017876   Barros R C D;Corbi O (Civil Engineering Dep, Porto Univ, Portugal) : Some ongoing computational and experimental campaigns on vibration control by liquid tanks. Int J Mech Solids 2008, 3(1), 1-22.

Purpose of the work is to deepen some of the features related to the application of Liquid Dampers for vibration control of engineering structures. To this aim, both theoretical, numerical and experimental questions are dealt with, finally giving an overview of in progress studies by the authors in the specific research field. Some methodologies applied for analysis of the seismic behaviour of existing bottom supported storage tanks, under predominantly horizontal seismic actions are presented. Actually the full understanding of the device behaviour and fluid-container interactions is necessary for reliably analyzing and designing control devices based on liquid dissipation. Moreover the paper reports some results obtained by means of an experimental investigation developed on rigid blocks moving on a foundation base subjected to a horizontal forcing function and equipped with some rudimental Sloshing Water devices. Experimental data derived by means of a shaking table facility are devoted to compare the dynamic response of the blocks equipped or not with the devices for various liquid levels of the tanks, in order to produce a first check of the possible effectiveness of such devices on rigid structural models exhibiting a non-linear behaviour under dynamic shaking.

23 illus, 21 ref

017875   Banerjee G (NO, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, P.O. Jadavpur University) : Fuzy cognitive maps for identifying critical path in strategic domains. Def Sci J 2009, 59(2), 152-61.

Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) are hybrid tools of artificial neural network and fuzzy logic systems. One of their major uses is in decision support systems. To arrive at correct decisions, the fuzzy interconnections between attributes are either trained or assigned by domain experts. The network target may be fixed or unknown. The FCM has been illustrated in a strategic domain in which the target is fuzzily defined and unknown. The target value is therefore estimated first by fuzzy inference rules for a collection of imprecisely defined attributes and then the fuzzy gradation to which the value belongs is used as the basis to tune the cognitive map. The domain concerns a research institution. The target risk is the time by which the projects run-off beyond the stipulated time of completion. Shows that certain instinctively chosen membership functions to tune the cognitive map are able to reproduce the belief surrounding the criticality of the domain.

3 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

017874   Balasubramaniam R (Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Tecnology, Kanpur-208 016, Email: bala@iitk.ac.in) : Mathematical significance of the dimensions of the Delhi iron pillar. Curr Sci 2008, 95(6), 766-70.

The dimensions of the 1600-year-old Delhi Iron Pillar have been re-analysed in light of new scholarship on the traditional Indian unit of measurement. The dimensions of the pillar can be well reconciled considering the basic unit of measurement as 17.63 mm. The low percentage errors between the theoretical and actual measurements provide further support to this analysis. The significant mathematical ratios embedded in the relative dimensions of the pillar have also been set forth. The close association of the basic unit of measurement and the mathematical ratios with those of the Harappan civilization offers evidence for continuity of scientific ideas and traditions from the Harappan civilization to the Ganga civilization. Analysis of dimensions of the characters of the Gupta-Brahmi inscription revealed the possible use of the decimal system.

1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

017873   Alkan G B;Aydin G (Maritime Transport and Management Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineer, Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: ilginkur@istanbul.edu.tr) : Transportation of chemical materials by chemical tankers. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 361-74.

Provides an overview of the development of the chemical trade and tankers, explains the importance of double hull tankers with the aspect of environmental impact and includes the chemical tanker safety rules and the transportation of chemical materials.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

017872   Alamelumangai V;Natarajan M (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002,, Email: neejaialm@yahoo.co.in) : Tuning methods of PID controller for a multivariable process. J Computnl Math optimiz 2008, 4(3), 185-209.

Identified the simplest tuning technique to design multi-loop PID controller for a quadruple tank process. Though there were number of tuning methods available, three different simplest tuning methods namely pole placement method, Biggest Log Modules method and a gain shaping method are selected, because of the simple design procedure to tune a multi-loop controller. The controller performance is evaluated based on the settling time and ISE of the response of the process. The simulation is carried out through MATLAB software.

25 illus, 8 tables, 21 ref

017871   Aggarwal R K;Negi P S;Satyawali P K (NO, Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, Chandigarh-160 036) : New density-based thermal conductivity equation for snow. Def Sci J 2009, 59(2), 126-30.

More than two hundred thermal conductivity measurements for different snow densities and snow types were carried out in-situ at a field research station located in greater Himalayan range of India. These measurements were carried out using a commercially available portable thermal conductivity meter. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out on the fresh snow, equi-temperature snow, and surface hoar and temperature-gradient snow. Average thermal conductivity of snow varied from 0.08 W/mK (Fresh snow of 120 kg/m³ density) to 0.32 W/m K (Equi-temperature snow of 420 kg/m³ density). Based on these measurements, a new density-based thermal conductivity equation is proposed. Using this proposed equation, modeled snowpack temperatures showed closer agreement with the observed data as compared to the predictions based on other well-known empirical and theoretical thermal conductivity equations for snow. The study highlights the advantages and limitations of empirical based thermal conductivity equations over the complex models based on snow microstructure.

4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

016871   Yadav M S;Yadav H S (Economics Dep, S.V. Government Boys College Raisen, Madhya Pradesh) : Production, productivity and financial analysis of power industry in Madhya Pradesh. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(5-6), 85-90.

5 tables, 17 ref

016870   Varma N K;Sinha V K (NO, , CIMFR, Barwa Road, Dhanbad) : In-situ determination of thermal properties of coal measure rocks in underground coal mines. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(4), 14-22.

All the mathematical models for mine climate prediction are based on the numerical values of thermal properties of associated rock formations. Among them thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are important parameters and requires special attention. A simple method of in-situ measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity in coal mines is discussed. Thermal conductivity measurements were taken at five locations in four collieries in different seams. From these measurements average calculated values of in-situ effective thermal conductivity are presented. Existing methods of in-situ determination of thermal diffusivity are critically reviewed. A new method based on cooling of rock, instead of heating, is presented. Formulae have been derived to determine thermal diffusivity of rock massif from only nine temperature measurements in a single drill hole. However, for accuracy more measurements are recommended. A simple computer programme is described which requires negligible amount of computer memory space. Program output consists of number of diffusivity values calculated, their mean, standard deviation and range. An example from actual field measurement is also given.

9 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

016869   Turior R;Lokhande N M;Jape V S (NO, Jayawantrao Swant Engg. College, Pune, Email: rashmi_tr@yahoo.com) : Solar tracker for autonomous systems. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(3-4), 51-9.

Autonomous soldar tracking system consists of a 89C51 microcontroller based circuit which includes ADC, serial interface, etc. Depending upon the voltage feedback received from the solar panel, the microcontroller circuitry issues appropriate control signals to the two dc motors used. The sequence of events aims to firstly roughly position and then accurately orient the solar panel in the direction perpendicular to that of the sunlight. This continues throughout the day thus collecting maximum solar energy during the course of operation. Hence in comparison with the stationary solar panels, the available solar energy is more efficiently harnessed.

12 illus, 6 ref

016868   Trivedi R;Sangode A G;Loveson V J;Singh V K; Sinha A (NO, CMRI, Dhanbad) : Mining of coastal placer minerals. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(4), 18-25.

India is bestowed with a long coast of more or less 7500 Km. This long coastal tract has a vast resource of placer minerals such as ilmenite, rutile, leucoxine, monazite, zircon, etc. But this large reserve base does not make India a global player in the market of placer minerals. The Production to Reserve Ratio (PPR) in India is 0.001 while it is 0.030 in USA, 0.010 in Australia, and 0.009 in Canada. In order to make India a global player, the production capacity has to be enhanced this requires supportive government policies, positive mindset of authorities, adequate infrastructure etc. Critically reviews the methods of exploration of placer Heavy Minerals lying above water-table as well as below water-table. For the minerals available on shore open cut mining is an often used mining method. Off shore placer Deposits can be exploited using water jet pumps and dredging pumps. The paper identifies the key issues and problems related to grant of mining leases, environmental issues etc. that bottleneck the development of Placer Mineral Industry in India. For the capacity building of off-shore mining in India, the off-shore mining laws must be framed keeping in view the feasibility of off-shore placer mining as well as environmental implications thereof. The paper emphasizes the need of a pragmatic approach and coordination of all concerned central and state government agencies for the sustainable development of coastal placer minerals.

^iia1 table, 58 ref

016867   Talla P K;Bawe G N;Fogue M;Fomethe A;Foudjet A (UDETIME/L2MSP, Universite de Dschang, Cameroun, Email: tapikisito@yahoo.fr) : Dynamics of plant vibrating under the influence of wind. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 17-28.

Deals with, the study of plants moving in the canopy under wind load. First establish, the dynamics of the plant as well as that of the wind. Under the assumption that the amplitude of the load is small, we restrict ourselves to the linear behavior of the plant. Hence, the amplitude of the oscillations of the plant is determined as a function of the different parameters. The domains of stability and instability of the oscillations are then determined as a function of the amplitude of the excitation. When the amplitude of the oscillation belongs to the domain of instability, there is a risk of the plant collapsing.

7 illus, 9 ref,

016866   Soni D K;Jain A (Civil Engg Dep, NIT, Kurukshetra-136 119) : Tunnel support measures-recent trends in rock bolting. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(2), 15-18.

The application of rock reinforcement to support the rock was introduced by the end of 19th century. Since then, the use of rock bolts in mining well as underground excavations has become worldwide. In the recent times, range of application of rock bolts has widened due to advances in Rock Mechanics and the increasing use of rock reinforcement in underground excavations as an alternate to more traditional forms of suppprt. Recent trends in rock bolting have been discussed and their suitability and range of application is ciescribed. It is concluded that rock bolts may be used to control most types of ground conditions except those involving extremely weak and soft ground and a major fault zone.

6 illus, 10 ref

016865   Singal S K;Saini R P;Raghuvanshi C S (NO, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee) : Analysis for quick estimation of dam toe small hydropower schemes. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(3-4), 48-50.

Focused attention to the renewable sources of energy and massive improvements in the efficiency with which, we are able to produce, transport, store and use energy. The economic growth calls for increasing use of energy and the challenge is to found quality energy in sustainable manner and at reasonable price. There is a need to tap all possible sources of energy where small hydropower is considered to be a reliable option. In the present study an attempt has been made to develop correlation for cost of dam toe small hydropower scheme under low head for quick estimation of the cost by analytical approach. These correlations can be used to know the cost trend of such schemes, which is helpful in taking decision for project investment.

4 illus, 6 ref

016864   Shirey C W (NO, , Connecticut Light & Power Co., P.O. Box 270, Hartford, CT 06141-0270, USA) : Bethel-norwalk 345 kV transmission line project - excellence in execution. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(5-6), 103-5.

By balancing the needs of the local community with the energy requirements of the state at large, NU has built the right solution at the right time to strengthen Connecticut's energy grid, ahead of schedule and under budget. The complex construction project - installing over 530,000 feet of new underground transmission cable, in addition to two new 345 kV GIS substations, three transition stations and over 20 miles of new 345 kV line - begins to solve the critical need to reinforce the state's electric infrastructure. The B-N project improves system reliability and provides our customers in southwest Connecticut with greater access to competitively priced power. By relieving system bottlenecks and improving delivery of electricity into southwest Connecticut, we expect the new B-N line to save customers nearly $100 million annually. It also lends credibility to all of NU's other transmission projects, and positions us as one of the foremost authorities on new transmission construction in the country.

ref

016863   Shah P H;Parikh G K (NO, , Gujarat Narmada Valley Fert. Co. Ltd. P.O. Narmadanagar-392 015) : Boiler plant modifications at GNFC. Indian J Fertil 2008, 4(2), 27-9.

The onset of liberalisation, which commenced nearly a decade back, compelled almost all the industries to critically evaluate and review their performance from both cost economy as well as social angles, for the sake of survival and growth. Sharp rise in the prices of raw materials, mainly fuel oil, coupled with imposition of stringent norms for Environment Control led to conceptualisation and implementation of several modifications in GNFC boilers. The actions taken have paid rich dividends. Various modifications carried out by GNFC and the consequent benefits are presented.

016862   Selva Kumaran P;Sivesubramanian R;Lawrence A; Karunakara Reddy M (NO, Coal Research/Bhel-Tiruchi, Tamilnadu) : Trace elements and mercury levels in Indian coals used for thermal power generation. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(3-4), 31-6.

Trace elements, exist in Indian coal. Emissions of trace elements to the atmosphere, their concentrations in the environment and their effects, are of concern now, as the environmental importance of the trace elements in coal remains high for the future goal of zero emissions. The US Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 identified eleven trace elements and their compounds commonly found in coal as potentially 'hazardous air pollutants' (HAPs). Values of seven trace elements out of these elements in the input coals in India are listed. Over 53 samples were analyzed for 24 trace elements in Indian coals. The database is available for the scientific analysis. Reduction of mercury in washed coals compared to corresponding ROM coals is deduced from direct lab analysis. Future needs of R&D in trace elements are identified.

4 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

016861   Sekar T;Marappan R (Faculty of Mechanical Engg., Govt. College of Engg, Salem, Email: sekar_tittagudi@yahoo.com) : Experimental studies on the effect of electrolyte jet patterns over metal removal rate in ECM process. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(5), 17-20.

Electrochemical Machining (ECM), over the past decades has become one of the important methods in metal removal processes. ECM has established itself as one of the major alternatives to conventional methods for machining hard materials and complex contours without the residual stresses and tool wear. Studies on Metal removal rate (MRR) are of utmost importance in ECM, since it is one of the determining factors in the process decisions. An experimental investigation has been made on various process parameters involved in the Metal Removal Rate using ECM on AISI 1035 steel with NaCl aqua solution for three different electrolyte jet patterns. The effect of electrolyte jet patterns over MRR has been studied in detail and results evolved. Experimental metal removal rate has been calculated for different jet configurations and the obtained results reveal that the electrochemical machining of AISI 1035 by circular straight jet pattern gives better MRR than the other jet patterns.

5 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

016860   Sarma N;Nandi S (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781 039, Email: nitya@iitg.ernet.in) : Cross-layer QoS mapping framework for mobile Ad Hoc networks. IETE Tech Rev 2008, 25(6), 346-58.

Research in Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning for wireless ad hoc networks is receiving growing interest due to the rising necessity for supporting multimedia applications in such networks. Quality of Service provisioning is a multilayer problem, where the interaction between protocols at different layers is of paramount importance. Looking at the problem of QoS provisioning from the perspective of three layers - application layer, network layer and medium access control (MAC) layer. Goal is to design a QoS framework which maps QoS parameters across these three layers of the protocol stack, to support a stronger notion of per-class service guarantees in terms of throughput and delay in ad hoc networks. Further, to cope with network dynamics, MAC layer and network layer are made to adapt their behavior based on both dynamic network conditions and QoS requirements of admitted flows. An MAC layer adaptation takes place in terms of dynamic contention window adjustment per class, whereas a network layer adaptation takes place in the form of rerouting or termination of existing flows. Proposed a detailed QoS mapping scheme with adaptive protocols, using a TCP/IP protocol suite.

3 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

016859   Sarangi A;Singh D K;Singh A K (Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: arjamadutta.sarangi@elf.mcgill.ca) : Evaluation of curve number and geomorphology-based models for surface runoff prediction from ungauged watersheds. Curr Sci 2008, 94(12), 1620-6.

Prediction of surface runoff from ungauged and inadequately gauged watersheds in India necessitates development of models to simulate the watershed hy-drologic responses. To accomplish this, curve number (CN) approaches and geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) models are used. This article discusses the adequacy of a modified exponentially distributed GIUH (ED-GIUH) model in generating direct runoff hydrographs (DRHs). The ED-GIUH concepts were used to generate the DRHs for the Banha watersheds under the Upper Damoder Valley, Jhark-hand, India. The estimated runoff using the ED-GIUH concept was compared with the original natural resources conservation service curve number (NRCS-CN) generated runoff and validated with the observed runoff data of the watershed. The model input data, including natural drainage network and Horton's morphological parameters were estimated using a watershed morphological estimation tool interface of Ar-cGIS. The path probability of channel and overland flow was estimated from the generated feature classes of watershed topology and drainage networks to derive the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH). Further, from the IUH, an accounting procedure was used to estimate the unit hydrograph and DRHs for different rainfall events occurring over the watershed. It was observed that the ED-GIUH technique was better (coefficient of determination R² = 0.97, model efficiency E = 0.96) than the NRCS-CN approach (R² = 0.74, E = 0.71) with respect to the observed DRH resulting from rainfall events of 6 h duration or less. However, for rainfall events greater than 6 h, the ED-GIUH method (R² = 0.71, E = 0.58) failed to predict the surface runoff accurately compared to the CN method (R² = 0.89, E = 0.84). Thus the ED-GIUH model could be used to predict DRHs from small-duration events more accurately than the CN approaches for ungauged watersheds having similar geomorphological characteristics as that of the Banha watershed.

4 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

016858   Ray S K;Prasad C D;Ghosh A K (CIMFR, , Barwa Road, Dhanbad) : Critical appraisal of CMR/MMR to improve safety in mines. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(2), 19-23.

1 table, 5 ref

016857   Rao G S;Murthy V B K;Madhu Murthy K;Rao K M (P V P Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Vijayawada, A P, Email: intjou@yahoo.co.in) : Prediction of mechanical properties of unidirectional fiber reinforced composite with fiber-matrix debonding. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 85-96.

The study aims at prediction of mechanical properties of unidirectional FRP composite for complete range of fiber volume fractions at different levels of fiber-matrix interfacial debonding using micro-mechanical models. Three dimensional finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite, which are in the form of square unit cells. Mechanical properties E₁, E₂, E₃, V₁₂, V₂₃, v₃₁, V₂₁, V₃₂, and V₁₃, are determined for fiber volume fractions (V_f) between 0.1 to 0.75. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties. The results of the present analysis are found to be in close agreement with solutions available in the literature for the cases of perfect bonding and complete debonding at fiber-matrix interface at various fiber volume fractions. The method is successfully extended to various values of circumferential debonding between perfect bonding to complete debonding for entire range of fiber volume fractions and the results are presented in graphs. The effect of debonding on the mechanical properties is discussed.

16 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

016856   Ranjan R (NO, Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board, Dangania, Raipur-492 013) : Power sector development in Chhattisgarh. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(5-6), 69-75.

Chhattisgarh State, after separation from erstwhile Madhya Pradesh State, did not get an adequate power transmission and distribution infrastructure, although it inherited sizable generating capacity, the T&D network was not compatible. It was thus not possible to reach the generated power to the people of the State and also coupled with the problem of low voltage. The CSEB, established soon after formation of the State in November, 2000, took up the challenge and worked meticulously to strengthen the T&D system of the State. As a result, the State can now boast of having county's one of the best and most reliable power supply systems with low voltage problem having been practically totally eliminated and electricity reaching to every nook and corner of the State. The State has become choicest destination for entrepreneurs to set up industries. This coupled with C.S.E.B. corporate office "Sewa Bhawan" Governmental thrust on rural electrification including agriculture pump energisation has resulted in quantum jump thus doubling the power demand from inception of the State. In order to sustain growth rate, therefore, the power sector of the State would need considerable capacity build up to meet the fast rising trend in power demand. Further with the changed power scenario in the country, the State by virtue of its huge coal reserves, aspires to become one of the power hubs of the nation and supply cheaper quality power to other States, besides meeting its own requirement. It is envisaged to build generation capacity through State's own power projects, Central sector projects and IPP or CPPs. There is special thrust on hydropower, power from non-conventional sources and adoption of clean coal power generation technologies to the extent feasible in the context of prevailing state-of-the-art in the sector.

6 tables

016855   Raghava Chari S (NO, , Flat No.3, Block B, Susheel House 19, South Gangai Amman Koil Street, Choolaimedu, Chennai-600 094) : Fits and tolerances. Indian J Fertil 2008, 4(2), 11-12,15-18,21-.

Fits and Tolerances', a very important topic of mechanical and production engineering helps in a long way towards mass manufacture of components within dimensional limits. Mass production obviously leads to economy of scale and low prices of components. Such components assemble into properly working and durable machines and household appliances within the reach of masses resulting in todays high and comfortable living standards. One can get a replacement part with the assurance that it would fit into the appliance in place of the failed part, function well and offer high durability even years after purchase. The science of fits and tolerances is not only useful for mass manufacture, but in maintenance situations too. An antifriction bearing mounted on a shaft of proper dimensional tolerance would serve for years and years. On the other hand mounting it on a shaft of even a few microns larger in diameter requires excessive force or over heating to expand the inner ring. Antifriction Bearing (AFB) so fitted looses part of its working clearance and fail prematurely, bringing an important machine and in turn a production process to a grinding halt. Hopefully, the treatment of the subject in the article with illustrative examples, ready reference tables and case studies would impress the need for dimensioning mating parts with appropriate tolerances. This way parts would fit to render the intended service with no time-consuming field adaptation each time, reducing maintenance downtimes significantly and promote long lives and reliability of repaired machines.

5 illus, 3 tables

016854   Pradeep Kumar M;Vijay Sekar K S;Rajadurai A (Mech. Engg Dep, , CEG, Email: pradeep@annauniv.edu) : Comparison of different flow stress models of the orthogonal metal cutting process using finite element analysis. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(5), 21-6.

Presents a comparative study of the effect of two different flow stress models on the orthogonal metal cutting process using the FEM. The flow stress models used were the Oxley's model and the modified Johnson and Cook model. The orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted with AISI 1045 steel work material and tungsten carbide cutting tool. The FEA results with modified Johnson's model for the cutting force, feed force, chip thickness, shear angle and shear strain compared well with the experimental values with only a marginal deviation of 10 -20% for feed rates of 0.16mm/rev and above while the deviation for Oxley's model was higher across most feed rates. The Oxley model gave better results for the FE predictions of contact temperature. Suggested that the modified Johnson and Cook model was an efficient alternative tool for FE simulation of the orthogonal metal cutting process.

9 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

016853   ParameswaraRao V S;Sarcar M M M (IPE Dep., K.L. College of Engg., Vaddeswaram, Email: cprao66@yahoo.co.in) : Experimental studies and development of empirical relations for machining HC-HCR steel with CNC W E D M. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(5), 27-30.

The WEDM has been found to have tremendous potential in its applicability in the present day metal cutting industry for achieving improved dimensional accuracy, surface finish, geometric features of work pieces (electrodes, dies etc.). How ever for successful utilization of process, optimization of various, parameters is required for improving the productivity. An attempt was made to evaluate optimal parameters like discharge current, voltage at rated wire speed, tension, for different sizes of the prominent Die material, High Carbon- High Chromium steel.(HC-HCr tool steel) ranging from 5mm to 80 mm. Expresses the effects of the above mentioned process parameters on the criteria like cutting speed, surface roughness, spark gap (cutting off-set required) and Specific energy consumption. The optimum values are evaluated at un interrupted machining conditions with minimum wire rupture and breakage. Mathematical relations are explored at the optimum values for determining the cutting speed. The work is useful in finding the cutting time for any size of the HC-HCr job and to set parameters for the required surface finish, corner radius with high accuracy of cutting.

6 illus, 7 ref

016852   Niranjan Kumar M S R;Sarcar M M M;Bala Krishna Murthy V;Mohana Rao K (Production Engineering Dep, V R Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada-520 007, Email: m_niranjankumar@rediffmail.com) : Analysis of thick skew laminate with elliptical cutout subjected to non-linear temperature distribution : Major axis of ellipse vertical. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 97-106.

An effort is made to study the thermo elastic behaviour of a cross-ply laminated composite skew plate with elliptical cutout subjected to non-linearly varying temperature loading has been investigated in the present analysis. Major axis of the ellipse vertical has been taken for the present analysis. A three-dimensional heat conduction analysis in fiber reinforced composite laminates has been simulated by finite element method to get realistic temperature in the laminate under different thermal boundary conditions. A finite element method which works on the basis of three-dimensional theory of elasticity is employed to evaluate the stresses and deformations. The results obtained by varying the skew angle and size of the cutout are discussed. The magnitudes of the in-plane stresses due to temperature loading is greatly affected by the skew angle variation at higher d/1 ratio and their magnitude is observed to be minimum at higher value of the skew angle. The magnitudes of inter laminar stresses are observed to be minimum at lower d/1 ratio. The transverse deflection 'w' decreases with increase in skew angle. The solutions of skew structures considered in the present analysis will be useful for the construction of safe and efficient structures like skew bridges and swept wings of aircraft structures.

9 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

016851   Navin Kumar;Lourenco N;Spiez M;Aguiar R L (Telecommunications Institute, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3800 Aveiro, Portugal, Email: kumar@av.it.pt) : Visible light communication systems conception and VIDAS. IETE Tech Rev 2008, 25(6), 359-67.

Visible Light Communication (VLC) using LEDs is emerging as a key technology for a ubiquitous communication system, because LED has the advantages of fast switching, long life expectancy, being less expensive and being visible light that is safe for the human body. The VLC system is expected to undergo rapid progress, inspiring numerous indoor and outdoor applications; however, many technical issues need to be addressed, especially in outdoor environment. In order to provide a better understanding of the research challenges of VLC, article presents a detailed investigation of the current state-of-art concept. Open research issues such as channel modelling and modulation techniques are also discussed, with the objective of triggering new research interest in this field. The paper also introduces our ongoing development of Wireless USB Interface and the project VIDAS.

10 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

016850   Mustapha A;Ramdan B (Laboratoire de Geotechnique, Infrastructure Amenaement hydraulique, Faculty of Civil Engineering/USTHB, BP. 32 El Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, Algeria, Email: akchiche_m@yahoo.fr) : Some algiers experience on measurement and evaluation of settlement around urbane tunnel reinforced with jet grouting. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 1-16.

The excavation process for a tunnel changes in terms of its ground conditions and the stability of surface buildings in urban areas. Describes the treatment of tunneling problems at Algiers metro tunnel which was realized according with to the New Austrian Tunneling Methods (N.A.T.M). In this study, a two dimensional finite element analysis was conducted using CESAR-LCPC software to determine the variation of the settlement that is affected by the jet grouting clearance and the coefficient of the deconfinement. Analytical approaches to estimate the tunnel settlement were used. The results obtained by this software were compared with actual field measurement.

14 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

016849   Murthy S S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: ssmurthy@ee.iitd.ac.in) : Developments in renewable energy in India. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(5-6), 91-7.

Presents an overview of developments in renewable energy in India and throws light on future scope to tap this vast energy for power generation and other applications. Small hydro, wind, biomass and solar are found to be viable options for India with practical working systems in place, while ocean, geothermal, and hydrogen energies are still in developmental stage. It is wise to tap those already viable in a big way and continue R&D efforts in other areas. For power generation both grid connected and stand-alone systems must be considered using above energy sources. Bio and solar energies can also be used to obtain direct heat for suitable applications such as water heating and cooking.

14 illus, 4 tables

016848   Murthy S N;Vardhan H;Aruna M;Khare S (NO, NITK, Surathkal) : Latest trends in bioleaching. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(4), 26-31.

Biotechnology contributes to human health care, environmental protection, and industrial-scale synthesis of complex chemicals. Despite the obvious importance of these areas, biotechnology has also contributed much to the mining industry. Bacteria are shown to be important in biomineralization. Many minerals are capable of forming sulphidic deposits, including copper, uranium, nickel and cobalt. If large quantities of these metal sulphides are found, they can be commercially extracted using the principle of acid mine drainage. Of all these, Bioleaching is also an appropriate technology for the recovery of copper and other metals from damps and low- grade ores. Today, bioleaching is an economical alternative for treating specific mineral ores. Bioleaching occupies on increasingly important place among the available mining technologies. Also, Bioleaching is a technique especially suitable for India and other developing countries, because of its simplicity and low capital cost requirement. Bioleaching can broadly be categorized into two segments, whole ore and concentrate system. Whole ore can be further subdivided into in situ or ex situ systems. Concentrate systems are always ex situ processes. An attempt has been made to throw a light on the latest trends in technology of insitu Bioleaching process and their relevance to Indian mineral industry.

3 illus, 27 ref

016847   Murali Krishna M V S;Kishor K;Ramana Reddy C V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderbad-500 075) : Control of carbon monoxide emission in spark ignition engine with methanol blended gasoline and sponge iron catalyst. Ecol Envir Conserv 2007, 13(4), 735-9.

Investigations have been carried out on a variable compression ratio spark ignition engine fitted with catalytic converter run with blend of 10% methanol and 90% gasoline by volume for reducing carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the exhaust, employing a catalytic converter containing sponge iron catalyst. The influence of parameters such as void ratio, air injection, temperature of air, speed and load of the engine on CO emissions are studied. A microprocessor based CO analyzer is used for the measurement of CO in the exhaust of the engine. The speed, load and the injection of air into the catalytic converter are found to show strong influence on reduction of CO emissions in the exhaust.An increase of temperature of injected air aided further reduction of CO emissions. Gasoline blended with methanol is found to reduce CO emissions considerably when compared to pure gasoline operation.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

016846   McCall J (NO, , HTS T&D Systems, American Superconductor Power Systems, 64 Jackson Road, Denvers, MA01434-4020, USA) : Increasing capacity and reliability of power grids in urban centers using superconductor cables. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(5-6), 98-102.

8 illus, 1 table

016845   Masand D;Jain S;Agnihotri G (Electrical Engineering Dep, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462 007, Email: deepikajal@rediffmail.com) : Control strategies for distribution static compensator for power quality improvement. IETE J Res 2008, 54(6), 420-7.

Distribution Static Compensator is an important device in correcting power factor, maintaining constant distribution voltage, and mitigating harmonics in a distribution network. Paper focuses on the comparative study of the control techniques for voltage source converter based Distribution Static Compensator, broadly classified as voltage controlled and current controlled. Under the former, phase shift control is compared with the latter, considering indirect decoupled current control and regulation of AC bus and DC link voltage with hysteresis current control. The first two schemes have been successfully implemented for Static Sompensator control at the transmission level for reactive power compensation and voltage support, and are recently being incorporated to control a Distribution Static Compensator employed at the distribution end. The following indices are considered for comparison - measurement and signal conditioning requirement, performance with varying linear/nonlinear load, total harmonic distortion, DC link voltage variation and switching frequency. The paper briefly describes the salient features of each strategy, with their merits and demerits. A dynamic simulation model of the Distribution Static Compensator has been developed for various control strategies, in Matlab/Sim Power System environment.

11 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

016844   Lee S Y;Shrestha B;Kim N Y (NO, Kwangwoon Univ, 447-1 Wolgae-Gu, Seoul, 139-701, Korea, Email: sanai530@kw.ac.kr) : Analysis of two filtering techniques in differential LC VCO design using asymmetric tank structure. IETE J Res 2008, 54(6), 386-90.

Presents two InGaP/GaAs HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) differential cross-coupled voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) designed with low phase noise for adaptive feedback-interference cancellation systems (AF-ICS). the main idea is to use low pass and band pass filtering technique for noise frequency. With this, the designed VCO, the first one achieved a phase noise of-130.40 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offsets from the carrier frequency of 1.619 GHz and the second one achieved -127.93 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offsets from the carrier frequency of 1.604GHz. Each VCO dissipates an output power of-6.68dBm and -10dBm respectively by supplying 5V. Two pairs of base-collector (BC) junction diode are used as varactor to get a broad band tuning range for both VCOs.

7 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

016843   Koteswara Rao M;Murali Krishna L (NO, , TSSC/Aptransco, Vidyut Soudha, Khairtabad, Hyderabad-500 082) : Power transmission development in Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(5-6), 76-9.

Transmission Network is back bone for any power sector. An adequate, reliable and efficient Transmission Network can only ensure proper evacuation of power from the generators and delivery of the same to consumers.

9 illus

016842   Kadadevaramath R;Mohanasundaram K M; Rameshkumar K;Lathashankar B (Mechanical Engg Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Email: rajeshwar.math@yahoo.com) : Supply chain network modeling and optimization using Swarm intelligence. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(5), 3-9.

In today's competitive world, the success of an industry is contingent upon the management of its supply chain. In order to stay competitive and continue to subsist they need to be better suited to handle fluctuations in an ever-changing market than their competitors. World class organizations now realize that non-integrated manufacturing processes non-integrated distribution processes and poor relationship with suppliers and customers are inadequate for their success. Supply chains encompass a series of steps that add value through time, place, and material transformation. Each manufacturer or distributor has some subset of the supply chain that it must manage and run profitably and efficiently to survive and grow. Optimization is no longer a luxury but has become the order of the day. Specifically deals with the modeling and optimization of a four-stage supply chain using the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm.

3 illus, 7 tables, 26 ref

016841   James A O;Oforka N C;Abiola O K;Ita B I (Pure and Industrial Chemistry Dep, Port Harcourt Univ, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Email: bidean2002@yahoo.com) : Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid by 2-benzoylpyridine and pyridoxolhydrochloride. E J Chem 2009, 6(2), 385-94.

The inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solutions by 2-benzoylpyridine (2BP) and pyridoxolhydrochloride (PXO) at 303K, 313K and 323K has been investigated using weight loss and hydrogen evolution techniques. 2BP exhibited higher maximum inhibition efficiency (78.99%) than PXO (71.93%). Generally inhibition was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreasing temperature. A first order type of mechanism has been deduced from the kinetic treatment of the results and the process of inhibition was attributed to physisorption. The difference in the inhibition behaviour of the two compounds has been explained on the basis of structure dependent electron donor properties of the inhibitors.

14 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

016840   Hamouche A;Bessaih R (Department de Genie Mecanique, Laboratoire LEAP, Universite Mentouri-Constantine, Route de Ain El. Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria, Email: hamoucheadel@yahoo.fr) : Mixed convection air cooling of electronic components mounted in a horizontal channel. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 53-64.

Presents a numerical simulation of a two-dimensional laminar mixed-convection heat transfer to air from multiple identical protruding heat sources, which simulate electronic components, located in a horizontal channel which is open on both sides. The finite volume method and the SIMPLER algorithm were used to solve the laminar flow equations in mixed convection. Results show that for Pr=0.71, 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 5 and 5 ≤ Re ≤ 30, the heat transfer increases remarkably, where Ri and Re are the Richardson and Reynolds numbers, respectively. It was seen also that the installation of a rectangular plate above the components for the internal flow modification has a considerable enhancement of the heat removal rate from the components, and therefore on the improvement of the heat transfer inside the channel.

17 illus, 15 ref

016839   Gupta K M;Srivastava A (Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (Deemed University), Allahabad-211 004, Email: kmgupta@mnit.ac.in) : Experimetal characterization of natural palmyra fibres under different conditions. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 41-51.

The raw palmyra fibres (botanical name is boralessus flabellifer ) have been extracted from the tissues of primary stem of palm (toddy) plant, processed, prepared, and tested to determine their physical and mechanical properties. Ten individual fibres have been tested in natural (usually wet) condition and straight configuration. Density of different individual fibres of 200 mm length having mean diameter of 0.20 to 0.21 mm, and weight varying from 0.018 gm to 0.022 gm is obtained SIt varies from 606.7 kg/m³ to 789.3 kg/m³ (i.e.0.606 gm/cm³ to 0.789 gm/cm³). The tensile tests have been performed on Hounsfield tensometer using a scale of 0-30 kg (0-300 N) with a least count of 0.2 kg (2 N). Different fibres of 0.42 mm to 0.60 mm diameter have sustained widely varying maximum load of 1.2 kg to 2.2 kg (12 N to 22 N ) and have undergone an elongation of 8 mm to 20 mm. The recorded strains vary from 0.082 to 0.189. The tensile strength is found to vary from 500 kg/cm² to 1923 kg/cm² (50 MPa to 192.3 MPa ).The stress-strain behaviour is plotted in figures. Its nature is widely varying from linear to non-linear. The cause of variation in properties of different fibres is their different age and growth. Finding of this work has been compared with other natural fibres like flax, hemp, jute, coir, sisal and cotton. It is concluded that the density of palmyra is least among all known fibres. It is 0.7 only as compared to 1.25 for coir, 1.33 for sisal, 1.40 for flax, 1.46 for jute, 1.48 for hemp and 1.51 for cotton fibres. This is highly favourable property from the view point of lightweightness. Hence, the palmyra fibres are most suitable for making reinforcement in composite materials.

2 illus, 11 tables, 5 ref

016838   Gupta K M (Department of applied mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technonogy (Deemed University), Allahabad-211 004, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kmgupta@mnnit.ac.in) : Investigation of the elastic behaviour of an orthotropic mitre bend. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 65-72.

Analysis to determine stress intensification has been carried out for 'mitre bend' made of composite (orthotropic) material. The analysis considers in-plane and out-of-plane bending under the effects of 'with internal pressure' and 'without internal pressure' loadings. Shear stress effects and the effect of change in mean radius 'r' of the pipe have also been incorporated in the analysis. The analysis is based on the principles of Strain Energy and Least Work. Computations have been done on a computer, using C language. Results are plotted for varying values of geometrical, material and load parameters. It is concluded that in the process piping, the orthotropic mitre bends will be better alternative (as they show a lower SIF) to metallic bends.

6 illus, 4 ref,

016837   Guan-nan C;Rong C;Kun-tao Y;Jian-xin C; Zu-fang H;Zhi-ming X (Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine,, Fujian Normal Univ, Fuzhou 350007, China, Email: edado@fjnu.edu.cn) : Gray-level value logarithm ratio neighborhood filters method for image denoising. IETE Tech Rev 2008, 25(6), 333-7.

Neighborhood filters are modern and powerful techniques for image denoising. In this paper, we perform an analysis for the normalization Factor of Neighborhood filters, where the size of the gray Euclidean distance is small. Study proves that the weak edges and details are smoothed, and the gray level transition tends to become mild, when filtering with these Neighborhood filters. As a solution, a new gray-level value logarithm ratio range filter kernel is pointed out for the normalization Factor of Bilateral filter, a representative method of Neighborhood filters. The new gray-level value logarithm ratio Neighborhood filters method can not only restrain noise well but also keep much more weak edges and details of images, and preserve the original gray level or color transition for gray images or color images.

3 illus, 13 ref

016836   Govinda Raju S P (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: spg@aero.iisc.ernet.in) : Aerobasics - an introduction to aeronautics. II. Atmosphere. Resonance 2008, 13(10), 971-7.

Aircraft of all types dynamically interact with the atmosphere generate forces required for lift and propulsion. Properties of the atmosphere and their variations over geographic locations and altitude are thus relevant to aircraft flight operations. Presents some facts about the atmosphere and indicates their relevance to flight.

3 illus

016835   Govinda Raju S P (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: spg@aero.iisc.ernet.in) : Aerobasics - an introduction to aeronautics, 4. Fluid flow fundamentals. Resonance 2008, 13(12), 1107-16.

Study of air flow past simple bodies provides a background for the understanding and interpretation of aerodynamic forces on airplanes. Some simple flows are studied by treating air as a viscous and compressible fluid subject to the laws of mechanics. The importance of two dimensionless parameters, the Reynolds number and the Mach number, respectively representing the viscous and compressibility effects is clearly brought out. The different flow phenomena associated with specific ranges of the Reynolds and Mach numbers are indicated and explained.

5 illus, 1 ref

016834   Deb Nath S K (Nanomechanics, Tohoku University, Japan) : Analysis of elastic-plastic field of tire treads by using finite element method. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 73-84.

Firstly numerical and experimental investigation of the elastic plastic material properties of tire tread is carried out. Using the obtained elastic plastic properties of tire treads the elastic plastic stress strain relationships are found numerically. Finite element simulation of tire tread is carried out considering three dimensional solid elements. Von Mises stress strain relationship of the contact surface of the tire tread identifies the elastic and plastic regions separately. At different sections of the tire tread Von Mises stress and different components of stresses are determined and elaborately analyzed. The distribution of the Von Mises stress and different stress components identify the critical sections of the tire tread.

14 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

016833   Das S K;Mishra D P (Mining Engineering Dep, IIT, Kharagpur) : Determination of physico-chemical properties of fly ash and pond ash of talcher thermal power plant for sowing in underground coal mines. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(4), 10-17,25.

Study presents the outcome of the experimental work carried out for the characterization of fly ash and pond ash samples collected from the Talcher Thermal Power Station (TTPS) to evaluate their suitability as stowing material to be used in the nearby underground coal mines. The physical properties like bulk density, specific gravity, particle size analysis, particle morphology and permeability etc. are determined. The chemical characteristics of the ash samples are studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Some of the geotechnical properties like compaction and consolidation characteristics of fly ash and pond ash samples are studied. In addition to these, the spontaneous heating characteristics like proximate analysis and crossing point temperature (CPT) of the ash samples are also determined. After studying all the foregoing characteristics it is found that both the fly ash and pond ash of TTPS are very much suitable for stowing in the underground coal mines, however, pond ash is a better stowing martial as compared to the fly ash.

14 illus, 6 tables

016832   Das P K (Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Government of West Bengal, West Bengal) : Future energy planning of West Bengal. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(5-6), 80-4.

016831   Chatterjee I;Jatania J (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Garia, Calcutta-700 152, Email: indranilchatterjee@aol.in) : Cost effective implementation of a phono cardiogram machine with PC interface. IETE J Res 2008, 54(6), 396-402.

The technology of listening to the sounds produced by the organs and vessels of the body is called auscultation, and it is still in common use today. Paper contains a brief description of the Phono Cardiogram Machine, which is used to listen to the heart sounds of a human being and the output waveform of which is analyzed to predict the nature of any problems. Electrocardiography and ultrasound are relatively efficient but at the same time very expensive. The primary purpose of the designed machine is to provide a non expensive alternative to such devices with considerable efficiency. The PCG (Phono Cardiogram) Machine designed was tested on a number of patients and was seen to show a high efficiency. The machine was also interfaced to a computer to see the heart sound waveform in an Open-Source Sound Wave Editor Software, 'Audacity'.

11 illus, 9 ref

016830   Bouchikhi A S;Lousdad A;Megueni A (Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Mechanics, University of Sidi Bel Abbes - Sidi Bel Abbes (22000), Algeria, Email: asbouchikhi@yahoo.fr) : Induced thermal residual stress analysis at fiber/matrix interface. Int J theor appl mech 2008, 3(1), 29-40.

Thermal residual stresses are important in composite materials. Aim of work is the calculation of thermal residual stresses by finite element method. From The results of the Numerical calculation it is shown that the stresses are important and thus should be taken into account. The interface is affected by thermal stresses. The normal stresses and shear stress value have an influence on the behavior of the composite material during service.

17 illus, 15 ref

016829   Bhim Singh;Chaturvedi G D (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, Email: bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in) : Modeling, simulation and development of isolated Cuk AC-DC converter in DCM and CCM operation. IETE J Res 2008, 54(6), 413-19.

Presents modeling, simulation and development of high frequency isolation based single-phase buck-boost AC-DC Cuk converter, which consists of only one switch, resulting in simplicity in design and manufacturing, and reduction in input current total harmonic distortion (THD). Design and analysis are carried out for a 13.5 V output voltage and 20.25 W output power. To validate the design of the converter at the primary stage, the simulation is performed in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and continuous conduction mode (CCM) of operation, using PSJM 6.0 platform, which shows high-level steady state and dynamic performance. A laboratory prototype of the proposed single switch Cuk buck-boost converter in DCM operation is developed and test results are presented to validate the proposed design and developed model of the system.

15 illus, 5 tables, 3 ref

016828   Bansal M L;Sharma V R;Singh J (College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Behavior of deflection on circular steel silos of shallow height in wind environment. Envir Ecol 2008, 26(4), 1586-90.

Variable solar heating of the earth's atmosphere fundamentally causes wind. It causes deformation of the structure, which is normally considered as one of the response parameters. The present research was carried out for the behavior of deflection on circular steel silo subjected to rigorous wind loading and its effects on the anchorage requirements of such silos. For the analysis of such a situation, there were few techniques available namely, finite element method, structural matrix analysis. This paper reports the comparison of results by various approaches for the analysis of behavior of deflection on circular steel silos of shallow height in wind environment by structural matrix analysis. The present analysis is on the basis of basic wind speed around Delhi. However, using these computer programs, analysis can be done for any wind speed.

2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref