007547   Prakash V;Dinesh P;Sukumaran V G;Subbiya A; Vivekanandhan P;Banu S (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Sree Balaji Dental College, Bharath Univ, Chennai, Email: drprakashmds@gmail.com) : Correlation of the material compositon and transistional phases during stress, on cyclic fatigue of three different Ni-ti rotary file system. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2037-44.

A correlation between the material composition and phase changes during cyclic fatigue of three different(K3, K3XF, HYFLEX CM) rotary instruments were studied using DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy). To determine the role of composition and phase changes present in different types of NiTi rotary instruments during cyclic fatigue. ICP-OES was done by mixing 0.5g of sample with 20 ml of 1:1 ratio of water and 98% sulphuric acid. Samples were then heated upto 250oC to dissolve and then they were made upto 100 ml by adding distilled water. The samples were sent in the ICP-OES machine, where the samples get converted into different ions of characteristic intensity, from which the compostion is determined. DSC was done by heating/cooling the sample at the rate of 10oC/min increase in temperature. The sample is first heated to +130°C from room temperature and then cooling down to -150°C to obtain the cooling curve and then heated back to +130°C to obtain heating curve. The number cycles to failure were tested by Universal Testing machine and results were tabulated. One way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. Enthalphy of HYFLEX CM was found to be highest followed by K3XF enthalpy and K3 found to be having Least Enthalpy. Comparing time taken for fracture of HYFLEX and K3XF there was statistically significant difference. Within the limitation of this study, it may be concluded that HYFLEX is the preferred instrument of choice in curved canals due to its controlled shape memory and longer time for phase transformation.

3 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

007546   Prakash Krupakaran R;Balamurugan T C;Lakshmi R D;Sheeba A;Perumal P (NO, TANUVAS-Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu-641 625, Email: perumalponraj@gmail.com) : Detection of matrix metallo proteinase - 2 in layer chicken. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5575-8.

A study was carried out to detect the presence of Matrix Metallo Proteinases (MMP) in the serum of commercial layer chicken. Birds were vaccinated and dewormed was done as per the farm schedule. During early morning before feeding the birds, the serum samples were collected from three male and eight female healthy birds in a heparinzed vacutainer from an organized commercial farm. All the serum samples were subjected to gelatin zymography. It was revealed that only two major bands were observed at 72, 62 kDa of MMP-2 in both the groups. The intensity of latent form MMP-2 (72 kDa) was higher than that of active form of MMP-2 (62 kDa). Above the level of MMP-2, no band was observed corresponding to the level of MMP-9. It was further observed that there was no difference between the expression patterns of MMP-2 in both the sexes. It was concluded that the existence of serum MMP was confirmed by the presence of both the forms of active and latent form of MMP-2 and it was further inferred that MMP-9 could not be detected in the serum of both the sexes.

1 illus, 18 ref

007545   Prabhu G N;Bindu P (Centre for Research on Aquatic Resources P.G. Zoology & Research Centr, Sanatana Dharma College Univ of Kerala, Alappuzha-688 003, Email: nagendra.prabhu@gmail.com) : Optimization of process parameters for siderophore production under solid state fermentation using polystyrene beads as inert support. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(10), 621-5.

Kuttanad, commonly called the rice bowl of Kerala, is noted for its paddy cultivation well below sea level. Decrease in micro and macro nutrients is a common phenomenon in all agricultural lands and the micro-biota plays a major role in maintaining soil fertility of agrarian regions. Iron is one of the most common limiting trace elements in nature which is essential for the growth and metabolism of almost all living organisms. Deficiency of iron is primarily due to its poor solubility. Bacteria secrete iron chelating agents known as siderophores to absorb iron, which promotes plant growth. In the present study, soil and water samples from Kuttanad were screened for siderophore producing bacteria. Ten siderophore producing bacteria were isolated from the soil and water environments by primary screening. Secondary screening using Chrome Azurol Sulphonate agar was done to confirm siderophore producers. A Pseudomonas strain isolated from the soil was selected for siderophore production under solid state fermentation using polystyrene beads as inert support. Process parameters of the fermentation process along with additional carbon, nitrogen and amino acid sources were optimized so as to increase the production of siderophores. Succinate medium of pH 8, incubation temperature of 35oC and incubation time of 48 hours were proved optimum for siderophore production. 0.5% v/w glycerol, 0.5% w/w ammonium chloride and 2.5 % w/w L-asparagine were the carbon, nitrogen and amino acid sources which gave maximum siderophore production respectively. This is the first study of its kind and has tremendous potential for further research.

4 tables, 15 ref

007544   Pinaki D;Lhakpa W (Biotechnology Dep, School of Engineering and Technology, ITM Univ, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, Email: saspinaki@gmail.com) : Bioconversion of starchy potato waste to ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using Aspergillus niger MTCC 281 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 170. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 655-61.

This study shows waste potato starch as potential feedstock for microbial single vessel SSF process for ethanol production using amylolytic fungi Aspergillus niger MTCC 281 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 170. The modified single vessel process of combining two separate processes in one vessel was successful in producing maximum ethanol yield of about 15.85% (v/v) from 100 g/L dry waste potato powder using 12% (v/v) of Aspergillus niger and 12% (v/v) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 OC in shaker incubator, at 150 rpm for five days. The SSF process is economical, greener, safer, and sustainable as it is based on use of renewable and biological resources for production of bioethanol. This economical process could be a new biotechnological innovation as it can be efficiently implemented in industrial bioethanol production.

8 illus, 7 tables, 18 ref

007543   Patel R L;Sankhavara C D (NO, , ) : Preparation of biodiesel from karanja oil using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(3), 23-7.

In India, diesel consumption is increasing at an alarming rate which is increasing the import bill and the problems related to environment pollution. Biodiesel (BD) from non-edible oil like karanja is attractive feed stock for diesel engine. Due to high acid value of karanja oil (KO), a two-step process is necessary for BD production using homogeneous catalyst. In present study, BD was produced from KO by transesterification process using homogeneous catalyst (KOH) and heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) by two-step process. A catalytic characteristic of CaO was improved by loading lithium on CaO. Prepared Li-CaO was used to produce BD from KO in single step simultaneous esterification and transesterification process.

007542   Pandian R;Vigneswaran T;Lalithakumari S (Electronics and Instrumentation Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-600 119, Email: rpandianme@rediffmail.com) : Characterization of CT cancer lung image using image compression algorithms and feature extraction. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(12), 747-53.

Image compression techniques find an extensive role in the field of biomedical image processing. Transform based image compression algorithms efficiency is mainly depending on the decoding methods, adopted. In this work, wavelet Transform based compression algorithms are developed for computer tomography image. Symlet based transformation of the CT images of lung are proposed in this work for the decomposition of the CT medical image. The decomposed images are encoded using the various encoding techniques such as Embedded Zero wavelet, (EZW), Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT).The developed compression algorithms are evaluated in terms of PSNR, Compression ratio, Means square error and bits per pixel. The optimum compression algorithm is also found based on the results obtained, so as to characterize the CT image the features are extracted and it is proven that after compression, the CT images show its ability for identifying types of defects. The results are an indicator to the promising application of this for medical image compression schemes. This paper provides the approach and analysis methodologies and the results obtained.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

007541   Olivia R;Jamarun N;Arif S;Sirin Y A (NO, Vocational High School of Industry Technology, Padang Indonesia, Email: novesar62@yahoo.com) : Utilization of dolomite as catalyst in biodiesel production. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 160-4.

Biodiesel as a renewable fuel has much of public concern to reduce the human's dependence on fossil fuels. A catalyst is necessary for increasing the rate of biodiesel production. The progress of biodiesel synthesis is focused on the efficiency of production and reduction of its negative impact to the environment. In this study, dolomite was used as a heterogeneous catalyst which was environmentally friendly in biodiesel manufacturing. The mixed CaO.MgO oxide was resulted through the calcinations stage of dolomite mineral on optimum temperature (900°C). Before being applied as catalyst, mixed oxide was characterized by XRF, XRD, SEM and BET. The CaO.MgO oxide was applied as a catalyst in trans-esterification reaction of palm oil and methanol to form biodiesel. The reaction yielded 78.09% biodiesel with 15% catalyst ratio to oil for 60 minutes reaction under temperature of 60øC. Dolomite can be used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from palm oil and methanol.

2 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

007540   Nurul A W;Nehlah R;Yusof M T;Ina-Salwany M Y (Aquaculture Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: salwany@upm.edu.my) : Duplex PCR assay for the species-specific detection of the marine pathogen, Vibrio alginolyticus, using DNAJ and OMPK genes. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 797-804.

Vibrio alginolyticus, is an important opportunistic pathogen for worldwide aquatic animals and marine environment. However, the microbiological methods like culture-based diagnosis and biochemical identification of V. alginolyticus is time consuming and unspecific. Thus, the aim of the study was to develop a duplex PCR assay for the species-specific identification of V. alginolyticus. To evaluate PCR specificity, this assay directed toward the ompK-virulence gene and dnaJ gene tested on six Vibrio species and three non- Vibrio species. Two specific bands with the expected sizes of 846 bp and 144 bp, respectively, were produced in isolates belong to V. alginolyticus and only one band were produced by others Vibrio species, 846 bp for ompK gene indicating a high specificity of duplex PCR assay. The sensitivity test of duplex PCR was detected by using different cells concentration of V. alginolyticus. The detecting capability of the duplex PCR from crude DNA was at 102 and 103 cells/mL. The sensitivity and efficacy of the assay were clarified using artificially infected Artemia and water culture which a clear PCR bands of 846 bp and 144 bp were generated from Artemia homogenates and water culture infected with V. alginolyticus. Our results showed that this newly developed duplex PCR would offer an accuracy and ideal tool for species-specific detection of V. alginolyticusin preventing disease outbreak in marine aquaculture.

6 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

007539   Nowrose M;RabiulIslam B M;Nyeem M A B; Nurruzzaman M;Hossain M I;Akhter J (Public Health Dep, ASA Univ, Bangladesh) : Types and availability of ayurvedic medicine in selected areas of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. J med Pl Stud 2017, 5(2), 49-53.

Ayurveda is one of the most effective and traditional system globally especially in south Asia. This descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted to find out types and availability of Ayurvedic medicine in Dhaka city corporation area. 391 respondents were interview. The mean age was (38.24±12.638) years. 36.06% of them are in higher secondary school certificate, 76.1% are Muslim, 68.0% are married, and 41.4% are in this profession about 5-10 years. Mean income of the respondents were Tk. 17171.36±8923.826. About 58.6% of the respondents reported availability of all kinds of Ayurvedic medicine and 89.6% of the respondents got medicine in just time. About 92.3% respondents collect from company. The study found that 43.7% of all classes' people are buying Ayurvedic medicine and 37.6% buys for general weakness. About 45.6% choices as tablets, 69.9% respondent's opinion about the price is reasonable. About 58.6% drugs prescribed by all kinds of practitioners and 89.7% response that Ayurvedic medicine takes long time to heal diseases. Top six classical Ayurvedic drugs are for gastritis (95.4%), skin diseases (92.3%), constipation (99.0%), sexual diseases (93.4%), gout (86.4%) and nutrition (91.8%). 81.8% pharmacies had medicine for gynecological problem, 82.1% for respiratory tract infection, 71.1% for asthma 67.0% for liver diseases. Finding suggests that Ayurvedic medicine availability in Dhaka city corporation area of Bangladesh is satisfactory.

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

007538   Norouzi R;Hojati Z (Biology Dep, Genetic Section, Faculty of Sciences, Isfahan Univ, Isfahan, Iran) : Evaluation of interferon-beta protein expression in HEK293T cell-line transfected by recombinant construction, pBud.IFNβ-1a. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2263-8.

Cytokines are a group of signaling glycoproteins that are expressed in respond to stimulus factors and antigens. IFNá is an important cytokine that play role in immune processes, inflammation and host defense against external factors. In this study, the expression level of IFNá protein in HEK293T cell line transfected by recombinant construction pBud.IFNá examine via Dot blot and Elisa protein tests. Sequence of IFNá gene with using of primers containing Kozak conserved sequence and enzyme restriction site of Kpnl and BglII amplified from pSVMdhfr vector. After treatment by above mentioned enzymes, IFNá gene cloned in linearized pBud.CE4.1. Structure of recombinant vector were examined via RFLP, Colony PCR and sequencing and finally transformed into competent Ecoli.TOP10 bacteria and next transfected to HEK293T cells. The results of protein tests indicate that recombinant IFNá gene expressed successfully in HEK293T cell line under eEf1a promoter of selected vector. Proteins produced in prokaryotic systems are lacking glycosylation and thus have different physicochemical properties in comparison with normal protein production in the body. This causes side effects in the patient so the production of IFNá protein in human HEK293T cells and high expression level of this protein is the benefits of this research.

4 illus, 21 ref

007537   Nair S K P;Kumar Ganesan;Azalewor H G;Letha N;Gani S B (Biochemistry Dep, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma Univ, Jimma 378, Ethiopia, Email: gsharmikumar@yahoo.co.in ) : Preliminary phytochemical screening and In vitro antioxidant activity of ethiopian indigenous medicinal plants, Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex benth and Ocimum basilicum L.. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(1), 30-6.

Antioxidants are the chemical substances which prevent the free radicals damage in the body. Numerous researches are going globally focussed on investigating natural antioxidants of plants origins. The aims of the present study were to evaluate preliminary phytochemical investigation and in vitro antioxidant activities of Ethiopian indigenous medicinal plants, Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth and Ocimum basilicum L. Aqueous, benzene and hexane crude leaves extracts of O. lamiifolium and O. basilicum were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening using standard procedures. In addition, we investigated the antioxidant potential of crude aqueous leaves extract of O. lamiifolium and O. basilicum using tests involving inhibition of superoxide anions, DPPH, H₂O₂., NO and ABTS. Preliminary phytochemical investigation for benzene, hexane and aqueous extracts found alkaloids, sterols, carbohydrate and glycosides, tannins and flavonoids. The fraction inhibition of lipid peroxide at the first stage of oxidation illustrated antioxidant activity of O. lamiifolium and O. basilicum as 90% and 88% compared to those of gallic acid (97%) and BHT (84%) respectively. Also, the aqueous leaves extract of O. lamiifolium and O. basilicum exhibited significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity, nitric acid free radical scavenging activity assay, superoxide anion scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assay. Our findings provide confirmation that the aqueous leaves extract of O. lamiifolium and O. basilicum are potential source of natural antioxida'nts, and this warranted its uses in traditional medicine systems.

1 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

007536   Mundhe U T;Das D N;Gandhi R S;Soumya N P (Animal Genetics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: utmundhe12@gmail.com) : Molecular characterisation of toll like receptors 2 gene and its association with somatic cell count in deoni cattle. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5649-54.

Present study was carried out to investigate genetic polymorphism of TLR2 gene of exon 1 and exon 2 and their association with somatic cell count in Deoni cattle by PCR- RFLP. Blood samples and milk samples were collected from 70 randomly selected, lactating Deoni cattle from National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Bengaluru, hence, DNA was isolated by phenol chloroform isoamyl alcohol method. PCR standardization was carried out for amplification of region of exonl, exon 2.2. exon 2.3, exon 2.4, exon 2.5 and exon 2.6 using published primers [1], PCR -RFLP was carried out using Haelll, Mn II, Hindi, EcoRV, PStI and Bsty I restriction enzymes respectively. Sequence analysis showed 8 single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding region of TLR 2 gene, which includes 5 transitions (G12134A, C12153T, C12260T, T12471C, T12501C exon 2.5) and 3 transversions (G11391T, T11424A exon 2.3), (C12441G exon 2.5). Lack of polymorphism was revealed under exonic regions of studied gene through PCR-RFLP.

7 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

007535   Mody S K;Patel H B;Singh R D;Patel H A;Kamani D R;Bhatiya S I;Desai R R;Vyas S R (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry S.D. Agricultural Uni, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Residue analysis of ciprofloxacin in milk of dairy animals by LC-FD method. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 52-5.

Increasing use of antimicrobials to combat bacterial diseases among dairy animals has imposed the threat of antimicrobial drug residues in milk of dairy animals. Monitoring of drug residues in foods of livestock animal is essential to establish benchmark for quality of livestock food including milk. The MRL (maximum residue limit) of ciprofloxacin in bovine milk is 0.1 ppm as recommended by European Commission regulations. The present study was executed to establish the residual concentration of ciprofloxacin, an antimicrobial drug of fluoroquinolone group, in milk samples collected from different area of Northern Gujarat. Milk samples were collected from 49 dairy animals from unorganized dairy farms and farmers'door steps located at two districts of North Gujarat namely, Banaskantha and Aravalli. The concentration of ciprofloxacin in milk was analysed using validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescent detector (LC-FD). Mobile phase contained mixture of acetonitrile and buffer (50:50) and kept at the flow rate of 2.0 ml /min. Excitation and emission wave length were 295 and 500 nm, respectively. Limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.01 μg/ml and 0.003 μg/ml, respectively. Out of 49 milk samples, none was found to contain the detectable concentrations of ciprofloxacin.

2 illus, 11 ref

007534   Mody S K;Patel H B;Singh R D;Modi C M;Kumari Anjana;Vyas S R (Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Heavy metal residues in plasma of broiler birds and goats from automobile industry rich area of northern Gujarat. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 48-51.

The present work was carried out to study plasma profile of five heavy metals viz., lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) from broiler (poultry) birds and goats reared in vicinity of automobile industry rich area of Palanpur, Banaskantha district of Gujarat. Plasma samples of fourteen birds and nine goats were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for estimation of heavy metals. The mean ± S.E. value of lead, chromium, zinc and cobalt in broiler birds' plasma were found to be 4.389 ± 0.676,0.149 ± 0.067,0.963 ± 0.103 and 1.332 ± 0.135 ppm, respectively. In goat plasma, the mean ± S.E. value of lead, chromium, zinc and cobalt were found to be 3.321 ± 0.690, 0.018 ± 0.017, 1.343 ± 0.171 and 1.462 ± 0.171 ppm, respectively. Cadmium was not found in any goat or broiler bird's sample.

2 tables, 11 ref

007533   Meshkani S M;Mortazavi S A;Rad A H E; Beigbabaei A (Food Science & Technology Dep, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Sabzevar, Iran, Email: s.m.meshkani@iaus.ac.ir) : Optimization of protein extraction and evaluation of functional properties of tomato waste and seeds from tomato paste plants. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2389-401.

There is an increasing interest to bio-components obtained from fruit and vegetable wastes. Response surface methodology(RSM)was used optimization of condition for extraction of protein from tomato waste and seeds.So the independent variables, alkaline and acidic pH(10-12 and 3.1-4.3), temperature(10-50øC), time(30-70min) and solvent to powder ratio(1:10-1:50w/v) were used. Also, the functional properties of fat and defatted proteins were evaluated. The results showed that the pH 12.00 for first and 3.73for the second precipitation phase, temperature 37.73øC, time 60min, solvent to powder ratio 1:40 were the best conditions of extraction.The responses in this condition, Protein Extraction Yield to Defatted Tomato Waste86.84%; Defatted Tomato Waste Protein35.29%; Protein Extraction Yield to Defatted Tomato Seeds 64.15% and Defatted Tomato Seeds Protein44.65% were measured. Also, the results showed that the lowest of bulk density were for Tomato Waste Protein and Tomato Seeds Protein.The Water Absorption Capacitywas increased to 55øC, while, theOil Absorption Capacity were increased to 75øC. TheEmulsification Activity Index and Emulsification Stability Index were increased along with pH, but the Emulsification Stability Index was highest at pH7. The Foaming Capacity andFoaming Stabilityhad significantly increased same to pH(p<60>0.05).

3 illus, 7 tables, 44 ref

007532   Medhabati M;Shyamasakhi P;Meena N; Subhalakshmi A (Pharmacology Dep, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, Email: drmedhabati@gmail.com) : Analgesic activity of portulaca oleracea linn. in experimental animal models. J Evolution med dent Sci 2017, 6(4), 269-72.

2 tables, 21 ref

007531   Masand M;Sharma G;Menghani E (Biotechnology Dep, School of Life Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar Univ, Jaipur, Email: meetamasand02@gmail.com) : Review of research on actinomycetes in Rajasthan. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 673-7.

The demand for new drugs to cure the infectious diseases and emergence of resistant strains of pathogens has led to the discovery of more antibiotics. Actinomycetes have been an alluring source of a range of enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, vitamins, immunomodifiers, antioxidants, growth promoting factors, anticancerous substances etc. The microbial diversity of Rajasthan has been assessed by some researchers but the search for unexplored sites and rare actinomycetes in diverse location has begun in the past decade only. Streptomyces thermolilacinus and Streptomyces werreansis have been reported from the soils of Rajasthan. For the first time, the existence of members affiliated with Actinoalloteichus in inland solar salterns associated with a salt lake has been reported. This review is a comprehensive overview of the studies on actinomycetes done so far and expects great industrial and commercial scope of the actinomycetes from Rajasthan.

45 ref

007530   Mansouri M;Atashi H (Chemical Engineering Dep, Univ of Ilam, Ilam69315-516, Email: atashi.usb@gmail.com) : Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over potassium-promoted Co-Fe/SiO₂ catalyst. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(6), 453-61.

Experiments for the kinetic of Fischer-Tropsch reaction (hydrocarbon formation) have been carried out over the potassium-promoted Co-Fe/90wt % SiO₂ catalyst in a fixed bed micro-reactor over a range of operating conditions. Reaction rate equations are derived on the basis of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) type models for the FT reactions. Seven kinetic expressions for CO consumption have been proposed and interaction between adsorption CO and dissociated adsorption hydrogen as the controlling step give the most plausible kinetic model. The product distributions in FT synthesis are found to be strongly influenced by temperature and pressure, and optimum hydrocarbon selectivity C₂-C₃ light olefins is obtained at 260øC and 8 bar. The value of activation energy for CO consumption confirms that intraparticle mass transport is not significant.

5 illus, 6 tables, 34 ref

007529   Mahfud M;Putri D K Y;Dewi I F P;Kusuma H S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya-60111, Indonesia, Email: mahfud@chem.eng.its.ac.id) : Extraction of essential oil from cananga (Cananga odorata) using solvent-free microwave extraction: a preliminary study. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 86-91.

Today the production of cananga (Cananga odorata) oil still has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. But the extraction of essential oil from cananga flowers are still using conventional methods such as hydrodistillation, steamhydrodistillation and steam distillation which takes a long time to produce oil with good quality. In this research the extraction of cananga oil is done using solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) method. The optimum yield in the extraction of cananga oil using SFME method is 2.304%. The optimum yield is obtained on the operating conditions: microwave power of 380 W, feed to distiller (F/D) ratio of 0.05 g/mL and flower size of ±0.5 cm. Based on the results of the GC-MS analysis showed that the main components of cananga oil produced by SFME method were β-caryophyllene (16.855%), benzyl benzoate (14.326%), caryophyllene oxide (13.484%) and germacrene (10.692%). Additionally, from GC-MS analysis can be said that the cananga oil that has been extracted using SFME method offers the possibility for better reproduction of the natural aroma of the flower essential oil than that obtained using the conventional method.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

007528   Magdum S S;Adhyapak U S;Minde G P;Bornare J B;Kalyanaraman V (COE Biotechnology Dep, R D Aga Research, Technology and Innovation Centre, Thermax Ltd, Pune-411 019, Email: sandip.magdum@thermaxindia.com) : Effect of predigestion process modifications on VFA enhancement and overall biogas conversion from kitchen solid waste. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(9), 574-82.

The bioprocessing methodology of predigester has been modified to optimize the kitchen solid waste processing for enhanced biogas production. The batch and semi-batch study of bioprocess modification in the predigester by adding Candida sp. to acetogenic predigester culture with controlled aeration (micro-aerobic) has shown the enhancement in volatile fatty acid (VFA) in predigestion. The study of pilot plant which was operated with 24 - 30 days of hydraulic retention time (HRT) with average rate of feeding was 67-82 kg-wet/day. The experiment resulted with average volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of 25.41 g/l enhanced from 18.04 g/l in predigestion and ultimately average biogas production increased to 16.23 m^{3/day from 6.76 m3/day. The efficiency of biogas production per unit feed processed was enhanced from 0.099 m3/kg-wet to 0.2 m3/kg-wet. The present study of waste to energy technology offers a promising decentralized alternative for organic solids/ food waste utilization for enhanced biogas production.}

4 tables, 37 ref

007527   Madison J A;Mortley D G;Egnin M;Bonsi C K; Hill W A (NO, , ) : Impact of storage methods and duration on sugar and starch content and ethanol yield of sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam]. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(1), 23-9.

Previous studies have shown that 'industrial' sweet potatoes can be an excellent feedstock for ethanol production as compared to corn, sorghum and other potential feedstocks. However, starch content can be affected by cultivars as well as storage conditions. Ideally, it is practical that sweet potato storage roots be processed for ethanol production as close to harvest as possible, but this may not always be the case and some amount of storage may be necessary. Delays before processing sweet potatoes may result in the accumulation of sucrose and reducing sugars at the expense of starch or may lead to the synthesis of toxic compounds such as the alkaloid ipomeamarone. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the impact of storage methods and duration on content and quality of starch, sugar, and ethanol production, and (ii) determine the most appropriate storage time that would not adversely affect ethanol yield. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a 5 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement and three replications. The treatments were five storage times (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 days), two storage methods (conventional, slurry), and two cultivars (DM0158, HyDry023). Samples from both the cultivars were removed at each of the five storage times and analyzed for dry matter, extractable starch, glucose, and ethanol production. There was a trend towards storage methods influencing ethanol yield and percentage extractable starch, but strongly impacted glucose levels, dry matter, and the weight of extractable starch. There was a significant interaction between cultivar and storage method for percent dry matter only, while storage time significantly influenced all of the variables examined. There were significant interactions between cultivar and storage time for percent dry matter, weight of extractable starch, and between storage type and time for percent dry matter only. There was also a significant three-way interaction among cultivar, storage type, and time for percent dry matter only. These results showed that storing roots as slurry, though having lower starch levels, was not detrimental to subsequent ethanol production and even enhanced production in the case of HyDry023. Further, it appeared that a 90-day storage was favorable as EtOH yield was negligible between 90-120 days.

007526   Lee Y C;Chou C J (Business Administration and Graduate School Service and Business Manag, Chihlee Univ of Technology, Taiwan, Email: c.james.chou@gmail.com) : Influence factor analysis of medical device manufacturing industry. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(12), 709-12.

The medical device manufacturing industry is an increasingly important pillar of Taiwan's economy. As a contribution towards explicitly understanding Taiwan's sustainable development, this study aimed to deploy both the focus group research method and the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method (the fuzzy DEMATEL method) for exploring critical influence factors, detecting their influential relationships, and investigating their influential intensity. We found that that manufacturing excellence and innovation competence are the two major critical influence dispatchers in the cause group, while service quality is the major critical influence receiver in the effect group. Moreover, operations and logistics management has very little strength of influence on other factors. The analysis results may potentially provide industrial practitioners and government policy makers with additional knowledge about how best to direct research and development in Taiwan's medical device manufacturing industry.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

007525   Lahiji F A S;Ziarati P;Jafarpour A (NO, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmacutical Sciences Branc, Tehran-Iran, Email: ziarati.p@iaups.ac.ir) : Potential of rice husk biosorption in reduction of heavy metals from Oryza sativa rice. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2231-7.

In Iran and some countries the major uses of agricultural waste are animal feed and as fuel in factories. In many cases, farmers attempted to burn these additional appearance materials which Leads to environmental pollution and in other hand reduce the fertility of the ground. To manage waste agricultural biomass and to convert it into a material resource this research was carried out. Two field experiments were carried out to evaluate rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in silt loam to which 50 Mg ha(-1) of rice husk were added as a control. The field experiment in Guilan province in the north of Iran was conducted to investigate the effect of dry rice husk on the bioavailability of heavy metals: Lead, Nickel and Cadmium in soil and their accumulation into rice plants and final rice grain product. Phytoavailability of Cd was most dramatically influenced by bio-sorbent addition. Rice husk addition in paddies 10 days before the transplanting rice stems significantly decreased Cd concentrations in rice grain (72.13 %). Following bio-sorption addition, lead and Nickel concentrations decreased by 59.53 % and 50.44% respectively and increase Potassium, Zinc, and copper in crop yield significantly( p= 0.03), which approve the effect of the uptake of some nutrients in the presence of rice husk. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential for dry rice husk to alleviate the phyto-accumulation of heavy and toxic metal (loid)s and to thereby reduce the toxicity and exposure associated with rice consumption.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007524   Kasimani R;Seenivasagan R;Munraji S; Balagrurnathan C;Sundar K (Biotechnology Dep, Kalasalingam Univ, Krishnankoil-626 126, Email: sundarkr@klu.ac.in) : Optimization of media by response surface methodology for the reduction of chromium by Bacillus sp.. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 689-99.

Sixteen chromium-resistant bacterial strains were isolated from tannery effluent collected from Dindigul and Walajabadh in the state of Tamilnadu, India. These isolates displayed different degrees of chromate reduction under aerobic conditions. One of the 16 isolates, which was resistant to 500 mg/L of potassium dichromate (Cr(VI)) was identified as Bacillus sp. The effectiveness of the bacterium in reducing Cr(VI) under different conditions were evaluated. Influences of various parameters like carbon (0.5 - 2.5 mg/ L), nitrogen (0.5 -2.5 mg/L), pH (5-9) and, time on chromium (VI) reduction were examined using response surface methodology. The interactions between the parameters were studied using Central Composite Design. The maximum percentage reduction of chromium (VI) was found to be 92.98%.

4 illus, 5 tables, 51 ref

007523   Kashyap R;Monika;Tripathi S (Biotechnology Dep, National Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) Univ, Jaipur-303 121, Email: radhika.biotech14@gmail.com) : Isolation and production of bacterial acidothermophilic and organic solvent tolerant xylanase. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 737-44.

Lignocellulosic biomass has the potential to replace fossil fuels as the ultimate source of energy which in turn will tone down the disastrous effect of green house gases and global warming. Lignocellulosic biomass especially non-edible plant material can provide fermentable sugars which further can be converted into various energy rich compounds. For many years xylanase is being used actively for the conversion of xylan, the most common hemicellulosic component of biomass into various bioproducts and fuels. However, xylanase which can give cost competitive sugars remains a challenge. Present study involved screening of a xylanase producing bacterial isolate from hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, the bacterial isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. R5-93. Upon characterization, crude xylanase by Bacillus sp. R5-93 was found to be cellulase free, acidothermophilic and organic solvent tolerant. Xylanase showed optimum activity at 50 oC and pH 5. Tolerance to organic solvents such as n-hexane, acetone, methanol, glycerol, isoamyl alcohol, diethyl ether and petroleum ether was also observed. Besides that, successful production of xylanase using agro-residues was done under submerged fermentation. These features make it a potential candidate for economic applicability in food, feed and biofuel industry.

6 illus, 39 ref

007522   Kale S K;Deshmukh A G (Nagarjun Medicinal Plants Garden, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishi Nagar, Akola-444 104, Email: swapnils_kale@rediffmail.com) : Decolourization azo dyes using culture filtrate of newly isolated Crinipellis sp. DK 3. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5691-6.

The present contribution deals with azo dyes decolourizing ability of Crinipellis spp. DK3 isolated front University campus of Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. Crude laccasefrom Crinipellis sp. DK3 produced in submerged culture condition was evaluted for dye decolourization. Crinipellis sp. DK3 and Pycnoporus sanguineus (MTCC-137) showed laccase activity of 21.34±1.04 U/ml and 14.82±0.64 U/ml respectively, while no laccase detected in P. chrysosporium (NCIM-1197). Phloroglucinol was proved to be the most efficient mediator in decolourization of congo red(96%) and methyl blue (82.89%). In acid red 27 decolourization, it was found that redox mediator not required for decolorization. nucleotide sequence of Crinipellis sp. DK3 was submitted to Gene bank under accession number JN900255.

2 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

007521   Jeevan Chandra S;Pallavi P;Ram Reddy S (Microbiology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal-506 009, Email: sjchandradeep@gmail.com) : Isolation, characterization and screening of alkaline protease producing alkaliphilic bacteria from the polluted habitats. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 765-70.

A large number of alkaliphilic bacteria producing alkaline protease were isolated from different habitats polluted with proteinaceous materials. After primary screening eight isolates SPD-9, PD34, AP-1, BP, LP-2, AT, SH2 and STLP were selected and characterized. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, all of them were identified as Bacillus species. Among the four reported media tested (M1213, M660, Horikoshi and Halophilic bacillus medium) M660 and Horikoshi medium supported maximum enzyme production. Among all strains LP2 showed maximum alkaline protease production followed by SH2 and PD34 strains.

1 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

007520   Jabir D M;Jabir M M (Faculty of Science, Alqadisya Univ, Iraq, Email: dhuhajabir@yahoo.com) : Study of biodegradation of paper wastes by using bacteria isolated from the soil. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 777-80.

Ten soil samples have been collected randomly from local agriculture soils in Diwaniya city then the dilution 10-5 celtured in nutrient agar after mixing with 1 g of paper wastes after 90 days incubation at 35ø C the resulted bacteria hydrolysis the paper and gave a zone of clearance about 13 -3 mm then the growing bacteria have been cultured alone on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)agar after incubation period and biochemical test there were three genus of bacteria recognized Pseudomonas florescence, E.coli and Bacillus subtillus. The study also observed that Pseudomonas florescence gave the highest diameter of zone of clearance 15 mm while E. coli gave the lowest zone of clearance, 5 mm.

3 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

007519   Gupta M;Singh S P;Pant D;Pankaj N K (Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, CVScGADVASU, Ludhiana) : Evaluation of spasmolytic activity of hydroethanolic extract of Eryhtrina variegata in isolated rat ileum and its phytochemical analysis. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 71-3.

The study was carried out to demonstrate the effect of hydroethanolic extract of Erythrina variegate leaves (HEVL) on the motility of isolated rat ileum and for phytochemical analysis of HEVL. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of HEVL was done and the smooth muscle activity of HEVL was evaluated by preincubating the tissue with extract for five minutes and then adding standard spasmogenic agents (Acetyl choline and Carbachol), for depicting the spasmolytic effect of HEVL. Phytochemical analysis of HEVL revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, sterols, saponins and terpenes. The present study also demonstrated the antispasmodic activity of HEVL (100-1200 μg/ml) on isolated rat ileum.

4 illus, 7 ref

007518   Gholizadeh E;Ziarati P (NO, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branc, Tehran-Iran, Email: ziarati.p@iaups.ac.ir) : Remediation of contaminated rice farmlands soil and Oryza sativa rice product by apple pomace as adsorbent. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2245-53.

To manage waste agricultural and food industries biomass and to convert it into a material resource this research was carried out. The current study deals with the utilization of Apple pomace as agricultural and food waste materials as bio-sorbents for removal of toxic heavy metal ions: Nickel, Cadmium and Lead from studied Oryza Sativa rice cultivated in Babol paddies' rice in Mazandaran province in the north of Iran. Fresh experimental Apple Pomace samples were collected from several main factories (such as Sanich) in Tehran county and Saveh city, Iran. Nickel, Lead and Cadmium concentrations in treated rice by Apple Pomace and conventional rice products were determined by wet digestion method and samples were analyzed according to standardized international protocols by wet digestion method and Flame Emission Spectrophotometer. The content of Ni, Pb, and Cd in the samples were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Student's t-test (P<60>0.0). Our data revealed that mean Pb concentration in studied paddies which treated by AP significantely decreased (p = 0.005). The mean level of lead ( mg/kg DW) for all studied rice samples in studied paddies without treatment was 2.7171 ± 0.011( mg/kg DW± SE) but for studied smples from paddies by AP which treated 10 days before the transplanting rice stems decreased to 0.0101 ± 0.001(mg/kg DW± SE).

4 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

007517   Ghoghare D S;Chimote V P;Pawar B D;Kale A A; Raghuwanshi K S;Jadhav A S (NO, State Level Biotechnology Centre, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, Email: vivekchimote@rediffmail.com) : In vitro selection for Fusarium wilt tolerance in pomegranate by screening against fusaric acid. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5621-7.

Fusarium wilt of pomegranate causes severe losses in established orchards with disease going undetected at early stages. The objective of this study is to standardize in vitro screening protocol for Fusarium wilt tolerance in pomegranate using seedlings and detached leaves for identification of Fusarium wilt tolerant pomegranate genotypes. In the current investigation four different levels of fusaric acid were attempted in pomegranate to identify critical levels for toxin bioassay. In 10 ppm treatment genotype specific responses were observed in seedlings of 16 genotypes assayed. In vitro assayed seedlings produced symptoms similar to Fusarium wilt infection. Kabul and Code-429 exhibited resistance on in vitro seedling assay, while nine varieties exhibited complete susceptibility. In detached leaf assay of 58 genotypes, highest tolerance was recorded in Kabul Yellow, Shirin Anar and Nana genotypes, followed by Daru, Kabul and S-l (Soft). On 24th day of assay complete wilting was observed in forty two genotypes. No pomegranate genotype was immune to Fusarium wilt disease. In vitro screening will enable in identification of wilt resistant pomegranate genotypes.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

007516   Gaur I;Sharma P D;Paul P K (Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, J3 Block, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity Univ Campus, Sector 125, Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar-201 303, Email: indugaur03@gmail.com) : Human pathogenic bacteria associated with field grown tomato and radish. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 755-63.

Organic farming employs the use of farm animal dung based manure, leading to colonization of edible plant parts with human pathogenic bacteria. The reports on human pathogen colonization of organically grown fruits/vegetables are very limited in Indian context. The present study was envisaged for the identification and characterization of such bacteria colonizing organically grown radish and tomato leaves and fruits. The samples were collected in September and January, 2015 from organic agriculture fields in Uttar Pradesh, India. Bacteria from root, fruit and leaf surface of samples were isolated using selective media by standard methods. Based on morphologies and biochemical characterization, 12 bacterial isolates were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing which revealed the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratiafonticola, Enterobacter ludwigii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Chryseobacterium jejuense on the root and leaf surface of radish and tomato. Colonization and growth pattern for identified bacteria suggested their adaptability to the phyllosphere. The bacteria were tested for their sensitivity to selected antibiotics and were found to be resistant to many of them. Since the identified bacteria are known human pathogens, their presence on edible plant parts poses potential risk to consumers health and may lead to outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases.

4 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

007515   Garud A;Bhadkariya S;Garud N (School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh) : Design and characterization of floating tablets of metronidazole. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2017, 18(1), 33-40.

The purpose of the present study is to formulate and develop tablets dosage form containing metronidazole which has floating properties as a gastroretentive controlled-release drug delivery system to improve drug bioavailability. Different formulations of effervescence-forming floating systems were designed using HPMC K15M and Carbopol 934 as polymers and sodium bicarbonate and citric acid as gas-forming agents at different compositions. The micromeritic properties of the powder blend were studied. The prepared tablets were found to exhibit satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics, floating behaviour, swelling ability and drug dissolution studies which were carried out using 0.1M HC1 at 37øC for 8 hours. The tablets were successfully prepared and showed sustained release of drug for eight hours. Thus the developed drug delivery system could provide an effective treatment in peptic ulcer disease.

3 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

007514   Fitriyanto N A;Yani F N;Erwanto Y;Triatmojo S;Pertiwiningrum A (Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, JI. Fauna No. 3 IJ. Kampur, UGM Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta (55281), Indonesia, Email: nanungagusfitriyanto@ugm.ac.id) : Ability of nitrate removal and growth behaviors of isolated bacteria from dairy farm in Indonesia. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 555-61.

Dairy farm and other livestock industry usually generate odour by animals. It possibly cause environmental problems such as ammonia emission in high concentration which can reduce productivity of dairy cows and other animals as well as endanger the health of person who are living inside the farm or community and those who are living nearby livestock industry. The transformation of volatile ammonia to non-volatile form are a primary biological treatment process comprising of nitrification and denitrification processes. The aim of this research was to isolate bacteria which have the ability in reducing nitrate through denitrification process from the dairy farm in the tropical area. Bacteria strains were screened from the soil and observation of the potential of these strains in reducing nitrate was performed. This research was first conducted in isolation of bacteria which has the ability in reducing nitrate. Four bacteria which able to reduce nitrate were successfully isolated from the soil sample. Strain SP1 which was isolated from the soil at the dairy farm of Faculty of Animal Science UGM has the ability for better growth in liquid and solid medium with the addition of nitrate in high concentration. The colony diameter of Strain SP1 growing at different concentration of nitrate 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5 and 10% were observed 0.876; 0.793; 0.952; 0492 and 0.015 cm respectively. All strains have optimal ability to reduce nitrate in the liquid medium. Based on the observation of nitrate reduction in the liquid medium, Strain SP1 reduced 63.48%, Strain SP3 reduced 63.38%, Strain SP4 reduced 62.47% and Strain SP2 has reduced 62.03%. Some physiological characteristics of four denitrification strains are investigated as follow: Strain SP2 and SP4 could produce catalase enzyme while SP1 and SP3 could not produce the same enzyme. Strain SP1, SP2, and SP3 were observed as Gram-negative bacteria while SP4 was Gram-positive. Strain SP1 and SP3 have coccus shape while SP2 and SP4 are observed as Bacillus shape. The conclusion of this research was that isolated bacteria from the soil around the dairy farm have ability to reduce nitrate and have a better growth at 7.5% nitrate containing medium.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

007513   Elizabeth T A;Julius K O;Ekaette N D;Bora Sudipta S;Das S;Barooah M (Biotechnology Dep, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Lagos Nigeria, PMB-21023, Ikeja, Email: m17barooah@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of different substrates on lignolytic enzyme production in improved strains of wood ear mushroom (Auricularia species). J scient ind Res 2016, 75(12), 740-6.

Commercial cultivation of Wood Ear mushrooms (Genus: Auricularia) has not been successful in Nigeria, due to lack of improved strains. Our initial study indicated that this mushroom can be artificially cultivated on different agro-forestry wastes. These waste are utilized through secretion of oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme complexes by the mushrooms. Therefore, strains with increased ability to produce these enzymes and utilize the substrates are desired. Two strains, Auricularia polytricha (strain EW1) and Auricularia subglabra (strain EW2) collected from wilds of Nigeria were mutated by UV- light exposure. Mutant strains were generated from each wild (EW1M1, EW1M2, EW2M1 and EW2M2) types. The ability of these strains to produce hydrolytic enzymes such as xylanases, cellulases and lignin peroxidase was investigated on different carbon sources viz., maltose, xylose, starch, oat, sawdust, paddy straw, rice grain and wheat bran. Mutant EW2M2 produced the highest amount of cellulases with maltose as substrate (0.444 Uml^{-1). The highest xylanase activity was exhibited by mutant (EW2M2) with xylose as the substrate (2.615 Uml-1). Mutant EW2M2 exhibited the highest lignin peroxidase activity (1.49 Uml-1) in presence of maltose. Efficient degradation of other agro-industrial wastes also demonstrated that the strains have the ability to utilize complex carbon sources as substrates. This study reports an improved performance of the mutants (EW1M2) and (EW2M2) strains of Auricularia species in oxidative/hydrolytic enzyme production over the wild types.}

4 illus, 30 ref

007512   El Bashiti T A;Elkhair E A;Draz W S A (Biology & Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Univ, Gaza) : Antibacterial and synergistic potential of some Palestinian plant extract against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J med Pl Stud 2017, 5(2), 54-65.

The present study was designed to screen in vitro antibacterial and synergistic activity of Allium sativum, Ecballium elaterium, Pelargonium graveolens, Rosmarinus officinalis, Phagnalon rupestre & Ruta graveolens plants against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The active compounds were extracted from the dried aerial parts of plants with aqueous, 80% ethanol and methanol solvents by using Soxhlet extractor, and essential oils (EOs) which extracted from the fresh aerial parts of plant by using steam distillation. All extracts were screened for their antibacterial activity and synergistic effect in combination with known antimicrobial agents by using the disk diffusion method. The results revealed that, the average diameter of inhibition zones that resulted from the effect of plant extracts against the tested bacteria ranged from 8.33 to 12.66 mm, 10.66 to 13.33mm, 8.33 to 14.66 mm and 8.33 to 12.66 mm for aqueous, ethanol, methanol & EOs extracts, respectively. The extracts that showed antibacterial activity were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrations assay; a micro-broth dilution assay was performed on 96-well plates using 2, 3, 5-Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) as an indicator for bacterial growth. The average minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranged from 12.5 to 25 mg/ml, 1.562 to 25 mg/ml, 1.562 to 25 mg/ml & 25to 50 μl/ml for aqueous, ethanol, methanol & EOs extracts, respectively. While minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) values ranged from 50 to <62> 200 mg/ml, 100 to <62> 200 mg/ml, 25 to 200 mg/ml & 100 to <62> 200 μl/ml for aqueous, ethanol, methanol & EOs extracts, respectively. Synergistic activity of the plant extracts EOs when combined with antibiotics had different degree of synergism against S. aureus. The results indicated that the possibility of concurrent use of these antimicrobial drugs and plant extracts in combination in treating infectious diseases caused by MDR S. aureus.

15 illus, 16 tables, 62 ref

007511   Edem U B;Okorie O;Edeh I;Kuye A (NO, , ) : Drying and particle size characteristics of danta (Nesogordonia papavereria) and hard cross (Vitex doniana) wood sawdusts at different temperatures. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(1), 30-8.

The drying and particle size characterization of Danta (Nesogordonia papavereria) and Hard Cross (Vitex doniana) hardwood sawdusts were investigated at temperatures 80 °C, 90 °C and 105. The experimental drying data were modeled using eighteen existing drying models. The results showed that the modified Henderson and Pabis model offered the best fit to the drying curves of Danta and Hard Cross sawdusts. The experimental data obtained from the particle size distribution of both the samples were fitted into two most commonly used mathematical models-Rosin-Rammler (RR) and Gates-Gaudin-Schuhmann (GGS) models. The values of the correlation coefficients obtained from fitting the experimental data into those models, showed that RR models gave a better description of the experimental data as compared to GGS model. Furthermore, the results of the particle size distribution analyses revealed that an average value of 94% of Danta and 72% of Hard Cross particles was less than 1 mm in size. Therefore, both Danta and Hard Cross sawdust needs no further grinding for bio-oil production.

007510   Durga N;Venkateswara Rao K;Chakra C S;Dayakar T;Rambabu N J (NO, , ) : Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle using leaves of Lawsonia inermis:Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant activity. J Nanosci Nanoengng Applic 2016, 6(1), 11-23.

Nanotechnology is one of the fastest developing sciences over the past few years. This is an emerging field of modern research dealing with synthesis and designing of particle structure ranging from approximately 1-100 nm. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known for their tremendous applications in the field of therapeutics and diagnosis. In the present study, we have confirmed that the antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant activity of biosynthesized AgNPs which were synthesized by using the aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis (Henna or Mehandi). The size and morphology of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was monitored by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The leaves were found to be a reducing agent as well as a stabilizing agent. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was estimated by disc diffusion method, antioxidant activity of AgNPs was determined by DPPH and reducing power assay. This nanoparticle has shown balancing and inhibiting the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation scavenging free radicals. From the results, it was found that the biologically synthesized AgNPs have higher antifungal than antibacterial and also to have higher antioxidant activity.

007509   Christophe M;Herve T F S;Perfusion A A; Blanche M M G;Paul T (Biological Sciences Dep, Higher Teachers Training College, Univ of Yaounde I, P.O. Box047, Yaounde, Cameroon) : Analgesic and non-ulcerogenic activities of the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Eremomastax speciosa Hochst (Acanthaceae) in mice. J med Pl Stud 2017, 5(2), 6-10.

To avoid the adverse effects (ulcerogenic activity for exemple) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) while curing pain, some people use medicinal plants. This study investigated the analgesic and non-ulcerogenic activities of the aqueous extract of dried ground aerial parts of Eremomastax speciosa Hochst (Acanthaceae) in mice. The analgesic action was assayed in two experimental models: acetic acid and formalin; and the non-ulcerogenic activity by the observation of the gastric mucosa five hours after administration of different treatments. The aqueous extract of Eremomastax speciosa dose-dependently reduced the number of abdominal contractions induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, with inhibition percentages of 12.13%, 44.74% and 91.40% respectively for doses 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg (p<60>0.01) and 400mg/kg (p<60>0.001). During the second phase of the pain induced by formalin, the aqueous extract of Eremomastax speciosa significantly decreased (p<60>0.001) the time of licking and lifting of the leg, with inhibition percentages of 71.08%, 73.26% and 84.61% respectively for doses 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. Unlike indomethacin, the aqueous extract of Eremomastax speciosa did not cause gastric ulcer, but at doses 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg it have induced an increase (p<60>0.001) in mucus secretion, with percentages of 65.10% and 65.51% respectively compared to positive control. These results show that aqueous extract of Eremomastax speciosa would possess analgesic and non-ulcerogenic properties.

2 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

007508   Choudhary S K;Gautam R K;Singh D (Pharmacology Dep, Jaipur College of Pharmacy, Sitapura, Jaipur-302 022) : Evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves by in-vitro models. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2017, 18(1), 27-32.

The present investigation is carried out to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves (BPEE) by two in-vitro models i. e. inhibition of protein denaturation and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization. The standard drug was diclofenac sodium. The results of both models showed concentration dependent inhibition of protein (egg albumin) denaturation as, well as stabilization towards HRBC membrane. On the basis of present findings, it can be concluded that BPEE showed anti-arthritic activity due to presence of phytocompounds such as ilavonoids, tannins, alkaloids etc.

2 tables, 10 ref

007507   Chakraborty J S;Jeeva V;Singh S;Ram N (Forest Ecology & Environment Div, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun) : Termites as ecosystem engineers: A closer review on global vs. Indian perspective. e-J appl For Ecol 2016, 4(2), 60.

Termites have been recognized as important 'ecosystem engineers' which directly or indirectly modulate habitat and resource availability for other organisms and thereby play irreplaceable role in ecosystem processes. Hence, holistic view on their occurrence, activities and interactions is essential for understanding the complexity of ecosystems. The present article thoroughly reviews global as well as Indian perspective on till date research related to termites' i) occurrence, abundance and species assemblage, ii) decomposition of organic materials through feeding and symbiotic interactions as well as role in carbon exchange and nutrient cycling, iii) contribution as pests, iv) modification of soil and hydraulic characteristics through foraging and nesting habits, v) influence on vegetation characteristics and vi) community interactions and role in modification of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Important research gaps in India have been identified through the present review and it can therefore be concluded that ecological understanding of termite activity in India is far from complete. This suffices justification to reckon ecological significance of termite activity more seriously in the conservation and management programs for various termite dominated ecosystems in India.

007506   Bussaman P;Rattanasena P (Biocontro Research Unit, Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham Univ, MahaSarakham 44150, Thailand, Email: paweenajay@hotmail.com) : Additional property of Xenorhabdus stockiae for inhibiting cow mastitis-causing bacteria. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 1871-8.

Xenorhabdus bacteria isolated from entomopathogenic nematodes have been found to produce several antimicrobial agents for inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. In this study, X. stockiae strains PB09, SS7 and UV58 (UV-mutant of PB09) were evaluated for antibacterial activities against cow mastitis-causing isolates of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The paper disc diffusion showed that cell-free supernatants of all X. stockiae strains cultivated for 48, 72 and 96 h had anti-mastitis activities, but 72- and 96-h supernatants were more effective and tended to inhibit gram-positive bacteria. The maximal activities were found when X. stockiae PB09 were evaluated against S. agalactiae (12.00±2.16 mm), X. stockiae SS7 and X. stockiae UV58 against S. aureus (11.75±1.71 mm and 12.50±0.58 mm, respectively). The overlay assay also showed that X. stockiae colonies were more likely to inhibit gram-positive bacteria. Also, live X. stockiae UV58 colonies were more effective than X. stockiae PB09 and X. stockiae SS7 colonies for suppressing S. intermedius, S. agalactiae and E. coli (31.33±1.53, 22.67±1.53, 18.33±0.58 mm, respectively). This study may suggest that X. stockiae can be used for future effective suppression of mastitis infection in dairy cows.

4 tables, 26 ref

007505   Boumehira A Z;Malek R A;Othman N Z;Ware I; Ramli S;Malek K;Hacene H;El-Enshasy H A (Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico Chim, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria, Email: henshasy@ibd.utm.my) : Bioprocess development for β- and γ-rubromycin production: A human telomerase inhibitors, by Streptomyces sp. ADRI. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(10), 609-14.

Rubromycins are important group of antibiotic produced by actinomycetes. For many years this telomerase inhibitor anticancer bioactive compound was mainly produced by either microbes belongs to actinomycetes or by mean of chemical synthesis. In this work, we used a new thermotolerant rubromycins producer strain (Streptomyces sp. ADR1) isolated from Algerian desert. This strain was able to produce a mixture of rubromycins (á and γ), at relatively high concentrations. At first, the most suitable medium composition for production process was selected through screening of different medium used for secondary metabolites production by actinomycetes followed by complete studies on growth and production kinetics in shake flask level. At this stage, the maximal rubromycins production were 24.58 mg/L and 356 mg/L, for á-rubromycins and γ-rubromycins, respectively. After this step, cultivations were conducted in 16-L stirred tank bioreactor for further study the industrial potential of this process. The results showed that transferring the process from shake flask to bioreactor level and cultivation under non-oxygen limitation increased the volumetric production up to 27.41 mg/L,and 580.35 mg/L for á-rubromycins and γ-rubromycins, respectively.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

007504   Biswas S C;Dutta N B;Sarmah H (NO, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, Email: duttanb@gmail.com) : Evaluation of phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant activity of seeds of samkathal (Artocarpus chaplasa). Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 635-40.

The present investigation deals with the phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant activity of the seeds of samkathal (Artocarpus chaplasa). Phytochemistry of the seeds of the fruits revealed the presence of total phenol, flavanoids and alkaloids that contribute to its high antioxidant activity which was evident from 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging activity. The nutritional profiling of the seeds of the fruit indicates that it is a good source of carbohydrate and protein with an average of crude fibre content. The study explains that the seeds of the A. chaplasa was a good source of nutritional and antioxidant components which may be utilized as nutraceutical food with high nutrition and therapeutic benefits.

5 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

007503   Bishnoi N;Jakhar K K;Nehra V;Tewari A (Veterinary Pathology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and, Hisar-125 004, Email: 29sunil555@gmail.com) : Studies of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of chlorpyrifos induced toxicity in broiler chicken. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 43-6.

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of Ashwgandha (Withania somnifera) supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of chlorpyrifos (CPF) induced toxicity in broiler chicken. Seventy five broiler chicks were divided into three groups (group A, B and C) of 25 chicks each. All the birds of group A were used as control. The birds of groups B and C were given 1/5th of maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of CPF orally through drops. Birds of group C were supplemented with dried Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder @ 0.2 per cent of feed throughout the experiment. Blood samples were collected from 5 birds of each group on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post-treatment with CPF for studies on biochemical parameters, acetylcholine esterase activity and oxidative stress parameters. Serum mean total protein and albumin concentrations in all the groups revealed no significant difference whereas increased levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities and a decrease in mean acetylcholine esterase activity in whole blood, plasma and red blood cells and mean superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase values were reported in the group which received CPF treatment (B) as compared to control group (A). Whereas in group C it was observed that there was a significant decrease in values of ALT, CPK and acetylcholine esterase activity in whole blood and a significant increase in the values of SOD and catalase in comparison to group B indicating the hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective and antioxidant properties of Withania somnifera on CPF toxicity.

48 ref

007502   Banu N;Nancy Immaculate Mary R (Biotechnology Dep, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Avanced Studies, Chennai, Email: nancyimmaculatemary@gmail.com) : Review on anti quorum sensing activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using plants extracts. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 663-71.

Plant research has profited a lot of momentum in the medical field for the discovery of new, safe, and effective remedies. In the context of antimicrobial research, various plant sources have been discovered with the potential to disrupt bacterial quorum sensing (QS), which plays a key role in the regulation of virulence in many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram negative bacterium, is known to produce multiple QS systems that control the expression of virulence determinants and biofilm development in this pathogen. Hence, the inhibition of QS has been pursued as a promising therapy for the treatment of drug resistant Pseudomonas infections. A comprehensive review of the research data available for plant products as QS inhibitors of the organism has been presented here, while further suggesting the future prospects for these inhibitors.

1 illus, 1 table, 62 ref

007501   Balakrishnan K V;Mahdii B A;Mahdi S A; Abdullah B M;Hairunisa N;Huri H Z;Ibrahim A E;Yousif E A (Clinical Inversigation Centre, University Malaya Medical Centre, 13th Floor Main Tower, Lembah Pantai-59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: emadayousif@gmail.com) : Stable transfection study for cloning and expression of HIV-1 nef protein in hek 293 cells. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 176-89.

Human immunodeficiency virus continues to be a major global populace health issue, there were approximately 34 million people living with HIV in 2011. However, the development of anti -viral has blunted the AIDS epidemic in the Western world but globally the epidemic has not been curtailed. Nef is one of these accessory genes that are only present within HIV and SIV genome and thought to play a in the progression to AIDS. The given its central purpose in HIV Pathogenesis, Nef considered as a potential anti-viral target for preventing or at least delaying Pathogenesis. The biologically active 27 kDa myristoylated Nef protein expressed from HEK 293 is a protein model to be used for significantly specific antibody production to lower the pathogenicity of HIV infection. Cultivated HEK 293 was transfected by 4ug/cubic centimetre of successful clone of pQBI-Nef-6His by stable transfection selected in 0.7 mg/cc of G418 antibiotic. It display that targeted 27 kDa HIV-1 Nef was not successfully expressed in HEK 293 cells either in stable transfection when transfected. However, non-targeted HIV-1 Nef was detected in western blot by anti-Nef (anti manufactured by Thermo scientific. It suggesting that, the Nef protein that was detected not identically synthesis through post-translation modification though it was expressed in the cytoplasm of HEK 293 cells. The ability of not expressing the targeted myristoylated 27 kDa nef protein was to various unpreventable factors due to time limitation and lacking of skills in the filed cloning and cell culture.

16 illus, 25 ref

007500   Ataikiru H;Okieimen F E (NO, College of Education, Warri, Nigeria, Email: ataikiru@yahoo.com) : Uptake of PB, CR, MN and ZN by vegetables found growing in the vicinity of ESISI open dumpsite in WARRI. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 597-603.

This study is to ascertain the potential public health hazard presented by the heavy metals in the vicinity of Esisi open dumpsite. Two test plant samples, pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis), and cocoyam (Colocasia esculentus) were collected from the vicinity of Esisi dumpsite, background plant samples were sought and collected 2km away from the open dumpsite. The solutions of the plant samples were prepared. Buck scientific standard solutions were used to calibrate the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The detection limits for the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Buck scientific VGP 210 model) were Pb = 0.08 mg/kg, Cr = 0.04 mg/kg, Zn = 0.005 mg/kg and Mn = 0.07 mg/kg. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Mn and Zn in the plant samples were determined using a pre-calibrated atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) with an air-acetylene flame for Zinc and a graphite furnace for lead. The background samples were also determined using AAS. The analyses were carried out in triplicates. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the plants samples were expressed in mg/kg plant dry weight (dw). The roots of the plants had the highest concentrations of the heavy metals. All the tissues uptake of the heavy metals in the pumpkin and cocoyam are higher than background samples values. Hazard quotient profile of the heavy metals in the food plants showed possibility of ecological risk or concern.

4 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

007499   Arunkumar S;R Prakash Krupakaran;Perumal P (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, TANUVAS-Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Thanjavur-614 625, Email: perumalponraj@gmail.com) : Assessment of gelatinases activity in cystic fluid of Coenurus gaigeri of goat origin using gelatin zymography. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5583-6.

Coenurus gaigeri cysts (a larval stage of Taenia gaigeri) were collected from goats slaughtered at local abattoir and was washed thoroughly with PBS (pH 7.4). The cyst fluid was aspirated, centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4øC and the supernatants were used for further study. On gelatin zymographic analysis, the prominent bands at 220 kDa MMP-9, 135 kDa MMP-9, 92 kDa MMP-9,72 kDa MMP-2 and 40 kDa MMP-2 were observed in the cystic fluid of Coenurus gaigeri. Among the five bands, 92 kDa MMP-9 band was showing the greatest gelatinolytic activity. The 72 kDa MMP-2 band was also very prominent in cystic fluid of Coenurus gaigeri and found along with its active forms (62 kDa) as doublets. The relative amount of 92 kDa MMP-9 band was found to be four times greater than that of 72 kDa MMP-2.

1 illus, 19 ref

007498   Anuradha Kumari;Prasad A (Microbiology Dep, Ranchi Veterinary College, Birsa Agricultural Univ, Kanke-834 006, Email: lordshiva.lordshiva1@gmail.com) : Dot-ELISA standardization with seroprevalence study in Ranchi for infectious bronchitis in poultry". Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 5-7.

In the present study, dot-ELISA was standardized with Georgia Infectious Bronchitis (IB) antigen to know the seroprevalence of infectious bronchitis in poultry in Ranchi. A total of 92 poultry samples were collected from different places of Ranchi during the year 2014-15. Results revealed that the overall seroprevalence was 65.22% with 67.44% and 66.67% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Infectious bronchitis positive antibodies vary between the ranges of 20% to 100% in different places of Ranchi, by dot-ELISA. As per available literature dot-ELISA based seroprevalence of IB has not been reported by any worker from Ranchi, Jharkhand. Therefore, it seems to be the first report from this area by dot-ELISA.

1 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref