000648   Sonkamble U J;Paswan B (DLHS-RCH Project, International Institute of Population Sciences, Govandi StationRoad, Deonar, Mumbai-400 088, Email: brpaswan@yahoo.com) : Adolescents and knowledge of family planning in Sangli district of Maharashtra. South Asian Anthrop 2008, 8(1), 73-7.

Examines the prevailing knowledge of family planning methods among school going adolescents in Sangli district of Maharashtra. Six thirty School going children were participated in the study. The study reveals that majority of the adolescent having knowledge of any family planning method and it is increasing with respondent age. Overall 42 per cent of the adolescent were aware about condom, and is greater among boys 64 per cent than girls only 16 per cent. Looking to the sources of information, most of the adolescent received knovwledge about condom from television 56 per cent followed by school 31 per cent and small amount of adolescent reported other source. Knowledge of pregnancy is more in boys than girls and it is statistically significant with p < 0.001, girls had 25 per cent less knowledge as compared to boys regarding pregnancy.

4 tables, 5 ref

000647   Smiti S;Raghu H R (Radiodiagnosis Dep, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576 104, Email: smitis11@hotmail.com) : Case report: spontaneous heterotopic pregnancy presenting with abdominal pain. Indian J Radiol Imag 2007, 17(4), 275-6.

^ccr 2 illus, 8 ref

000646   Sivakumar S;Reddy K S;Gopala Reddy A; Kalakumar B;Anjaneyulu Y (Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, Email: gopalareddy@rediffmail.com) : Maduramicin toxicity and its amelioration by ginseng in broiler chicks. Toxic int 2007, 14(2), 137-41.

Maduramicin toxicity was studied in broilers and ginseng (2.5 g/Kg feed) was evaluated for prophylactic and therapeutic management of maduramicin toxicity. Day old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups consisting of 6 chicks in each. Group 1 was maintained as basal diet control for 6 wks, group 2 on maduramicin (8 mg/Kg feed) for 6 wks, group 3 on a combination of maduramicin and ginseng for 6 wks and group 4 on maduramicin for the first 4 wks and during the subsequent 2 wks on ginseng containing feed (2.5 g/Kg feed) with out maduramicin. Weekly body weights, feed conversion efficiency, glutathione concentration and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes, biomarkers of liver and the lipid profile, and the renal profile biomarkers were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in group 2 and 4 at the end of 4^th wk as compared to group 1. Following treatment with ginseng during the last 2 wks in group 4, all the parameters in study revealed improvement. From this study, it is concluded that maduramicin induces toxicity by oxidative stress and supplementing ginseng in feed is useful in preventing and treating the toxicity.

4 tables, 15 ref

000645   Sinha P K;Koshy T (NO, , H. No. KP IX/561, Chettikunnu, Podujanam lane, Kumarpuran, Trivandrum-, Email: pksinha02@yahoo.com) : Monitoring devices for measuring the depth of anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth 2007, 51(5), 365-81.

Achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia during surgical procedures is desirable. Therefore, assessment and monitoring/ measurement of the depth of anaesthesia is fundamental to anaesthetic practice. Identifies the risk factors that may be associated with intraoperative awareness, provide decision tools that may enable the clinician to reduce the frequency of unintended intraoperative awareness, stimulate the pursuit and evaluation of strategies that may prevent or reduce the frequency of intraoperative awareness, different types of tools developed todate to monitor the depth of anaesthesia, provide guidance for the intraoperative use of different monitoring tools as they relate to intraoperative awareness and how to approach a patient when awareness is reported by the patient along with current guidelines in the use of current available monitors.

^iia9 illus, 4 tables, 51 ref

000644   Singh P P;Jain H (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, Phase-X, S.A.S. Nagar-160 062, Email: himanshujain.niper@gmail.com) : Trichomoniasis: chemotherapy, drug-resistance and new targets. J parasitic Dis 2007, 31(2), 79-91.

Human trichomoniasis is one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), caused by a parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Increasing global T. vaginalis infection rates, pregnancy complications and increased susceptibility to trichomoniasis during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other STDs suggest the need for a definitive treatment of trichomoniasis. Molecular studies have revealed novel biochemical pathways and genome sequence of T. vaginalis. The metabolic machinery of T. vaginalis possesses some characteristics of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Five-nitroimidazoles, especially metronidazole (MTZ), are the most widely used drugs for the treatment of human trichomoniasis. MTZ itself is inactive, but its anaerobic reduction in hydrogenosomes by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase results in the formation of a cytotoxic nitro radical anion, which binds transiently to trichomonal DNA, disrupts its strands and leads to cell death. Unfortunately, there is no alternative treatment for trichomoniasis. Resistance to MTZ is rampant, and cross-resistance among five-nitroimidazole drugs is on rise. A number of resistance mechanisms have been proposed, and are thought to involve reduced pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity, reduced amount of intracellular ferredoxin, point mutation or altered drug activation pathways in hydrogenosomes. For the treatment of resistant cases, doses of five-nitroimidazoles are given for longer duration, which often cause adverse effects. Therefore, alternative therapies to five-nitroimidazoles are urgently needed. The trichomonacidal activities of non-imidazole drugs viz. hamycin, paromomycin, disulfiram, nonoxynol-9, purpuromycin, alpha-difluoromethylornithine, trifuoromethionine, miltefosine and nitazoxanide have been reported. Further, several new drug targets have been proposed, which include cysteine proteinases, thioredoxin reductase, lipophosphoglycan alteration, cysteine synthase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase and kinase, thymidine kinase, polyamine transport, chitinase system, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and methionine-<103>

7 illus, 1 table, 79 ref

000643   Singh M M;Rahi M;Garg S;Gupta V K;Bansal Y; Ingle G K (Community Medicine Dep, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-110 002) : Knowledge about dengue fever and mosquito control practices in an urban slum of Delhi. J Commun Dis 2007, 39(3), 185-7.

^ssc1 table, 6 ref

000642   Singh M;Lal A;Vyas S;Gulati A (Radiodiagnosis and Imaging Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160 012, Email: dralal@rediffmail.com) : Neutropenic enterocolitis. Indian J Cancer 2007, 44(3), 122-3.

Report a case of neutropenic enterocolitis diagnosed on computerized tomography abdomen in a 56-year-old man having high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. After appropriate management, the patient recovered completely.

2 illus, 5 ref

000641   Shrikumar S;Sukumar M;Ravi T K (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, College of Pharmacy, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore-641 044, Email: sapnasrikumar@vsnl.net) : In vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts of Curculigo orchioides gaertn (fam:amaryllidaceae). J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 252-7.

To investigate the in vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of the dried rhizomes of Curculigo orckioides Gaertn. In the investigation the benzene, chloroform, n-butanol, alcoholic (90%) and the aqueous extracts of C. orchioides rhizomes were prepared and screened for the in vitro antioxidant activities using methods of DPPH radical, nitric oxide (NO) radical, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical assays. Studies indicated that the n-butanol, alcoholic and aqueous extracts exhibited free radical scavenging potential. The maximum antioxidant property was found to be in the alcoholic extract with IC₅₀ values of 12.6 μg/ml by DPPH assay method and scavenging of NO with IC₅₀ value of 29.7 μg/ml., the inhibition of superoxide anion radical was observed to be 17.8 μg/ml (IC₅₀ value) and the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was 38.4 Hg/ml (IC₅₀ value). The alcoholic extract of C. orchioides dried rhizomes could be considered as neutraceutical with potent antioxidant activity suitable for prevention of human disease

4 tables, 18 ref

000640   Shende V H;Maske D K;Jayraw A K;Baviskar B S (Parasitology Dep, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences Uni, Nagpur-440 006, Email: jayrawanant1@rediffmail.com) : Epidemiology of caprine gastrointestinal helminthic infection in central zone of Vidarbha region, Maharashtra state. J parasitic Dis 2007, 31(2), 134-6.

The epidemiology of caprine gastrointestinal helminthic infection revealed 63.03% parasitism in central zone of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state. The prevalence in monsoon, post-monsoon, winter and summer seasons was 76.35, 71.02, 67.31 and 45.91%, respectively. The prevalence recorded in goats < 1 yr, between 1-2 yrs, between 2-4 yrs and > 4 yrs was 67.65, 60.93, 58.71 and 64.91%, respectively. The sex-wise prevalence was 65.66% and 61.52 % in male and female goats, respectively. The occurrence of nematode, trematode, cestode and mixed type of helminthic infection was 44.90,6.25,5.00 and 43.84%, respectively. The prevalence of Haemonchus sp., Trichuris sp., Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Bunostomum sp., Fasciola sp., Paramphistomum sp., Moniezia sp. and mixed infection with Haemonchus sp., Trichuris sp. and Moniezia sp. was 40.24,30.90,25.81,15.69,14.06,8.12,3.09,2.66,3.15 and 25.51 %, respectively.

^ssc1 table, 14 ref

000639   Sharma A;Raina V;Uppal G;Kumar R;Grover J (Medical Oncology Dep, Institute Rotary Cencer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Scien, New Delhi, Email: atul1@hotmail.com) : Long term use of thalidomide: safe and effective. Indian J Cancer 2007, 44(3), 108-10.

To assess the efficacy and safety of high dose thalidomide therapy for longer duration of time in relapsed or refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients. Twelve relapsed/refractory MM patients (7 Males, 5 Females), who received thalidomide for more than 2 years were selected from the Out Patient Department of Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (IRCH), AIIMS, India. Patients received thalidomide beginning at a dose of 200 mg/day with fortnightly increment to a maximum dose of 800 mg/day. Patients were assessed for response on the basis of M proteins (MP), bone marrow biopsy with touch preparation and skeletal X-rays. Nine patients tolerated a maximum dose of 800 mg/day whereas three patients were given 600 mg/day. All patients showed ≥ 25-50% decline in serum /urine M proteins. Complete response/ near complete response was seen in 50%, partial response in 17% and minimal response (SD) in 34% patients. Median duration of thalidomide therapy was 47 months (range 29-60 months). Currently 11 patients are alive. Varying degree of constipation and sedation were seen universally. One patient had DVT, which responded to anti-coagulant therapy. Other toxic effects included infections, skin reactions. There was no toxic death. Long-term use of thalidomide is safe, effective and feasible. We feel that this is one of few reports describing safety and efficacy of long-term thalidomide in relapsed and refractory MM.

4 tables, 6 ref

000638   Shariff A;Manna P K;Paranjothy K L K;Asad M (Pharmaceutics Dep, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Sarjapur Road, Bangalore-560 034, Email: arshitan@yahoo.com) : Hepatoprotectant activity of alcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata entrapped in calcium alginate micropellets. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 283-8.

Andrographis paniculata, an established hepatoprotectant is widely used in many polyherbal formulations. The main problem with the drug is its bitterness, which causes gastric discomfort, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting on regurgitation and in turn leads to patient non-compliance. The aim of the study was to mask the bitterness of Andrographis paniculata to encourage its use as a monoherbal hepatoprotectant preparation. The extract of Andrographis paniculata (30%w/w of andrographolide) was entrapped into micropcllets of calcium alginate for bitter taste masking and the so formed pellets were evaluated for hepatoprotectant activity in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The micropellets containing alcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata equivalent to 22.5mg/kg body weight of the alcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata were given orally to animals for a period of 9 days. The activity observed was compared with alcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata. The bitterless alginate micropellets loaded with alcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata were found to successfully inhibit the paracetamol induced hepatotoxiciy as indicated by a decrease in AST, ALT, ALP and liver weight. The effect observed was supported by histopathological studies. It was concluded that micropellets prepared by inotropic gelation of calcium alignatt can be used to mask the bitterness of Andrographis paniculata without affecting its activity.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

000637   Shankar M B;Parikh J R;Geetha M;Metha R S; Saluja A K (NO, A.R. College of Pharmacy & G.H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-388 120, Email: mbs_mg@yahoo.co.in) : Anti-diabetic activity of novel androstane derivatives from Syzygium cuminii Linn.. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 214-19.

To study antidiabetic activity of two novel androstane derivatives (JB1 and JB2) isolated from the ethanolic extract of seeds of Syzygium cuminii Linn. Compounds JB1 and JB2 were isolated from ethanolic extract of seeds of S. cuminii by normal phase column chromatography using toluene: ethyl acetate (80:20) as mobile phase and their structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Antidiabetic activity of JB1 and JB2 and the ethanolic extract was evaluated using alloxan as diabetogcnic agent. The potency of JB1 and JB2 (100 mg/kg) and the ethanolic extract (200mg/kg). was compared with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). The elevated blood glucose levels were monitored colorimetrically using glucose oxidase enzyme system. Compound JB1 was found to be 3, 15-dihydroxy Δ³ androstene [16, 17-C1 (6' methyl, 2'- 1. 3-dihydroxy-1-propene) 4H pyran whereas JB2 to be 3-hydroxy androstane [16, 17-C] (6' methyl, 2'-l-hydroxy-isopropene-l-yl) 4, 5, 6 H pyran. Ethanolic extract of seeds of S. cuminii reduced elevated blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats on single dose as well as prolonged treatment. Compound JB1 was found to be more effective than JB2 as it showed peak activity at the end of day three, which was comparable to elhanolic extract.

2 tables, 30 ref

000636   Shakir Jamil S;Nizami Q;Salam M (Faculty of Medicine (Unani), Hamdard Univ, New Delhi-110 062, Email: qudsianizami@hotmail.com) : Centella asiatica (Linn.) urban - a review. Nat Prod Radiance 2007, 6(2), 158-70.

Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban is valued in Indian systems of medicine for improving memory and for the treatment of nervine disorders and skin diseases. It has been used extensively as memory enhancer. It is an up-to-date and comprehensive literature analysis of the chemistry, pharmacology and clinical trials on Centella drug.

127 ref

000635   Shah S;Rangarajan V;Purandare N;Luthra K; Medhi S (Bio-imaging Unit, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Email: dryrangarajan@gmail.com) : 18F-FDG uptakes in leptomeningeal metastases from carcinoma of the breast on a positron emission tomography/computerized tomography study. Indian J Cancer 2007, 44(3), 115-18.

Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) are most commonly observed in hematological malignancies. With prolonged survival in solid tumors, an increased frequency of metastases is noted in these tumors too. Early diagnosis, when the patient has minimal neurological disability, is associated with prolonged survival and improved functional outcome although the therapy is palliative. The diagnosis of LM is difficult, and the demonstration of tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid remains the gold standard. This can also be done by definitive neuroimaging. MRI is routinely used in this aspect. We discuss here a case where 18F-FDG PET/CT (Fluoro-de-oxy glucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography) study helped us in the diagnosis of LM. Whole-body PET/CT imaging could be a useful tool in identifying the possibility of metastases of breast carcinoma in the usual sites and the not-so-usual sites of metastases.

4 illus, 8 ref

000634   Sethi B S;Samuel M;Sreevastava D (NO, Military Hospital, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: brinjindera-sethi@rediffmail.com) : Efficacy of analgesic effects of low dose intrathecal clonidine as adjuvant bupivacaine. Indian J Anaesth 2007, 51(5), 415-19.

Clonidine (α-2-adrenergic agonist) has analgesic effect at spinal level mediated by postsynaptically situated a-2-adrenoreceptors in dorsal horn of spinal cord. Previous studies have used this drug intrathecally in higher dosages. Sixty adult patients belonging to ASA grade I and II, scheduled for gynaecological surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. Clonidine group received clonidine 1 μg.kg^-1 with 12.5 mg 0.5% bupivacaine and the Control group received an identical volume of saline mixed with 12.5mg 0.5% bupivacaine. The maximum dose of clonidine used was 70 μg. The mean time from injection to regression of the level of sensory analgesia by two segments was longer in the Clonidine group than in Control group (p<0.001). The duration of motor blockade was longer in Clonidine group than in Control group (P<0.05). There was also a significant difference in the duration of analgesia between the two groups (P<0.001). The rescue analgesia was required earlier in the Control group (mean 223 min) compared to the Clonidine group(mean 614 min). The number of injections of diclofenac in 24 hours was higher for Control group (mean 2.66) than Clonidine group (mean 1.16) (P <0.05). The patients in the Clonidine group had a significant fall in mean arterial pressure and heart rate and were more sedated than those in Control group, however, no therapeutic interventions needed. Concludes that addition of clonidine to bupivacaine in the dose of 1 μg.kg^-1' significantly increases the duration of spinal analgesia as compared to bupivacaine alone with clinically insignificant influence on haemodynamic parameters and level of seuation.

2 ilus, 5 tables, 16 ref

000633   Seetharaman C;George V C;Daniel J R;Davis V S;Koshy R M (NO, , No 79, East Coast Road, Periyakalapet, Puducherry-605 014, Email: drcseetharaman@yahoo.com) : Case report: communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation-type III (esophageal lobe). Indian J Radiol Imag 2007, 17(4), 264-6.

7 illus, 7 ref

000632   Save V;Patil N (Dep of Biochemistry, L.T.M.M.C & L.T.M.G.H Sion, Mumbai, Email: vipulsave@rediffmail.com) : Effect of atorvastatin in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Cardiol 2006, 9(1-2), 23-5.

Dyslipidaemia is an important factor in causation of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. Type 2 diabetes is associated with a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the role of lipid lowering therapy with statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes is inadequately defined. The study was planned to compare the effect of atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia, in reaching target levels of various lipids as suggested by American Diabetes association ADA (2001. 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were carried out in this study. The criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia were based on those laid down by ADA (2001), Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with a serum level of LDL-c > 100 mg/dl and/or HDL-c < 45 mg/dl and/or TG > 200 mg/dl were recruited for this study. Patients (n=100) were given atorvastatin in an initial dose of 10 mg per day. After 6 and 12 weeks of atorvastatin therapy, the lipid profile levels were tested. Total cholesterol, TG and HDL-c levels were measured enzymatically. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were calculated using the Friedewald equation. After 12 weeks of atorvastatin therapy, glycosylated hb decreased from a mean of 9.1% to 8.7% Similarly, fasting plasma glucose decreased from 155.6 to 148 mg/dl and significantly reduced the levels of DHL-c (-23.1%). In out study, type 2 Diabetes mellitus did not achieve the target levels of various lipids in diabetic dyslipidamia as per the ADa guidelines. thus, atorvastatin is an effective lipid-lowering drug in achieving the goal for lipids, especially LDL-c.

2 tables, 12 ref

000631   Saraswat V;Madhu P V;Suresh Kumar S (Anesthesiology and Critical Care Dep, Command Hospital (Air force), Airport Road, Bangalore-560 007, Email: drvsaraswat@yahoo.co.in) : Rapid onset acute epiglottitis leading to negative pressure pulmonary edema. Indian J Anaesth 2007, 51(5), 429-31.

Pulmonary edema is a potentially life-threatening complication of acute airway obstruction. It develops rapidly, without warning, in young healthy individuals. Two forms of post-obstructive pulmonary edema (POPE) (also known as negative pressure pulmonary edema, NPPE) have been identified. POPE I follows sudden, severe upper airway obstruction. POPE II occurs following surgical relief of chronic upper airway obstruction. Treatment for both is supportive. Full and rapid recovery can be expected with appropriate management. A case report of a middle aged man with acute onset epiglottitis who developed negative pressure pulmonary edema after intubation is presented. The report includes a brief discussion on etiology, clinical features and management dilemma of acute upper airway obstruction.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

000630   Saradhi V S P;Khanam S;Shivananda B G; Vasantha Kumar T;Shivananda T N (NO, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Hosur road, Bangalore-560 027, Email: tns@iihe.ernet.in) : Effect of NPK fertilizers on chemical constituents of Aloe vera leaves. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 258-62.

Field study was conducted in Aloe vera syn Aloe barbadensis with an objective to determine the effect of various levels of synthetic fertilizers (10:10:10:20:20:20: 40:40:40: 80:80:80: N:P₂O₅:K₂O kg/ha) on chemical constituents at the inflorescence stage of the plant (12 months old). The active principles were assessed from the gel (mucilaginous tissue of leaf) and juice (yellow exudate from the base of leaf). The results suggested that free o-glycones and o-glycosides were not affected by levels of NPK nutrients applied, but c-glycosides, anhydrous barbaloin and hydroxy anthroquinone derivatives were significantly affected with application of NPK fertilizers at 40:40:40 or 80:80:80 N:P₂O₅:K₂O kg/ha. The recovery of total polysaccharides from gel ranged from 0.52% from control to 0.89% in 40:40:40 applied plots. Anhydrous barbaloin content estimated using HPLC technique and colorimetric methods were comparable Aloe emodin was found absent in all samples. Aloesin content ranged from 10.60 to 13.10% in Aloe juice and there was no significant difference across treatments. The recovery of Aloe juice ranged from 0.050 to 0.066% on dry weight basis.

4 tables, 12 ref

000629   Sanghvi D A;Anand S;Limaye U S (NO, KEM Hospital and Seth GS Medical College, Dr Acharya Dhonde Marg, Parel, Mumbai-400 012, Email: darshanasanghvi1@hotmail.com) : Hyperacute stroke imaging: how much is enough. Indian J Radiol Imag 2007, 17(4), 237-41.

3 illus, 23 ref

000628   Saini K S;Patnaik M;Saini M L;Deshpande A K (Medicine Dep, Grant Medical College and Sir J.J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai) : Autosomal recessive variant of the charcot-marie-tooth syndrome. J Indian Acad Clin Med 2007, 8(1), 78-80.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) syndrome comprises of a group of hereditary sensori-motor neuropathies (HMSN). The most common form seen in the population is the autosomal dominant (AD) demyelinating type. Another form is the rare autosomal recessive (AR) variety, which is typically distributed worldwide amongst populations with inherent practices of consanguinity. This report describes two brothers belonging to a nomadic gypsy tribe of Maharashtra; both being afflicted with the AR form of CMT.

1 table, 7 ref

000627   Rudra A;Rudra P;Chatterjee S;Das T;Ray M; Kumar P (NO, , 1, Shibnarayan Das Lane, Kolkata-700 006, Email: sumanc_24@yahoo.com) : Parkinson's disease and anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth 2007, 51(5), 382-8.

Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder due to death of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra that leads to resting tremor, muscle rigidity, and bradykinesia. Parkinson's disease is a common disease of old who present a particular anaesthetic challenge. Good number of patients are newly diagnosed at the time of preanaes examinations. A variety of drugs may be used for symptomatic treatment. Controversies surrounding the use of the newer and possible advances in neurosurgical interventions are discussed. Particular anaesthetic problems in Parkinson s disea include respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological. Potential drug interactions are described and recommendations about suitable anaesthetic technique.

2 tables, 56 ref

000626   Ravindranath Y;Narayana Reddy A;Rema Devi; Vaidyanathan B (Anatomy Dep, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore-000 000, Email: yogi3110@gmail.com) : Maxillary canine width and mandibular canine width:the indicators for dental sexing. South Asian Anthrop 2008, 8(1), 81-2.

The study is aimed to derive a definite parameter for determination of dental sexing. The study was done in 50 Human subjects and 20 intra oral casts were measured for the right and left maxillary canine width and mandibular canine width using vernier caliper to the nearest millimeter. From the study, it was noted that sexual dimorphism do exist between maxillary and mandibular canine width which facilitate the identification of unknown.

4 tables, 42 ref

000625   Rathinavel G;Mukherjee P B;Valaramathy J; Samueljoshua L;Ganesh M;Sivakumar T;Saravanan T (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Erode-638 052, Email: grvelsp@yahoo.com) : A validated RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cefixime and cloxacillin in tablets. E J Chem 2008, 5(3), 648-51.

The paper presents a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of cetixime and cloxacillin in tablets. The process was carried out on C₁₈ column (5 μm, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, i.d) using phosphate buffer (pH 5.0), acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio 80: 17: 3 respectively as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 2mL/min. Wavelength was fixed at 225 nm. The retention time of cefixime and cloxacillin was found to be 5.657 and 6.200 min, respectively. The developed method is rapid and sensitive and it can be used for estimation of combination of these drugs in tablets.

3 tables, 7 ref

000624   Raote Y V;Pawar S P;Bharkad G P;Jayraw A K (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Maharashtra Animal and Fish, Udgir, Dist. Latur-413 517, Email: jayrawanant1@rediffmail.com) : Incidence of canine ectoparasitism in Parbhani district of Maharashtra state. J parasitic Dis 2007, 31(2), 159-60.

Fifty out of 120 dogs harbored ectoparasites, which indicates 41.66% incidence of infection in Parbhani district of Maharashtra state; the month-wise incidence recorded was 20,31.25, 41.17, 42.85, 45.45, 47.61 and 50% during January, February, March, April, May, June and July, respectively. Rhipicephalussanguineus (41.66%), Ctenocephalides sp. (45.83%) and Trichodectes sp. (8.33%) were the ectoparasite species recorded. Deltamethrin treatment was found effective against these ectoparasites. On day 3 post-treatment (PT), only a few ticks were observed on two dogs; however, on day 5 PT, only a few ticks were observed only on a single dog. Lice and fleas could not be detected on day 3,5 and 7 PT.

^ssc10 ref

000623   Ramanna B C;Swain A K;Wakankar C C (Brilliant Industries Limited, Vaccine Division, , Plot No-37, Telecom Nagar, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500 032, Email: bcramanna@rediffmail.com) : Seroconversion in dogs vaccinated with cell culture rabies vaccine. J Commun Dis 2007, 39(3), 165-70.

Seroconversion studies were conducted in dogs vaccinated with rabies vaccine, of different age group, sex and breed, with a single and booster doses of cell culture Rabies vaccine. The results of the present study revealed that (i) Maternal antibodies were detected in 40% to 80% of 60 selected pet dogs. However 20%) to 60% of the pet dogs did not have protective levels of antibody (<05IU). (ii) A single dose of vaccine resulted in appreciable levels of protective antibody in 100%, of pet dogs both in seronegetive and in dogs with low levels of antibody. (iii) When a booster dose was administered at twelve months period, considerable levels of antibody persisted upto twenty-four months. It can be concluded from the present study that a single dose of potent tissue culture vaccine resulted protective levels of antibody in the seronegetive dogs (<0.5IU). In an Rabies endemic country like INDIA, annual booster dose of vaccine would enhance the immune response and help in the persistence of protective levels of antibody in the immunized dogs.

2 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

000622   Ramachandrum R;Ali M;Mir S R (Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard Univ), P.O. Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062) : Andromedane type derivatives from roots of Arnebia nobilis. Oriental J Chem 2007, 23(2), 533-40.

A series of aromedane-type diterpenes, namely andromedanoyl-20-heptanoate A (1), B (2), C (3), D (6), E (7), F (8), andromedanoyl-20-nonanoate (4)and andromedanoyl-20-undecanoate (5) have been isolated from the roots of Arnebia nobilis and the structures of all these new phytoconstituents have been formulated as 11 (14)-endocyclic-andromeda-9(11 )-en-20-oxy-1 '-heptanoate (1); andromeda-9(11), 13(16)-diene-20-oxy-1 '-heptanoate (2); 11 (14), 11 (16), 1 (18)-endotricyclic-andromedane-20-oxy-1'-heptanoate (3); 11(14), 14(17)-endobicyclic-andromedan-12-en-20-oxy-1'-nonanoate (4); 11(14), 14(17)-endobicyclic-andromeda-12~en-20-oxy-1'-undecanoate (5); 1(18), 11(15)-endobicyclic-andromeda-15-en-20-oxy-1 '-heptanoate(6); 6(15)-cyclic-andromeda-12-en-20-oxy-hept-6'-en-1 '-oate (7); 1(18), 11(15)-endobicyclic-andromeda-13(16)-en-20-oxy-1'-heptanoate (8) on the basis of spectral data analyses and chemical means.

8 sch, 8 ref

000621   Ramachandran H;Rajadhyaksha M S (Life Sciences Dep, Sophia College, B.Desai Road, Mumbai-400 026, Email: medhasr@rediffmail.com) : Effect of lithium on developmentally relevant neuronal enzymes in embryonic chick brain. Toxic int 2007, 14(2), 159-62.

Lithium, a drug used for several decades for the treatment of manic depression, is a well known modulator of embryonic development. In the last decade lithium has been extensively reported to be neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo systems and is likely to be more widely used against neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its use for several years, the exact mechanism of action of lithium in modulating the physiological parameters of the brain has remained elusive. Though the details of its effects on second messenger systems and regulation of gene expression have been investigated actively, not much has been reported on its effects on the down stream molecules, such as the neuronal enzymes, that playa major role in cellular responses during physiological functions. We have, therefore, investigated the effect of lithium on three key neuronal enzymes relevant to cell differentiation and connectivity, Na+K+ATPase, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) using chick developing brain as a model. Lithium causes significant increase in specific activity of AChE and NOS while decreasing the specific activity of Na+K+ATPase indicating that lithium action results in change in pathophysiology of the brain by altering the biochemical milieu of the embryonic chick neuronal tissue.

3 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

000620   Raju M V R;Rohini A;Naga Seema N D S (Dep of Psychology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) : Depression in elderly:incidence, health problems and interventional effectiveness. Behavioural Scient 2008, 9(1), 3-8.

Study was conducted to investigate into the extent of depression among the older people. the of the study comprised of 80 elder people,(44 males 36 females). the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) developed by Lenore Kurlowicz (1999) was administered to the subjects. Data were analyzed to examine the prevalence of depression. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of psychological interventions such as Counselling and Spirituality in alleviating depression in elderly. The findings of the study identified that among the old age people, 21.3% of them were severely depressed and diabetes is experienced mostly by the elderly whose age was between 70-80 years. The severely depressed older adults were suffering with blood pressure and asthma. the mildly depressed older adult's experiences suicidal tendencies, hearing problems, loneliness, diabetes and problem with the eyes. There was a considerable decrease in depression levels after conducting the psychological interventions.

2 tables, 8 ref

000619   Rajesh R;Sathiyanarayanan L;Arulmozhi S;Jubie S;Sarfaraz M (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, The Oxford College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-78, Email: rajesh_6540@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of leaf galls of Piper nigrum linn. against carageenan induced inflammation in albino rats. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 229-33.

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of leaf galls of Piper nig rum Linn. against the carageenan induced paw oedema in Albino rats. The benzene, chloroform and ethanol extracts of leaf galls of Piper nig rum Linn, were obtained by continuous soxhlet extraction. Each extract was assessed for anti-inflammatory activity in carageenan induced Albino rats by measuring the paw volume and ulcerogenic activity was also carried out. All the extracts showed significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity in which ethanol extract showed prominent (Pμ0.01) effect. The extracts were devoid of ulcerogenic action. From the results, it is revealed that, the active ethanol extract of leaf galls of Piper nigrum is worthwhile to develop the bioactive principle for inflammatory disorders.

2 tables, 20 ref

000618   Rajak H;Wani V;Kharya M D;Mishra P (Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Univ, Bilaspur-495 009) : Current status of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cancer. Antiseptic 2008, 105(1), 18-20.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved and rapidly developing cancer treatment regimen. It is a minimally invasive two-stage procedure that requires 'administration of a photosensitizing agent followed by illumination of the tumor with visible light usually generated by laser sources. A third component.of PDT is molecular oxygen which is required for the most effective antitumor effects. In the presence of the laser, light of an appropriate wavelength excites the photosensitizer thereby producing cytotoxic intermediates that damage cellular structures. PDT has been approved in many countries for the treatment of lung, esophageal, bladder, skin and head and neck cancers. The antitumor effects of this treatment result from the combination of direct tumor cell photodamage, destruction of tumor vasculature and activation of animmune response. Photodynamic therapy is likely to play a crucial role in the treatment of various types of cancer in thecoming time. Photodynamic therapy is almost well established as potential means for the cancer treatment in the medicalcommunity but there is still more need to develop it.

1 tables, 18 ref,

000617   Rahbar T;Garg S;Tripathi R;Gupta V K;Singh M M (Community Medicine Dep, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-110 002, Email: tayebeh_rahbar@yahoo.com) : "Knowledge, attitude, behavior and practice (KABP) regarding HIV/AIDS among pregnant women attending PPTCT programme in New Delhi". J Commun Dis 2007, 39(3), 179-84.

In India, several thousand HIV -infected babies are expected to be born every year. Despite effective intervention, the identification of HIV infected pregnant women prior to delivery is a major problem. KABP and acceptance of rapid screening of women for HIV among pregnant women attending ANC clinic and availing Voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing services was assessed. The study was done among 90 pregnant women. There was no significant difference between one's husbands's job and income with respect to pregnant women's awareness of risk factors except that of tattooing. Education level had significant bearing on awareness level. Attitude about PLWHA indicates that 29%, of the participants believed individuals with HIV shouldn't be allowed tc get married, while 31% saying that they should not be allowed to have children. Participants supported compulsory HIV testing for pregnant women (39%) and couples before marriage. Almost 96% of participants had unprotected sex, though 41% casually used condom. All denied herself or her husband indulging in extramarital sex. The country is about to embark on its prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programme. This study throws some light on the level of knowledge acceptability and adoption of VCT and other PMTCT strategies among potential beneficiaries.

3 tables, 18 ref

000616   Purnima Ashok;Arulmozhi S;Bhaskara B P; Rajendran R;Desai B G (NO, K.L.E. Society's College of Pharmacy, Rajajinagar, Bangalore-560 010, Email: purnimaal1@yahhoo.com) : Comparative food intake inhibitory activity of Sida cordifolia L. and Withania somnifera L. in rats. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 289-93.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate food intake inhibitory activity of aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia (AESC) and alcoholic extract of Withania somnifera (AEWS). Both Sida cordifolia Linn. (Malvaceae) and Withania somnifera Linn. (Solanaceae) are widely growing medicinal plants and have been reported to possess number of medicinal properties. The food intake inhibitory activity of different concentrations of AESC and AEWS (0.5% w/w, 1% w/w and 1.5% w/w) were evaluated by supplementing them with normal feed of rats for seven days, measuring their body weight and food intake daily and compared with the control. There was a significant decrease in food intake (P<0.001) and body weight (P<0.01) with 1 % w/w and 1.5 % w/w of AESC while decrease in food intake and body weight with 0.5 % w/w of AESC was not significant. AEWS showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in food intake only, but no significant decrease in body weight was observed with AEWS at any dose level, Both extracts were found to have significant food intake inhibitory activity. However when compared to AEWS, AESC was found to be more effective in reducing the food intake and bodyweight.

1 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

000615   Puri A;Behal K;Puri V K (NO, , B-58 Sector A, Mahanagar-226 006, Email: aniket1@sanchaarnet.in) : Newer vistas with clopidogrel:evidence from recent clinical trials. Indian J Cardiol 2006, 9(1-2), 45-52.

^iia24 ref

000614   Puri A (Cardiology Dep, King George Medical Univ, Lucknow-226 006) : Aspirin resistance: current status. J Indian Acad Clin Med 2007, 8(1), 72-7.

Aspirin resistance is considered to be an enigma, and the data available on it is scarce. Various laboratory parameters assessing the efficacy of aspirin - like bleeding time, platelet reactivity, thromboxane-A2 (TX-A2) production, and measurement of platelet aggregation - have confirmed the lack of its uniform effect on the platelets. Studies have estimated that 5% to 45% of patients with vascular disease are aspirin resistant. The exact mechanism of aspirin resistance also remains elusive, and there are no specific guidelines for management of aspirin resistance. We studied SO patients and found that 47.66% showed inadequate response to aspirin. Thus, we need to formulate a policy on aspirin and ascertain whether all patients taking aspirin need to be investigated and whether all patients with so-called aspirin resistance be put on other anti-platelet druqs.

2 tables, 44 ref

000613   Prakash T;Bhoumik D;Shivakumar H;Venkates J S;Dutta A S (P.G. Dep of Pharmacology, S.C.S. College of Pharmacy, Harapanahalli-583-131, Email: prakash_tigari@yahoo.com) : Antidiarrhoeal activity of Psidium guajava bark extracts. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 278-82.

To evaluate the different extracts of Psidium guajava bark for its antidiarrhoeal potential against several experimental models of diarrhoea in rats. Antidiarrhoeal activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava bark was studied at dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight against gastrointestinal motility, castor oil-induced diarrhoea and prostaglandin E₂-inducead enteropooling (PGE₂) in rats. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of P. guajava bark showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in a dose dependent manner against all the experimental diarrhoea models. The potent antidiarrhoeal activity may be attributed to the presence of tannin and quercetin. The results indicated that both the extracts of P. guajava bark at dose of 100 mg/kg were found to be more potent than the reference standard drugs, loperamid and atropine.

3 tables, 11 ref

000612   Potsangbam G;Sharma S S;Singh T J;Singh Y N (Clinic Maroodyan, J.N. Hospital, Imphal, Manipur) : Intra-lesional injection of vinblastine in a pedunculated oral kaposi's sarcoma in a patient of AIDS. J Indian Acad Clin Med 2007, 8(1), 99-100.

Intra-leisonal infiltration of vinblastine is an accepted mode of management of superficial Kaposi's sarcoma involving the skin. In an AIDS patient with CD4 count 402 cells/cmm, while managing multiple papulo-nodular skin and palatal lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma, one big pedunculated vascular Kaposi's oral mass originating from the base of the tongue on the left-side was also injected intra-lesionally with vinblastine. As the superficial skin and oral lesions diappeared, the pedunculated mass also shrinked and finally disappeared rendering surgical intervention and/or local irradiation or systemic chemotherapy unnecessary.

2 illus, 4 ref

000611   Pawan Kumar;Prasad K D;Ram Singh (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, RVC, B.A.U., Ranchi-834 006) : Haematobiochemical alterations during common gastrointestinal helminths and mite infestations and their treatment in desi pigs. J parasitic Dis 0000, 31(2), 147-9.

Reduced haematological (Hb-8.26 and 8.83, PCV-28.31 and 29.48, TEC-4.67 and 4.27) and biochemical constituents (Ca-10.64 and 9.87, P-5.31 and 4.81, Zn-41.73 and 40.71, Cu-46.19 and 44.59, TSP-5.44 and 4.98 and albumin-2.80 and 2.52) levels were observed in gastrointestinal nematode and sarcoptic mite infested pigs aged about 3 months. These values returned to about normal ranges (Hb-10.82 and 10.47, PCV-32.46 and 33.46, TEC-5.96 and 5.64, and Ca-11.73 and 11.31, P-5.87 and 5.29, Zn-4.03 and 55.71, Cu-61.14 and 60.37, TSP-6.62 and 6 and albumin 3.48 and 3.23) in piglets treated with chemical and herbal anthelmintics and miticides.

^ssc1 table, 7 ref

000610   Patil M V;Patil D A (Botany Dep, Gangamai Education Trust's Arts, Commerce and Science College Nagaon, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra) : Some herbal remedies used by the tribals of Nasik district, Maharashtra. Nat Prod Radiance 2007, 6(2), 152-7.

The native phytotherapy prevalent among the tribals and rural populace of Nasik district, Maharashtra, has been studied. The present paper communicates information on 32 species of angiosperms used to cure various ailments by tribals of Nasik district. Recent botanical and local names, parts used, medicinal use(s) and formulation along with doses and duration have been provided.

1 table, 12 ref

000609   Patil K S;Mamatha G C;Chaturvedi S C (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, K.L.E.S.'s College of Pharmacy, JNMC Campus, Belgaum-590 010, Email: kalpatil@yahoo.com) : Anti-arthritic activity of leaves of Calotropis gigantea Linn.. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 189-94.

To study the anti-arthritic activity of leaves of Calotropis gigantea. Petroleum ether (40-60°), ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea leaves were tested for various preliminary phytoconstituents and were screened for anti-arthritic activities using Freund's adjuvant arthritis in albino rats. The extracts were administered orally for 21 days and the mean changes in diameter of paw were noted at regular intervals. The changes in body weight were recorded daily. On 22nd day at the end of study blood was collected and haemoglobin content, total WBC count, differential WBC count, ESR and RBC were also estimated. The Calotropis gigantea leaves extracts reduced the hind paw oedema. In biochemical study Calotropis gigantea extracts showed increase in haemoglobin content as compared to adjuvant positive control group. The increased WBC count was significantly suppressed by extracts. The significant increase of ESR in adjuvant control was also restored back to normal by the extracts. From the results obtained in the current investigation, it may be concluded that the extract of Calotropis gigantea Linn. possesses potentially useful anti-arthritic activity.

4 tables, 11 ref

000608   Patil K S;Chaudhari V V;Mahajan S (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, K.L.E.S.'s College of Pharmacy, Belgaum-590 010, Email: kalpatil@yahoo.com) : Effect of Ipomoea batatas linn. (Lam) root extracts on phagocytosis by human neutrophils. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 195-9.

To study the effect of methanol extract of Ipomoea batatas root on neutrophils phagocytic function. Different concentrations (10, 20,50,100,1000 μg/ml) of methanol extract of Ipomoea batatas root was subjected to study its effect on different in vitro methods of phagocytosis such as neutrophils locomotion and chemotaxis test, in vitro immunostimulant activity by slide method and qualitative nitro blue tetrazolium test using human neutrophils. The methanolic extract of Ipomoea batatas roots had stimulated chemotactic, phagocytic and intracellular killing potency of human neutrophils at the concentration range of 10-100μg/ml. The methanolic extract of Ipomoea batatas roots stimulates cell mediated immune system by increasing neutrophil phagocytic function.

3 tables, 10 ref

000607   Pathak K A;Juvekar A S;Raghakrishnan D K; Deshpande M S;Pai V R;Chaturvedi P;Pai P S;Chaukar D A;Cruz D A K; Parikh P M (Head and Neck Service, Surgery Dep, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai-400 012, Email: kapathak@rediffmail.com) : In vitro chemosensitivity profile of oral squamous cell cancer and its correlation with clinical response to chemotherapy. Indian J Cancer 2007, 44(4), 142-6.

Oral cancers represent a disparate group of tumors with diverse clinical behavior and chemosensitivity profile. Currently, it is difficult to predict whether a tumor will respond to chemotherapy and which drug(s) will achieve the maximum clinical response. Studies in vitro chemosensitivity profile of oral cancers and to correlate the in vitro chemosensitivity of oral cancer to clinical response to chemotherapy. Prospectively studied the chemosensitivity profile of 57 untreated, advanced, unresectable oral cancers to cisplatin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil and their combinations by using histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) and correlated them to the clinical response to chemotherapy. Biopsy samples were successfully histocultured in 52/57 (91%) cases. Of these 52 evaluable patients, 47 had primary gingivo-buccal cancers and five had tongue/floor of mouth cancers. Based on the assay, 27 (52%) tumors were sensitive to cisplatin, 27 (52%) to methotrexate, 24 (46%) to 5-fluorouracil, 38 (73%) to combination of cisplatin and methotrexate and 36 (69%) to combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Of these, 31 patients with good performance status received two cycles of chemotherapy using one or more of these test drugs. There was a significant correlation (p=0.03) between the in vitro chemosensitivity and the clinical response. Negative predictive value of the test was 80%, positive predictive value-69%, sensitivity-79% and specificity-71%. The overall accuracy of the assay was 74%. Finds HDRA to be a fairly good predictor of chemo-response of oral cancer.

1 illus, 28 ref

000606   Parija S C;Misra D P (Microbiology Dep, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry-605 006, Email: parijasc@vsnl.com) : Evaluation of reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) test for the detection of antigen in serum for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. J parasitic Dis 2007, 31(2), 155-8.

Study was done to evaluate reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) test for the detection of antigen in serum for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE). The RPHA test was standardized using rabbit hyperimmune serum raised against crude hydatid cyst fluid, by using chromium chloride-stabilized chick cells coupled to anti-hydatid IgG antibodies and known positive and negative controls. The RPHA test was then evaluated using a panel of sera collected from cases with confirmed CE (n=20), other parasitic diseases (n=17) and healthy individuals (n=20). The RPHA test was performed; a positive test noted by matt formation and a negative one by button formation. The significant cut-off titre was estimated based on screening of disease and healthy controls and was found to be 1:32. The RPHA showed sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 97.3%, a positive predictive value of 92.3% and a negative predictive value of 81.8%. These results show that RPHA can be employed for the diagnosis of CE by demonstrating antigen in serum. The test is simple, moderately sensitive and can be performed in lesser equipped laboratories.

^ssc21 ref

000605   Pant D;Jain P;Kanthed P;Sood J (Anaesthesiology, Pain & Prioperative Medicine Dep, Sri Ganga Ram Hospital, Sri Ganga Ram Hospital Marg, New Delhi-110 060, Email: deepapant@hotmail.com) : Epidural catheter breakage: a dilemma. Indian J Anaesth 2007, 51(5), 434-37.

Placement of an epidural catheter in epidural space is a routine practice for providing anaesthesia/analgesia in a myriad of surgical procedures and various painful conditions. Breakage of an epidural catheter, though rare, is a well-known complication. Presents a case report of such an event and a comprehensive review of do's and don'ts in this setting.

1 illus, 21 ref

000604   Pandey R;Deshpande S B (Physiology Dep, Medical Sciences Institute, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: desh48@yahoo.com) : Aprotinin reverses ECG abnormalities induced by Mesobuthus tamulus concanesis, pocock venom in adult rats. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(11), 949-53.

The kinins are implicated in the pathogenesis of scorpion envenomation. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the involvement of kinins for the ECG abnormalities induced by M. tamulus concanesis, (BT) venom in anaesthetized rats. ECG was recorded using needle electrodes with limb lead II configuration. The PR interval, QRS wave pattern, QRS duration, ST segment and heart rate were examined in saline only, venom alone, and venom after aprotinin groups. BT venom (5 mg/kg) produced heart block of varying degree and ischemia-like changes in ECG wave pattern and the animals died within 30 min after exposure to venom. In aprotinin pretreated animals, the initial ECG changes produced by venom persisted, but after 15 min the ECG pattern improved and the animals survived for the entire period of observation (120 min). The results indicate that aprotinin protected the rats against the cardiotoxicity induced by BT venom.

3 tables, 10 ref

000603   Padmavathy L;Lakshmana Rao L (Pathology Div, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Acupuncture - traditional chinese medicine (TCM) for hypertension. Antiseptic 2008, 105(1), 11-12.

9 ref

000602   Okokon J E;Antia B S (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uyo Univ, Uyo, Nigeria, Email: judeefiom@yahoo.com) : Hypoglycaemic and anti-diabetic effect of Setaria megaphylla on normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. J nat Remedies 2007, 7(2), 220-4.

To investigate the hypoglycaemic and anti-diabetic activities of ethanolic extraxts of leaves of Setaria megaphylla. The hypoglycaemic activity of the ethanolic leaves extract was evaluated in normal as well in as alloxan (150 mg/kg 1.p) induced hyperglycaemic rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies of the leaves were carried out. The potency of the ethanolic extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.w. p.o) was evaluated after a single dose (acute study) and after prolonged treatment (chronic study) in normal and alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. The activity of the extract was compared with that of reference drug, chlorpropamide (l00 mg/kg bw.p.o). The blood glucose level was measured by using a glucometer. The extract produced a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in Blood glucose level (BGL) of both normal and diabetic rats after a single dose of the extract and in prolong treatment (i.e. for a week). The hypoglycaemic activity was comparable to that of the reference drug, chlorpropamide. Ethanolic leaves extract of Setaria mcgaphylla exhibited a significant hypoglycaemic activity in rats and this confirms it's use in ethnomedical diabetic management.

3 tables, 19 ref

000601   Nima M;Mehrdad S;Shahryar S;Karimollah H (NO, , No 43, Mehdi Abad Ave, Babol, Iran) : Evaluation of platelet indices and count in ischaemic heart disease patients compared to normal population. Indian J Cardiol 2006, 9(1-2), 17-22.

Atherosclerosis and its complications are a major cause of ischaemic heart diseases (IHD). Platelets play an important role in initiation of atherosclerosis lesions and coronary thrombus formation. Large platelets are shown to be hemostatiscally more active. Evaluation of platelets volume parameters as an index of their activity could be useful in prediction and differentiation of coronary events. This study evaluates plaelets volume indices in IHD patients. A population of 200 patients with chest pain were distributed in three groups according to clinical manifestation and standard diagnostic criteria. 50 patients with unstable angina, 50 patients with chronic stable angina and hundred patients with non cardiac chest pain as normal population were included. Venous blood samples of subjects were drawn and collected in K3 EDTA. Platelet indices and count were assayed within 1 to 3 hours after sampling by a Sysmex KX21 autoanalyser. Data were gathered and compared by SPSS 10 with ANOVA test & Pearson correlation test. Patients with unstable angina had a significant higher MPV (10.7 ± 0.23 fl), PDW and P-LCR than those in chronic stable angina and normal group. MPV in chronic stable angina patients(10.1±0.2 fl) was higher than normal population (9.5±0.1 fl) but platelet count and other indices were not statistically different. Platelets count in unstable angina was significantly lower than chronic stable angina and normal group.

7 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

000600   Naveenkumar B;Reddy K S;Kalakumar B;Gopala Reddy A (Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: gopalareddy123@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of experimental aflatoxicosis and its amelioration by chromium and methionine on performance of broilers. Toxic int 2007, 14(2), 133-6.

A total of fifty, day old, male broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups consisting of 10 birds in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal control feed and groups 3,4 and 5 were maintained on AFBI (1 ppm) + methionine (5 g/kg), AFBI (1 ppm) + chromium (200 ppm) and AFBI (l ppm) + methionine (5 g /kg) + chromium (200 ppm), respectively, while group 2 was kept as aflatoxin toxic control (AFBI 1 ppm) throughout the experiment without any treatment. The study was carried out for a period of 6 weeks. Body weights, feed consumption and FCR were recorded at weekly intervals. At the end of the study the average body weights did not reveal any significant difference among treatment groups 3, 4 and 5, though they were significantly (P < 0.01) higher as compared to group 2. The weekly body weight gains of the treatment groups 3, 4 and 5 did not differ significantly though they are significantly (P < 0.01) higher as compared to group 2. A significant (P < 0.01) decrease in cumulative body weight gain was observed in group 2 at the end of 6th week as compared to all the other groups. The average FCR values of group 3, 4 and 5 were relatively higher as compared to group 1 and relatively lower as compared to group 2 at their respective time intervals. At the end of 6^th week, a higher average FCR was observed in group 2 as compared to groups 1, 3, 4 and 5. In all the treatment groups supplemented with either methionine or chromium or a combination, there was a dramatic improvement in the body weight gain and FCR.

2 tables, 8 ref

000599   Nasar R;Nasar Z (Dep of Psychology, Sundarvat, Mahila College (T.M. Bhagalpur University), Khanjarpur, Bhagalpur-812 001) : Cognitive style and gender differences as related to computer anxiety. Behavioural Scient 2008, 9(1), 65-8.

Study was conducted to investigate empirically the differences between particular personality dispositions like Field-independence and Field-dependence in relation to computer anxiety on a sample of 120 college graduates. It has been noted that field independents including male and female respondents differed significantly on computer anxiety from the field dependents.

1 table, 18 ref