041227   PATNANA A K, VANGA N R V, VABBALAREDDY R, CHANDRABHATLA S K (Dentistry Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan - 342 005, Email: arun0550@gmail.com) : Evaluating the fracture resistance of fiber reinforced composite restorations - an in vitro analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 138-44.

Laboratory reports show that fiber‑reinforced composites have improved fracture resistance over traditional composites. However, limitations in the biomechanics of tests to evaluate the fracture resistance of fiber‑reinforced composites need to be considered for accurate clinical applications. To assess the fracture resistance of particulate filler composites, glass fiber‑reinforced composites, and polyethylene‑fiber reinforced composites by analyzing the different fracture types and failure patterns. A standardized incisal (Group I) and mesioincisal fractures (Group II) were prepared on human maxillary central incisors. The test samples were further subdivided according to the restorative material used; particulate filler composites (Filtek Z 250), glass fiber‑reinforced composites (fibre splint), and polyethylene‑reinforced composites (Ribbond). The type of fractures was evaluated under the stereomicroscope and the failure patterns were analyzed using the graphical output from Universal Testing Machine. The Chi‑square test of association was used to test the association between fiber‑reinforced composites and fracture resistance of tooth restoration complex. No statistical association was observed between fiber‑reinforced composites to the type of fractures in both incisal (P = 0.29) and mesioincisal restoration (P = 0.27). A significant association was observed between the fiber‑reinforced composites to the failure patterns in both the incisal (P = 0.005) and mesioincisal restoration (P = 0.007). The glass and polyethylene fiber‑reinforced composites showed improved fracture resistance properties than the traditional particulate filler composites in both incisal and mesioincisal restorations.

5 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

041226   SINGH R, KONARK, SINGH A, SINGH D K, NAZEER J, SINGH S (Prosthodontics and Crown Bridge and Implantology Dep, Patna Dental Coll and Hospital, Patna - 800 004, Bihar, Email: drdksingh77@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of 2d miniplates and 3d miniplates fixation in mandibular angle fracture - a clinical study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 134-7.

Mandibular angle fracture is common in road traffic accidents. This study was conducted to compare 3D miniplate system with 2D plates for treatment of mandibular angle fractures. The study was conducted on 120 patients with mandibular angle fracture of both genders. After selecting patients, patients were divided into 2 groups of 60 each. In group I, patients were treated with 3D, 2.0‑mm titanium plates, and in group II, patients were treated with 2D, 2.0‑mm titanium miniplate in mandibular angle fracture. Patients were evaluated regularly after 1, 3, and 6 months for outcome of treatment. In group I, males were 22 and females were 38. In group II, males were 40 and females were 20. Right angle fracture was seen in 32 patients in group I and 26 in group II. Left angle fracture was seen in 24 in group I and 28 in group II. Right angle and left parasymphysis fracture was seen in 3 in group I and 4 in group II. Left angle and right parasymphysis fracture was seen in 1 in group I and 2 in group II. Table 3, Graph 1 shows that in group I, after 1 month sensory deficit was present in 5 patients and in group II in 12 patients. After 3 months, there were no patients with sensory deficit in group I and 2 in group II. Preoperatively in group I, mouth opening was 24 mm and in group II patients was 25.80 mm, which increased to 31.20 mm in group I and 28.20 mm in group II at 1 month, 32 mm in group I and 30 mm in group II at 3 months, and 37.20 and 32.12 mm in groups I and II, respectively, at 6 months. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). 3D miniplate system is reliable and effective treatment modality for mandibular angle fractures as compared with traditional 2D miniplates.

2 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

041225   CHERIAN T S, SUBRAMANIAM P, GUPTA M (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Oxford Dental Coll, Bengaluru - 560 068, Karnataka, Email: drpriyapedo@yahoo.com) : Erosive effect of milk, honey, cereal porridge, and millet porridge on enamel of primary teeth: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 129-33.

Enamel erosion is manifested as partial demineralization occurring at the enamel surface leading to increased surface roughness. Diets comprising milk, cereals, and millets are frequently fed to infants and toddlers. These foods are prepared so as to make them soft in texture, palatable, and easy to ingest. To determine the erosive effect of milk, honey, and porridges made from cereal and millet on primary tooth enamel. Exfoliated caries‑free primary teeth were collected, and a total of 50 longitudinal sections were prepared. They were equally divided into five groups of 10 samples each. Each group was incubated in milk, honey, cereal porridge, millet porridge, or saliva for 30 min. Subsequently the samples were washed and incubated at 37°C in saliva for 2 h. This cycle was repeated five times. The samples were gold sputter coated, and surface roughness was measured using optical profilometry. Saliva samples were evaluated for calcium release using dry chemistry method. The pH of foods and titratable acidity were also estimated. One way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test. The mean surface roughness value, Ra (µm), obtained with millet porridge was 6.0175 ± 0.54 µm, which was significantly higher than cereal porridge, honey, and milk (P < 0.05). Calcium release in saliva was highest with honey (>14 mg/dL) and it also exhibited the lowest pH (4.33). Porridges prepared from millet and brown rice cereals were seen to have an erosive effect on the enamel of primary teeth.

1 illus, 4 tables, 42 ref

043073   SELV T , KOWSALYA BSC K (Community Health Dep, Saveetha Coll of Nursing, Kuthambakkam, Tamil Nadu) : Polycystic ovarian syndrome among young adolescents girls in mappedu village. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(3), 42-4.

To summarize promising areas of investigation into polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to stimulate further research in this area. Potential areas of further research activity include the analysis of predisposing conditions that increase the risk of PCOS, particularly genetic background and environmental factors, such as endocrine disruptors and lifestyle. The concept that androgen excess may contribute to insulin resistance needs to be re-examined from a developmental perspective, since animal studies have supported the hypothesis that early exposure to modest androgen excess is associated with insulin resistance. Defining alterations of steroidogenesis in PCOS should quantify ovarian, adrenal and extra glandular contribution, as well as clearly define blood reference levels by some universal standard. Intra ovarian regulation of follicle development and mechanisms of follicle arrest should be further elucidated. Finally, PCOS status is expected to have long-term consequences in women, specifically the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and hormone dependent cancers. Identifying susceptible individuals through genomic and proteomic approaches would help to individualize therapy and prevention. A potential limitation of our review is that we focused selectively

4 tables, 6 ref

043072   SOTONYE B-A , TAMUNOPUBO B-A (Philosophy Dep, Port Harcourt Univ, Choba, Nigeria) : Xenophobic attacks on Nigerians in South Africa: Ethical implications, and responses of the Nigerian government. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(3), 36-41.

This study examines the xenophobic attacks on Nigerians in South Africa, its ethical implications and responses of the Nigerian government. The study was guided by two objectives while it adopted the normative theory by Plato and Aristotle. The study looked at conceptual clarification like the concept of xenophobia. The study adopted ex-post research design while data was sourced through secondary source such as textbooks, journal articles, newspapers, magazines and internet while the data generated was analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study showed that there are Nigerians that are employees of labor in South Africa as well as Nigerians that are lecturers in South Africa universities that have contributed to their educational sector and there are also Nigerian students in their schools who pay fees as foreign students and these have contributed positively to South Africa economy and thus the reasons for these xenophobic attacks are not in accordance to the universalization of the norms of any society. The study also found out that the Nigerian government has responded in several ways which include, summoning of the South Africa ambassador to express her displeasure over the attacks on Nigerians, in the same vain Nigerians have used social media to call on the Nigerian government to boycott South African companies such as MTN, DSTV and Shoprite and also the immediate evacuation or repatriation of Nigerians in South Africa. Based on the findings the study recommended among others that the Nigerian government should let the South African government to know that the actions that are carried out by South Africans that has led to deaths of Nigerians no matter the actions that must had led to that does not fall within the moral principles of any society and the government of Nigeria should establish a bilateral commission with South Africa that will be meeting regularly to ensure protection of the two countries’ national interests.

23 ref

044983   DING J, LI Q, HE S, XIE J, LIANG X, WU T, LI D (Digestive Dep, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical Univ, Fuzhou- 350 001, Fujian, Email: dingjian@ fjmu.edu.cn) : Luteolin-loading of Her-2-poly (lactic-coglycolic acid) nanoparticles and proliferative inhibition of gastric cancer cells via targeted regulation of forkhead box protein O1. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 263-8.

Developing the natural medicine that allow for the specific targeting cytotoxicity is a very important research area in the development of anti-tumor drugs. This study was conducted to determine the targeted inhibitory effects of luteolin-loaded Her-2-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) on gastric cancer cells and to delineate the mechanism underlying the inhibition of tumors by luteolin. Luteolin-loaded Her-2-PLGA NPs (Her-2-NPs) were prepared, physically and chemically characterized, and their effects on gastric cancer cells were investigated. The rate of NP uptake by cells and the cell morphology were observed using confocal microscopy; the rates of cell proliferation and apoptosis were identified using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry, respectively; and the mRNA and protein expression levels of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Compared with nontargeted microspheres, Her-2-NPs led to significantly enhanced uptake of luteolin by SGC-7901 cells. Luteolin-loaded Her-2-NPs also significantly inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells, weakened their migratory ability, and increased both the mRNA and protein expression levels of FOXO1. Luteolin-loading of Her-2-NPs could potentially be used as a novel anti-cancer drugs for targeted cancer therapy.

7 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

043071   KHIL A Q R , KHIL W Q R (Anthropology and Archaeology Dep, Faculty of Social Sciences Kabul Univ, Kabul, Afghanistan) : Investigating factors of domestic violence. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(3), 33-5.

Domestic violence can be found in all cultures, societies, races, classes, religions, and among men and women, but the types of violent behavior and the context of this behavior vary across communities. According to world statistics, about 90 percent of victims of domestic violence are women and about 10 percent of men. However, a recent comparison between modern societies and traditional societies or transitioning from tradition to modernity shows that violence within families of traditional societies is high. It has become more and more cultural and social backgrounds in justifying violent behavior and sometimes keeping it that kind of dealing with violence and related problems. The family shakes the basic shackle of society and acts of violence will have unfortunate consequences and bad reactions.

10 ref

044982   YAN Y, LIN Z-Y, CHEN J (Intervention Dep, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical Univ, Fuzhou- 350 005, China, Email: linsinlan@ aliyun.com) : Analysis of imaging‑guided thermal ablation puncture routes for tumors of the hepatic caudate lobe. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 258-62.

The goal of this study was to analyze the puncture routes of imaging‑guided thermal ablation for tumors of the hepatic caudate lobe. The imaging‑guided thermal ablation puncture routes of 12 cases of hepatic caudate lobe tumors were collected in our hospital from January 2013 to February 2019. The puncture routes were retrospectively analyzed, and the experience of thermal ablation therapy for hepatic caudate lobe tumors was summarized.  Among the 12 cases of hepatic caudate lobe tumors, puncture routes were divided into the anterior (through the left lobe of the liver) approach (six cases), the right hepatic approach (five cases), and the transthoracic approach (one case). Different ablation electrodes were selected according to the puncture route and method of guiding. No serious postoperative complications were noted. The hepatic caudate lobe is surrounded by the inferior vena cava, hepatic vein, and hepatic hilum, leading to great difficulties and risks in performing minimally invasive treatment of hepatic caudate lobe malignancies. Therefore, selecting an appropriate puncture route is an important factor in the success of the treatment.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

041223   SHAHNASERI S, SHEIKHI M, HASHEMIBENI B, MOUSAVI S A, SOLTANI P (Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Dep, Isfahan Univ of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Email: parisa.soltani@live.com) : Comparison of autogenous bone graft and tissue-engineered bone graft in alveolar cleft defects in canine animal models using digital radiography. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 118-23.

Autogenous bone graft is the gold standard for repair of bone defects. However, osteoprogenitor stem cells are suggested as an alternative treatment. To quantitatively compare bone formation in autogenous bone graft and tissue‑engineered graft using digital radiography densitometry software in canine alveolar cleft model. This experimental study on animal models was conducted in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue of 4 dogs. Undifferentiated cells were incubated with a hydroxyapatite/beta‑tricalcium phosphate scaffold in an osteogenic medium for 21 days. A maxillary defect simulating human alveolar cleft was created from the alveolar crest to nasal floor with 15 mm width bilaterally. Two months later, the defect was filled with autogenous bone graft harvested from tibia on one side and tissue‑engineered graft from MSCs on the other side. Digital radiography was performed on days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 after grafting. Radiographic density was calculated by the mean numeric value of pixels of the desired area ranging from 0 (darkest) to 255 (lightest) by associated software. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences using descriptive statistics and two‑way repeated‑measure analysis of variance test (α = 0.05). Mean density measured for autogenous bone graft group was 110.72, 82.70, 75.76, 93.57, 100.22, and 100.32 in days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, respectively and 120.7, 87.62, 83.72, 92.02, 92.30, and 93.77 in stem cell group. Although the time lapse was a significant factor in two groups (P = 0.01), the results indicated that the difference between two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.942). Tissue‑engineering can be used as an alternative method in reconstruction of bony defects with predictable clinical outcomes.

7 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

044981   SHUANGGANG C, SHEN L, QIU Z, QI H, CAO F, XIE L, FAN W (Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy Dep, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou- 510 060, People’s Republic of China, Email: fanwj@sysucc. org.cn) : Transarterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation and apatinib in patients with Barcelona clinic liver cancer Stage C hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 250-7.

Apatinib combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has shown promising results in cases of Barcelona clinic liver cancer Stage C (BCLC C) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of TACE in combination with microwave ablation (MWA) and apatinib. A retrospective, single‑center study was undertaken using a one‑to‑one propensity score matching (PSM) analysis design and involved BCLC C HCC patients who underwent treatment with TACE‑MWA–apatinib or TACE alone between January 2013 and June 2018. The patients were recommended to administer 500mg apatinib per day, combined with MWA and TACE. The adverse effects of apatinib, MWA‑ and TACE‑related complications, progression‑free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Of the 149 patients with BCLC C HCC who underwent TACE‑MWA–apatinib or TACE alone, 131 were included in our study. Among them, 21 (16.0 %) received TACE‑MWA–apatinib and 110 (84.0 %) underwent TACE alone. After PSM, twenty pairs were enrolled into different treatment groups. Patients in the TACE‑MWA–apatinib group had a significantly longer median PFS than patients in the TACE‑alone group on both before (median, 8.9 vs. 1.7 months, P = 0.0002) and after PSM (median, 5.4 vs. 2.1 months, P = 0.001). They also had a significantly longer median OS than patients in the TACE‑alone group on before (median, 24.4 vs. 5.8 months, P = 0.000007) and after PSM (median, 24.4 vs. 5.4 months, P = 0.00005). The combination of apatinib, TACE, and MWA in BCLC C HCC patients is safe and effective. Toxicity is manageable by adjusting the apatinib dosage.

5 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

043070   KHIL W Q R , KHIL A Q R (General History Dep, Faculty of Social Sciences Kabul Univ, Afghanistan) : An overview of political and cultural services and activities of Khawaja Nizam Al-Molak Tusi. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(3), 29-32.

The Seljuk dynasties of Salajqah, al-Seljuk, were a dynasty that ruled in the fifth and sixth centuries AH, over vast parts of Western Asia and Asia Minor such as Iran, Rome, Afghanistan, modern-day Armenia, Armenia, the Arab and Turkish lands, and other areas. They commanded. The founder of this dynasty was Tughrulbek, himself a descendant of the Seljuks, who sat on the throne in Neyshabur after defeating Sultan Massoud Ghaznavi. The reign of the Seljuk dynasty had two distinct periods, one of authority that included the era of the three first kings, Tughrull, Alb Arsalan and Malekshah, and the other period of weakness and decline that began after Malekshah's death. The great sultanate monarchy, based in Khorasan, was in existence until 552 AH, and was subsequently disrupted by disputes over the succession of princes to central authority, thereby dividing their monarchy into several parts: thus the Syrian Seljuks. Until the early sixth century, the Seljuks of Iraq, Kerman, and Kurdistan until the late sixth century, and the Seljuks of Asia Minor, ruled until the seventh century. During the reign of King Sultan of Seljuk, this territory reached the height of authority. This range extends from the east to the Transcaucasia and from the west to the Mediterranean. The last king of the Seljuks of Iraq was Ajam the Third, who was called the third thug. Despite all the tribal failures, the Seljuk kings handed over most of the ministry to Khorasani ministers, which were like the eyes and lights of kings in the light of the kings. They made some good victories. Among the ministers of the Seljuk era, the most famous of all was the system of Seljuks, making the Seljuks the official language of the Persian court, and the ministers of this period, especially amid al-Malek Kundri and Khwaja al-Malek, provided important services to this language and to the development of cities and towns. Expanded the techniques and knowledge that this research has attempted to date Refer to the political and cultural services of the system of government.

10 ref

041222   SHAH P H, VENKATESH R, MORE C B, VAISHNAVEE V (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Univ, Vadodara - 391 760, Gujarat, Email: shahpalak98@gmail.com) : Age- and sex-related mandibular dimensional changes: A radiomorphometric analysis on panoramic radiographs. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 113-7.

Mandible undergoes age‑ and sex‑related structural changes similar to other bones of the body. Thus, morphometric analysis of the mandible helps in age and sex determination. To investigate the influence of age and sex on the mandible by measuring three parameters, i.e. gonial angle, ramus height and bigonial width. A retrospective radiomorphometric analysis was conducted in the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. A total of 300 panoramic radiographs (150 males and 150 females) equally distributed in six study groups according to the age were analysed. The measurements were performed using DIGORA 2.8 software for Windows. The acquired data was statistically analysed by one way ANOVA test and Student’s t‑test using SPSS (v. 19.0). Statistically significant differences according to age were found in gonial angle dimensions. Ramus height and bigonial width did not demonstrate statistically significant co‑relation with age. According to sex, all the three study parameters showed statistically highly significant differences. The morphometric analysis of the mandible is a useful tool for age estimation and sex determination.

2 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

041221   LONGO D L, OLIVEIRA S S, KÜCHLER E C, PAULA-SILVA F W G, LUCISANO M P, NELSON-FILHO P, QUEIROZ A M D, SILVA R A B (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, Sao Paulo Univ, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brasil, Email: daniele.longo@usp.br) : Factors involved in the treatment sought immediately after traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian children. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 109-12.

The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic and clinical factors involved in the immediate seeking of care after traumatic dental injury (TDI) in Brazilian children. Records from 74 patients, age ranged 1–11 years, who sought treatment at the School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto at University of São Paulo, Brazil, were collected. Data was analyzed using the Epi Info 7.0 software by t-test, odds ratio calculation, Chi-square, or Fisher’s exact tests. Twenty-three (31.1 %) sought dental treatment immediately and 51 (68.9 %) did not seek dental treatment immediately. The most common type of trauma was lateral luxation (44.6 %). In primary teeth, 31 cases (60.78 %) involved the soft tissue and 16 (39.2 %) involved hard tissue injuries. While in permanent teeth, 20 cases (40 %) involved soft tissue and 24 (60 %) involved hard tissue injuries had more traumas in the hard tissue (P = 0.04). The type of injury and dentition was not associated with the time that the guardians sought dental treatment (P > 0.05). None of the factors were involved in immediately seeking care after TDI. Moreover, the majority of parents/caregivers did not immediately seek dental treatment after TDI, regardless of the type of injury.

3 tables, 30 ref

043069   ALWAHAB M M A , NAFADY M A A , MANSOUR T M M, MOHAMED A K (Radio diagnopsis Dep, Al Azhar Univ, Assiut, Egypt) : Role of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in treatment of liver malignancies. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(3), 18-28.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and metastases from colorectal carcinoma are the two most common malignant tumors to affect the liver. When these tumors are left untreated, the prognosis for both is dismal, with essentially 100 % mortality at 5 years. Conventional therapies such as systemic chemotherapy or radiation have proven ineffective. Evaluation of the safety, efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in treatment of liver malignancies that fulfill its established parameters. This experimental non-randomized study was carried between (January 2019 and October 2019) in collaboration with Medical and trpoical medicine Department. Twenty patients with hepatic malignancies were treated by ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. In our study, Boston RF 3000 system was used for treatment of liver tumors. Energy is delivered from the generator to the target tissue by a 14-gauge needle that has twelve hook shaped electrodes inside and the system offers the advantage of an electrical measurement of tissue impedance. Twenty patients with Twenty four focal lesions were treated by twenty seven RFA sessions are divided the size of the focal lesion into two groups, group A (patients with focal lesions less than 3cm) fourteen patients with eighteen focal lesions were treated by eighteen RFA sessions; complete ablation was (88.9 %) , recurrence was (11.1 %) and no residual detected , Group B (patients with focal lesions (3-5cm)) six patients had six focal lesions were treated by nine RFA sessions, complete ablation was (50 %) , residual was (33.3 %) , recurrence (16.6 %). There are several guidelines to assess treatment response in patients with HCC, including the World Health Organization (WHO), Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), or modified RECIST (mRECIST) criteria. The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (LI-RADS), is an extensive approach to categorize and assess residual or recurrent malignancy, including after loco regional therapies. Specifying response criteria with definitions, examples and a precise algorithm, LIRADS guidelines are designed to standardize the response assessment and improve communication within HCC multidisciplinary teams, both for clinical practice and clinical trials.

10 tables, 31 ref

043067   CHHANGTE Z , DAS J , GAYEN A , MALSAWMI H (Institute of Education & Training (DIET), Mamit, Mizoram) : Anxiety among different groups of college sportsmen: A comparative study. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(3), 10-2.

Anxiety is an important factor, which affects the performance in sports and games. It is considered as an obstacle to activity. The purpose of this study is to make a comparative analysis of anxiety among college men Judokas, Boxers and Wrestlers from Tripura during Inter-Collegiate Sports Meet. For this, were measured 60 players from Judokas(N=20), Boxers (N=20) and Wrestlers(N=20) from college level players belonging to the age ranged between 18-22 years who were randomly selected from the state of Tripura, India. The responses obtained through a standardized scale to measure the group State-Test Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were subjected to statistical treatment using ANOVA to find out the significance of mean difference. The study revealed that wrestlers were more anxious than boxers but there was no significant difference in anxiety between Judokas and wrestlers as well as between judokas and boxers.

1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

041220   RODRÍGUEZ-CÁRDENAS Y A, CASAS-CAMPANA M, ARRIOLA-GUILLÉN L E, CASTILLO A A-D, RUIZMORA G A, GUERRERO M E (Medico Surgical Dep, Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Univ, Lima, Peru, Email: mega43@hotmail.com) : Sexual dimorphism of mental foramen position in peruvian subjects: A cone-beam-computed tomography study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 103-8.

The position of the mental foramen (MF) is particularly relevant in dentistry. The incorporation of new imaging techniques, such as cone‑beam‑computed tomography (CBCT), can be used to identify anatomic dimorphic traits. This study evaluated the sexual dimorphism of MF position by CBCT among a selected population. Fifty CBCT images from 20 to 40‑year‑old subjects (25 men and 25 women) were evaluated. The horizontal position was evaluated using the al Jasser‑Nwoku classification to identify the position of the MF in the mandible. Two measurements were obtained on coronal sections to evaluate the vertical position of the MF: the distance from the uppermost alveolar ridge to the upper edge of the foramen and the distance from the inferior edge of the foramen to the lower border of the mandible. Comparisons between sexes and sides were performed with Student’s t‑test and Chi‑square tests. The most frequent location of the MF was in line and below of the second premolar tooth in both men and women (P > 0.05). Additionally, significant differences were found between sexes for the distance from the inferior edge of the foramen to the lower border of the mandible in each side (P < 0.001 for the right and left sides). Horizontal position of the MF is not a sexually dimorphic feature and it is predominantly in line and below the second premolar tooth. Women present the MF in a more caudal position, closer to the mandibular base when compared to men.

2 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

043065   HARSHITHA NJ , RAO KS P, DADMI P , SIDDU BN , PUTTURAYA (General Medicine Dep, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia, RGUHS, Karnataka) : Correlation of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in predialysis and dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(3), 01-6.

CKD is one of the major health problems all over the world. Autonomic dysfunction is common in CKD patients but symptomatic autonomic Neuropathy is not that common. Presence of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) is responsible for silent myocardial infarction and sud+den death in CKD patients. Prolongation of corrected QT (QTc) in electrocardiogram (ECG), lack of heart rate variability (HRV) and postural hypotension (PH) are found to be early indicators of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy. This is a Cross-sectional study done to evaluate the correlation of cardiac autonomic neuropathy among chronic kidney disease patients in pre-dialysis stage and CKD patients in maintenance hemodialysis stage, with the help of prolongation of corrected QT (QTc) in ECG, lack of heart rate variability (HRV) and postural hypotension (PH). A total of 100 patients admitted in KVG Medical College, Sullia satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria were studied. They were divided into 2 groups, CKD in predialysis stage and CKD in maintenance hemodialysis stage. The prevalence of CAN was evaluated and compared in the two groups with respect to Heart rate variability, Postural hypotension and QTc interval. Out of 100 CKD patients, 50 patients were CKD in predialysis stage and 50 patients were CKD on maintenance hemodialysis. Among the predialysis group, 15 patients (30 %) had QTc prolongation, 27 patients (54 %) had postural hypotension and 49 patients (98 %) had lack of heart rate variability. Among the dialysis group, 28 patients (56 %) had QTc prolangation, 39 patients (78 %) had Postural hypotension and 50 patients (100 %) had lack of heart rate variability. All these values were statistically significant suggesting prevalence of CAN increases as the progression of CKD from predialysis stage to hemodialysis stage. From the above results we can conclude that the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy is high in CKD patients and the prevalence of CAN increases as the progression of CKD from predialysis stage to dialysis stage. Hence we suggest all CKD patient should be evaluated with simple bedside tests like postural hypotension, lack of Heart rate variability (HRV), prolongation of QTc in ECG for early detection of CAN, so as to prevent further complications with early intervention and proactive treatment.

4 illus, 8 tables, 23 ref

041219   PATEL P S, SHAH J S, DUDHIA B B, BUTALA P B, JANI Y V, MACWAN R S (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Ahmedabad Dental Coll and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: purv57@gmail.com) : Comparison of panoramic radiograph and cone beam computed tomography findings for impacted mandibular third molar root and inferior alveolar nerve canal relation. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 91-102.

This study was aimed at determining the specific signs of close relationship between impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) root and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal as visualised on digital panoramic radiograph or orthopantomograph (OPG) which should indicate as well as contraindicate the need for cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging based on hierarchical model of Fryback and Thornbury. The sample consisted of 120 individuals (200 IMTM) who had undergone OPG as well as CBCT imaging as preoperative radiographic evaluation before surgical extraction. On panoramic radiographs; Rood and Sheehab’s radiographic signs of IMTM root and IAN canal, impacted third molar position based on Winter’s classification and depth of impaction based on Pell and Gregory’s classification were evaluated. On CBCT; presence/absence of corticalization and the status of the buccal and lingual cortices (thinning/ perforation) were evaluated. These findings of OPG were compared to CBCT findings to determine the better modality based on hierarchical model of Fryback and Thornbury. Statistically significant association was found between radiographic signs of Rood and Sheehab such as ‘no relation’ and ‘superimposition’ on OPG and presence of corticalization between IMTM root and IAN canal on CBCT. Statistically significant association was also found between ‘mesioangular’ and ‘vertical’ positions of Winter’s classification as well as ‘class 1A’ of Pell and Gregory’s classification of IMTM on OPG and presence of corticalization on CBCT. CBCT was found to be having lesser variance and greater F value as compared to OPG for evaluation of IMTM. On OPG; Rood and Sheehab’s radiographic signs such as ‘no relation’ and ‘superimposition’, Winter’s ‘mesioangular’ and ‘vertical’ and Pell and Gregory’s ‘Class 1A’ are not indicative for CBCT examination before surgical extraction is attempted. On OPG; Rood and Sheehab’s radiographic signs such as interruption of white line, darkening of root, darkening of canal, deflection of root, narrowing of canal as well as diversion of canal are all frequently associated with absence of corticalization between IMTM root and IAN canal and hence require CBCT examination before surgical extraction is attempted so that post‑operative neurological complications can be minimised. Also, Winter’s horizontal, distoangular and others as well Pell and Gregory’s classes 1B,1C,2A,2B,2C,3A,3B,3C are indicative for CBCT examination before surgical extraction is attempted. Fryback and Thornbury model‑based comparison proves that CBCT is a better radiographic modality as compared to OPG for evaluation of IMTM relation with IAN canal.

4 illus, 7 tables, 35 ref

043064   RAJENDRA T S (Pharmaceutics Dep, MET’s Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik- 422009 District-Nashik, Maharashtra) : Deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ leading to various diseased condition, its dosage form and treatment. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 390-3.

Most of the time it is unclear with the type of dosage form in treating vitamin deficiency. Main cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is malabsorption syndrome and nutritional deficiency.Absorptionof vitamin B12 is a complex processand dependent on multiple factors such as salivary binder, gastric secretion of acid, intrinsic factors, pancreatic exocrine sufficiency and intact terminal ileal mucosa. Disruption of any of these factors lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. If untreated leads to pernicious anemia (Biermer’s disease)and atrophic gastritis. Vitamin B 12 deficiency manifests neurological and hematological disorder.Various vitamin B12 dosage forms are available in market to treat deficiency like tablet, capsule, injections, nasal sprays, buccal patches. Well, the type of dosage form as a supplement for deficiency depends on the type of diseased condition, age and the dose required.The deficiency is treated with initial high oral therapy dose of 500 µg/day for 4-6 weeks whereas injection therapy with dose of 1000-1500 µg/day for 6-8 weeks. Initial high dose therapy is followed by maintenance treatment, if vitamin B12 deficiency is due to diet related than 250 µg/day (oral), if insufficient then 500 µg/day (oral), and for absorption disorder is 1000 µg/day (oral) and injection dose is 1000 µg/month. Vitamin B12 deficiency is commonly observed in elders above 60 years and senile age^{2,4,8,12,14,16}.

19 ref

041218   CHANCHALA H P, NANDLAL B, MURTHY N, SHANBHOG R (Pedodontics Dep, JSS Univ, Mysore, Karnataka, Email: chanchala.manish@gmail.com) : Validation of cone beam computed tomography-based classification method for individual assessment of mid-palatal suture with respect to clinical application among Indian children. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 85-90.

The aim of this study is to validate the Fernanda Angelieri classification method for the individual assessment of mid‑palatal suture among Indian children using multi‑slice computed tomography (CT) with respect to clinical application in rapid maxillary expansion. Present study was conducted utilizing 760 existing head and neck CT image records. CT images were stratified into three categories based on growth spurts: Group I – 6–10 years (n = 210), Group II – 11–14 years (n = 270), and Group III – 15–18 years (n = 280). The CT images were analyzed for stages of mid‑palatal suture maturation, according to age and sex. The recorded data were subjected for statistical analysis. Indian children, up to age of 10 years, were distributed in stage A and B. After 11 years, up to 14 years girls showed varied distribution and spread equally among stage B, C, and D. After 15 years, more number of girls were distributed in stage D and E, whereas boys remained distributed variedly in stage B, C, and D. Mid‑palatal suture maturational stages correlated to chronological age among both the genders using Fisher exact test and expected contingency table showed statistically significant variation among both the gender independently and collectively (P < 0.001). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)‑based prediction of stages of mid‑palatal suture maturation by Fernanda Angelieri is valid among the Indian population. During treatment plan of maxillary expansion among children above 10 years, it is better to have a diagnostic CBCT image analysis of mid‑palate suture for predicable prognosis.

2 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

043063   SHETE P G, SHETE N G , KUMBHAKARAN D N , MANE N S ,PADOLE V S , KALSAIT R P (Nagpur Coll of Pharmacy, Nagpur-441 110, Maharashtra) : Review on celecoxib: A oral cox-2 inhibitor. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 382-9.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the treatment of arthritic conditions. Drugs in this heterogeneous class alleviate pain and inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition has traditionally been associated with increased gastrointestinal (GI) harm, whereas increased COX-2 selectivity has more recently become associated with greater risk of cardiovascular (CV) harm. When the entirety of data is considered, NSAIDs can be seen to exhibit a range of COX isoform selectivity, with all oral NSAIDs appearing to be associated with an increase in (CV) cardiovascular events. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs presently are the most widely used drugs in medicine and are the most frequent cause of adverse drug reactions, affecting multiple systems, mainly gastric, renal & cardiovascular, which is a major public health concern. Previous studies report, that selective COX-2 inhibitors are safer when compared to non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors. But, recent studies reveal, that the safety of these selective COX-2 inhibitors is not much better than that of conventional NSAIDs. In view of the wider usage of selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib in day to day practice by many clinicians, the study has been taken up to report, whether selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib has got any advantages over conventional NSAIDs or not.It is approved in one or more countries worldwide for the relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (in patients aged > or =2 years) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), the management of acute pain in adults, the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea and the reduction in the number of adenomatous colorectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis.

55 ref

043062   MERUGU M, TEJA B S, SREE B K, PRAVALLIKA B, PRASHANTHI CH N (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Estimation of guaifenesin by RP-HPLC method in pharmaceutical substance and pharmaceutial products. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 376-81.

A simple, accurate and precise economic RP HPLC method was develop and validated for the estimation of Guaifenesin in Pharmaceutical substance and product. The drug was separated in CAPCELL C18 column (250×4.6mm, 5µ) using mobile phase consisting of methanol: water(50:50 % v/v).The flow rate was kept constant at 1 mL/min and eluents were detected at 209 nm. In calibration curve experiments, linearity was found in concentration range50-150 µg/ml with regressions efficient R2=0.999. The equation obtained was Y=16468x + 16614. In accuracy studies percentage recovery was found to be 99.55 %W/W. By performing assay percentage purity was found to be 99.99 %W/W. Hence the method can be applicable in routine determination of Guaifenesin in pharmaceutical formulations.

3 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

043061   SOWMYA C J S L, HARIKAINDUKURIB , REDDYJUTURI R K (Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs Dep, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Bhimavaram - 534 202, Andhra Pradesh) : Review of 510k approval process on class iii devices and related issues. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 365-75.

In the USA, medical devices are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with an aim to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the devices. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is an FDA section and looks after this procedure. Medical devices are classified into three categories based on the associated risk, namely: Class I, II and III. With respect to that, most Class I devices are exempted from 510(k) premarket notification submission, while most of Class II devices are submitted for premarket notification. On the other hand, Class III devices need to go through the Premarket Approval Application (PMA) and other class III devices, which are exempted from PMA must submit a 510(k) notification to the FDA. In the 510(k) procedure must demonstrate that the device is substantially equivalent to one legally marketed in the United States: (1) before May 28, 1976; or (2) to a device that has been determined by FDA to be substantially equivalent. To mark a device as substantially equivalent, manufacturers need to compare their device with one or multiple existing devices and provide suitable facts to support the claim. The base device selected for the comparison is called “predicate”. It seems like the device and predicate are identical, but it’s not. The 510(k) approved class III medical devices causing major harm/risk to the patients. This article reviews the pros and cons along with cases on the most commonly utilized FDA 510(k) regulatory pathway.

7 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

044980   WANG H, CAO C, WEI X, SHEN K, SHU Y, WAN X, SUN J, REN X, DONG Y, LIU Y, ZHAI B (Interventional Oncology Dep, Shanghai Jiaotong Univ, Shanghai, China, Email: medzhaibo@ 163.com) : A comparison between drug‑eluting bead‑transarterial chemoembolization and conventional transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta‑analysis of six randomized controlled trials. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 243-9.

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for unresectable intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug‑eluting beads (DEB)‑TACE is a promising approach expected to improve the efficiency and safety of conventional (c) TACE. However, controversy remains whether DEB‑TACE performs better than cTACE. This meta‑analysis aimed to compare cTACE and DEB‑TACE in terms of overall survival (OS), adverse events, and response rate. Literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science. Complete response (CR), partial response (PR), disease control (DC), stable disease (SD), OS, and major complications were compared between these two modalities. The pooled relative risk and 95 % confidence interval were calculated for assessment. Six randomized controlled trials were included for further analysis after a comprehensive search. No significant difference was found in overall response at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, CR, PR, DC (SD), OS and complications between cTACE and DEB‑TACE. DEB‑TACE had similar therapeutic effects to those of cTACE. Furthermore, major complications in both therapies were similar. The superiority of DEB‑TACE over cTACE remains unclear, and further research with high‑quality evidence is needed.

4 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

043060   CHORE S A, DIGHADE S J (Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Badnera-Amaravati, Maharashtra) : A review on mucoadhesive vaginal drug delivery system. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 350-64.

Vaginitis is a very common gynaecological problem in women of all age groups. There are three types of infectious vaginitis: candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Vaginitis can be caused by single or mixed vaginal infections. Approximately 30 % of women suffering from vaginitis problem. Some drugs are poorly absorbed after the oral administration. The vaginal route appears to be highly appropriate for mucoadhesive drug delivery systems in order to retain drugs for treating largely local conditions, or for use in contraception. In particular, protection against sexually-transmitted diseases. To prolong the residence time in the vaginal cavity, mucoadhesive therapeutic systems have been developed in the form of semi-solid and solid dosage forms. Over the past few decades, mucosal drug delivery has received a great deal of attention. Mucoadhesive dosage forms may be designed to enable prolonged retention at the site of application, providing a controlled rate of drug release for improved therapeutic outcome. Application of dosage forms to mucosal surfaces may be of benefit to drug molecules not amenable to the oral route, such as those that undergo acid degradation or extensive first-pass metabolism. The mucoadhesive ability of a dosage form is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the nature of the mucosal tissue and the physicochemical properties of the polymeric formulation. This review article aims to provide an overview of the various aspects of vaginal drug delivery, factors affecting vaginal drug delivery, vaginal absorption of drugs, various mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (buccal, nasal, ocular, gastro, vaginal, and rectal), Various dosage form of mucoadhesive drug delivery system.

10 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

043059   DHANOKAR S, KALE M, AHER A K, GAWALI S (NDMVPS Coll of Pharmacy, Nasik, Maharashtra) : Comparative investigation of anti-inflammatory nirgundi oil and castor oil by physicochemical, phytochemical and chromatographic techniques. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 345-9.

Nirgundi oil and Castor oil are used in the treatment of inflammation and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nirgundi oil is obtained from the leaves of the Vitex Negundo Linn., Lamiaceae and Castor oil is extracted from the seeds of Ricinus Communis L., Euphorbiaceae. The formulations containing both oils produce synergistic effect. Nirgundi oil contains Luteolin and Castor oil has Ricinoleic acid which are responsible for the anti-inflammatory action. The study aims to perform physicochemical and phytochemical investigation of the oils available in local market as its standardization parameters for detection of the adulterations in the oil. The results obtained can be utilized as a quality determination tool for marketed oils.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

043058   KALE M, DHANOKAR S, AHER A, GAWALI S (MVP’s coll of pharmacy, Nasik, Maharashtra) : Physicochemical, phytochemical and chromatographic investigation of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 342-4.

The Azadirachta indica (Neem) plant is a very common folklore medicine used since ancient times for the treatment of various diseases. Neem plant is mainly known for its antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. The pharmacological actions of neem are due to different chemical constituents present in different parts of the plant. Neem plant is a rich source of different compounds like nimbin, nimbidin, quercetin and azadirachtin which are responsible for its pharmacological actions. Most chemical constituents of neem are present in leaves and seeds of the plant. Neem leaves are mainly used in many dentifrices and cosmetics for their antimicrobial activity and neem seed oil is mainly used in insecticidal preparations due to its potent insecticidal activity. This study comprises of physicochemical, phytochemical and chromatographic evaluation of neem seed oil.

1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

043057   KAVITHA S, KUMUDAVALLI (Pharmacy Dep, Thanjavur Medical Coll, Thanjavur - 613 004, Tamil Nadu) : Trichosanthesdioica roxb: A pharmacognosy and phyto - pharmacological review. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 331-41.

Medicinal plants have a major role to protect human healthy life. The family cucurbitaceae contains nearly about 95 genera and 965 species. Generally they are the vine plants. Amongst all, the Trichosanthes DioicaRoxb has high traditional and medicinal value for maintaining the healthy life. Traditionally the plant is used as highly effective in skin disease, such as Bacterial skin infection, fungal infection, wound healing It is also effective agents in purgative, leprosy, jaundice, fever, diabetes, expectorant, aphrodisiac, appetizer, febrifuge, anthelmintic, stomachic , cancer-like conditions. It is a good antioxidant and blood purifier. This activity of the plant contains due to various phytochemical constituents present in Trichosanthesdioica are vitamin A, vitamin C, tannins, and Saponin. Seeds of Trichosanthesdioica also contain lectin, a carbohydrate (specifically galactose) & large amount of peptides.Root contains amorphous saponin, hentriacontane, essential oil, fixed oil.The aim of this article is to explain the details of phyto-pharmacological properties of Trichosanthes DioicaRoxb for the future research work.

5 illus, 6 tables, 62 ref

043056   ABUBAKAR M , MEHVISH R, SHAHID S (Chemistry Dep, Management and Technology Univ, Lahore, Pakistan) : Novel pharmacological activities and agents of Morusalba. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(4), 318-30.

M. alba belongs to Moraceae family commonly known as mulberry in Pakistan locally known as Shahtoot, had very old medicinal background. In old Chinese medicine mulberry has been used for treatment of number of diseases including cancer, in inflammation and for treatment of viral infections. M. albais a reach plant contains many useful chemical constituents as flavonoids, glycosides, flavones, Flavonols, alkaloids and many other pharmacological compounds. These Compounds are used for treatment of many bacterial and viral disease. This study mainly emphasis the number of chemicals can be isolated from mulberry and possible pharmacological uses of active constituents of M. alba including antiulcer, anti-cancer, antifungal, antibacterial, skin caring, hepatoprotective, Cardioprotective and other medicinal uses of M. alba.

6 illus, 2 tables, 60 ref

043055   TRIPATHI N K (Chemistry Dep, Pratapgarh City (Allahabad State Univ), Uttar Pradesh - 230 002) : Equilibrium studies of mercury (ii), lead (ii) and cadmium (ii) ions involving aspartic acid and thymine. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10 (3), 314-7.

Equilibrium studies of Hg (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions with aspartic acid (X) and thymine (Y) ligands in aqueous solution have been investigated. Stability constants of the complexes and the complex formation equilibria at temperature 37 ± 1 ^oC at the ionic strength I = 0.1 M (NaNO₃) have been determined by potentiometric method. Complexes of the type MXY (1:1:1) and M ₁ M ₂ X Y ( 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ) have been discussed.

1 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

044978   SUN Z, FENG Y, LIU H, SHEN F, XIAO J, KANG X, ZHAO Y, XIAO H, ZHAO W, HU X, LI J, MA H, CAO, NA SU G, ZHANG B (Hepatobiliary Surgery Dep, Qingdao Univ, Qingdao- 26000, China, Email: fengyj1943@163.com) : Analysis of treatment methods and prognostic factors in 354 cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: A cohort study. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 230-7.

Better management strategies are needed to improve the survival of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA). This study was designed to examine the effects of different treatment methods on survival and prognostic factors in HCCA. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 354 patients with HCCA treated at our institution from 2003 to 2013. Patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment: the radical resection group, the nonradical resection group, and the biliary drainage‑only group. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to compare survival rates between the groups, and the independent prognostic factors were assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model.  There were 110 patients in the radical resection group, 93 patients in the nonradical resection group, and 151 patients in the biliary drainage‑only group, and they showed differing survival rates: 1‑year survival rates of 70.7%, 49.5%, and 31.3%; 2‑year survival rates of 62.9%, 24.7%, and 9.0%; 3‑year survival rates of 34.7%, 4.0%, and 0%; and median survival of 21.7 months, 13.6 months, and 8.7 months, respectively. The radical resection group had the longest overall survival (P < 0.001). Treatment method, albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TBIL), postoperative pathological T‑stage, and distant metastasis were identified as independent prognostic indicators of survival. Conclusions: Radical resection significantly increases survival in patients with HCCA, and an increase in ALB and a decrease in TBIL improve the prognosis of patients with HCCA.

3 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

041215   JOSHI A, SURAGIMATH G, VARMA S, ZOPE S A, PISAL A (Periodontology Dep, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad - 415 110, Maharashtra, Email: drgirishsuragimath@gmail.com) : Is platelet rich fibrin a viable alternative to subepithelial connective tissue graft for gingival root coverage?. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 67-72.

One of the most common aesthetic concerns associated with the periodontal tissue is gingival recession. Covering the root surface exposed during the disease process with soft and hard tissue surgeries may decrease these problems. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical outcome of coronally advanced flap (CAF) procedure in root coverage with platelet‑rich fibrin (PRF) or subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) for the treatment of Miller’s Class‑I gingival recession. The split mouth design consisted of 15 patients with a total of 30 sites with bilateral Miller’s Class‑I recession on anterior teeth. They were randomly assigned into PRF group (test) or SCTG group (control). The values obtained were tabulated and analyzed using Mann‑‑Whitney U‑test and repeated measure ANOVA test. All the statistical tests were carried out using SPSS software. It was observed that both the autogenous grafts healed without any complications and at the end of 6 months the grafts were stable and recession coverage between 88-100 % was achieved. CAF procedure with either PRF or SCTG were both effective in the treatment of Miller’s Class‑I gingival recessions. CAF with SCTG showed better root coverage than CAF with PRF. Use of PRF offered additional benefit of avoiding second surgical site. Therefore, PRF can be considered as a viable alternative to SCTG in certain cases.

2 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

043054   HANUSHA M N, SRIDEVI P, KAVITHA J, VINUTHA K, MAMATHA A,RAJU M B (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Sri Venkateshwara Coll of Pharmacy, Hyderabad-500 086, Telangana) : Comparison and evaluation of antibiotic residues in various chicken meat samples by RP-HPLC method. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(3), 305-13.

Antibiotics can be used in chicken meat as growth promoters and also to increase poultry production, but the antibiotics usage in chicken meat results into a major risk for humans dueto antibiotic resistance. In the present study ten chicken meat samples were collected from different regions of Hyderabad. Liquid-liquid extraction process was used for the extraction of Sulphamethoxazole, Acetonitrile, Acetone and Dichloromethane were used asorganic solvents. Microbiological method and was done for the determination of Sulphonamides in chicken meat samples. Thin layer chromatography was done to determine sulphamethaoxazole and other sulphonamides using Dichloromethanemethanol-water in the ratio of 69:35:6 as mobile phase. Retention factor (Rf) was calculated after chromatograms detected by spraying the plate with Fluorescamineand observed under Ultraviolet chamber. Quantification was done using RP-HPLCusing KROMOSIL 100 C18Column, 5μ, Mobile phase: di sodium hydrogen phosphate:methanol (75:25), Flow rate: 1 ml/min, Pump mode: isocratic, Run time: 10min, Column temperature: 25 °CInjection volume: 20μl, Detection: UV at 266nm.Out of ten areas selected in Hyderabad region it was found that sulphonamide(sulphamethoxazole) concentration was more in Yakutpura and Mehdipatnam areas which are above MRLs (0.1μg/ml) (Maximum Residue Limit (MRL)recommended limit according to the European Union (EC). All the results showed that the developed method was accurate, simple and can used for the laboratory purpose for theanalysis of antibiotic residues in chicken meat.

8 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

041214   RAHMAN N A, ADNAN M M, YUSOFF A, SHU J M H, RUSTAM K (Sains Malaysia Univ, Kelantan, Malaysia, Email: normastura@usm.my) : Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms and coping strategies among dental auxiliaries at hospital universiti sains Malaysia. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 61-6.

Dental personnel are vulnerable to work‑related musculoskeletal symptoms (WMSS) due to the nature of their profession. To determine WMSS experienced by dental auxiliaries and their coping strategies toward these symptoms. A cross‑sectional study was conducted on 82 dental auxiliaries at a university dental hospital in Malaysia. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire and the Brief COPE questionnaire were used to measure the musculoskeletal symptoms and coping strategies of the respondents, respectively. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Dental auxiliaries consisted of dental staff nurses (30.5 %), dental surgery assistants (40.2 %), dental technologists (18.3 %), and healthcare assistants (11.0 %). Their mean [standard deviation (SD)] age was 33.4 (7.60) years. Most of the respondents had been troubled with ache, pain, and discomfort at the neck, 54.9 % (95 % confidence interval 44.0 %, 66.0 %]. In addition, they were troubled mainly with distress at the low back (34.1 %) and the ankle or feet (34.1 %) which had prevented the respondents from doing their regular job over the past 12 months. The most common areas that had troubled the respondents over the past 7 days were the neck (36.6 %), low back (36.6 %), and ankle or feet (36.6 %). The coping strategy most commonly practiced by the respondents was religion with a mean (SD) score of 3.70 (2.15), followed by active coping [3.13 (0.68)] and acceptance [3.13 (0.69)]. The prevalence of WMSS was high in the dental auxiliaries particularly in the neck region. The most common coping strategy used was religion. Awareness programs on the prevention of WMSS among the dental auxiliaries should be increased.

5 tables, 16 ref

043053   MERUGU M, RAMYA A, SHIREEN A, VARMA A K, NIRMALA AP (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana) : RP-HPLC method development and validation of nevirapine in bulk and dosage forms. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(3), 299-304.

Radiotherapy leads to radiation‑induced caries. There is limited knowledge about the quantification of cariogenic bacteria in the saliva of irradiated cancer patients. The aim of this study is to check salivary pH, flow rate, and the assessment of Streptococcus mutans in the saliva of irradiated oral and laryngeal cancer patients using quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‑PCR). Settings and Design: This was time‑bound study which consisted of 26 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (13‑oral cancer 13‑laryngeal cancer). Resting saliva samples were gathered from oral (Group‑I) and laryngeal (Group‑II) cancer patients immediately before radiotherapy and after completion of radiotherapy (dose‑60 Gy). pH of saliva and the salivary flow rate was measured. S. mutans were analyzed using qRT PCR. Data were analyzed using SPSS software 20. Paired t‑test was used to evaluate salivary pH, flow rate, and amount of S. mutans pre‑ and post‑radiotherapy for Group I and II. Independent t‑test was used to compare salivary pH, flow rate, and S. mutans pre‑ and post‑radiotherapy between Group I and II. Salivary pH and flow rate significantly reduced postradiotherapy in oral and laryngeal cancer patients (P < 0.001). The amount of S. mutans statistically increased postradiotherapy in oral cancer patients (P = 0.001). While S. mutans count was statistically insignificant in laryngeal cancer patients (P = 0.091). There was a significant increase in the amount of S. mutans in Group I when compared with Group II (P = 0.002). Amount of S. mutans increased postradiotherapy in oral cancer patients. While the salivary pH and salivary flow rate reduced postradiotherapy.

3 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

044977   LI Q, JIANG M, HAN X, YANG Z, SHU W, DING X (Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong Univ, Jinan- 250 021, China, Email: dingxiaomd@ outlook.com) : Induction chemotherapy for unresectable Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer may improve survival of induction chemotherapy responders as predicted by elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin fragment 19 and classification as stage N3 cancer. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 222-9.

The aim of this study is to investigate patients with unresectable Stage III non‑small‑cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving radiotherapy with induction and concurrent pemetrexed or docetaxel plus cisplatin (PP/DP) chemotherapy and to identify the subgroup most likely to benefit from induction chemotherapy (IC). Patients with unresectable measurable Stage III NSCLC received two cycles of PP/DP IC followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy at a dose of 60–66 Gy. Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic factors for survival; logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the predictors for response to IC, and the receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the independent factors predicting response. Results: Eighty patients were included; the median survival time (MST) was 22.1 months. Partial response (PR) to IC was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. For patients in the PR and stable disease groups, the MST was 36.7 and 19.5months, respectively. The independent predictors of PR to IC included classification as stage N3 cancer, baseline carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels >10 ng/ml, and cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA21‑1) levels >6 ng/ml. With each additional independent predictor, the likelihood of having have PR to IC increased. Radiotherapy with induction and concurrent PP/DP chemotherapy is feasible for patients with unresectable Stage III NSCLC. IC may improve the survival of IC responders, as predicted by elevated CEA and CYFRA21‑1 levels and classification as stage N3 cancer. Additional randomized trials on IC may consider these predictors to tailor individualized treatments.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

043052   BABU B S, MANASA K, KAJJAM R S ,KATUKOORI M R (Pharmacology Dep, Vaagdevi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, Telangana) : Pain and depression in patients with osteoarthritis – An epidemiological study. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(3), 292-8.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. It is a disease that affects all the tissues of the joint, including the cartilage, bone, ligaments, and muscles. It can develop in any number of joints, but most commonly affects the knees, hands, and hips. A prospective observational study In MGMH, Warangal with sample size of 400-500 subjects for six month. In the present study, subjects aged 50 years and above were shown as significantly high OA risk among the elderly. Based on our research on preferring a standard pain evaluating scale, many studies have shown a peremptory response towards the WOMAC Osteoarthritis index scale that has proved significantly more responsive, especially in the measurement of function. Theimpact of depression on patients with OA has been documented in many aspects: despite the impact on quality of life, depression has been revealed as a negative predictor of the outcome of surgical interventions and interventions aimed at physical activity.

4 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

043051   VIJAYALAKSHMI R, NAVEENA VSH (GIET School of Pharmacy, Rajahmundry - 53 3296, Andhra Pradesh) : Simultaneous estimation of paracetamol and etodolac by hplc method in pure and combination formulation. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(3), 288-91.

Paracetamol and Etodolac are non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with analgesic and antipyretic properties, was determined by a new RP-HPLC method. The method was developed on aphenomenex C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5µ i.d) column, aided by a mobile phase mixture ofmethanol and phosphate buffer of pH 6.8, in the ratio 80:20 %, v/vat a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and monitored at 231nm. Retention time of about 4.89min and 3.79min was observed for paracetamol and etodolac, respectively. Linearity showed good correlation close to 1 for both the drugs in a range of 200-700 µg/ml for paracetamol and 0.5-3mg/ml for etodolac.The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 19.14 and 58 µg/mL for paracetamol and 3.089 and 9.3 µg/mL for etodolac, respectively. The proposed method was demonstrated to be most accurate, precise, specific, and robust which was found to be useful for routine analysis.

2 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

044976   WANG D, ZHANG K F, DU G, WANG J, ZHAO J (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical Univ, Guangxi- 530 022, China, Email: zhaojinmin@ gxmu.edu.cn) : Berberine enhances the radiosensitivity of osteosarcoma by targeting Rad51 and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 215-21.

Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor and is generally treated with radiotherapy combined with radiosensitizers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the radiosensitization effects of berberine on osteosarcoma cells and the role of Rad51 in radiosensitivity by berberine. Cells from the human osteosarcoma cell line MG‑63 were exposed to γ‑ray irradiation (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Gy) and berberine (20 μM). Radiosensitivity was evaluated by determining cell viability using an MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used to determine cell cycle and apoptosis. Real‑time PCR and western blot were performed to analyze the mRNA and protein expressions of Rad51. The protein levels of E‑cadherin and vimentin were also measured to evaluate the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Tumor invasion was determined by the Boyden chamber assay. Berberine exacerbated the decline in viability of MG‑63 cells exposed to γ‑rays irradiation at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 μmol/L) and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase as well as apoptosis. The mRNA and protein expressions of Rad51 were significantly decreased by berberine in MG‑63 cells. Inhibition of Rad51 by B02 enhanced the radiosensitivity of MG‑63 cells. Berberine inhibited their invasive capability as well as increased E‑cadherin and decreased vimentin protein levels; this indicated that berberine suppressed the EMT process in MG‑63 cells exposed to γ‑rays irradiation. Berberine enhances the radiosensitivity of MG‑63 osteosarcoma cells. Rad51 is a potential target of berberine in the radiosensitization of osteosarcoma.

4 illus, 34 ref

041213   JANG Y-E, KIM N-H (Dental Hygiene Dep, Yonsei Univ, Gangwondo 26426, Republic of Korea, Email: nami71@yonsei.ac.kr) : Dental hygienist job autonomy depends on the period of dental hygiene education. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 57-60.

Independent dental hygiene practice is critical in regions with low accessibility to dental services, as well as for preventing and managing oral diseases among children and the elderly from low‑income families, as these individuals are highly vulnerable to oral diseases. We investigated whether the job autonomy of dental hygienists has been maintained, in accordance with the guidelines of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists (IFDH). This study comprised a cross‑sectional literature review. We reviewed national reports and articles published in 23 countries selected for analysis to determine the degree of dental hygienist job autonomy, based on the extent of dental hygiene education. We divided the countries into two groups, based on the historical length of dental hygienist education. We classified education as direct access, indirect supervision, and direct supervision. Two researchers reviewed and revised the classification results to ensure reliability. The Kappa value was 0.96 points. Statistical analysis was performed by PASW statistics 23.0 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.). Countries with >40 years of educating dental hygienists exhibited more independent dental hygienist practices than those with less than 40 years of educating dental hygienists. Countries with >40 years of experience in educating dental hygienists largely guarantee independent dental hygiene practice for dental hygienists, in accordance with IFDH guidelines. The society’s need for dental hygienists is fulfilled and professional competency is maintained in these contexts; thus, it should be required for dental hygienists to maintain independent dental hygiene practices.

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

041212   MANGAL S, MATHEW S, MURTHY B V S, HEGDE S, DINESH K, RAMESH P (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Ramaiah Univ of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: drshivani67@gmail.com) : The efficacy of transdermal and oral diclofenac for post endodontic pain control: A randomised controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 53-6.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of transdermal diclofenac patch against oral diclofenac for post‑endodontic pain control. Thirty‑two patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in single‑rooted premolar teeth of either arch were treated endodontically in a single visit by a single endodontist. Oral diclofenac (50 mg twice daily) for group I and transdermal diclofenac patch (100 mg once daily) for group II were administered as post‑endodontic analgesics for two days. Visual analogue scale (VAS) chart was used to record pain intensity scores preoperatively and at intervals of 4, 8, 12 and 24 h postoperatively for 2 days. Paracetamol 650 mg tablets were provided as rescue medication. There was a significant decrease in the postoperative pain intensity scores for both groups. The postoperative scores gradually decreased from day 1 to day 2 in both groups. Twelve out of sixteen patients who had received diclofenac tablets complained of gastric discomfort. Transdermal diclofenac patch was as effective as an oral diclofenac tablet and can be used as an alternative and effective analgesic for post‑endodontic pain management, especially in patients with gastric discomfort.

2 tables, 17 ref

043050   SAMEER P, REDDY M D , RAO R V , PRAKASH NS, KUMAR LM S, RAMACHANDRAN S , BABU UV , PARAMESH R (Phytochemistry Div, The Himalaya Drug Company, Tumkur Road - 562 162, Bangalore) : Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionizationmass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) based identification of flavonoids and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based quantitation of phenolic acids in Indian sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum l.) Stools. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(3), 280-7.

Saccharum officinarum (L.) (Sugarcane) is cultivated worldwide for sugar and other industrial benefits. Literature review on Phytochemical evaluation revealed that the phenolic acids and flavonoids are reported in abundance in leaves and juice of sugarcane and so far there is no published reports on the phytochemical profile of sugarcane stools. Our objective was to identify and characterize various chemical constituents present in Saccharum officinarum (L) stools using chromatographic techniques. Flavonoids present in Indian sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) stools were identified using liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) and phenolic acids were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). LC-MS based fingerprinting was developed for identification of phytochemicals in sugarcane stools (Saccharum officinarum L.) Ten flavonoids viz. vitexin rhamnosyl glucoside, isoorientin 3-O-methyl ether, orientin/isoorientin, vitexin, swertisin, isoorientin 7,3'-O-dimethyl ether, tricin-7-Oneohesperidoside, apigenin, luteolin were identified and isolated schaftoside/isoschaftoside (mixture) as a major phenolic acids which were further quantified with the aid of HPLC. LC-MS based fingerprinting was developed for the identification and characterization of similar chemical entities in Sugarcane stools would be economically viable and an alternative source of Sugar cane leaves and juice for exploring its therpeutic benefits.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

044975   YU H, ZHU B, YANG W, ZHANG Q, WANG W, ZHAI W, LU L, ZHENG Y, DANG Z, LI B, LI C, LIANG B, ZHANG J, YU X (Gastroenterology Dep, The 940 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of People’s Liberation Army, Lanzhou- 730 050, China, Email: yuxiaohui528@126.com) : Matrine inhibits proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells by downregulating ERK1/2 signaling pathways. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 209-14.

To research the effect of matrine on the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells through extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. HepG2 cell was selected and divided into blank control group, experimental group (matrine 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL), and positive control group (PD98059, ERK1/2 inhibitor). MTT measure was used to detect the effective time and concentration which matrine inhibits HepG2 cells. After 24 h, the effect of effective concentration of matrine on the of morphological changing HepG2 cells was observed. The invasion ability was assayed by transwell method, the expression of ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 were detected through Western blot, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to test the expression level of ERK1/2 mRNA. With the increase of matrine concentration, the number of adherent HepG2 cells gradually decreased, the morphologic changes gradually became spherical, some cell morphology was incomplete, and even cell fragments appeared. The proliferation and invasion ability of HepG2 cells decreased. The expression of ERK1/2, pERK1/2, and ERK1/2 mRNA downregulated with the increase of matrine concentration (P < 0.05). Matrine inhibits the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells by downregulating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

7 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

041211   PRIYAM S, SANKESHWARI R M, VYAVAHARE S, ANKOLA A V (Public Health Dentistry Dep, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, Email: priyam0908@gmail.com) : Comparison of routine teaching with fishbowl and 1-min preceptor for dental undergraduate students: An interventional study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 48-52.

To compare routine teaching method with fishbowl and a one‑minute preceptor for undergraduate students. 1. Evaluation of theoretical knowledge for WHO dentition status and treatment need by fish bowl and routine teaching. 2. Effectiveness of the combination of fish bowl and one‑minute preceptor in understanding WHO dentition status and treatment need. This study was conducted on 38 third year undergraduate students, which was divided into two groups (Group A: Fishbowl, Group B: One‑minute preceptor). Routine lecture for WHO dentition status and treatment need was taken, followed by baseline evaluation which was done by giving 10 sets of clinical images to students and asked them to give WHO score. Furthermore, fish bowl and one‑minute preceptor method were performed and students were subjected with the same set of clinical images again. At the end of the session, feedback was taken from the students by means of five open‑ended questions about their views on fish bowl and one‑minute preceptor. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 (Chicago IL). Wilcoxon Sign Rank test and Mann Whitney ‘U’ test was performed for intragroup and intergroup comparison respectively. Combination of fishbowl and one‑minute preceptor shows statistically significant result over routine teaching method with P value of .000. Combination of Fish Bowl and OMP could be used for better teaching method for students, as the students are actively involved and more learning takes place; the deficiencies of one method would be compensated by the other.

5 tables, 19 ref

044974   JU Z, WANG Z, WANG L, LI J, WU Z, LI X, WANG F, WANG R (Medical Oncology Dep, Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian Univ, Dalian- 116 001, China, Email: doctorzhew@ hotmail.com) : Experimental study on radiation damage of ¹²⁵I seeds implanted in canine gastric wall tissue. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(2), 203-8.

The objective of the study was to investigate the radiation damage to 125I seeds implanted in canine gastric wall tissue. Eight beagles were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group, with four beagles per group. For each beagle in the treatment group, six125I seeds were implanted in the gastric wall in two rows, spaced at 1.0 cm, with a seed activity of 0.5 mCi and a half‑life of 60.2 d. For each beagle in the control group, six 125I seeds were similarly implanted as a cold source. After implantation, the beagles were scanned by computed tomography (CT) (slice thickness: 2 mm), the region of interest was labeled along the seed boundaries, and postoperative doses were verified. One beagle per group was sacrificed at the 1, 2, 3, and 4 half‑lives to be used as gross specimens for observing histological and ultrastructural changes using light microscopy and electron microscopy, respectively. Beagles from the treatment group who had 125I radioactive seeds implanted in their stomach walls had the most radiation damage after two half‑lives, damage repair began after three half‑lives, and the damage was stabilized and further repaired after four half‑lives. In the control group, only mild inflammatory reactions were observed around the seeds. Appropriate and well‑planned implantation of 125I radioactive seeds in beagle stomach walls is safe and reliable.

11 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

043048   AHSEN M O, KHALID H D, SHAHID S (Chemistry Dep, Management and Technology Univ, Lahore, Pakistan) : Assessment on biological activities of Adhatoda vesica: A review. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(3), 273-5.

In healthcare system the medicinal plants are most commonly used in a whole world. The metabolites that is present in the extract of herbal plants that contain different chemical substance that may produce different therapeutic effects. The Adhatoda Vesica herbal plant that is most commonly used is a southeast region for the treatment of different microbial diseases. The methanolic extract of leaf and synthesis of AgNPs is able for the curing of different skin diseases and wound healing purpose. The Adhatoda Vesica plant contains a number of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids. saponins, amino acids, carbohydrate, flavonoids and proteins etc. A prolonged intense look of literature data revealed some important biological activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, anti-ulcer, anti-tissue, anti-typhoid and anti oxidant, Immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and wound healing. The pharmacological and phytochemical review of AdhatodaVesica realized the importance of the medicinal plants.

18 ref

041210   CHELLAPPA D, THIRUPATHY M (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Sree Balaji Dental Coll and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: deepikabds26@gmail.com) : Comparative efficacy of low level laser and TENS in the symptomatic relief of temporomandibular joint disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 42-7.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) comprise a number of signs and symptoms affecting the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), or both. Because of the multifactorial etiology of such problems, the treatment usually involves more than one modality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and low‑level laser therapy for the treatment of patients with TMD. The clinical trial was performed with 60 patients diagnosed with TMD of multiple causes. All the patients received both methods of treatment in 6 consecutive weeks. A paired t‑test was applied to verify the significance of the results. A significant improvement in the range of motion and pain relief for both the therapies was observed. Comparatively after analyzing the two methods, the values obtained after LLLT were significantly higher than those obtained after TENS therapy (P < 0.01).

6 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

043047   HASSAN A, AL-SALMAN F, REDHA A A, SALEM M, SAEED Z (Chemistry Dep, Bahrain Univ, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain) : Phytochemical investigations of 10 edible plants and their antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(3), 260-72.

Ten edible plant parts, tamarind (Tamarindusindica), chia (Salvia hispanica L.), scarlet gourd (Cocciniagrandis), neem (Azadirachtaindica), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), leek (Aliumporrum), bittermelon (Momoridicacharantia), and fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graceum) seeds and leaves were extracted with a range of solvents (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and petroleum ether) and investigated for their phytochemical content by qualitative phytochemical screening and quantitative determination of total phenolic content and flavonoid content. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the plant extracts was also evaluated. Based on the phytochemical screening, flavonoids were present in chia, scarlet gourd, neem seeds, neem leaves, quinoa, bitter melon, fenugreek leaves and fenugreek seeds. Saponins were present in quinoa and tannins were present in neem seeds, neem leaves, quinoa, bitter melon, fenugreek leaves and fenugreek seeds. Sterols and terpenes were detected in scarlet gourd, neem seeds, neem leaves, quinoa, leek, bitter melon, fenugreek leaves and fenugreek seeds. Anthraquinone glycosides and alkaloids were not detected in any of the plants. According to the quantitative analysis, the highest phenolic content was determined in fenugreek leaves water extract (8.21 ±0.22 mg GAE/g) and the highest flavonoid content was determined in fenugreek leaves ethanol extract (6.29 ±0.19 mg RE/g). The highest antioxidant activity was revealed by neem leaves water extract (28.43 ±0.92 %) and the highest antidiabetic activity was shown by quinoa ethyl acetate extract (87.95 ±3.72 %).

3 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

043046   PIMPLE P M (SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati Coll of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai) : Determination of dexibuprofen and tramadol HCl by simultaneous uv spectroscopic method from bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(2), 254-9.

Development and validation of accurate, easy, error-free, specific and sensitive simultaneous UV spectroscopic method for determination of Dexibuprofen and Tramadol HCl in bulk as well as in pharmaceutical dosage form containing a blend of these two drugs. Method A i.e. simultaneous equation method and method B Area under the curve are applied for the estimation of DEX and TRAM. Systematic analytical methods are employed in line using 264 nm and 271 nm i.e. λmax of DEX and TRAM taking ethanol as a solvent. DEX and TRAM separately and in a blend of mixture comply with beer’s law in concentration range 100-500µg/ml and 20-120µg/ml. In addition, proposed study concludes that two drugs do not interact with each other in a solution. Both the drugs are found to be accurate and reproducible for the desired linearity concentration range. This method can be applied effectively in the regular simultaneous assessment of both the drugs from the dosage form free of interference due to excipients.

6 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

041208   SHAH J S, RANGHANI A F, LIMDIWALA P G (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Government Dental Coll and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: ashishranghani@gmail.com) : Age estimation by assessment of dentin translucency in permanent teeth. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(1), 31-6.

To estimate the age by evaluating the length of dentin translucency in ground sections of extracted teeth using digital scanner and tools of GIMP 2.8 software for dental age estimation. Fifty extracted single‑rooted permanent teeth from 50 different individuals and their 0.25‑mm thick sections were prepared. Each tooth section was scanned and the length of dentin translucency was measured in GIMP 2.8 software. A linear relationship was observed between dentin translucency and age in the regression analysis. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that there was positive correlation (r = 0.93, P = 0.001) between dentin translucency and age, and the difference between the chronologic age and real age is ± 4.88 years. Dentin translucency in the apical part of the tooth can be used for estimating the age of an individual. A method to digitally select and measure translucent root dentin length was used here. This software method is easy to use and less time‑consuming. The measurements obtained using this method are more precise and thus help in more accurate age estimation. Considering these benefits, this study recommends the use of digital method to assess translucency for forensic purpose.

10 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref