high-temperature homogeneous glass of Na₂O-B₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ system. At low temperature heat treatment (500 °C) Ti⁴⁺ entirely transformed from [TiO₄] to [TiO₆] and then formed nucleus pre-group and anatase crystal nucleus, which were advantageous to crystallize TiO₂. With the increasing of heat-treatment temperature, Ti-ion structure is closed to that of anatase and TiO₂ began to crystallize at heat-treatment 550 °C.

5 illus, 6 ref

019920   Zhao X;Yang J;You J (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou Univ, Changzhou-213 164, China, Email: zhaoxiaobing0@163.com) : Surface modification of TiO₂ coatings by Zn ion implantation for improving antibacterial activities. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(1), 285-91.

TiO₂ coating has been widely applied in orthopaedic and dental implants owing to its excellent mechanical and biological properties. However, one of the biggest complications of TiO₂ coating is implant-associated infections. The aim of this work is to improve the antibacterial activity of plasma-sprayed TiO₂ coatings by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) using zinc (Zn) ions. Results indicate that the as-sprayed TiO₂ coating is mainly composed of rutile phase. Zn-PIII modification does not change the phase compositions and the surface morphologies of TiO₂ coatings, while change their hydrophilicity. Zn-implanted TiO₂ coatings can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the ability to inhibit S. aureus is greater than that to E. coli. Zn ion release and reactive oxygen species may be attributed to improving the antibacterial activity of TiO₂ coating. Therefore, Zn-PIII TiO₂ coatings on titanium suggest promising candidates for orthopaedic and dental implants.

8 illus, 1 table, 37 ref