041277   CHAVDA K A, PATEL M C, BHATT R K (Peadiatric and Preventive Denristry Dep, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382 422, Email: kinjalchavda779@gmail.com) : A full coronal restoration using a contralateral maxillary primary first molar stainless steel crown on Mandibular primary first molar: An in vivo study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(4), 192-7.

Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are considered most successful and widely used full coronal restorations for primary molars. Choice of an appropriate SSC, with regard to size of the crown, proximal fit, and marginal adaptation has always been challenging for pedodontist. Contralateral crown is one such unique approach to restore the primary molars with anatomical variation as well as in cases of loss of arch length due to mesiodistal (MD) caries. This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcome of a contralateral SSC on primary first molars. The objective is to assess the longevity of restoration, gingival health of the tooth, and tooth wear of opposing tooth in concern. A total of 60 children between the age group of 3–8 years participated in the study. SSC was placed using MD width of maxillary primary first molar on mandibular primary first molar using Mink and Bennett technique. Regular follow‑up was scheduled at 3, 6, and 12 months’ interval. Statistical analysis was performed in Excel format using SPSS version 18. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The success rate using contralateral SSC on primary first molar during 12 months was 93.3 %. Gingival health at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months’ interval showed clinically significant difference (P = 0.1) whereas the tooth wear showed statistically significant difference at 12 months’ interval (P < 0.001). The approach of placing contralateral SSC on primary first molar proved to be successful and has no harmful effect on gingiva provided that good oral hygiene was maintained.

5 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

041276   SACHDEV R, GARG K, SINGH G, MEHROTRA V (Western Australia Univ, Western Australia, Australia, Email: drrohansachdev@live.com) : A comparative study to assess the independency of lipid profile and blood sugar levels as a diagnostic marker in oral cancer and precancerous disorders. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(4), 187-91.

Lipids are the main cell membrane components important for different biological functions including cell growth and division of normal and malignant tissues. Low lipid values in cancer, precancer lesion, and condition may be due to of lipid peroxidation and also lipids play a key role in the higher utilization of lipids including total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) for new membrane biogenesis. The present study was aimed to assess the independency and comparison of serum lipid profile and blood glucose level in patients with oral carcinoma and precancerous lesions and conditions. The total sample sizes of 180 individuals were chosen in a 2‑year duration: 60 were diagnosed with leukoplakia/oral submucous fibrosis, 60 with oral carcinoma, and 60 of the control group. The serum triglycerides (TGs) were estimated by GPO‑PAP End Point Assay method, total cholesterol (TC) by CHOD‑PAP, and high‑density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by PEG‑CHOD‑PAP End Point Assay method with lipid clearing factors. The low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL(VLDL) levels were calculated using Friedewald’s equation. Collected data were statistically calculated by Student’s t‑test and by Chi‑square test with SPSS version 17. All values were considered statistically significant for a value of P < 0.05. This study showed that parameters TC, TG, and HDL of lipid profile were reduced in the oral precancerous study group as compared to the oral carcinoma study group, whereas in all the study groups, no statistically changes were found in LDL, VLDL, fasting blood sugar, and postprandial blood sugar levels. Low serum value of TC, TG, and HDL may be the indicator for the increased risk of developing precancer diseases and oral cancer in healthy individuals with tobacco habits. Low lipid profile parameters can be used as diagnostic markers in assessment of oral cancer and precancer along with other parameters of biochemical markers.

3 tables, 35 ref

041275   DEVAMEENA S, DINESH D S, LAKSHMIDEVI G, SHANMUGAVADIVEL G (Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge Dep, Sri Venketeshwaraa Dental Coll, Puducherry - 605 001, Email: devameenadinesh@gmail.com) : Sinus lift procedures in dental implants: A literature review on techniques, recommendations, and complications. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 180-6.

Posterior atrophic maxilla with pneumatized sinus often challenges dental implant surgery. Sinus lift in order to augment the residual alveolar ridge height resulted in various sinus lift surgical techniques. Sinus augmentation in atrophic maxilla transforms the atrophic posterior maxilla to a favorable place for implant placement. Additional surgery of sinus lift during implant placement becomes a difficult decision for both dentist and patient. This literature search focuses on many valuable articles that support evidence on the treatment options and predictable increase in bone height after sinus lift procedure. This literature review explains on the classification of posterior atropic maxilla and its treatment options, sinus lift techniques, recommendations, complications, and a precise discussion that supports this procedure.

5 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

041274   SRIVASTAVA S, TANDON P (Zest Dental and Implant Centre, Faridabad, Haryana, Email: saransh.1@sharda.ac.in) : Dealing with dental patients during and after Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 172-9.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Several dental care facilities in affected countries have been completely closed or have been only providing minimal treatment for emergency cases. However, several facilities in some affected countries are still providing regular dental treatment. This can, in part, be a result of the lack of universal protocol or guidelines regulating the dental care provision during such a pandemic. This lack of guidelines can, on the one hand, increase the nosocomial COVID‑19 spread through dental health care facilities, and on the other hand, deprive patients’ in need of the required urgent dental care. Moreover, ceasing dental care provision during such a period will incense the burden on hospital emergency departments already struggle with the pandemic. This review article is aimed to develop guidelines for dental patients’ management during and after the COVID‑19 pandemic.

3 illus, 2 tables, 58 ref

041273   RASSAWET R R, MITTAL S, KALRA H (Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge Dep, Markandeshwar Univ, Ambala, Haryana, Email: dentistreena@gmail.com) : Magnets – role in prosthodontic rehabilitation: A review. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 168-71.

The success of prosthesis bases on retention stability and support. Magnets have been used as an aid for denture retention for many years with some success. The reason of the popularity of magnets is their small size and their attraction or repulsion forces, which allow them to be placed within prosthesis without being obtrusive in the mouth. Conventional magnets have been used as retentive devices for removable partial dentures, obturators, and also the maxillofacial prosthesis. The retentive forces and the compactness of the rare earth magnets particularly have resulted in their widespread use for overdentures. This article reviews the type of magnet available, design of magnetic attachment, their application, and new magnetic attachment system, followed by the advantage and disadvantage of magnets.

1 illus, 16 ref

041272   ACHARYA S, SINGH S, BHATIA S K (Dentistry Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli - 229 405, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drshrutisingh91@gmail.com) : Tooth fragment re–attachment in an incompletely formed root: A case report with literature review. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 163-67.

Coronal fractures of anterior teeth are the most common form of dental trauma that occur in children and adolescence. They cause functional, aesthetics and psychological problems for both their children and parents. Intact tooth fragment provides a very conservative approach for reattachment of dental fragment. Owing to its good long lasting aesthetics (as tooth’s original anatomic form, color and surface texture are maintained) and functional restorability it provides a better alternative as compared to the resin based composite or crown restoration. It overcomes the problem of repeated reconstruction of composite with age and provides a positive psychological response. The article reports a case of a child with anterior tooth fracture that was successfully treated using tooth fragment reattachment. It aims to review and discuss the methodology along with different preparation techniques and adhesives used by various authors and analyze the advancement and most accepted procedure for of the treatment. It also highlights the shortcomings of the technique as patient cooperation determines the prognosis of the procedure and a long term follow up determines the success of the procedure.

7 illus, 30 ref

045029   RAO A M K M, KANCHANA N D, SHARMA S N (WHO, Geneva, Email: mohanrao.arasada@live.com) : Sampling model on surveillance of covid-19 virus among human populations. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(2), 12-7.

India stands at 90,927 confirmed cases of Covid-19 infection with  WHO classification of clusters of cases. The governments around  the world including India are mostly testing only people showing  symptoms of flu, which are underestimating the real numbers due  to presence of asymptomatic humans under virus incubation period.  Random surveillance testing should, therefore, start as soon as possible  to establish the mortality rate and virality of the Coronavirus. Such  surveillance for Covid-19 provides valuable early warning information  about the spread of the virus and also reduces the uncertainty  surrounding the true extent of the pandemic and its mortality rate.  Considered one of the most reliable forms of data collection, surveillance  testing is takes small number of demographically representative random  people to use as an estimate for the whole population. Due to these  reasons, attempt was made to develop a model for Covid-19 virus  surveillance using rapid antibody testing method for screening the  human populations on disease prevalence, which can be followed by  rRT-PCR testing. This screening method was test checked in virtual  situation in Qutbullapur Municipality of Medak district, Telangana state,  wherein three different areas – High risk, Moderate risk and Low risk,  each having 3 km area were identified in the Municipality with 2118  houses and projections were made for virtual sampling in 4 replicated  unit areas. The projection of cost analysis came as Rs. 11,900 for first  round rapid sample collection from randomly selected houses in entire  Municipality, which appeared as a feasible financial projection for a  disease like Covid-19. Major town/cities can consider to adopt this as  surveillance method for covid-19 virus.

2 tables, 6 ref

041271   BANSAL P, AGNIHOTRI A, GUPTA A, SINGH G, KAUR A, ARORA R, SINGH S (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Sudha Rustagi Dental Coll, Faridabad, Haryana, Email: pankajbansal363@gmail.com) : Emergency preparedness of oral health professionals during COVID 19 pandemic: A knowledge, attitude, and practices study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 137-44.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus and was first reported in Wuhan, China. Affecting almost 207 countries, COVID‑19 was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020.^[1] Considering social distancing as first‑line measure of reducing the transmission of disease, nationwide lockdown in India was announced. Health‑care professionals and first responders are considered to be high‑risk groups for the transmission of the virus. As oral health professionals form, a significant risk group for infection and need to take all transmission‑based precautions to prevent the transmission of the disease. Keeping that in view, various advisories were also issued to provide interim guidance to the dental practitioners during this pandemic. This study was designed to have an insight into problems and deficiencies faced by the dental fraternity in the practical application of their knowledge in today’s changing scenario. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of dentists across North India during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Dental practitioners across North India were requested to take part in the online survey. Survey forms were sent in the form of Google document. Four hundred and ten survey questionnaires were sent to dental practitioners in the northern Indian region. Three hundred and thirty responses were received with response rate equivalent to 80.4%. Statistics were applied to analyze the responses. Dentists across North India are well informed and aware of the changing scenarios during COVID‑19 Pandemic. They seemed to be optimistic and trying to keep themselves abreast of the latest guidelines and providing emergency dental care in the best possible way with an intent to serve their community.

4 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

041270   SINGH S, ALOK A, NAGESH L, SHIVALINGESH K K, SAH V K, SINGH I D (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Dr. BR Ambedkar Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, Email: drshivani37@gmail.com) : Awareness of oral cancer, oral premalignant disorders and their risk factors among adult population in Bareilly City. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 126-31.

Oral cancer and oral premalignant disorders(OPMDs) are serious problems worldwide. Awareness regarding the signs, symptoms, and risk factors of oral cancer is very less in India, especially in people with low socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of oral cancer, OPMD and their risk factors among the adult population in Bareilly City and the objective was to investigate the level of public awareness regarding the risk factors associated with oral cancer and OPMD among a selected sample of the adult population in Bareilly City. The present study was a house–to‑house survey in Bareilly City, Uttar Pradesh (India). A self‑administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a random sample of 800 subjects from different colonies of Bareilly City. The questionnaire included 25 questions pertaining to knowledge about oral cancer, its causative factors, key symptoms, and others. Each subject was given questionnaire, and filled form was collected from each subject. About 71.8 % of total subjects were aware of oral cancer while 43.3 % people were aware of oral potentially malignant disorders. Subjects who studied till postgraduation were more aware about oral cancer. Professionals (82.8 %) were more aware about oral cancer followed by housewives. Middle‑age group (75.2 %) participants were also found to be more aware. Awareness of oral cancer and OPMD were poor in homemakers, less skilled and uneducated persons, indicating an urgent need to implement public health education and promotion strategies.

1 illus, 9 tables, 13 ref

041269   ONYEJAKA N K, AMOBI E O, OLATOSI O O (Child Dental Health Dep, Nigeria Univ, Ituku, Enugu, Email: nnekaonyejaka@yahoo.com) : Sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with developmental dental hard tissue anomalies in children with primary dentition. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 121-5.

Developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies include anomalies of number, size, shape, and structure of the teeth. Anomalies in primary dentition are associated with anomalies in the permanent dentition. The present study identified the sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies in primary dentition. This was a cross‑sectional study of 433 preschool children aged 5 years and below in Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu, Nigeria. Data on sociodemographic profile were collected, and clinical examination was conducted on the children to record the presence of double tooth, hypodontia, hyperdontia (supernumerary), microdontia, talons cusp, hypoplasia, and Hutchinson’s incisors. The prevalence of developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies was 14 (3.2 %). Five‑year‑old children (28.6 %), male children (57.1 %), and children belonging to high socioeconomic status (50.0 %) had developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies, and there was a statistically significant association between past dental visit (P < 0.001) and developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies. There was no statistically significant association between age (P = 0.80), sex (P = 0.75), socioeconomic status (P = 0.83), and developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies. The most common developmental dental anomaly was double tooth (1.6 %), whereas talons cusp (0.2 %) and hyperdontia (0.2 %) occurred the least. The upper central incisors were affected the most (48.5 %). The prevalence of developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies was low, and past dental visit was associated with developmental dental hard‑tissue anomalies in this population.

4 tables, 28 ref

041268   SINGH I, GOYAL P, BANSAL M, GUPTA R, GARG S, ARORA B (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Dental Coll and RI, Bathinda, Punjab, Email: 78inderjeetsingh@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of twisted and protaper files in pediatric endodontics – in vitro study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(3), 117-20.

The aim of the present in‑vitro study was to evaluate the cutting efficiency of two nickel‑titanium (NiTi) file systems, Twisted File (TF) and ProTaper file. Thirty extracted human primary tooth root canals were randomly divided into two groups with 15 root canals each. All the root canals after injected with Indian ink were instrumented with ProTaper Rotary NiTi files and Rotary NiTi TFs. All the root canals were then cleared to make them transparent. After the teeth appeared clear, they were observed under a stereomicroscope to check for residual Indian ink in the canals and scored. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed with Chi‑square test and Mann–Whitney test. The mean of scoring of Group I, i.e., Rotary TF system, was 1.0. The mean of scoring of Group II, i.e., ProTaper Rotary file system, was 1.40. Root canal instrumentation of primary teeth showed nonsignificant differences in the cutting ability between the two systems of ProTaper and TF Rotary which were investigated, but signified a more even and uniform removal of dentin with the TF system.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

043114   WANG Z, ZUO W, ZENG Q, LI Y, LU T, BU Y, HU G (Otorhinolaryngology Dep, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical Univ, Chongqing 400016, China, Email: hghcq@sina.com) : The homologous recombination repair pathway is associated with resistance to radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 408-19.

Radiotherapy plays a major role in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the radioresistant cells limit its efficiency and drive recurrence inside the irradiated tumor volume leading to poor outcome for patients. To illuminate the signal pathway involved in the radioresistance and evaluate the potential for predicting NPC response to radiotherapy, we established the radioresistant NPC cell line (CNE2-RR) derived from NPC cell line CNE2 by gradually increased the radiation dose (total 60 Gy), and the radioresistance of CNE2-RR cells was evaluated by the colony formation, FCM and comet assays. Furthermore, comparison of established CNE2-RR cell line to parental cell line found the homologous recombination repair (HRR) proteins differences involved in NPC radioresistance. In addition, the differentially expressed proteins were further validated by western blotting, immunofluorescence and IHC in tumor xenografs and radioresistant NPC tissues. Furthermore, the correlation of HRR proteins expression levels with NPC radioresistance were evaluated. The results showed that the upregulation of HRR proteins were significantly correlated with NPC radioresistance. In addition, using the Youden Index cutoff value, a panel of the HRR proteins analyses revealed a sensitivity of 70 %, specificity of 72 %. Furthermore, silencing NFBD1 enhanced the radiosensitivity of CNE2-RR cells by impairing IR-inducing γ-H2AX and HR proteins foci formation. These results suggest that controlling the HRR signaling pathway may hold promise to overcome NPC radioresistance.

8 illus, 43 ref

043113   ZHANG Y, ZHAO Y, WU Y, QI J, LI F, KOU J, YU B (China Pharmaceutical Univ, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China, Email: junpingkou@cpu.edu.cn.) : Ophiopogon saponin C1 inhibits lung tumors by stabilizing endothelium permeability via inhibition of PKCδ. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 396-407.

As the most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide, lung cancer is closely related to inflammation. The interaction between tumor cells and inflammatory cells promotes tumor development and metastasis. During tumor development, vascular endothelial cells form the most important barrier to prevent tumor cell migration to the blood and tissue. Increased vascular permeability provides favorable conditions for the migration of tumor cells, and endothelial tight junctions are an important component of the vascular barrier. Protein kinase C δ is involved in the occurrence of non-small cell lung cancer and regulates vascular permeability and tight junction protein expression. Src kinase was reported to play an important role in TNF-α-induced endothelial inflammation. Ophiopogon Saponin C1 is a new chemical compound isolated from Liriope muscari, but its pharmacological activities have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we tested the protective effects of C1 on endothelial permeability in a model of TNF-α-induced endothelial inflammation by transendothelial electrical resistance and sodium fluorescein assays and verified these results in a nude mouse model of experimental pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastasis. We further elucidated the mechanism of C1, which was based on the PKCδ and Src proteins, by Western blotting. C1 can inhibit lung cancer in vivo, regulate the level of plasma inflammation in tumor-bearing mice, and protect the pulmonary vascular barrier against injury induced by cancer. It was investigated the expression and distribution of the TJ index protein ZO-1 in mouse vascular endothelium and HUVECs and found that C1 could inhibit the degradation and breakage of the ZO-1 protein. Related signaling experiments confirmed that C1 can inhibit TNF-α and activation of PKCδ and Src kinase. This study laid the foundation for further analysis of new drugs with clear mechanisms and independent intellectual property rights of traditional Chinese medicines.

6 illus, 51 ref

041265   PATIDAR D C, PATIDAR D (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Dental Science and Hospital Coll, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: drdeepika.prasad@gmail.com) : Distomolars – exploring the known entity. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 103-8.

A supernumerary tooth is one that is additional to the normal series and can be found in any region of the dental arch. A distomolar, also called as “fourth molars,” is a supernumerary tooth that is positioned distal to third molars. Distomolar can be found completely erupted in the dental arch, or it could be partially or entirely impacted. This literature review attempts to highlight the prevalence, etiology, morphology, complications, and diagnosis of distomolars. Various literatures reveal that supernumerary teeth are more frequently seen in the maxilla with a male predilection and their prevalence in the permanent dentition has been approximated to range from 0.1 % to 3.6 %. A distomolar may have a normal morphology or have a much smaller dimension than adjacent third molars. Molariform (tuberculated) shape is most frequently observed by various authors in their studies. Distomolars are usually found impacted within the jaws and may lead to several complications. Even though the frequency of distomolars is low, dental surgeons should always be aware of the presence of distomolars during radiographic or clinical examinations. A thorough knowledge and information about this supernumerary entity may definitely provide a hope for an early detection and appropriated treatment planning so as to prevent or minimize any complications created by them.

2 tables, 35 ref

043112   LI D, YIN N, DU G, WANG S, XIAO Z, CHEN J, CHEN W (Chongqing Medical Univ, Chongqing 400016, PR Chin, Email: chenjy@cqmu.edu.cn.) : A real-world study on diagnosis and treatment of uterine sarcoma in Western China. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(2), 388-95.

Uterine sarcomas constitute a rare heterogeneous group of gynecological malignancies with aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis. They have similar clinical features to benign leiomyomata making them difficult to reliably identify prior to hysterectomy. The preoperative prediction of uterine sarcoma remains a clinical dilemma. The current study conducted a multicentre, retrospective study to examine the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis, the consequent influence on therapy, and survival factors in patients with uterine sarcoma in Western China. Four affiliated hospitals of the medical college in Western China over a six-year period. One hundred and fourteen patients diagnosed with low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS), undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), or adenosarcoma (AS) were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 47 years. Eighty (70.2 %) patients were premenopausal and 34 (29.8 %) post-menopausal. The most common pathological type was LG-ESS (43.9 %). The diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasound for uterine malignant tumors was 11.0 %, much lower than MRI (35.3 %) and CT (63.0 %). Unlike MRI, most of the patients who underwent CT (88.2 %) examination were at the advanced stage. Forty-seven (41.2 %) patients with uterine sarcoma were diagnosed with uterine malignant tumor before operation. Thirty-two (47.8 %) patients who were misdiagnosed before operation needed reoperation and five patients (4.6 %) diagnosed after radical surgery developed distant metastasis simultaneously. The recommended treatment of 87.0 % of the patients with uterine sarcoma was total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy, and 53.7 % of patients received adjuvant chemotherapy after operation. Pelvic lymph node status were clarified in 47 patients (43.5 %), which were higher in HG-ESS and UUS groups, and lower in LMS group (P = 0.013). In univariate analysis, we found a significant association between tumour histological types, tumour stage, menstrual status, elevated preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and overall survival. In multivariate analysis, we only observed a significant association between tumour histological types and tumour stage and overall survival.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

041264   CHAUDHARY D, SAXENA S, MAHANTA D, YADAV P, PATEL S H, AGARWAL S, ARORA K S (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Bhojia Dental Coll and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, Email: drkaranarora@yahoo.com) : The prevalence of anxiety and fear in dental patients: A short study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 92-4.

Dental anxiety and fear are the major complications for both patient and dental care providers. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental anxiety and fear in patients visiting the dental institute with respect to their gender. In the present study, 100 patients were provided with certain questionnaire which included two sections. The first section concerning age, gender, educational level, frequency of dental visits, reasons for irregular attendance, and existence of past traumatic experience. The second section comprises modified dental anxiety scale. Data was collected and analyzed with respect to gender using the statistical analysis. Anxiety‑associated dental treatment is widespread in the study population. Dental anxiety was higher in women and in the patients with traumatic dental experiences.

2 tables, 16 ref

043111   ZHAO C, ZHAO J, MENG Y, SHI N, WANG X, ZHOU M, LI G, YANG Y (Inner Mongolia Univ, Hohhot, 010070, China, Email: yang55797961@163.com) : DHA sensor GPR120 in host defense exhibits the dual characteristics of regulating dendritic cell function and skewing the balance of Th17/Tregs. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(2), 374- 87.

In addition to functioning as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and age-defying cellular component, DHA impacts the immune system by facilitating the pathogen invasion. The mechanism through which DHA regulates immune suppression remains obscure. In our study, we postulated that DHA might interact with GPR120 to shape the dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and subsequently drive T cell proliferation during the virus infection. In vitro, the proportion of costimulatory molecules and HLA-DR on DC that generated from exogenous and endogenous (fad3b expression) DHA supplemented mice were significantly lower than wild-type mice. Given the importance of FAs, DHA is not only a critical cellular constituent but also a cell signaling molecule and FA deficiency reduces DC generation; we used GPR120^-/- mice to determine whether DHA receptor deficiency disorders DC maturation processing. Novelty, the expression of GPR120 on DC from wild-type (WT) mice was inversely related to DC activation and DC from the GPR120^-/- mice maintained a spontaneous maturation status. In vivo, both the excessive activation of GPR120 by DHA and the deletion of GPR120 effectively skewed the balance of Th17/Tregs and reduced the production of VNA and protection of vaccination. Overall, our results revealed a mechanism that the GPR120 self-regulation plays a crucial role in sensing DHA variation, which provides a new prospect for therapeutic manipulation in autoimmune diseases and the design of a vaccine adjuvant.

6 illus, 65 ref

041263   VENKATARAMANA S, JEYARAMAN S K, KOTHIMBAKKAM S S K, CHELLATHURAI B N K (Periodontics Dep, Meenakshi Ammal Dental Coll, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: dr_burnice@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of three commercially available toothpastes on dentin hypersensitivity reduction: An 8 week clinical study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 87-91.

The objective of this 8‑week, single‑center, double‑blind, three‑cell, randomized, clinical study was to compare the efficacy in reducing the dentin hypersensitivity of three commercially available toothpaste: Group A toothpaste containing 8.0 % arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate; Group B toothpaste containing 8 % strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride; and Group C toothpaste containing 5 % potassium nitrate and 917 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate. One hundred and fifty subjects, who reported to the department having teeth sensitive to tactile and air blast hypersensitivity, were assigned to one of the three study groups(50/group). Subjects were then asked to brush their teeth for 1 min, twice daily, with the given toothpaste. The dentin hypersensitivity of the two selected teeth was evaluated at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Comparison of the treatment groups was conducted using the VAS analysis. All 150 subjects complied with the protocol and completed the 8‑week clinical study; there were no adverse events on the soft or hard tissues of the oral cavity. Group A resulted in more improvement in the reduction of sensitivity at 2, 4, and 8 weeks compared to the other groups. Group A toothpaste containing 8.0 % arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate significantly reduces dentin hypersensitivity and more effective than Group B and Group C toothpaste. Group A toothpaste is the latest new tool in the armament of the modern dentist.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

043110   WANG H, SHI X, QIU M, LV S, LIU H (Henan Univ, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China, Email: whg197167@vip.henu.edu.cn) : Hydrogen sulfide plays an important protective role through influencing endoplasmic reticulum stress in diseases. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(2), 264-71.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an important organelle responsible for protein synthesis, modification, folding, assembly and transport of new peptide chains. When the endoplasmic reticulum protein folding ability is impaired, the unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate to lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies indicate that H₂S plays an important protective role in many diseases through influencing endoplasmic reticulum stress, but its mechanism is not fully understood. This article reviewed the progress about the effect of H2S on endoplasmic reticulum stress and its mechanisms involved in diseases in recent years to provide theoretical basis for in-depth study.

3 illus, 3 tables, 95 ref

041262   ENONE L L, OYAPERO A, MAKANJUOLA J O (Preventive Dentistry Dep, Lagos State Univ Coll of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria, Email: fola_ba@yahoo.com) : Perception and practices with regard to tooth shade selection for composite restoration among dentists in Southwest, Nigeria. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 80-6.

The perception of tooth color is an important goal for the dentist who needs to choose the right tooth shade to create satisfactory esthetic restorations as well as for the patient who desires a better smile. The success of any tooth‑colored (anterior) restoration is however directly related to the accuracy of chairside shade selection The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and practices of dentists on shade selection in composite restorations in Southwest, Nigeria. This descriptive self‑administered questionnaire‑based study was conducted among 200 randomly enlisted dentists selected by multistage sampling in the Southwest of Nigeria. Chi‑square statistical test was utilized for categorical variables, while the independent t‑test was used to compare the mean values in subgroups. A multivariate linear regression model was used to assess the association between predictor variables and knowledge scores. The level of significance in this study was set at 0.05. Majority of respondents had good knowledge (67.5 %), while 60.5 % of them had good practices. The highest proportion (66.5 %) used only visual shade selection in natural daylight (89.0 %), while only 48 % determine the tooth shade at the cervical, middle, and incisal third of the tooth; 73 % had never taken a color blind test. Dentists had practiced for more than 10 years and restorative dentistry consultants had significantly better knowledge about shade selection. Respondents who had poor knowledge had significantly poorer shade selection practices (P = 0.036). After controlling for confounders by multivariate logistic regression, all categories of dentists with good knowledge and consultants still had significantly better dental shade selection practices. Experienced dentists and restorative consultants appear to have adequate knowledge about shade selection and this had a significant impact on their practice. Aneed however exists to bridge the gap among other categories of dental personnel to improve the esthetic outcome of composite restorations.

2 illus, 8 tables, 46 ref

041261   JAIN M, MITTAL A, DHAUNDIYAL A, SHARMA N, SIDDIQUI T, KELKAR V (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Inderprastha Dental Coll and Hospital, Sahibabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dhaundiyaladiti@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of three different intraorifice barrier on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 77-9.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of three different intraorifice barrier materials on resistance to fracture of obturated teeth with seal‑apex sealer. Eighty extracted human single‑rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated to approximately similar dimension, and prepared and obturated with gutta‑percha and seal‑apex sealer. For the placement of different intraorifice barrier materials, the coronal 3‑mm gutta‑percha was removed except for the control group. The specimens were divided into four groups (n = twenty) on the basis of the intraorifice barrier material used. Group I: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Group II: Cention N, Group III: Nanohybrid composite, Group IV: Control, Fracture resistance of the specimens was tested. It was done by the statistical software SPSS version 16.0. One‑way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test and independent t‑test was used. Fracture resistance of endodontically treated tooth was significantly affected by the type of intraorifice barrier used (P < 0.001). The use of nanohybrid composite significantly improved fracture resistance followed by cention N and MTA as compared to the control group.

2 tables, 14 ref

041260   DEVAKUMARI S, REKHA N B, VIJHAYAPRIYA T, DOMINIC N, DEVAMEENA S (Dentistry Dep, Madurai Medical Coll, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, Email: dr.bhavanirekha@gmail.com) : Management of foreign body in the maxillofacial region – a retrospective study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 73-6.

Foreign bodies(FBs) in the maxillofacial region are not rare due to increasing trends of accidents and interpersonal assaults. This leads due to a steady increase in facial injuries. The management of FB starts with the development of strong clinical suspicion of the presence of FB during the initial wound examination. Face being the most appealing and esthetic part of the body, early recognition and removal of FB decrease the patient’s morbidity. Further, chronic infection and recurrent surgeries can be avoided. This retrospective study gives the clinical experience of the management of FB in the maxillofacial region in most referred tertiary care government hospital in South India. Further, the intricacies and the sequence of effective management were discussed in detail. A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Dentistry, Government Rajaji hospital, Madurai Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India, for 5 years from 2014 to 2019 on the management of FBs in the maxillofacial region. Patient’s records were analyzed for demographic data, etiology, clinical presentation, investigation, type of FB, and management. Thirty‑five patients were treated in the period of 5 years. Out of 35 patients, males were predominantly treated for retrieval of FB; the most common etiology is renal tubular acidosis, most of them presented early; computed tomography is the diagnostic modality used to detect most of the FB; the most common type of FB is the glass followed by wood, and the removal of FB was predominantly done under General anaesthesia (GA). Early recognition of FB in the maxillofacial region is important. This hastens the removal along with the management of fractures, if any without additional investigations and surgery.

6 illus, 23 ref

041259   GOINKA C, REDDY K S, GANAPATHI A, NALLAGULA K H, KONDAPANENI A, SUNIL V V N (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Mallareddy Dental Coll for Women’s and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: kolasrikanthreddy@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of three different an obturating materials in pulpectomy; An in vivo study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 68-72.

The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate, radiographically zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) paste, metapex, and Alo vera gel with zinc oxide powder as root canal filling material in primary teeth. In the present study, pulpectomies were performed on 51 primary second molar in 55 children, aged between 4 and 9 years, of these, 24 children were randomly divided into three groups of 17 teeth each selected for endodontic treatment. Obturation was done with a mixture of ZOE paste, metapex and A. vera gel with ZOE powder. Clinical, radiographic evaluation was done after 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test and Cochran’s Q‑test, and the value of P was set at 0.05. The three pastes achieved convergent clinical and radiographic success within the three observation periods (P > 0.05). ZOE paste was the slowest in its resorption. Zinc oxide powder with A. vera gel can be used as alternatives to ZOE and metapex.

6 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

043109   CHENC-B, CHANG W-C, WU M-Y, KAO T-Y, WANG T-W, WANG C W, CHEN C-J, CHUNG W-H, SU S-C (Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 204, Taiwan, Email: ssu1@cgmh.org.tw) : Attenuation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 353-64.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN) are rare but life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Current studies have suggested that the pathobiology of drug-mediated SJS/TEN involves a dysregulation of cellular immunity with overwhelming activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays important roles in T cell development and activation, which may provide potential avenues for alleviating dysregulated immunity in SJS/TEN. In this study, we aimed to assess the implication of Wnt signaling in drug-reactive T cells in SJS/TEN. We showed downregulation of Wnt signaling components, including T cell factor 1 (TCF-1)/lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF-1) transcription factors, in SJS/TEN patients, suggesting that canonical Wnt signaling is regulated during cytotoxic T cell responses in SJS/TEN. Further analyses demonstrated that engagement of the T cell receptor by antigen encounter and treatment of a prognostic marker of SJS/TEN, IL-15, in vitro led to the downregulation of LEF-1 and TCF-1 expression in CD8+ T cells. Enhancement of Wnt signaling by adding the Wnt activators attenuated ex vivo activation of drug-specific T cells from SJS/TEN patients, indicating a functional involvement of Wnt signaling in the pathomechanism of SJS/TEN. These findings provide additional insight into the immunopathogenesis and therapeutic intervention of this devastating condition.

6 illus, 1 tables, 48 ref

041258   BALI A, AHMED R, PATHANIA P, SINGH A, CHAUHAN P, BAWA S K S (Periodontology and Implantology Dep, Pacific Dental Coll and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: ashishbali12@gmail.com) : To evaluate the knowledge of dental implants and peri implantitis among various medical professionals across Himachal Pradesh: A questionnaire based prospective study. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(2), 63-7.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of dental implants and peri-implantitis among various medical professionals across Himachal Pradesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 medical professions residing in Himachal Pradesh using a self-explanatory questionnaire. The survey consisted of 11 self-explanatory questionnaires. The nature and purpose of the survey was explained to the professionals. The present study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of dental implants and peri-implantitis among 100 medical professionals. The results shows that although the medical practitioner do have some knowledge about dental implants, but still there is a scope of improvement about the knowledge of dental implants and peri-implant diseases. The results of this survey showed that majority of the medical professionals working in the state of Himachal Pradesh, were aware about dental implants as a treatment modality for the replacement of missing teeth. However, there is a deficit in the level of information regarding peri-implant diseases and the effect of systemic diseases and condition on dental implants, so further education is required.

11 illus, 16 ref

043108   CHEN F, WU J, TENG J, LI W, ZHENG J, BAI J (Xuzhou Medical Coll, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R.China, Email: bj@xzhmu.edu.cn) : HCRP-1 regulates cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis via Src/ FAK signaling in human prostate cancer. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(2), 342-52.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the third leading malignancy engendering mortality among men globally. The present study aimed at determining the expression of hepatocellular carcinoma-related protein-1 (HCRP-1) in PCa, to explore its potential role in prostate tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated HCRP-1 protein with immunohistochemistry (IHC) technology and found HCRP-1 expression was significantly low in PCa tissues (PCTs); In addition, the decreased HCRP-1 was significantly associated with TNM (tumor node metastasis) stage, advanced histology grade and gleason score. Transwell, tube formation, Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were utilized to determine the role of down-regulating HCRP-1 in PCa cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, we found HCRP-1 depletion induced Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, which could be reversed by Src inhibitor PP2 or FAK inhibitor. Furthermore, down-regulated HCRP-1 evidently induced lung metastasis of PCa cells in xenograft mode. Taken together, our study indicates HCRP-1 plays an important role in PCa metastasis. HCRP-1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for PCa.

6 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

043107   PARK K-R, YUN H-M, HONG J T (Chungbuk National Univ, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea, Email: jinthong@chungbuk.ac.kr) : G721-0282 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma through down-regulation of the STAT3 pathway. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(2), 330-41.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is considered the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor, which has an urgent need for more effective treatment. Recently, chitinase 3 like 1 (Chi3L1) expression has been found in a variety of cancer cells. However it is not known whether Chi3L1 regulates the STAT3 pathway in OS cells. Herein, we examined the effects of the G721-0282, a ligand of Chi3L1, in vitro and in vivo against OS cells. G721-0282 inhibited the proliferation of OS cells and induced apoptosis. This apoptosis was accompanied by upregulation of apoptotic proteins (PARP and procaspase-3), but downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (Survivin and Bcl-2). G721-0282 induced the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) with a decrease in the phosphorylation of Src and STAT3 in OS cells. Importantly, overexpression of Chi3L1 potentiated the effects of G721-0282, while knockdown of Chi3L1 attenuated the effects of G721-0282. Docking model study also showed that G721-0282 interacted with Chi3L1. In addition, G721-0282 inhibited cell migration, invasion, and colony formation. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effects of G721-0282 were observed in an xenograft in vivo model in association with the reduced expression of Chi3L1, PCNA, Cyclin D1, p-STAT3, as well as the increased expression of Chi3L1 was correlated with the p-STAT3 level in human bone tumor tissues. Taken together, a Chi3L1 ligand, G721-0282 may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for OS, especially in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative effects against OS cells through the inhibition of the STAT3 pathway, and suggest the potentially therapeutic application of G721-0282 in the treatment of OS.

7 illus, 34 ref

043106   KIM L K, PARL S-A, EOH K J, HEO T-H, KIM Y T, KIM H J (Obstetrics and Gynecology Dep, Yonsei Univ Coll of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea, Email: ytkchoi@yuhs.ac) : E2F8 regulates the proliferation and invasion through epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 320- 9.

The transcription factor E2F is an important modulator of the cell cycle, and the unrestricted activation of E2F-dependent transcription is considered to be an important driver of tumor formation and progression. E2F8 is known to play an important role in embryonic development and cell cycle control by inhibiting E2F1. However, it is not yet known whether E2F8 is involved in the progression of cervical cancer. In this study, the functional consequences of E2F8 knockdown in vitro and in vivo were explored. To demonstrate the function of E2F8 in cell proliferation, migration and invasion, we knocked down E2F8 in cervical cancer cell lines; in vitro and in vivo experiments using this knockdown showed that E2F8 potently induced the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Finally, clinical data confirmed that E2F8 was a significant predictive factor for progression-free survival, and that patients with cervical cancer who exhibited high expression of E2F8 showed high FIGO stages and frequent recurrence rates compared to patients with low E2F8 expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that E2F8 is highly correlated with the progression-free survival of cervical cancer patients.

5 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

043105   ZHOU L, HONG G, LI S, LIU Q, SONG F, ZHAO J, YUAN J, TICKNER J, XU J (The Univ of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia, Email: jiake.xu@uwa.edu.au) : Fangchinoline protects against bone loss in OVX mice via inhibiting osteoclast formation, bone resorption and RANKL-induced signaling. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 309-19.

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by abnormally increased formation and function of osteoclasts. Anti-RANKL treatment using natural medicine is a potential therapy for osteoporosis. Here, we studied the effect of fangchinoline, which is extracted from the root of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, on osteoclast formation and function. We found that fangchinoline inhibited osteoclastogenesis at doses of 0.5 and 1 µM. In addition, we also examined the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of fangchinoline on osteoclasts. We found that fangchinoline down regulated NFATc1 activity and expression. However, fangchinoline did not affect IκBα degradation and MAPK pathways. In addition, we also found that fangchinoline could protect against bone loss in OVX mice. Taken together, fangchinoline may be a potential compound for osteoporosis.

8 illus, 33 ref

041257   PAHUJA R K, KAURA S, ROY N (Prosthodontics Dep, Christian Dental Coll and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: rasleen.pahuja@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of physical properties of commercially available silicone based soft denture liners and acrylic based soft denture liners. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(1), 56-61.

Elastic materials used in dental prosthetics to line removable dentures should be characterized by biocompatibility toward oral tissues, shape, and color stability; resistance to abrasion; and durability of the junction between the lining and the denture. The resilient lining materials present problems during clinical use, such as weakening of bond between lining and denture loss of resiliency, color alterations, and porosity. This review was aimed to compare and evaluate the physical properties of soft denture liners acrylic and silicone based and to determine which denture liners would be best suited for clinical usage. A review protocol was structured on the basis of the guidelines proposed by the PRISMA statement and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Overall, the results indicated that silicone‑based soft denture liners performed significantly better than acrylic‑based soft denture liners when compared for color stability, surface hardness, tensile bond strength, water sorption, and solubility, concluding that silicone‑based soft liners would be better for long‑term clinical use.

32 ref

043104   LV S, JU C, PENG J, LIANG M, ZHU F, WANG C, HUANG K, CHENG M, ZHANG F (Cardiology Dep, Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road1277, Wuhan 430000, PR China, Email: xiaoyou_321@foxmail.com) : 25-Hydroxycholesterol protects against myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via inhibiting PARP activity. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(2), 298-308.

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury occurs when occlusive coronary artery restores blood supply after events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest and resuscitation, and organ transplantation. However, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood, and effective pharmacological interventions are still lacking. A previous study demonstrated that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) contributed to lipid metabolism and cholesterol metabolism as an oxysterol molecule. We herein explored whether 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) has cardioprotective properties against IR injury and explored its underlying mechanisms. 25-HC was administered before reperfusion procedure in IR injury model mice. We found that 25-HC significantly reduced the IR-induced infarct size and improved cardiac function, and this protective effect was associated with reduced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and JNK1/2. Besides, 25-HC also inhibited the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the relative expression of cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, 25-HC decreased the PARP activity, indicating that 25-HC ameliorates IR injury via the PARP pathway. The 25-HC group abolished cardioprotection in the presence of little PARP activity, suggesting that the PARP activity is essential for 25-HC to exert its effect during IR injury. Our primary study indicates that 25-HC ameliorated IR injury by inhibiting the PARP activity and decreasing myocardial apoptosis, which makes it a potential therapeutic drug in IR injury of the heart.

7 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

041256   BARANWAL H C, SINGH N, KUMARI A (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drnidhiconsendo@gmail.com) : XP Endo® file: An update review. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(1), 53-5.

Clinical research has still focus on three‑dimensional (3D) cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the oval root canal by improving irrigation, creating new alloys for instruments, and creating new sealers. This article only deals the MaxWire^® technology instruments XP Endo^® Shaper, Finisher, and XP Endo^® Retreatment file and analyzes how they are effective in 3D cleaning and shaping, in biofilm removal, triple antibiotic paste removal, and also for debris and smear layer removal.

30 ref

043103   ZHOU Q, ZHU L, QIU W, LIU Y, YANG F, CHEN W, XU R (Neurology Dep, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Nanchang Univ, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China, Email: xurenshi@ncu.edu.cn) : Nicotinamide riboside enhances mitochondrial proteostasis and adult neurogenesis through activation of mitochondrial unfolded protein response signaling in the brain of ALS SOD1^G93A mice. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 284-97.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, the brain stem, and the motor cortex. So far, there is still a lack of effective drugs. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) takes part in redox reactions and the NAD-dependent signaling pathway. The NAD+ decline is related with many neurological diseases, leading to the accumulation of neurotoxic protein in the central nervous system. Moreover, the NAD+ supplementation is shown to promote neural stem cells/neuronal precursor cells (NSCs/NPCs) pool maintenance. Regulatory mechanisms and functions of NAD+ metabolism in ALS are still unknown. Thus, we hypothesized the aggregation of human SOD1 toxic protein and the fate of NSCs/NPCs in the ALS disease could be improved by the administration of nicotinamide riboside (NR), an NAD+ precursor. In this study, we treated SOD1^G93A transgenic and wild-type mice by the oral administration of 20 mg/ml NR starting at 50 days of age. Effects of NR on the body weight, the motor function, the onset and the survival were assessed during the experiment. The expression of mutant hSOD1 protein, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) related protein, mitophagy markers and NAD+ metabolism related protein were detected by immunoblotting. Effects of NR on the NSCs/NPCs in neurogenic niches of brain were identified by the immunofluorescence staining. Our investigation elucidated that the NR treatment exhibited better hanging wire endurance but did not postpone the onset or extend the life span of SOD1^G93A mice. Besides, we observed that the NR repletion promoted the clearance of mitochondrial hSOD1 neurotoxic protein. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial function pathway was disrupted in the brain of SOD1^G93A mice. What's more, we demonstrated that the inadequate function of NAD+ salvage synthesis pathway was the primary explanation behind the decline of NAD+, and the NR treatment enhanced the proliferation and migration of NSCs/NPCs in the brain of SOD1^G93A mice. At last, we found that levels of UPR^mt related protein were significantly increased in the brain of SOD1^G93A mice after the NR treatment. In summary, these findings reveal that the administration of NR activates UPR^mt signaling, modulates mitochondrial proteostasis and improves the adult neurogenesis in the brain of SOD1^G93A mice.

6 illus, 79 ref

041255   MALIK T, KAURA S, KAKRIA P (Baba Jaswant Singh Dental Coll, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: tamannama-lik7362@gmail.com) : Dental ozone: A boon for dentistry. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(1), 49-52.

In today’s world dentistry is quite dynamic. New materials and protocols are developing at a rapid pace. Ozone a triatomic molecule, blue colored gas is not at all new but it has become a new treatment modality in dentistry over the conventional therapeutic modalities. Use of ozone is based on its antimicrobial, antihypoxic and immunostimulating properties. Ozone is used in the form of ozone gas, ozonated water and oil. Its applications includes caries prevention as a disinfectant, irrigant, antimicrobial agent and adjunct to periodontal therapy and in osteoradionecrosis of jaw. Ozone is used in all the aspects of dentistry because of its biocompatibility. The primary objective of this article is to provide a general review about the applications of ozone in dentistry.

30 ref

043102   ZHONG M, LI N, QIU X, YE Y, CHEN H, HUA J, YIN P, ZHUANG G (Pathology Dep, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen Univ, Xiamen, Fujian, China, Email: yinping2002@163.com) : TIPE regulates VEGFR2 expression and promotes angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(2), 272-83.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. It is regulated mainly by tumor cell angiogenesis, and angiogenesis is caused by the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Tumor necrosis factor--induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8, hereto after TIPE) plays an important role in tumorigenesis, development, and prognosis. However, the relationship between TIPE and VEGFR2 in CRC angiogenesis and the mechanism of action remain unknown. In this study, we used quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to detect TIPE and VEGFR2 expression in 55 specimens from CRC patients. We also used HCT116 CRC cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for in vitro experiments by stably transducing shTIPE and shRNA control lentivirus into HCT116 cells, detecting VEGFR2 expression after TIPE knockdown and repurposing the culture supernatant as conditioned medium to stimulate angiogenesis of HUVECs. In vivo experiments with chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) and a nude mouse matrix subcutaneous tumor model were performed to validate the effects of TIPE on angiogenesis. Additionally, we analyzed the expression and phosphorylation levels of PDK1 and blocked PDK1 expression using inhibitors to determine whether TIPE-induced changes in VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis acted via the PI3K-Akt pathway. We found that TIPE and VEGFR2 are highly expressed in CRC and act as oncogenes. TIPE knockdown also downregulated VEGFR2 expression, which resulted in simultaneous inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration and angiogenesis. Then, in vivo experiments further demonstrated that TIPE promotes angiogenesis in CRC. Finally, we found that TIPE promotes VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis by upregulating PDK1 expression and phosphorylation and that blocking PDK1 expression can inhibit this process. TIPE promotes angiogenesis in CRC by regulating the expression of VEGFR2, which may be a target for antiangiogenic cancer therapy. 

4 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

043101   WANG X, WANG H, ZHANG R, LI D, GAO M-Q (Northwest A&F Univ, Yangling 712100, China, Email: gaomingqing@nwafu.edu.cn) : LRRC75A antisense lncRNA1 knockout attenuates inflammatory responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 251-63.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play multiple key roles during inflammatory processes. In this study, a novel lncRNA identified by the high-throughput sequencing analysis was found significantly down-regulated in Escherichia coli-introduced cell model of bovine mastitis. Given that this lncRNA consists of the antisense of leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 75A (LRRC75A), it was named LRRC75A antisense lncRNA1 (LRRC75A-AS1). The expression of LRRC75A-AS1 was down-regulated in bovine mammary epithelial cells and mammary tissues under inflammatory condition. Knockout (KO) of LRRC75A-AS1 by CRISPR-Cas9 system in bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cell line could enhance expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins Claudin-1, Occludin and ZO-1, reduce cell monolayer permeability, and inhibit Staphylococcus aureus adhesion and invasion. Meanwhile, it also down-regulated expressions of inflammatory factors and attenuated activation of NF-κB pathway. Similarly, knockdown of LRRC75A caused the changes as LRRC75A-AS1 KO did, while overexpression of LRRC75A enabled the opposite effects. TJ of epithelioid cells barriers the pathogenic microorganisms outside during inflammation, in which LRRC75A-AS1 can regulate the expression of TJ proteins through LRRC75A, affecting the development of inflammation.

7 illus, 4 tables, 55 ref

043100   XU C, SHAH M A, MIPAM T D, WU S, YI C, LUO H, YUAN M, CHAI Z, ZHAO W, CAI X (Southwest Univ of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China, Email: wangshengzhao01@163.com) : Bovid microRNAs involved in the process of spermatogonia differentiation into spermatocytes. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 239-50.

The male infertility of cattleyak resulted from spermatogenic arrest has greatly restricted the effective utilization of the heterosis from crossbreeding of cattle and yak. Based on our previous studies, the significant divergences of the transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing between yak and cattleyak prompt us to investigate the critical roles of microRNAs in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression during spermatogenesis. TUNEL-POD analysis presented sharply decreased spermatogenic cell types and the increased apoptotic spermatogonia in cattleyak. The STA-PUT velocity sedimentation was employed to obtain spermatogonia and spermatocytes from cattle, yak and cattleyak and these spermatogenic cells were verified by the morphological and phenotypic identification. MicroRNA microarray showed that 27 differentially expressed miRNAs were simultaneously identified both in cattleyak vs cattle and in cattleyak vs yak comparisons. Further analysis revealed that the down-regulation of bta-let-7 families, bta-miR-125 and bta-miR-23a might impair the RA-induced differentiation of spermatogonia. Target gene analysis for differentially expressed miRNAs revealed that miRNAs targeted major players involved in vesicle-mediated transport, regulation of protein kinase activity and Pathways in cancer. In addition, spermatogonia transfection analysis revealed that the down-regulation of bta-miR-449a in the cattleyak might block the transition of male germ cells from the mitotic cycle to the meiotic program. The present study provided valuable information for future elucidating the regulatory roles of miRNAs involved in spermatogenic arrest of cattleyak.

7 illus, 1 table, 55 ref

043099   TAN Y, HU Y, XIAO Q, TANG Y, CHEN H, HE J, CHEN L, JIANG K, WANG Z, et al. (Colorectal Surgery Dep, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Univ School of Medicine, 88 Jie-fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China, Email: dingkefeng@zju.edu.cn) : Silencing of brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 228-38.

The incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing, and cancer metastasis is one of the major causes of poor outcomes. BEX2 has been reported to be involved in tumor development in several types of cancer, but its role in metastatic colorectal cancer remains largely undefined. Herein, we demonstrated that BEX2 knockout resulted in enhanced migratory and metastatic potential in colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and re-expression of BEX2 in knockout cells could reverse the enhanced migratory capacity. RNA-Seq results indicated that the hedgehog signaling pathway was activated after BEX2 knockout; moreover, the hedgehog signaling inhibitors, GANT61 and GDC-0449 could reverse the migratory enhancement of BEX2-/- colorectal cancer cells. We also demonstrated that the nuclear translocation of Zic2 after BEX2 silencing could activate the hedgehog signaling pathway, while Zic2 knockdown abrogated the migratory enhancement of BEX2-/- cells and inhibited the hedgehog signaling pathway. In summary, our findings suggest that BEX2 negatively modulates the hedgehog signaling pathway by retaining Zic2 in the cytoplasm in colorectal cancer cells, thereby inhibiting migration and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.

6 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

043098   WU Y-J, SONG Y-N, GENG X-R, MA F, MO L-H, ZHANG X-W, LIU D-B, LIU Z-G, YANG P-C (Shenzhen Univ School of Medicine, 1066 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China, Email: lzg@szu.edu.cn) : Soluble CD83 alleviates experimental allergic rhinitis through modulating antigen-specific Th2 cell property. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 216-27.

Dysfunction of the immune regulatory system plays a role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). The underlying mechanism needs to be further investigated. Published data indicate that soluble CD83 (sCD83) has immune regulatory activities. This study aims to investigate the role of sCD83 in the alleviation of experimental AR. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from AR patients. Serum levels of sCD83 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A murine AR model was developed to test the effects of sCD83 on suppressing experimental AR. We found that serum levels of sCD83 in the AR group were lower than that in the healthy control group. A negative correlation was identified between the serum sCD83 levels and the frequency of T helper-2 (Th2) cells. The low serum sCD83 levels were also associated with the Bcl2L12 expression in antigen-specific Th2 cells. Exposure to sCD83 enhanced the responsiveness of antigen-specific Th2 cells to apoptosis inducers via suppressing the Bcl2L12 expression. Administration of sCD83 efficiently suppressed experimental AR. sCD83 contributes to immune homeostasis by regulating CD4⁺ T cell activities. Administration of sCD83 may have translational potential for the treatment of AR or other allergic diseases.

9 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

043097   ZHOU P, WAN X, ZOU Y, CHEN Z, ZHONG A (Nephrology Dep, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang Univ, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China, Email: aiminzhong@126.com) : Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is activated by the CtBP2-p300-AP1 transcriptional complex in chronic renal failure. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 204-15.

Chronic renal failure (CRF), also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a common renal disorder characterized by gradual kidney dysfunction. Molecular dissection reveals that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of CRF. However, the mechanism underlying TGF-β upregulation has not been demonstrated. Here, we verified that the elevated level of TGF-β was associated with the severity of CRF stages and the activation of TGF-β-mediated signaling in 120 renal biopsies from CRF patients. By analyzing the promoter region of the TGFB1 gene, we identified one AP-1 (activator protein 1) and four NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) binding sites. Knockdown of two AP-1 subunits (c-Jun and c-FOS) or blockage of AP-1 signaling with two inhibitors T-5224 and SR11302 could cause the downregulation of TGFB1, whereas knockdown of two NF-κB subunits (p65 and p50) or blockage of NF-κB signaling with two inhibitors TPCA1 and BOT-64 could not change the expression of TGFB1. Using mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation analyses, we found that both c-Jun and c-FOS formed a complex with CtBP2 (C-terminal binding protein 2) and histone acetyltransferase p300. Our in vitro data demonstrated that induction of CtBP2 by recombinant IL-1β (interleukin-1 beta) led to the upregulation of TGFB1 and the activation of TGF-β downstream signaling, while knockdown of CtBP2 resulted in the reversed effects. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we revealed that the CtBP2-p300-AP1 complex specifically bound to the promoter of TGFB and that knockdown or blockage of CtBP2 significantly decreased the occupancies of the p300 and AP-1 subunits. Our results support a model in which the CtBP2-p300-AP1 transcriptional complex activates the expression of TGFB1, increasing its production and extracellular secretion. The secreted TGF-β binds to its receptors and initiates downstream signaling.

7 illus, 34 ref

043096   BAI Y, WANG W, YIN P, GAO J, NA L, SUN Y, WANG Z, ZHANG Z, ZHAO C (Pathophysiology Dep, China Medical Univ, Shenyang, China, Email: chzhao@cmu.edu.cn) : Ruxolitinib alleviates renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(2), 194-203.

Ruxolitinib is a selective inhibitor of Jak1/2. Downstream signaling pathways of Jak, such as Stat3 and Akt/mTOR, are overactivated and contribute to renal interstitial fibrosis. Therefore, we explored the effect of Ruxolitinib on this pathological process. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models and TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts and renal tubular epithelial cells were adopted in this study. Ruxolitinib was administered to UUO mice and TGF-β1-treated cells. Kidneys from UUO mice with Ruxolitinib treatment displayed less tubular injuries compared with those without Ruxolitinib treatment. Ruxolitinib treatment suppressed fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production in UUO kidneys and TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. Ruxolitinib treatment also blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in UUO kidneys and TGF-β 1-treated renal tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, Ruxolitinib treatment alleviated UUO-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Mechanistically, Ruxolitinib treatment attenuated activation of both Stat3 and Akt/mTOR/Yap pathways. In conclusion, Ruxolitinib treatment can ameliorate UUO-induced renal interstitial fibrosis, suggesting that Ruxolitinib may be potentially used to treat fibrotic kidney disease.

7 illus, 39 ref

043095   HUSSAIN G, WANG J, RASUL A, ANWAR H, QASIM M, ZAFAR S, AZIZ N, RAZZAQ A, HUSSAIN R, AGUILAR J-L G D, et al. (Physiology Dep, Government Coll Univ, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan, Email: gh_azer@hotmail.com) : Current status of therapeutic approaches against peripheral nerve injuries: A detailed story from injury to recovery. Int J App Basic Med Res 2020, 16(1), 116-34.

Peripheral nerve injury is a complex condition with a variety of signs and symptoms such as numbness, tingling, jabbing, throbbing, burning or sharp pain. Peripheral nerves are fragile in nature and can easily get damaged due to acute compression or trauma which may lead to the sensory and motor functions deficits and even lifelong disability. After lesion, the neuronal cell body becomes disconnected from the axon’s distal portion to the injury site leading to the axonal degeneration and dismantlement of neuromuscular junctions of targeted muscles. In spite of extensive research on this aspect, complete functional recovery still remains a challenge to be resolved. This review highlights detailed pathophysiological events after an injury to a peripheral nerve and the associated factors that can either hinder or promote the regenerative machinery. In addition, it throws light on the available therapeutic strategies including supporting therapies, surgical and non-surgical interventions to ameliorate the axonal regeneration, neuronal survival, and reinnervation of peripheral targets. Despite the availability of various treatment options, we are still lacking the optimal treatments for a perfect and complete functional regain. The need for the present age is to discover or design such potent compounds that would be able to execute the complete functional retrieval. In this regard, plant-derived compounds are getting more attention and several recent reports validate their remedial effects. A plethora of plants and plant-derived phytochemicals have been suggested with curative effects against a number of diseases in general and neuronal injury in particular. They can be a ray of hope for the suffering individuals.

5 illus, 4 tables, 187 ref

043094   SONG H, WANG L, CHEN D, LI F (Huazhong Agricultural Univ, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China, Email: lifener@mail.hzau.edu.cn) : The function of Pre-mRNA alternative splicing in mammal spermatogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(1), 38-48.

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing plays important roles in co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression functioned during many developmental processes, such as spermatogenesis. The studies focusing on alternative splicing on spermatogenesis supported the notion that the development of testis is regulated by a higher level of alternative splicing than other tissues. Here, we aim to review the mechanisms underlying alternative splicing, particularly the splicing variants functioned in the process of spermatogenesis and the male infertility. There are five points regarding the alternative splicing including ⅰ) a brief introduction of alternative pre-mRNA splicing; ⅱ) the alternative splicing events in spermatogenesis-associated genes enriched in different stages of spermatogenesis; ⅲ) the mechanisms of alternative splicing regulation, such as splicing factors and m⁶ A demethylation; ⅳ) the splice site recognition and alternative splicing, including the production and degradation of abnormal transcripts caused by gene variations and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, respectively; ⅴ) abnormal alternative splicing correlated with male infertility. Taking together, this review highlights the impacts of alternative splicing and splicing variants in mammal spermatogenesis and provides new insights of the potential application of the alternative splicing into the therapy of male infertility.

6 illus, 1 table, 118 ref

043093   YAO R-Q, REN C, WANG J-N, WU G-S, ZHU X-M, XIA Z-F, YAO M-Y (Trauma Research Center, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China, Email: yaoyongming@301hospital.com.cn) : Publication trends of research on sepsis and host immune response during 1999-2019: A 20-year bibliometric analysis. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(1), 27-37.

Sepsis is an intractable disorder, which is associated with high risk of organ dysfunction and even death, while its pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Our study aims to study the research trend on sepsis and host immune response, and compare the contribution of publications from different countries, institutions, journals and authors. We extracted all relevant publications with regard to sepsis and immune response during 1999-2019 from Web of Science. GraphPad Prism 6, and VOSviewer software were used to collect and analyze the publication trend in related field. We identified a total of 1225 publications with citation frequency of 40511 times up to March 30, 2019. The United States accounted for the largest number of publications (36.3 %), 51.9 % of total citations as well as the highest H-index (72). The sum of publications from China ranked the second, while the overall citations (1935) and H-index (22) ranked the eighth and the seventh, respectively. Journal of Shock had published most papers related to the topic on sepsis and immune response. Ayala A SA, has published the most papers in this field (31), while Hotchkiss RS presented with the most citation frequency (3532). The keyword “regulatory T cell” appeared most recently with an average appearing years of 2014.0. The “immunosuppression related research” seemed to be the hotspot in relevant scope. The United States made the most outstanding contribution within this important field. There is a mismatch between the quantity and quality of publications from China. Latest progress can be tracked in journal of Shock. Immunosuppression related researches may be hotspots in the near future. 

5 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

043092   ZHANG Y, FANG M, YANG Z, QIN W, GUO S, MA J, CHEN W (Nanjing Medical Univ, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China, Email: chenwenjing_orth@163.com) : GATA binding protein 4 regulates tooth root dentin development via FBP1. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(1), 181-93.

Tooth development is a complex process that is regulated precisely by several signalling pathways and transcription factors. GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) is a DNA binding transcription factor, and our previous study showed that GATA4 is a novel regulator of root development. However, it remains unclear whether GATA4 is necessary for odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. Here, we evaluated the phenotypic changes of Wnt1-Cre;GATA4^fl/fl mice. The mutant mice showed defective dentin and short root deformity. The odontoblasts lost polarity instead of exhibiting a shorter height and flattened morphology. Moreover, the expression of several molecules, such as DSPP, COL-1, DCN, and PCNA, were downregulated during mutant tooth development. In vivo, we injected lentivirus to overexpress GATA4 in mice root. The dentin formation and the expression of odonto/osteogenic markers (DSPP, COL-1, DCN) were enhanced in the GATA4 overexpression group. During the in vitro study, the ability of proliferation, migration and odonto/osteogenic differentiation was declined by GATA4 knockdown approach in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). The expression of odonto/osteogenic markers (DSPP, BMP4, RUNX2, OSX, OPN, OCN) was reduced in the shGATA4 group, while overexpressing GATA4 in DPSCs promoted mineralization. Furthermore, an immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry procedure was used to confirm the interaction between GATA4 and Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1). We used gain and lose-of-function to delineated the role of GATA4 in regulating FBP1 expression. Knocking down GATA4 in DPSCs resulted in decreased glucose consumption and lactate production. We used small hairpin RNA targeting FBP1 to reduce the expression of FBP1 in DPSCs, which significantly increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Together, the results suggested that GATA4 is important for root formation and odontoblast polarity, as it promotes the growth and differentiation of dental mesenchymal cells around the root and affects the glucose metabolism of DPSCs via the negative regulation of FBP1.

7 illus, 35 ref

041254   NIVSARKAR R, DEOGHARE A, VISHWAKARMA A, SALKAR P (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Chhattisgarh Dental Coll and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, Email: rashminivsarkar@gmail.com) : Pulmonary function test in OSMF patients. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(1), 33-5.

Betel nut quid chewing is a common psychoactive substance or masticatory euphoriant used by 600 million people in the world and is a main etiological factor for Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF). The areca nut metabolite arecoline causes aggravation of disease in asthmatics by increasing bronchoconstriction in a dose‑dependent manner; however, the effect of betel (Areca catechu) nut chewing on the function of the normal human lungs is yet to be fully established. The aim of the study was to measure and to compare pulmonary function tests such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV), FEV/FVC %, peak expiratory flow rate, and maximum voluntary capacity maximum voluntary capacity (MVV) between study groups (control and OSMF). The study population included 100 participants comprising 50 normal and 50 clinically diagnosed OSMF cases. Pulmonary function tests were assessed using spirometer. Data were statistically analyzed. Pulmonary function tests were found to be decreased in OSMF patients when compared to controls. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in the spirometry parameters between both the groups; however, a decrease in pulmonary function compared to normal can be a warning sign for obstructive and restrictive type of pulmonary disease.

2 tables, 18 ref

043091   WANG H, CHEN B, LIN Y, ZHOU Y, LI X (Gastroenterology and Hepatology Div , Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Shanghai, China, Email: lixiaobo@renji.com) : Legumain promotes gastric cancer progression through tumor-associated macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(1), 172-80.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment. Legumain (LGMN) has been shown to be a tumor-promoting protein, but the effect of LGMN on TAMs in the progression of gastric cancer (GC) is under exploration. Our studies included the construction of LGMN-knockdown and LGMN-overexpressing TAMs induced from the human cell line THP-1 (PMA/IL-4/IL-13) and murine cell line Raw264.7 (IL-4/IL-13). A CCK-8 assay and transwell migration assay indicated that upregulation of LGMN expression in TAMs stimulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, while downregulation of LGMN expression reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In vivo experiments revealed slower growth, less angiogenesis, and less Ki67 expression in LGMN-knockdown TAMs injected with gastric cancer cells compared to control TAMs injected with GC cells. Together, these study results suggested that LGMN+ TAMs, which may serve as a potential target for GC treatment, promoted gastric cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

6 illus, 39 ref

041253   SINGH I, SINGH A, KOUR R, MENIA A, SINGH A, SINGH R (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Himachal Dental Coll and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, Email: amarz7@rediffmail.com) : Oral health status and treatment needs of psychiatric patients in a psychiatric care center, Jammu. Indian J Dent Sci 2020, 12(1), 27-32.

Health is a very important asset of all individuals, worldwide. The prevalence of mental disease is increasing in an alarming rate, which is estimated to be 6–7 million people torment with severe mental disorders and is about ten times more with mild mental disorders. This study is conducted to assess the oral health status and estimate the dental treatment needs of hospitalized psychiatric patients. This study was conducted for a period of 2 months at a psychiatric hospital. In the study, 275 patients were examined by the investigator. The Chi‑square test was applied to discrete data and one‑way ANOVA for continuous data. Multivariate analyses were carried out to test the association of age, frequency of cleaning teeth, and materials used for cleaning teeth. The results revealed high caries prevalence, poor oral hygiene and periodontal health, and extensive unmet dental treatment needs. Psychiatric patients are the special groups in the community who require special care and social support from not only from the family but also from the society. Dentists are required to understand the psychiatric illness and oral health implications and carry out preventive measures to prevent oral diseases, for which the psychiatric patients are at high risk to occur.

7 tables, 19 ref

043090   CUI Y, LU C, ZHANG Z, MAO A, FENG L, FU L, GU F, MA X, HE D (Jiangnan Univ, Wuxi, China, Email: hedongxu@jiangnan.edu.cn) : A long non-coding RNA Lnc712 regulates breast cancer cell proliferation. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16(1), 162-71.

Great quantity of intergenic noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified in the mammalian genome and involved in various biological processes, especially in the development and metastasis of cancer. In this study, we identified one lncRNA, lncRNA NONHSAT028712 (Lnc712), was highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines and tissues based on microarray screening. Knockdown of Lnc712 largely inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation. Mechanistically, Lnc712 bound specifically to heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). Interaction between Lnc712 and HSP90 is required for HSP90 binding to cell division cycle 37 (Cdc37). The Lnc712/HSP90/Cdc37 complex regulated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activation and then triggered breast cancer cell proliferation. In summary, our results identified a new lncRNA regulate breast cancer proliferation though interaction with HSP90.

5 illus, 49 ref

045001   SHEEJA K, LAKSHMI S (Cancer Research Div, Medical Coll, Thiruvananthapuram? 695 011, Kerala, Email: ksheejaa@ gmail.com) : Nod‑like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in head‑and‑neck cancer. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(3), 405-9.

Activation of inflammasomes has a decisive role in host defense mechanism against pathogens and other intracellular risk factors, but recently, it has been revealed that they play a significant role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer. Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, the best-studied inflammasome, has contrasting roles in cancer development and progressions. In head-and-neck cancers, the upregulated level of NLRP3 promotes tumor progression. The main objective of this review is to provide current knowledge on the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in head-and-neck cancers. Deeper understanding of the biology of this dynamic protein complex provides new scope for the development of more effective anticancer therapies.

49 ref