044870   LIU P-C, HAO D-J, HU H-Y, WEI J-R, WU F, SHEN J, XU S-J, XIE Q-Y (Anhui Normal Univ, China, Email: liu86830790@icloud.com) : Effect of winning experience on aggression involving dangerous fighting behavior in Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa038.

Aggressive behavior is widely observed in animal species for acquiring important resources and usually includes both dangerous and nondangerous fighting patterns. Only a few species show dangerous fighting patterns that are defined by fights ending with contestants being severely injured or killed. Prior experience, an important factor in many species, has been demonstrated to affect a contestant’s subsequent fighting behavior. Few studies have focused on the effect of experience on aggression involving dangerous fighting patterns. Here, an egg parasitoid wasp, Anastatus disparis, which shows extreme and dangerous fighting behavior to acquire mating opportunities, was used as an experimental model. Our results showed that the fighting intensity of the winning males significantly decreased subsequent fighting behavior, which was inconsistent with general predictions. Transcriptomic analyses showed that many genes related to energy metabolism were downregulated in winners, and winners increased their fighting intensity after dietary supplementation. Our study suggested that fighting in A. disparis is a tremendous drain on energy. Thus, although males won at combat, significant reductions in available energy constrained the intensity of subsequent fights and influenced strategic decisions. In addition, winners might improve their fighting skills and abilities from previous contests, and their fighting intensity after dietary supplementation was significantly higher than that of males without any fighting experience. Generally, in A. disparis, although winners increased their fighting ability with previous experience, the available energy in winners was likely to be a crucial factor affecting the intensity and strategic decisions in subsequent fights.

3 illus, 2 tables, 71 ref

044869   PEACH D A H, MATTHEWS B J (Zoology Dep, British Columbia Univ, Canada, Email: dan@danpeach.net) : Modeling the putative ancient distribution of Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa035.

The coastal rock pool mosquito, Aedes (Tanakius) togoi (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), is found in coastal east Asia in climates ranging from subtropical to subarctic. However, a disjunct population in the Pacific Northwest of North America has an ambiguous heritage. Two potential models explain the presence of Ae. togoi in North America: ancient Beringian dispersal or modern anthropogenic introduction. Genetic studies have thus far proved inconclusive. Here we described the putative ancient distribution of Ae. togoi habitat in east Asia and examined the climatic feasibility of a Beringian introduction into North America using modern distribution records and ecological niche modeling of bioclimatic data from the last interglacial period (~120,000 BP), the last glacial maximum (~21,000 BP), and the mid-Holocene (~6000 BP). Our results suggest that suitable climatic conditions existed for Ae. togoi to arrive in North America through natural dispersal as well as to persist there until present times. Furthermore, we find that ancient distributions of suitable Ae. togoi habitat in east Asia may explain the genetic relationships between Ae. togoi populations identified in other studies. These findings indicate the utility of ecological niche modeling as a complementary tool for studying insect phylogeography

10 illus, 4 tables, 71 ref

044868   CASTILLO A, ROJAS J C (Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Chiapas- 307 00, México, Email: acastill@ecosur.mx ) : Color preference of three parasitoids imported to the Americas for the biological control of the coffee berry borer (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa031.

The African parasitoids Cephalonomia stephanoderis Waterston (Bethylidae: Hymenoptera), Prorops nasuta Betrem (Bethylidae: Hymenoptera), and Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) are biological control agents of the coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In this study, we investigated in laboratory the female behavioral responses of these parasitoids to 14 different wavelengths (340–670 nm) against a control (570 nm, yellow). When nonchooser females were included in the analysis, none parasitoids species showed a preference between 340, 350, 370, 460, 490, 520, 540, 590, 640, and 650 nm with respect to the control wavelength. In contrast, the three species of parasitoids were more attracted to wavelengths of 380, 400, and 420 nm than the control wavelength. Phymastichus coffea and P. nasuta were more attracted to the wavelength of 400 and 420 nm compared to C. stephanoderis. At 380 nm, P. coffea and C. stephanoderis wasps showed the higher responses in comparison to P. nasuta females. When nonchooser wasps were excluded from the analysis, we observed other differences among the parasitoid species. For instance, P. coffea were more attracted to 490–540 nm than to 570 nm, whereas the bethylids did not discriminate between 490–540 nm or 570 nm. Our results are discussed in relation to possible implications associated with the vision of these parasitoid species.

4 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

044867   CHU J, JIANG D-L, YAN M-W, LI Y-J, WANG J, WU F-A, SHENG S (Jiangsu Univ of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang- 212 018, PR China, Email: parasitoids@163.com) : Identifications, characteristics, and expression patterns of small heat shock protein genes in a major mulberry pest, Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa029.

Six candidate sHSP genes were identified from the Glyphodes pyloalis transcriptome. All sHSP genes included full-length open reading frames and shared high similarity with the sequences of other lepidopteran species. These sHSP genes encoded 175–191 amino acid residues, and the predicted proteins had a molecular weight from 19.5 to 21.8 kDa. All GpsHSPs were expressed at lower levels at larval stages. All GpsHSPs were expressed at higher levels at diapaused, prepupal, or pupal stages, suggesting that sHSPs may be involved in metamorphosis in G. pyloalis. In addition to the developmental stage, extreme temperatures can induce variations in the expression of sHSPs genes. All GpsHSPs were significantly upregulated in larvae following exposure to heat shock, except GpHSP21.4 which downregulated at 4 h following exposure to the cold shock treatment. Furthermore, Starvation influenced the expression patterns of GpsHSPs as a function of the duration of food deprivation. Four GpsHSPs increased their expression with time of starvation until reaching to the peak level at 6 d of starvation. Finally, parasitism by the endoparasitoid Aulacocentrum confusum He et van Achterberg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)-induced fluctuations in the expression of all GpsHSPs, and the expression varied with time after parasitization. Our results from this study strongly suggest functional differentiation within the sHSPs subfamily in G. pyloalis. The present study would provide further insight into the roles of sHSPs in G. pyloalis and novel avenues for promoting integrated management of this pest.

6 illus, 1 table, 59 ref

044866   LIU Y-Y, ZHOU Z-C, CHEN X-C (Guizhou Univ, Guiyang- 550 025, China, Email: chenxs3218@163.com) : Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Epicauta impressicornis (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and its phylogenetic implications for the infraorder cucujiformia. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa021.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Epicauta impressicornis Pic (Coleoptera: Meloidae) was determined. The circular genome is 15,713-bp long, and encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a control region (CR). The 13 PCGs start with the typical ATN codon and terminate with the typical stop codon TAA (ND2, ND4L, ND6, ATP6, ATP8, and CYTB), TAG (ND1 and ND3), and T- (COX1, COX2, COX3, ND4, and ND5). The two rRNA genes (rrn12S and rrn16S) are encoded on the minority strand. All tRNAs genes except trnS1 (AGN) are predicted to fold into the typical cloverleaf structure. The longest overlap (10 bp) is observed between ATP8 and ATP6. CR mainly harbors a conserved poly-T stretch (15 bp), a short repeat unit (17 bp), some universal microsatellite-like repeats, and a canonical poly-A tail. Phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inferences and maximum likelihood based on nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences of the 13 PCGs showed that E. impressicornis is closely related to E. chinensis, this relationship is and supported within Cucujiformia belonging to Meloidae (Tenebrionoidea). Our results further confirmed the monophyly of Tenebrionoidea, Lymexyloidea, Curculionoidea, Chrysomeloidea, Cucujoidea, Coccinelloidea, and Cleroidea within Cucujiformia, and revealed the sister relationships of (Cleroidea + Coccinelloidea), (Lymexyloidea + Tenebrionoidea), and ((Chrysomeloidea + Cucujoidea) + Curculionoidea). We believe that the complete mitogenome of E. impressicornis will contribute to further studies on molecular bases for the classification and phylogeny of Meloidae or even Cucujiformia.

5 illus, 1 table, 65 ref

044865   CHANG T, GUO M, ZHANG W, NIU J, WANG J-J (Southwest Univ, Chongqing- 400 715, China, Email: wangjinjun@swu.edu.cn) : First report of a mesonivirus and its derived small rnas in an aphid species Aphis citricidus (Hemiptera: Aphididae), implying viral infection activity. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa022.

We report a new positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ss RNA+) virus from the brown citrus aphid Aphis citricidus. The 20,300 nucleotide (nt)-long viral genome contains five open-reading frames and encodes six conserved domains (TM2, 3CLpro, TM3, RdRp, Zm, and HEL1). Phylogenetic analysis and amino acid sequence analysis revealed this virus might belong to an unassigned genus in the family Mesoniviridae. The presence of the virus was also confirmed in the field population. Importantly, analysis of the virus-derived small RNAs showed a 22-nt peak, implying that viral infection triggers the small interfering RNA pathway as antiviral immunity in aphids. This is the first report of a mesonivirus in invertebrates other than mosquitoes.

1 illus, 18 ref

044864   GOLDSON S L, BARKER G M, CHAPMAN H M, POPAY A J, STEWART A V, CARADUS J R, BARRATT B I P (AgResearch, Christchurch- 8140, New Zealand, Email: stephen.goldson@agresearch.co.nz) : Severe insect pest impacts on New Zealand pasture: The plight of an ecological outlier. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa018.

New Zealand’s intensive pastures, comprised almost entirely introduced Lolium L. and Trifolium L. species, are arguably the most productive grazing-lands in the world. However, these areas are vulnerable to destructive invasive pest species. Of these, three of the most damaging pests are weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that have relatively recently been controlled by three different introduced parasitoids, all belonging to the genus Microctonus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Arguably that these introduced parasitoids have been highly effective is probably because they, like many of the exotic pest species, have benefited from enemy release. Parasitism has been so intense that, very unusually, one of the weevils has now evolved resistance to its parthenogenetic parasitoid. This review argues that New Zealand’s high exotic pasture pest burden is attributable to a lack of pasture plant and natural enemy diversity that presents little biotic resistance to invasive species. There is a native natural enemy fauna in New Zealand that has evolved over millions of years of geographical isolation. However, these species remain in their indigenous ecosystems and, therefore, play a minimal role in creating biotic resistance in the country’s exotic ecosystems. For clear ecological reasons relating to the nature of New Zealand pastures, importation biological control can work extremely well. Conversely, conservation biological control is less likely to be effective than elsewhere.

1 table, 245 ref

044862   FIFE A N, CRUZADO K, RASHED A, NOVY R G, WENNINGER E J (Idaho Univ, Kimberly- 83341, ID, Email: afife@ufl.edu) : Potato psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) behavior on three potato genotypes with tolerance to ‘Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum’. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa020.

The potato/tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) transmits ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) (also known as ‘Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous’), the bacterium associated with zebra chip disease (ZC) in potato. When disease incidence is high, ZC causes large economic losses through reductions in potato yield and tuber quality. No commercial potato variety has been found totally resistant to the pathogen. We evaluated host acceptance behaviors using no-choice assays on three breeding clones derived from Solanum chacoense Bitter with putative tolerance to Lso and/or ZC as part of an effort to determine whether the disease tolerance observed in those breeding clones was related to effects on psyllid settling behavior. We also counted the number of eggs laid and nymphs hatched on the different genotypes to observe any differences in reproduction. The potato variety ‘Russet Burbank’ was used as a susceptible control. Probing frequency and female walking duration were greater on Russet Burbank than the other genotypes. Oviposition did not differ among genotypes. However, female psyllids on two of the Lso-tolerant genotypes displayed reduced fertility 18–24 d after confinement with a male, relative to females on Russet Burbank. These results suggest that although the germplasms display minor abiotic activity on psyllid fertility, tolerance to Lso may be more strongly linked with plant tolerance to the pathogen rather than effects on host acceptance behaviors.

2 illus, 7 tables, 102 ref

044861   TEJEDA M T, ARREDONDO J, DÍAZ-FLEISCHER F, PÉREZ-STAPLES D (IICA, CP- 308 60, México, Email: diperez@uv.mx) : Does size matter? Mate choice in two lekking flies. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa019.

For insect pests controlled through the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which consists in the mass production, sterilization, and release of target insects into affected areas, sterile male mating success with wild females is the key that will reduce population levels in the next generation. Male size is assumed to be important for mating success, but often without any concrete evidence or confounded by other parameters. Here, we evaluated male size and its interaction with male origin (laboratory or wild) on female choice for two lekking species controlled through SIT, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In field cages, we tested wild females mating with: large wild males competing against small wild males; large wild males against small laboratory-sterile males; and large laboratory-sterile males against small wild males. We found evidence of large male advantage for A. obliqua but no effect of male size on mating competitiveness for A. ludens. For A. obliqua large wild males had a greater mating success over small laboratory males, yet large laboratory males secured a similar amount of copulations than small wild males. For A. ludens, there was no effect of male size on mating success. We discuss why A. obliqua is sensitive to size and origin while no effect was seen in A. ludens. SIT programs should not assume that male mating success is dependent on a large size. Alternatively, when an advantage exists for large males, mass-rearing programs should stride to produce and release large males.

1 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

044860   EBERT T A, ROGERS M E (Entomology and Nematology Dep, Florida Univ, FL- 338 50, Email: tebert@ufl.edu) : Probing behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on valencia orange influenced by sex, color, and size. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa016.

Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Jagoueix, Bové, and Garnier (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) is transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and putatively causes Huanglongbing disease in citrus. Huanglongbing has reduced yields by 68% relative to pre-disease yields in Florida. Disease management is partly through vector control. Understanding vector biology is essential in this endeavor. Our goal was to document differences in probing behavior linked to sex. Based on both a literature review and our results, we conclude that there is either no effect of sex or that identifying such an effect requires a sample size at least four times larger than standard methodologies. Including both color and sex in statistical models did not improve model performance. Both sex and color are correlated with body size, and body size has not been considered in previous studies on sex in D. citri in terms of probing behavior. An effect of body size was found wherein larger psyllids took longer to reach ingestion behaviors and larger individuals spent more time-ingesting phloem, but these relationships explained little of the variability in these data. We suggest that the effects of sex can be ignored when running EPG experiments on healthy psyllids.A

3 tables, 106 ref

044859   DONG J, WU J, HAN L, HUANG J, WANG D (Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou- 310 021, P.R. China, Email: wangdeqian2002@sohu.com) : Novel characteristics of immune responsive protein irp30 in the bumble bee Bombus lantschouensis (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa017.

Immune responsive protein 30 (IRP30) is a Hymenoptera-specific protein first identified from honey bee hemolymph in response to bacterial infection. However, its function remains elusive. Here, we cloned the full-length IRP30 gene and clarified its expression pattern in the bumble bee Bombus lantschouensis (Vogt). The full-length IRP30 gene measures 1443 bp and contains two exons and one intron. The length of the cDNA is 1082 bp, including a 36-bp 5′- UTR and a 218-bp 3′-UTR, and it encodes a putative protein of 275 amino acids. As expected, the sequence of the B. lantschouensis IRP30 protein was clustered with the bumble bee group, which appeared as a single clade next to honey bees. The family shared similar conserved protein domains. Moreover, bumble bee IRP30 belongs to a recently diverged clade that has four leucine-rich repeat (LRR) conserved domains. IRP30 is highly expressed in the worker caste, during pupal developmental stages, and in the head and thorax tissues. Interestingly, its expression increases 20- to 90-fold when female bumble bees (B. lantschouensis) and honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) begin laying eggs. Overall, based on the expression of IRP30 during development and egg laying in female bumble bees, this protein not only responds to immune challenge but also may play an important role in metamorphosis and reproduction.

7 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

044858   BAWA M, SONGSERMPONG S, KAEWTAPEE C, CHANPUT W (Kasetsart Univ, Bangkok- 109 00, Thailand, Email: fagisrsp@ku.ac.th) : Effect of diet on the growth performance, feed conversion, and nutrient content of the house cricket. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa014.

The house crickets, Acheta domesticus, are sustainable and nutritious future sources of food, due to their nutritional benefits, particular high protein content and potential in solving global malnutrition. Different diets, particularly protein content, can influence the growth and nutritional value of crickets. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the effects of commercial diets and other formulated diets on the nutritional composition and growth parameters of the house crickets, being a major challenge to cricket’s farmers in Thailand. Feed conversion ratio were 1.50, 1.50, and 1.51 for fed crickets on a blend of 22 % protein and dry pulp pumpkin powder, fed 22 % protein plus fresh pumpkin pulp, and fed 22 % protein alone, indicated that these groups are high feed convertors and represented the quality of these diets compared to 1.73 and 1.81 for fed crickets on a blend of 22 % and 16 % protein, and those fed on 16 % protein alone. Fed crickets on 22 % protein had the highest amount of protein (76 %), the lowest (48 %) in those fed on 22 % protein and fresh pumpkin pulp inclusion. The group on 22 % protein diet also had the highest amount of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sodium. Fed 22 % protein and either dry pulp pumpkin powder or fresh pumpkin pulp condition have shown improvement in vitamin B content. Crickets can effectively be produced on 22 % protein diet to improve yield output and several minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sodium. In contrast, the supplementation of 22 %  protein diet with pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) will improve vitamin B content.

3 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

044857   ZHAO Z, YE B, YUE D, LI P, ZHANG B, WANG L, FAN Q (Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian- 116 023, China, Email: qifan10001@163.com) : Construction of a baculovirus derivative to produce linearized Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genomic DNA. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa011.

In the Antheraea pernyi multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV)-based expression vector system, the frequency of homologous recombination events between wild-type AnpeNPV DNA and the transfer vector is low, resulting in a small amount of recombinant virus. Previous reports have indicated that linearized baculovirus DNA can increase the proportion of recombinant virus relative to the total progeny. To improve the recombination efficiency, we constructed a linearized derivative of AnpeNPV, referred to as AnpeNPVPhEGFP-AvrII, in which egfp flanked by AvrII restriction sites was located at the polyhedrin locus and driven by the polyhedrin promoter. Linear AnpeNPV DNA was obtained by the treatment of AnpeNPVPhEGFP-AvrII genomic DNA with AvrII endonuclease. The infectivity and recombinogenic activity between the linearized and circular viral DNA were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. We demonstrated that the linearized AnpeNPV DNA produced only small numbers of infectious budded viruses, accounting for approximately 4.5 % of the budded virus production of wildtype AnpeNPV DNA in A. pernyi pupae. However, the linearized AnpeNPV DNA substantially increased recombinant virus production after cotransfection with an appropriate transfer vector; relative abundance of the recombinant virus was approximately 5.5-fold higher than that of the wild-type AnpeNPV DNA in A. pernyi pupae. The linearization of AnpeNPV DNA will facilitate the purification of recombinant viruses using the AnpeNPV-based expression vector system and the construction of an AnpeNPV-based bacmid system.

6 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

044856   HAGLER J R, MACHTLEY S A (Arid Land Agricultural Research Cente, North Cardon Lane- 21881, Maricopa, Email: james.hagler@usda.gov) : Refinement of the protein immunomarking technique for mark-capture research. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa015.

A follow-up study was conducted to further evaluate the marking efficiency of broadcast spray applications of egg albumin (from chicken egg whites) on Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in alfalfa. A previous study recorded exceptional marking efficiency (e.g., >95 % of the population) on H. convergens when using relatively high concentrations (10 to 50 %) of chicken egg whites. The present study examines marking efficiency of egg whites using lower concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 %. We used cadaver and free-roaming beetles to measure protein mark acquisition (and retention) of each protein concentration by direct contact with the spray application and incidental contact with protein residue on the plant tissue, respectively. The vertical distribution of the protein mark was also determined by sampling the upper and lower portions of the alfalfa canopy. The data indicate, regardless of the egg white treatment, that the backpack sprayer provided uniform coverage of egg albumin on the alfalfa plants and cadaver beetles. Also, almost every free-roaming beetle acquired a mark within 24 h after contact exposure to protein marked plants. This study shows that a very low concentration of egg albumin is sufficient for marking arthropods directly in the field.

3 illus, 23 ref

044855   DONG Z, YANG Y, DOU F, ZHANG Y, HUANG H, ZHENG X, WANG X, LU W (Guangxi Univ, Peoples R China, Email: luwenlwen@163.com) : Observations on the Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla of Adult Glenea cantor (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa013.

The external morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla of Glenea cantor Fabricius were studied with scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of G. cantor were observed to be filiform, consisting of scape, pedicel, and flagellum (nine flagellomeres). Four distinct types of sensory receptors were observed, including sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, and Böhm bristles. Three morphological subtypes of sensilla chaetica were found on the antennae, and sensilla trichodea were also categorized into three morphological subtypes. Sensilla basiconica was grouped into two morphological subtypes that were found on subsegments F2-F9 of the flagellum, and Böhm bristles were only found at the intersegmental joints between the scape and the head and between the scape and the pedicel. The antennae of male and female adults were similar in shape, length, and diameter. However, the length, diameter, distribution, and number of each of the four distinct types of sensilla on the males were significantly different from those on females. The types, lengths, diameters, numbers, and distributions of these sensilla were described, and their possible functions were also discussed. The results indicated that the base and end of an antennal segment have a similar sensillum density, but the middle section sensor density is significantly greater, especially for olfactory and gustatory sensilla, possibly because the joints are more involved in mechanical sensing. The density of sensors is closely related to its sensing function; so, future studies on the biology of olfaction and sexual communication in G. cantor will be facilitated by these observations.

5 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

044854   MARTÍNEZ-BARRERA O Y, TOLEDO J, CANCINO J, LIEDO P, GÓMEZ J, VALLE-MORA J, MONTOYA P (Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Chiapas, México, Email: oymartinez@ecosur.edu.mx) : Interaction between Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Coptera haywardi (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) for the management of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa010.

The interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and the parasitoid Coptera haywardi (Oglobin), as potential biological control agents for Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) fruit flies, was evaluated under laboratory and semi-protected field cage conditions. The effects of the parasitoids and fungus were individually and jointly assessed in Plexiglas cages. Application of B. bassiana dry conidia to soil produced 40 % mortality in A. obliqua adults. However, mortality was lower (21.2 %) on evaluation under field cage conditions. According to the multiple decrement life table analysis, the probability of death of A. obliqua was 88 % when C. haywardi parasitoids and B. bassiana conidia were used in conjunction, 89 % when only C. haywardi parasitoids were released and 23 % when only B. bassiana conidia were applied. These results demonstrate that no synergistic, additive or antagonistic interaction took place with the simultaneous use of these natural enemies, since the presence of B. bassiana had no effect on the C. haywardi parasitism. These results indicate that the parasitoid is a better natural enemy for the control of A. obliqua, and show that, although the two biological control agents can be used simultaneously, their joint application will not produce increased control.

5 illus, 3 tables, 63 ref

044853   SALMAN I N A, FERRANTE M, MÖLLER D M, GAVISH-REGEV E, LUBIN Y (Desert Ecology Dep, Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion- 8499000 , Israe, Email: ibrahim.salman92@gmail.com) : Trunk refugia: A simple, inexpensive method for sampling tree trunk arthropods. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa012.

Trees host a large share of the global arthropod diversity. Several methodologies have been described to sample arthropods from trees, ranging from active sampling techniques (e.g., visual searching, beating, or shaking the branches) to passive sampling devices. The majority of these collection techniques are destructive, and do not specifically target the tree trunk arthropod fauna. Here, we describe an alternative sampling method called trunk refugia (TR). TR are cylindrical shelters made of corrugated cardboard that can be secured to trees using string, and can remain exposed for varying time periods. These refugia are inexpensive, easy to use, and suitable to monitor a diverse array of insects and arachnids. Moreover, TR are nonlethal sampling tools, and allow collecting live individuals for behavioral studies or for rearing.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

044852   CAO Y-Y, PENG L-L, JIANG L, THAKUR K, HU F, TANG S-M, WEI Z-J (Hefei Univ of Technology, Hefei- 230 009, PR China, Email: zjwei@hfut.edu.cn) : Evaluation of the metabolic effects of hydrogen sulfide on the development of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa008.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a highly poisonous gas with an unpleasant smell of rotten eggs. Previous studies of H2 S have primarily focused on its effects on mammalian nervous and respiratory systems. In this study, silkworm developmental parameters and changes in metabolites in response to H2 S exposure were investigated using a hemolymph metabolomic approach, based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The developmental parameters, body weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell ratio, were noticeably increased following H2 S exposure, with the greatest effects observed at 7.5-μM H2 S. Metabolites upregulated under H2 S exposure (7.5 μM) were related to inflammation, and included (6Z, 9Z, 12Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, choline phosphate, and malic acid, while hexadecanoic acid was downregulated. Identified metabolites were involved in biological processes, including pyrimidine, purine, and fatty acid metabolism, which are likely to affect silk gland function. These results demonstrate that H2 S is beneficial to silkworm development and alters metabolic pathways related to spinning function and inflammation. The present study provides new information regarding the potential functions of H2 S in insects and metabolic pathways related to this phenomenon.

7 illus, 1 table, 66 ref

044851   ZHENG X-L, LIU J, LU W, HE X Z, WANG Q (Guangxi Univ, Nanning- 530 004, China, Email: luwenlwen@163.com) : Mating delay reduces reproductive performance but not longevity in a monandrous moth. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa009.

Age at mating is one of the most important factors that affect mating success and reproductive fitness in insects. The present study investigated how the age of the two sexes at mating determined mating success, reproductive fitness and longevity in Phauda flammans (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phaudidae), a serious pest of Ficus spp. trees in South and Southeast Asia. The study may provide basic knowledge for the development of mating disruption programs using sex pheromones to control this pest. The species is monandrous and its adults live for only 4–5 d. We show that delayed mating significantly lowered mating success in both sexes, with males being more severely affected than females. Mating delay also reduced reproductive outputs of both sexes but females were more negatively affected than males. We did not find any effect of delayed mating on longevity of either sex. Our findings suggest that mating disruption with sex pheromones can be an effective method to delay mating in P. flammans, reducing reproductive success and thus limit population growth.

2 illus, 57 ref

044850   CLIFTON E H, JARONSKI S T, HAJEK A E (Entomology Dep, Cornell Univ, NY- 14853-2601, Email: ehc87@cornell.edu) : Virulence of commercialized fungal entomopathogens against asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(2), 1-6.

Nine strains of five species of entomopathogenic hypocrealean fungi were tested against adults of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). These strains have been developed as commercial biopesticide products in the United States, Brazil, South Korea, or the European Union (EU). Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae)  ESALQ E-9 and Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) F52 (formerly M. anisopliae F52) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) killed 100 % of treated beetles with the shortest survival times. Virulence differed among the five strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) tested, ranging from 0 to 77.3 % mortality within 28 d. Two Isaria fumosorosea (Wize, 1904) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) strains and the Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain used in Mycotal were not pathogenic to A. glabripennis adults. Within the entomopathogenic fungi tested, the Metarhizium strains may be the most appropriate for further evaluation.

1 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

041097   VIJAYVERGIYA A, VYAS R, VIJAYVERGIA H K (Zoology Dep, S.P.C. Government Coll, Ajmer - 305 001, Email: Arpitavv@Gmail.Com) : Study of biodiversity of fresh water Zooplankton in Barali Lake, Hurda, District Bhilwara Rajasthan (India). Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 299-314.

The present work fulfilled its task as a direction finder in a diversified subject area, embodying both theoretical and applied knowledge. It contributed to a more informed evaluation and response to environment problems in water quality, pollution control and environmental concerns; comprising a logical scientific approach to which there is no known competitor. In the present study the main focus on the objectives like quarterly variation in physio-chemical properties of water, Primary Productivity in terms of Biomass and Chlorophyll content, variations in Composition and Density of zooplankton population and correlation between BOD & COD with zooplankton Population of BARALI LAKE, Hurda. The zooplankton found on the water body and float with the water current but they plays important part in transferring the energy from one to another trophic level, they act as a food alternative for many aquatic creatures. They are main vital part of eutrophication. Zooplankton are found as tremendous Bio indicator to estimate the contamination of water body. The biodiversity of zooplankton are found very high in the potentiality as bio indicator their diversity and density depends on certain environmental factors like temperature, pH, pollution, stratification etc. and also on some biological factors like predation, food restrictions and competition for survival. There are four main classes of zooplankton viz. Rotifera, Ostracoda, Cladocera and Copepoda. The zooplankton community especially rotifers changes with respect to change in biotic and abiotic factors like temperature, pH, turbidity, BOD, COD, Alkalinity, TDS, dissolved oxygen, Total hardness etc.

14 ref

042908   SHARMA D K, SHIVHARE V (Zoology Dep, SMS Govt. Model Science Coll, Gwalior, M.P.) : Innate immune response: A cause of death in covid-19 !!. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 111-5.

The main function of the immune system is to provide defence against different types of pathogens and protect the body. Out of the two arms of the immune system (innate and adaptive immunity), innate immunity provides the first line of defence. But several research studies have shown that body's innate immune response can be fatal for someone infected with Covid-19. An elevated levels of cytokines (chemicals secreted by a group of immune cells), called ‘cytokine storm’ has been observed in a number of patients of Covid-19. Cytokine storm may be one of the major causes of ARDS and multiple organ failure in critical patients, with COVID-19 and may lead to death. Timely control and management of the cytokine storm, in its early stage, may be helpful in prevention of many deaths in Covid-19.

1 illus, 30 ref

041095   MISAL P J (Zoology Dep, Siddharth Arts, Commerce and Science Coll, Jafrabad - 431 206, Email: pradipm198@gmail.com) : Biodiversity of Fish fauna in jivrekha reservoir akola dev District Jalna, Maharashtra. Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 289-92.

The fresh water fish resource of Maharashtra constitutes 6 orders 25 families and 160 species. There are many species like Oriochromis, Grass carp, Common crap, silver crap etc. that have been introduced in the inland water of Maharashtra. The entire region comes under four basins Viz. Narmada, Tapi, Godavari and Krishna. Due to irrational fishing practices, environmental aberrations like reduction in water volume, increased sedimentation, water abstraction and pollution over the years this diversity is on a decline. The present study deals with the fish fauna of a Jivrekha reservoir, basically represents the diversity and their abundance. Fishes plays a very significant role in the human economy by providing pretentious food. Present study was carried out to know about the fish fauna of Jivrekha lake during June 2018-May 2019. Fish fauna of this reservoir represented by 24 species.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

042906   BALWAN W K, SABA N, RASOOL N, SHARMA K K (Zoology Dep, Govt. Degree Coll Doda, Jammu & Kashmir) : Decoding the impact of covid-19 pandemic on education system: A review. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 101-5.

The COVID-19 pandemic is first and foremost a health crisis. The petrifying and severe impact of COVID-19 has shaken the world to its core. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the near total closures of schools, colleges and universities. Most governments around the world have temporarily closed educational institutions in an attempt to contain the spread of COVID-19. The closure of educational institutes impact not only students, teachers and families but have far-reaching economic and societal consequences. The closure of educational institutes in response to the pandemic have shed light on various social and economic issues, including student debt, digital learning, food insecurity, and homelessness as well as access to childcare, health care, housing, internet and disability services. The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems and consequent economic cost to families who could not work. The global lockdown of education institutions is going to cause major (and likely unequal) interruption in students’ learning; disruptions in internal assessments; and the cancellation of public assessments for qualifications or their replacement by an inferior alternative.

15 ref

042904   SHARMA D K (Zoology Dep, Govt. Model Science Coll, Gwalior, M.P.) : Socio-economic and psychological impact of covid-19. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 87-94.

The present study was carried out to assess the impact of Covid-19 on socio-economic and psychological life of Indian people. The study was carried out through web based data collection from July 17 to 30 July 2020. A total of 256 individuals of various economic groups and various professions participated in the survey. The study reveals that Covid-19 affected the normal daily routine and eating habits in majority of the people and also created a sense of fear in them. The main cause of fear was Covid-19 related information shared by the news channels and information circulated on social media. About 41 % the participants also revealed to have taken immunity enhancing products to improve their immunity and to cope with the stress due to Covid-19. Majority of participants accepted to be more worried about their relatives during the period. Covid-19 has created anxiety, stress, depression and fear. Economic condition of the people was also adversely affected due to Covid-19. The people, working in private sectors and businessmen were primarily affected economically.

15 illus, 1 tables, 16 ref

041090   CHOUDHARY N L, CHISHTY N, PARVEEN R (Zoology Dep, MLSU, Udaipur - 313 001, Email: narayanlalchoudhary1995@gmail.com) : A review on species diversity and distribution of bats fauna, threats and conservation problems. Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 239-42.

This study provides the primary information about the population of (Indian flying fox) Pteropus giganteus, feeding, diversity, survival and conservation of bats. Disturbance at roosting places, hunting and use of pesticides are main causes for its declination. Bats are strictly vegetarian and mainly devour fruits, nectar and pollen grains. Bats are bio-indicator species and very sensitive to change in environment.

38 ref

041085   PLAMOOTTIL M, JOHNSON R (Zoology Dep, BJM Govt. Coll, Chavara - 691 583, Email: mathewsplamoottil@gmail.com) : Synoptic notes on small Synonymic Cyprinoids of South India. Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 177-87.

Cyprinidae, is the largest and most diverse vertebrate family with about 3,000 species in which about 1300 are extant fishes. Most of the cyprinid fishes are economically important food fishes; they are fished and farmed in most of the Asian countries.; some small representatives of them are widely used as ornamental fishes. Some of the previously described fishes are currently not accepted by the scientific world due to imperfect description or due to lack of collection from its type locality after the original description. It is an endeavour to trace out the primary particulars of forgotten cyprinid fishes described from south Indian states such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Pondicherry and Goa; available essential taxonomic details including type locality, diagnostic characters, meristic counts and current taxonomic status are included.

35 ref

042891   VERMA A K, PRAKASH S (Zoology Dep, M.L.K. (P.G.) Coll, Balrampur, U.P.) : Toxicity of arsenic on organic reserves of intestine of Mystus vittatus (bloch). Indian J Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 1-5.

The effect of heavy metal, arsenic on organic reserve of intestine of a cat fish, Mystus vittatus at different sublethal concentration and different time intervals of 10, 20 and 30 days was studied. The glycogen, protein, triglyceride, nucleic acid and alkaline phosphatases content were decreased significantly in arsenic exposed fish, Mystus vittatus. The effect was more pronounced as the concentration of arsenic and duration of exposure increases. Thus the present study concludes that the metabolism of organic molecules of fish Mystus vittatus affected during arsenic exposure and reduces the nutritive value of fish.

1 table, 28 ref

041077   PLAMOOTTIL M (Zoology Dep, BJM Govt. Coll, Chavara, Kollam - 691 583, Email: mathewsplamoottil@gmail.com) : Rediscovery and redescription of Mystus keletius (Valenciennes, 1839). Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(2), 115-26.

Mystus keletius Valenciennes³¹ has been placed in synonymy with M. vittatus (Bloch, 1794) and M. armatus Day⁶. An examination of Topotypic specimens of M. keletius shows however, that it exhibits many distinct differences from Mystus vittatus and M. armatus. Mystus keletius is taxonomically analyzed and resurrected from its synonymy with congeners.

6 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

042882   SHARMA D K, UCHCHARIYA R (Zoology Dep, Govt. Model Science Coll, Gwalior, M.P.) : Water quality assessment of pagara reservoir, joura, Morena district, Madhya Pradesh. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 10(2), 93-101.

A study was undertaken to assess the water quality of Pagara reservoir, situated at Asan river, Jaura, District Morena in Madhya Pradesh. Physico-chemical properties of the reservoir were analyzed for the period June 2017 to May 2018. Water was analyzed for physical parameters like Temperature, Turbidity, Transparency, TDS and Conductivity and chemical parameters like pH, Total Hardness, Calcium and Biochemical Oxygen Demand were studied throughout the study period. The study revealed that most of the physico-chemical parameters lie in the standard values of drinking water as provide by WHO and BIS. The water of the Pagara reservoir is quite suitable for drinking purpose and fish culture.

11 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

042878   RUCHI, SINGH S N (Zoology Dep, B.R. Ambedkar Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Study of selected biochemical and physiological changes among the infected by root knot nematode and healthy plants of bitter gourd in four localities at Muzaffarpur. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 10(2), 71-6.

Plants have developed certain mechanisms to protect themselves from the pathogens. This pathogen after infection destroys or disturbs the synthesis of such chemicals. Among the resistant species these are not affected but in sensitive they are influenced by this pathogen. Present study was aimed to analyse the chlorophyll contents of the leaves, the sugars of the roots & stem, the phenylalanine ammonia lysate and peroxidase activities among the healthy and infected by root knot disease causing nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. It was noted that both chlorophyll-a and b, were influenced in the infected plants. Further maximum percentage of decrease in chlorophyll-a was found among the infected plants collected from Krishnapuri area, while maximum chlorophyll-b decreased among the plants collected from Professor Colony of the town. It was further observed that the sugar contents increased it he roots, while it decreased among the shoots. Maximum decrease -60.77 was noted among the plants collected from Krishnapuri area, while it was minimum among the plants collected form Professor Colony (-48.45). Activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyaste revealed maximum gain 48.95 among the plants collected form Nayatola area, where as it was the minimum 21.83 among the plants collected from Krishnapuri. Peroxidase enzyme activity was also studied. Here maximum increase 45.41 % was noted among the infected plants collected form Krishnapuri, followed by 43.23 % among the plants collected from Professor Colony.

4 tables, 34 ref

041073   SHARMA S K (Zoology Dep, Maharaja Coll, Arah – 802 301, Email: sunitasharmavksu@gmail.com) : A review of alarming biodiversity of Zooplankton in River Sone in Bhojpur region of Bihar (India). Indian J Applied & Pure Bio 2020, 35(1), 79-84.

Among Lotic systems rivers are found to be one of the important niche of plankton diversity. Plankton constitute most basic trophic level i.e. producers and microconsumers in the freshwater aquatic bodies. In the present study an assessment of Zooplankton has been carried out in river Sone in Bhojpur region of Bihar at five different sampling stations in a stretch of about 30 kms. The study revealed the presence of 11 species of Rotifers including two families and five genera, seven species of Cladocera including five families and six genera, five species of copepod including three families and five genera and three species belonging to ostracods. Although their numbers varied in different seasons, depending upon a number of variables including rainfall and abundance of nutrients¹¹. Their Biodiversity Indices have also been calculated.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

042872   FATMA G R, SINGH S N (Zoology Dep, B.R. Ambedkar Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Survey of root knot disease of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) at Muzaffarpur in city areas. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 10(2), 27-32.

Root knot disease is caused by plant parasitic nematodes. In the present study, four areas of Muzaffarpur town were selected where sponge gourd is being cultivated at small scale. These areas were visited from July to October. It was noted that plants were healthy and fruits were normal up to August. However, in September, Chlorotic patches were seen on the leaves of above vegetable crops. This became more prominent in October. It was further noted that the leaf size was reduced, the newer leaves were bunched, flowering was reduced and fruits were deformed. Fruit set was completely abnormal. Deformed fruits were present and growth of the new branches was retarded. The roots of these plants had galls however; they were 8-10 in number per plant. In Octobers the number of galls, and size increased. Entire roots were deformed due to gall formation. Certain gall just near the surface of soil was corky and larger in shape. Such roots were carefully collected and their number per plants, size etc. were studied in different localities. All such roots as well as soil taken from the rhizosphere was used for the isolation of the parasite. Slides were prepared and based on the microscopic study and number the nematode was identified. Gall formation varied in different localities of the town. Where repeated cultivation of these vegetables were done and the land had continuous source of water from the surrounding buildings revealed maximum galls per plants. However, where plantation was not regular and field was dry, the number and size of galls were much lower. It was observed that the frequency of galls were much lower in the area where there was no source of sewage. Eco-friendly, non synthetic chemical, means of control measure have been suggested. Here field sanitation, plaughing during summer, crop rotation with non host, organic amendment co-cultivation of plants having antagonistic effect on nematodes, trap crops etc. were advised. Some of the farmers followed these and in next year there was reduction in the disease incident.

3 tables, 43 ref

042856   BASHIR M , FAZILI M F , AHMAD F , AHMAD J (Zoology Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar -190 006, J&K, Email: jahangirwildlife10@gmail.com) : Dietary ecology of markhor(Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) in winter range of Kazinag National Park, Kashmir, J&K, India.. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(24), 2463–74.

Understanding winter diet composition of wild ungulates in temperate habitats is of paramount importance for devising conservation measures. The winter diet composition of Markhor (Capra falconeri), one of the least studied ungulate species, was assessed in Kazinag National Park (KNP) of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Reference slides of 15 available plant species, through micro-histological technique were prepared. Tests like Diet Selection Values (DSV), Ivlev's Electivity Index (IEI) and Chi-square tests were applied to study the selection and preference of dietary items. 80 fecal samples of markhor were analyzed in winter seasons of 2017 & 2018, and compared with reference slides to evaluate the winter diet. Fifteen (15) plant species belonging to 7 families were identified in the diet. Use of Ivlev's Electivity Index (IEI), revealed that, shrubs were strongly preferred during this season, besides one graminoid species (Poa pratensis). Among the most preferred species are, Poa pratensis (DSV=6.17) followed by Prunus tomentosa (DSV=2.42), Indigofera heterantha (DSV=2.23), Lonicera spp. (DSV=1.66) and Euonymus hamiltonianus (DSV=1.63). Chi-square goodness of fit test showed that markhor did not feed on all plant species uniformly (p< 0.05). Our findings infer that, markhor shows feeding flexibility to adapt to change in forage availability. We recommend that plant species which are the major components of diet of markhor during resource- lean winter be conserved and propagated on priority.

3 illus, 1 table, 69 ref

046344   RAZA G, SINGH S (Zoology Dep, Indira Gandhi Univ, Rewari, Haryana, Email: gauharraza53@gmail.com) : Scientific knowledge, perception and attitudinal changes during corona pandemic. J Scient Temp 2020, Vol 8(1&2), 8-17.

This paper is based on a survey study conducted during the lockdown period in India. The data was collected through online and off-line questionnaire. Response to the call was received from 27 provinces of India but the sample remained northern-state-centric. The lockdown prevented us from organising face-to-face interviews. We received 2780 filled-in questionnaires, out of which 2223 were found to be valid and were subjected to data analysis. The article deals with description of pandemic as it developed, the scientific information that was communicated to the public, the level of absorption of this information and the perceptions that resulted in attitudinal changes during the first phases of the pandemic. Based on the univariate analysis the paper presents the percentage response distribution. Evidently, the surge of the pandemic created a new normal in a very short period of time and brought about significant attitudinal changes among the public.

9 ref

042832   DWIVEDI A, ELANGOVAN V , MANISHA , MISRA P K (Zoology Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow - 226 025, Uttar pradesh, Email: akkiau90@gmail.com) : Seasonal variation in feeding behaviour and foraging success of Indian pond heron (Ardeola grayii) in different habitats. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(22), 2203–13.

The present study was focused on feeding behaviour and foraging success of Indian pond heron (Ardeola grayii) in different seasons and habitats. The study was carried out in three habitats, lake, pond and marshy area from September 2016 to December 2017. All activities such as feeding behaviour, foraging success, prey abundance, success ratio, feeding frequency (foraging attempt and success) of A. grayii were compared in three habitats with three seasons by using binocular and video recorder. Data were analysed by SPSS (21 version) and graph pad prism. In this study, prey abundance and foraging success in three habitats and season differed statistically significant (p < 0.05). By using non-linear regression on foraging attempt and success in three habitats three curve (exponential, cubic, growth and power) best fitted to analyzed data sets. These curve shows variation in feeding pattern. Stand and wait is dominant feeding behaviour followed by walk slowly and walk quickly in all three habitats and season. Prey was abundantly present during monsoon, as a result feeding frequency and success ratio maximized. Structure of habitats, vegetation, and water depth also influenced foraging success of Ardeola grayii. Thus, overall finding showed that Indian pond heron feeding behaviour and foraging success affected by structure of habitats and seasons.

1 illus, 7 tables, 46 ref

044824   ANJU VISWAN K, PUSHPALATHA E, ARIVUDAINAMBI S, SELVAMUTHUKUMARAN T (Zoology Dep, Calicut Univ, Malappuram, Kerala) : Fractional extraction, isolation and identification of biologically active compounds from Melaleuca leucadendron L. to control the vectors of dengue and filariasis. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 68-73.

To find out the larvicidal activities of Melaleuca leucadendron (L.) against Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and to isolate the active compounds present in the most active fraction of the plant extracts. Cold extracts of M. leucadendron leaves were taken using methanol as solvent and fractionation was done using the solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone by column chromatographic method. Bioassays were conducted using all these extracts and LC₅₀ were calculated. The structural elucidation of the compounds of most active fraction isolated from chromatographic studies after bioassay was done by LCMS and NMR spectroscopy. M. leucadendron treated larvae shown restless activity in Ae. albopictus more than in Cx. quinquefasciatus. The activity of column fractions of M. leucadendron was in the order Chloroform > Hexane (H) >: Ethyl acetate (EA). The compounds present in the most active fraction was citral and αgurjunene. From the results it has been proved that the plant is having potential larvicidal activity.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

044810   RANA S, KUMAR K (Zoology Dep, H.N.B Garhwal Univ, Pauri Garhwal- 246 001, Email: koshalbagelu@gmail.com ) : Diversity of grasshopper (insect: orthoptera) fauna of uregi and dobha villages in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 189-96.

This paper presents the distributional record of the of grasshopper fauna of Uregi and Dobha villages in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. A total of 18 species of grasshoppers belonging to 3 families and 17 genera were recorded during this study. Acrididae was the dominant family with 15 species and the other minor families were Tettigoniidae with 2 species and pyrgomorphidae with 1 species. This habitat was studied for the first time and a maximum number of the grasshoppers were recorded in Uregi village as compared to the Dobha village.

16 ref

044809   RANA S, KUMAR K ( Zoology Dep, H.N.B Garhwal Univ, Pauri Garhwal- 246 001, Email: koshalbagelu@gmail.com) : Diversity of grasshopper (insect: orthoptera) fauna of uregi and dobha villages in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 189-96.

This paper presents the distributional record of the of grasshopper fauna of Uregi and Dobha villages in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. A total of 18 species of grasshoppers belonging to 3 families and 17 genera were recorded during this study. Acrididae was the dominant family with 15 species and the other minor families were Tettigoniidae with 2 species and pyrgomorphidae with 1 species. This habitat was studied for the first time and a maximum number of the grasshoppers were recorded in Uregi village as compared to the Dobha village.

16 ref

044808   RASHID M, DOBRIYAL A K (Zoology Dep, H N B Garhwal Univ, Pauri Garhwal- 246 001, Uttarakhand, Email: anoopkdobriyal@rediffmail.com) : Fecundity analysis of a freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus (lacepede) from river Nayar, Uttarakhand. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 181-8.

Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) is one of the most important eel like hillstream fish belonging to order Mastacembeliformes and family Mastacembelidae. During last few decades, the population of this species is considerably declining due to overfishing and other anthropogenic activities. Present investigation is an attempt towards conservation of this species in which reproductive power of the fish is estimated and preferred habitat and breeding grounds of fish were studied. The fish is monsoon breeder with maximum fecundity 11810.667±1716.994, observed in a fish size of 42.233±1.365 cm and body weight 153.333±7.638 g. The size of mature egg ranges from 1.2-1.6 mm. With the help of regression analysis, the relationship of fecundity with different body parameters was also traced out. It is suggested that avoiding fish catch during breeding season will be very helpful in conservation of species.

6 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

044806   MISHRA A S, SINGH K R, NAUTIYAL P (Zoology Dep, Nehru Gram Bharati, Prayagraj- 221 505, Email: asheesh.shivam@ngbu.edu.in) : Factors governing distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in the springfed headwaters of Doon Valley, India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 159-67.

The benthic macroinvertebrate communities are compared to know their distribution pattern in the headwaters of Asan, Suswa and Tawa streams in Doon valley and to determine environmental variables operational at regional level. Samples were collected during monsoon, winter and summer between July 2011 to June 2012. Total density of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was high in the winter season in Asan and Suswa compared to monsoon in Tawa. Total density was significantly different among the headwaters. The mayfly prevails over caddisfly during winter and summer in the Asan and during summer and monsoon in the Tawa. The share of Planorbidae and Chironomidae were also present noticeably in the Asan during summer, especially the former that attains notable abundance only in the Asan. Chironomidae was most abundant taxa in the Suswa during winter and summer while Caenidae prevails over it during monsoon. CCA revealed that differences in assemblages were driven by water temperature in both Suswa and Tawa streams, while conductivity in the Asan stream, though streams belong to same eco-region.

3 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

044805   KUNJWAL S S, BISHT H C S, PANDEY N, THAPLIYAL A ( Zoology Dep, Uttarakhand Open Univ, Haldwani, Email: shyam.kunjwal@gmail.com) : Studies on the feeding of snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii (gray) based on natural and artificial diet. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 151-7.

The present paper deals with food analysis and feeding behavior of the snow trout Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) which is a cold water herbivore fish by nature. It is locally called Asela and is distributed in Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions of Asia and has considerably attracted the attention of researchers due to its high productivity. The health and growth of fishes is greatly influenced by their nutrition and feeding. It has been observed in the present study that the adult fish naturally feeds on diatoms and algae. An experiment was conducted on artificial feeding of fish by giving three different types of food, i.e., formulated diet as control, periphton based diet and a mixture of both in different artificial raceways. It was observed that the fish conversion ratio (FCR) of the fish pooled in the raceway one (R1), i.e., feeding with formulated was high (6.85) due to balanced nutrients. It is recommended that with the introduction of balance artificial diet may be helpful in increasing the production of S. richardsonii

3 tables, 15 ref

044804   RAYAL R (Zoology Dep, Shri Guru Ram Rai Univ, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: drrajeshrayal@gmail.com ) : Morpho-functional and developmental study of swim bladder in pre to post flexion stages larvae of Himalayan snow trout Schizothorax plagiostomus (heckel) reared in artificial and natural conditions. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 141-9.

Present study deals with histology, gross morphology of the larvae and its behavioural aspects to describe the progression of the development of swim bladder in pre to post flexion stages larvae of the Himalayan Snow Trout Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel) reared in laboratory as well as in natural site. It reveals a very significant information in respect to derivation, tissue differentiation, initial inflation as well as factors responsible for noninflation of swim bladder especially among laboratory reared larvae. At hatching (108-110 and 124-130 hours after fertilization in laboratory and natural site respectively), larvae measured 9.00 mm and 10.5 mm in laboratory and natural site respectively, and their body cavity was mostly occupied with a huge amount of yolk. The mouth, pharynx and esophagus were impervious till 3^rd day post hatching (dph). Primordial swim bladder appeared on 3^rd - dph as a cluster of mesenchymal cells evaginating from the posterior dorsal surface of the differentiating esophagus. Later on it grows toward the caudal direction below the differentiating vertebral column and kidney. Initial swim bladder inflation occurred by 6-dph when larvae attained 12.50–13.50 mm length, with the onset of first exogenous feeding. During this phase a mucous like substance was also observed in the pneumatic duct as well as lumen of swim bladder of some laboratory reared larvae and later on they got mortality. By 8-dph well differentiated and inflated swim bladder becomes externally visible and pneumatic duct extended to join the dorsal wall of esophagus. A number of biotic and abiotic factors were found associated with preventing swim bladder inflation during Pre flexion to Post flexion stages.

16 illus, 23 ref

044799   KUMAR S, SAINI D (Zoology Dep, DAV (P. G) Coll, Dehradun- 248 001, Uttarakhand, Email: deepasaini2109@gmail.com) : Phototoxicity of α-terthienyl and psoralene inrose and mustard aphids (Macrosiphum rosae & Lipaphis erysimi) in doon valley. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 109-16.

Climate change has an impact on agriculture and insect pests that affect the crop production. Aphid pests occur throughout the temperate region of the world andcause direct damage by sucking plants sap which affects growth and yield of the crops. Species of aphids are diverse and ubiquitous but their importance among crop differs.Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an electromagnetic radiation and constitutes about 10 % of the total light output of sunlight. Ultraviolet-B coming due to ozone depletion is the most photo chemically reactive wavelength of solar radiation and important stressor to organisms particularly in their early stages of life and affect ecosystem. Psoralene and alpha- terthienyl are naturally occurring plant metabolites found in many crops and become photo reactive in presence of solar ultraviolet- B radiation. Measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-B and UV-E) was performed in Garhwalregion of Uttarakhand. Morphological, behavioural changes, mortality rate and glutathione contents were observed in mustard and roseaphids after ultraviolet-B irradiation with psoralene and α-terthienyl photo sensitizers. UV-B and UV-E radiation showed seasonal, diurnal and altitudinal variations. α- terthienyland psoralenewith ultraviolet-B radiation showed stunted growth, morphological changes, low reproduction and high mortality up to 26 % in aphids. Reduction in glutathione (GSH) level in aphids was also observed after UV- B and photosensitizersexposure.Enhanced UV-B was found more toxic with photosensitizers andthus, can be used as natural insecticide. Dose, intensity and species dependent changes in toxicity of psoralene and α- terthienyl were observed in aphids. Resultsindicate that UV-B radiation with photosensitizers has toxic effect on aphids population, dispersal and diversity. Psoralene was found more toxic than α- terthienyl in aphids. Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) was found more sensitive than rose aphid (Macrosiphum rosae).

5 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

044798   BAHUGUNA P, RANA K K, RAYAL R, JOSHI H K (Zoology Dep, B. D. Govt. P.G. Coll, Jaiharikhal- 246 193, Uttarakhand, Email: drjoshihk2013@gmail.com) : Studies on the drifting behavioral patterns of macrozoobenthos in kyunja gad, a mountain stream from Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 97-108.

Macrozoobenthos displayed several interesting trends with regards to their occurrence and movement in the streams in response to various abiotic and biotic factors constituting the aquatic ecosystem. These are considered of great ecological significance in understanding the quality of the particular ecosystem. The present communication focused on understanding the spatial and temporal diel drifting patterns displayed by macrozoobenthos in different levels of stream orders at different duration round the clock. It was observed that there was a general preference of nocturnal and early evening hours of drifting. The drift by benthic species was performed mainly due to presence of predators, lack of proper food and breeding sites. The study revealed that highest diel drift density and diversity of macrozoobenthos was found in 3rd order in comparison to 2nd and 1st order of Kyunja Gad stream. Variations were also noted in the physico-chemical parameters of streams Kyunja Gad at different orders.

3 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

044796   TARIQ M, KOTNALA C B, DOBRIYAL A K (Zoology Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Garhwal- 246 001, Uttarakhand, Email: mtariq.t94@gmail.com) : Diversity and population structure of macroinvertebrates in the glacier fed stream balkhila at Tilfara from Garhwal Himalaya. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 81-9.

This paper deals with the study of macrozoobenthic community in the glacier fed stream Balkhila which is an important tributary of Alaknanda River. In this study it was found that the maximum macrozoobenthos were recorded in the month of February (387.5±106.5 units/m2 ) followed by January (382.2±144.7 units/m2 ) whereas, minimum in July (21.6±15.3 units/m2 ) and August (21.6±0.0 units/m2 ). The stream is represented by 15 genera belonging to 6 orders viz. Ephemeroptera (Baetis, Cinygmula, Caenis, and Heptagenia), Trichoptera (Glossosoma, Rhyachophila, Agapetus, Hydropsyche, Chimarra and Stenopsyche), Diptera (Antocha and Chironomus), Coleoptera (Psephenus), Odonata (Euphaea) and Plecoptera (Perla). The regression analysis and the correlation coefficient were used to show the relationship between macrozoobenthos and various physico-chemical parameters. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was calculated to study the benthic diversity of the stream. In order to depict the homogeneity among different benthic orders, the multivariate cluster analysis was used. The Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to investigate the seasonal effect of detrimental ecological factors on benthic population.

8 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

044795   KUMAR K, RANA A R, KOTNALA C B (Zoology Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Garhwal- 246 001, Uttarakhand, Email: koshalbagelu@gmail.com) : Evaluation of feeding indices to analyse the food preference and feeding rate of macrobrachium assamense peninsulare (tiwari, 1958) from rawasan stream of Garhwal, Central Himalaya, India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 71-9.

In this paper the feeding index (FI), Gastro somatic index (GaSI) and Food Prevalence Index (FPI) of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium assamense peninsulare were evaluated to assess the quantity and quality of food preferred by it in the Rawasan stream. A total of 401 prawns were collected during a span of two years from five selected sites in the Rawasan stream of Garhwal in Central Himalaya, India from August 2013 to July 2015. Collected prawns were in the size range of 20-75 mm in males and 24-65 mm in females in total length. The stomach contents of 10 collected specimens were examined monthly and observed that 35 % of the stomach was full or semifull and 15 % stomach were empty. The highest Gastro somatic value was obtained 2.95±0.80 during June in the male and 3.25±0.44 during May in the female. After that, it gradually decreased in both the sexes and is repeated in cyclic patterns each year. More or less a similar trend was reported in the feeding index value during the study which indicates a significant relationship between feeding intensity and Gastro somatic index. The highest Food Prevalence Index (FPI) was seen as fragments of animal matter in both sexes, which was (88.48) in male and (58.26) in female prawns and the lowest FPI value was sand and debris (7.9 and 5.7) in male and female prawn respectively. The main food items were the fragment of plants as well as animals, diatoms, algae, and sand. Overall, the results show that this prawn is selectively abstemious.

6 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

044794   BAHUGUNA P, DOBRIYAL A K (Zoology Dep, BD Govt.P.G.Coll Lansdowne, Uttarakhand- 246 193, Email: pankajpaurii@gmail.com) : Population structure and drifting pattern of aquatic mites in randi gad, a tributary of River Alaknanda in Garhwal himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 63-70.

The present paper deals with the population structure and temporal drift pattern study of aquatic mites in Randi gad, which is a third order spring fed tributary of river Alaknanda in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. The mites contribute significantly to the structure and function of a stream ecosystem as it is a preferred food of fish and insects. To significantly analyze the drift strength of mites in a stream, a new index, Dobriyal Bahuguna Drifting Index (DBDI) has been developed which is based on the density of mite population in nature and number of drifting individuals in unit time. The maximum mite population in the stream was observed in January (51 units.m-2 ) and minimum in October (35 units.m-2 ) with 7 species. It was found that the mites perform specific monthly and diel drift pattern. Various factors like current velocity, breeding, colonization, habitat disturbance and protection from predators are responsible for it. The DBDI value for different mite species was observed highest in February (0.264) and minimum in November (0.227). It was also observed that maximum drift was preferred during late morning hours (8-12 hrs).

1 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

044792   ROY N, DEBNATH A, NAUTIYAL S (Economics Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar- 788 011, Assam, Email: roy_niranjan@yahoo.com) : Adaptation to climate change based on farmers’perception: A study on indigenous hills cultivators in Nagaland, India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 47-56.

Climate change is believed to have severe impacts on different sectors of an economy especially the agricultural sector. The adverse impact of climate change, however, can be mitigated if farmers have awareness and better level of adaptive responses. This study examines the perception of farmers belong to indigenous communities in the state of Nagaland of Northeast India on climate change and analyzes their adaptation responses to climate change. A hundred and twenty farming households were interviewed during July and August 2019. The study employed the Heckman sample selection model to analyse the two- step process of adaptation to climate change. Farmers’ perception of climate change was significantly related to the age of the head of the household, level of education, and past experience of drought and flood. On the other hand, adaptation to climate change is determined by education of household head, economic status, and access to credit, type of cultivation, non-farm income, farming experience, distance to market, and past experience of climatic hazard.

4 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

044789   PERVEZ A, YADAV M, KHAN M (Zoology Dep, Radhey Hari Government Post Graduate Coll, Udham Singh Nagar– 244 713, Uttarakhand, Email: drmeena.yadav@gmail.com ) : Diversity of predaceous coccinellid beetles (coleoptera: coccinellidae) in Uttarakhand, North India. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 7-20.

A field survey was conducted to explore the diversity of predaceous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by sampling adults and larvae from five geographical habitats of Uttarakhand, North India. As a result, eighteen predaceous ladybird beetle species were identified belonging to 15 genera and 3 subfamilies: Chilocorinae, Coccinellinae, and Scymninae. These species were: Platynaspis saundersi, Adalia hexaspilota, Alloneda dodecaspilota, Calvia albida, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella septempunctata, Coccinella transversalis, Harmonia eucharis, Harmonia sedecimnotata; Hippodamia variegata, Illeis cincta, Illeis confusa, Micraspis discolor, Oenopia sauzeti, Propylea dissecta; Propylea luteopustulata; Palaeoneda auriculata and Scymnus posticalis. Of these, six species ladybird beetles are the first time reported from Uttarakhand. Their distinctive characters, distribution, host plant-prey range, active period, and ecological importance have been described. A few of these species may be potentially utilized as biological agents to control many phytophagous insect pests of agriculture and horticulture crops. A disparity was observed in the ladybird-abundance, as both the number of individuals of ladybirds and their frequency in the population differed significantly. The dominance of a few ladybird beetles, particularly C. septempunctata, M. sexmaculatus, C. transversalis and H. variegata was confirmed by the low value of Simpson’s Dominance Index (0.1903) further indicating the disparity in the populations of different ladybird species in a community.

18 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref