045289   SWAFVAN K, JOSHI R (Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode- 673 006, Kerala, Email: safwank186@gmail.com) : A preliminary study on moths (Lepidoptera) as pest of coffee plants from Northern Kerala. J Ent Res 2020, 44(2), 277-84.

Occurrence of moths in agro-ecosystmes of Northern Kerala is little known, especially in coffee plant. The information given here is based on 27 species representing 16 genera of moths collected from the coffee plantations of northern Kerala covering five districts viz., Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kannaur and Kasargod during October 2018 to October 2019 over 95 nights of survey. Five species are reported as major pests (Hyposidra talaca, Eupterotis lineosa, Eupterotis mollifera, Eupterotis fabia, Eupterotis sp. 1) and 20 as minor pests of coffee (Asota plana, Asota caricae, Asota heliconia, Olene mendosa, Euproctis lethiana, Euproctis fraterna, Euproctis sp., Somena scintillans, Aloa lectinea, Creatonotos gangis, Hulodes caranca, Biston suppressaria, Ectropis crepuscularia, Ectropis bhurmitra, Orgyia postica, Psilalcis bisinuata, Miresa bracteata, Miresa inornata, Parasa lepida, Theretra alecto).

5 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

043495   SHIVALINGAM P (Zoology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal, Telangana) : The lake environment related to population health with reference to the Adilabad district lakes, Andra Pradesh, India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(1), 20-1.

Adilabad district is a famous natural, Forestry, Tribal district. It is one of the backward district more percentage of land occupied by forest area. Plenty of lakes have this district it is useful for daily activities. Forest region people use of this water cause to generate water born disease like: kalara, diarrhea, skin desease. In research period discuss with RIMS Doctors in rainy season Malaria, dengu fever spread fastly. Forest lakes sarroundings cause to musquito development, it is cause Malayria, Dengu fevers, it is avoid the awareness of people. Forest area lake sarrounding living people use this water drinking purpose it is cause to kalara, diarrhea, ittching disease. Forest living people using lake water, cleanness of lake sarroundings and take precautions are aviod this problem. Establishment of PHC in forest village (tribals) areas very simple avoid this problem.

2 tables, 4 ref

045288   HAMID S A, AFANDI M F S M, GANESAN V S, HASHIM N A, AL-SHAMI S A (Sains Malaysia Univ, Minden- 11800, Malaysia, Email: ahsuhaila@usm.my) : Morphological abnormalities in caddisfly larvae (Hydropsyche doctersi) as indicator of water quality in tropical rivers. J Ent Res 2020, 44(2), 267-76.

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of Hydropsyche doctersi (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) and its relationship with physico-chemical parameters of four rivers, Kurau River and Ara River in Perak while Kob River and Sedim River in Kedah, Malaysia were studied. All investigated rivers experienced good water quality (Class II) according to water quality index (WQI), although the rivers were surrounded by different land uses. However, high values of BOD, COD and TSS of Kob River indicated that the river was highly polluted. The influence of several physicochemical parameters on H. doctersi anatomical structures such as 1st tarsal claw length, 1st tarsal length, 1st tibial length, 1st tibial width, 2nd tibial length, 2nd tibial width, 2nd femur length, 3rd tibial length, 3rd tibial width, 3rd femur length, 3rd trochanter length, mesonotum length and anal claw length were also investigated. However, only four structures (2nd tibial length, TBL and 3rd tibial width, TBW) exhibited FA in H. doctersi samples from the rivers and were further analyzed. Results revealed that the greatest numbers of traits exhibited FA was recorded at Ara River with eight traits and the greatest FA11 was recorded in third femur length, meanwhile only three traits exhibited FA in Kurau River. In 3rd TBW, AbsFA and FA index showed correlation with nitrate concentration in the rivers. The FA incidence was also reported in the 1st TBL based on correlation of AbsFA with temperature, TDS and orthophosphate. As a conclusion, FA occurrence at Hydropsyche doctersi has proved that river pollution contributed to deformities among the aquatic organisms.

6 tables, 38 ref

045286   BHUYAN K B, ACHARI T S, BARIK T K (Zoology Dep, Berhampur Univ, Berhampur- 760 007, Odisha, Email: tkbarik@rediffmail.com) : Susceptibility assessment of F1 progeny of irradiated Aedes aegypti to toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. J Ent Res 2020, 44(2), 257-9.

This preliminary study highlights the compatibility between radiogenic method with the microbial insecticide. It’s a proposal that SIT and F1 sterility techniques could be integrated with other microbial insecticides like Bti to control the mosquito population in the emergency situation or in high epidemic region as both the methods are compatible.

2 illus, 7 ref

045284   ARYA H, SINGH B R (Zoology Dep, D.S. Coll, Aligarh- 202 001, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drhridayesharya@gmail.com) : Bio-efficacy of Ocimum sanctum leaves against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach and its natural predator Coccinella septempunctata Linn. J Ent Res 2020, 44(2), 249-52.

In the present study Ocimum sanctum leaves were tested for their aphidicidal properties, as plant products are gaining global importance due to their biodegradable and ecologically compatible nature and ill effects of synthetic and chemical pesticides. Leaves of Ocimum were found safe against its natural predator Coccinella septempunctata Linn. The leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum when used at 2 % found to be an effective protectant against L. erysimi.

3 tables, 10 ref

045281   MADDALA M, GUNDI B, GUDIMALLA S (Zoology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad- 500 007, Telangana, Email: prsmadhavi@gmail.com) : Solasodine phytocompound controlled the food pest Tribolium castaneum growth. J Ent Res 2020, 44(2), 227-32.

Chemical and non-chemical methods are widely employed for managing storage food pest red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. This study validated the solasodine effect on the larval growth and other life cycle intermediates of the flour beetle. The target organism was reared on mixed flour of wheat and jowar and treated with different concentrations of solasodine preparations on the fifth instar larvae. The survival rate of the treated organism was statistically evaluated. The concentration of 0.25 ug/mL solasodine and above significantly inhibited the larval growth and produced deformed mosaics, pupae, and adults. Unlike synthetic chemical pesticides, solasodine that was reported to contribute to health benefits in humans controlled the Tribolium castaneum growth in reared media.

2 illus, 34 ref

045279   JAYALAKSHMI K, ROHINI P D, KAVIYARASAN M, RAJALAKSHMI A, SHUKLA A (Life Sciences Dep, Central Univ of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur- 610 104, Tamil Nadu, Email: jayalakshmi@cutn.ac.in) : Distribution of mosquito fauna in Minicoy - Lakshadweep islands, India. J Ent Res 2020, 44(2), 211-8.

The aim of the study was to know breeding sources, distribution dynamics, species diversity and entomological indices of mosquito fauna to predict risk of vector borne disease (VBDs) transmission. Immature sampling sites were selected randomly. Houses were inspected for the presence of larval infestation, Immature were collected by dipping and pipetting method. Predominant breeding sources at Minicoy were found to be coconut shells, discarded plastic containers, open wells, discarded drainage tank, flower pot and earthen pot. Four vector and one non-vector species were collected during monsoon season such as Aedes (Aedes) alopictus (53.23 %), Aedes (Aedes) aegypti (39.75 %), Anopheles (Cellia) stephensi (1.75 %), Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus (5.25 %) and Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus. Entomological indices such as House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), Breateu Index (BI) and Pupal Index (PI) showed high values such as 25.26, 4.8, 36.02 and 90.86 respectively during monsoon season. As a result of high level of BI risk of disease transmission is high in Minicoy Island. The entomological indices for Dengue vectors are high, hence stringent vector control measures needs to be implemented at Minicoy Island.

4 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

045272   RESHI Q M, AHMED I (Zoology Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar– 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: imtiazamu1@yahoo.com) : Seasonal variation in length-weight relationship, condition factor and biological indices of snow trout, Schizothorax esocinus (heckel, 1838) inhabiting river Jhelum of Kashmir Himalaya. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 232-8.

The present study encompasses studies on the seasonal variation in various biological parameters of snow trout, Schizothorax esocinus collected from River Jhelum. The exponent ‘b’ of the length-weight relationship depicted positive allometric growth type. Condition factor (K) was significantly (P<0.05) highest in autumn while lowest values were observed in spring and winter. Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in both sexes was significantly (P<0.05) highest during the spring season (spawning phase) while the lowest value was observed during summer season (spent phase). Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) was significantly (P<0.05) highest in both sexes during the autumn season while as the lowest value was observed during winter season. The study provides information on health status and reproductive cycle of S. esocinus that could help in augmenting the production along with development of appropriate conservation and management strategies.

2 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

041645   WIYA C, NANTARAT N, SAENPHET K (Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand, Email: stit.lilo123@gmail.com) : Antiinflammatory activity of slime extract from giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica). Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 499-505.

The present study aims to investigate the antiinflammatory activity of the slime extracts from the giant African snail, Lissachatina fulica. In this study, aqueous and ethanol extracts of the snail slime were evaluated for antiinflammatory activities in vitro. The aqueous extract showed greater antiinflammatory activities than the ethanol extract. The aqueous extract was further tested for antiinflammatory activity in vivo. For acute inflammation, the ear oedema assay was used to screen the slime extract. The results revealed that application of 2 mg/ear extract or phenylbutzone could significantly reduce oedema when compared with ethanol-treated ears. For chronic inflammatory test, the cotton pellet granuloma model was employed to determine the activity of the slime extract. It was found that 2.5 and 6.25 % extract could significantly reduce transudative and granuloma weights. Moreover, the extracts also reduced malondialdehyde and increased superoxide dismutase in the granuloma tissue of the induced rats. In conclusion, the slime extract showed antiinflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. The antiinflammatory activity was also observed against acute and chronic inflammations, which suggested that the slime extracts has the potential to be developed into antiinflammatory products.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

045267   AHMAD I, AHMED I, NAQASH N, MEHMOOD S (Zoology Dep, Kashmir Univ, Jammu and Kashmir– 190 006, Email: imtiazamu1@yahoo.com) : Novel coronavirus (covid-19) a ubiquitous hazard to human health: A review. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 185-95.

Coronavirus (CoV) belongs to the genus beta coronavirus with its high mutation rate within the family Coronoviridae. The virus is extremely transmittable and its pathogenicity caused infection like SARS-CoV-2. An epidemic of this novel coronavirus was first documented in Wuhan, Hubei province of China in December 2019 and is thus called as COVID-19. A series of pneumonia reports were confirmed and now the cases are escalated throughout the world. Although transmission of this virus from animals to humans is rare, however this new strain most likely came from bats and pangolins. COVID-19 has infected more than 4.5 million people (4,543,060) as of May 15th 2020, 09:50 GMT worldwide and rises continuously, caused the death of 303,707 so far. Till date no vaccine is available to combat this dreadful virus. Though, certain antiviral drugs have being assisted against COVID-19, which results some success. With the fast spread all over the world, fear and panic is gripping people around the globe. It leads to social stigma towards affected people and physiologically hurts by creating more fear. Need of the time is the collective efforts of all developed countries along with WHO to fight against this dreadful virus. The frontline clinicians, public health authorities and epidemiologists must need to come together to stop this infection and save the precious lives. Since the present virus is new to science, therefore in this review, an attempt has been made to establish some facts related to this novel coronavirus from the existing literature.

2 illus, 87 ref

045263   SINGH S, BHATT D, SONI I (Zoology Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur– 302 004, Email: shakuntala.gsr@gmail.com) : Evaluation of LD₅₀ of Fenvalerate in Male Wistar Rats by Miller and Tainter Method. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 159-64.

The principal aim of the present study was to evaluate median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid (Type II) insecticide, in male Wistar rats. Median lethal dose (LD₅₀) is defined as the dose which is lethal and proved to cause death in half of the experimental group of animals after specified test duration. The LD₅₀ is a standardized measure for expressing and comparing the toxicity of chemicals. This test is proved to be an initial screening phase for the evaluation, measurement and comparing of the acute toxicity of a chemical. Fenvalerate dissolved in groundnut oil was administered to 5 different groups of animals (10 animals in each group) as a single dose by oral intubation. Based on the pilot study the selected doses of fenvalerate were 400, 425, 450, 475 and 500mg/kg b.wt. for male rats. The animals were kept under observation for any type of toxic symptoms and death in 96 hours. The percentage of dead animals after 96 hours was calculated, which was then transformed into probits for the estimation of median lethal dose (LD₅₀). In this study, the calculated median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of fenvalerate dissolved in groundnut oil was found to be 434.51±29.90 mg/kg b.wt. in Wistar rats. In sub-chronic and chronic studies, this data is very helpful for the establishment pf the dosage regimen.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

043362   SINGH RB (Zoology Dep, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Seeds polysaccharide structure by methylation studies from Cassia glauca Lam. plant. Int J Chem Sci 2020, 4(3), 25-8.

Fully methylated water soluble seeds polysaccharide with sulphuric acid from Cassia glauca Lam. seeds and precipitated with ethanol then hydrolysed by sulphuric acid. After analysis with Gas Liquid Chromatography, Column and Paper chromatographic analysis of hydrolysate was to be composed of D-galactose and D-mannose in the molar ratio of 1:4. Studies of methylation of polysaccharide by Haworth’s, Hakomari’s and Purdie’s method and its IR-spectroscopy and 1H and 13NMR Spectroscopy indicated that the polysaccharide was a galactomannan with a chain of D-mannopyranose and Dgalactopyranose residue linked β-type with (1→4), which carried alternatively α-type with (1→6)-D-galactopyranose residue. Methylated galactomannan on acid hydrolysis (H₂SO₄) gave important medicinal chemicals like methyl sugars as: 2, 3, 4, 6- tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose; 2, 3, 6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose and 2, 3-di-O-methyl-D-mannose in 1:3:1 molar ratio. On the basis of above finding methylation results a tentative water soluble seeds polysaccharide structure has been proposed for Cassia glauca Lam. Plant.

1 illus, 28 ref

046585   TRIPATHI D M (Zoology Dep, Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand Univ, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, Email: dmtripathi31@gmail.com) : Clinical management of human diarrheal diseases by Ayurvedic herbal drugs. Med Plants 2020, 12(3), 477-81.

This research manuscript endeavors to analyze and critically evaluate the prevailing global situations of diarrhea. The etiology of disease, its prevalence and dominance in India particularly in Rishikesh of Uttarakhand have been discussed. It has further been ventured to evaluate the success and inherent side complications and traumatizing manifestations of modern synthetic drugs including antibiotics with regard to diarrhea. On the basis of these observations and realizations, a comprehensive research and development programme on Ayurvedic Herbal Drugs should be started and geared up as the top most priority research programmes to ensure the availability of the better futuristic herbal effective drugs for diarrhea.

46 ref

041470   GANESAN D S, MOHAMED M A R, LHANZIN P, NEELAN K, VADAKKUVASELVI L, SUBRAMANI S, CHINNASAMY A (Zoology Dep, Madras Univ, Chennai - 600 025, Tamil Nadu, Email: carulvasu@gmail.com) : Antiproliferative effect of crude venom from Conus virgo on human lung cancer cell line and toxicity assessment on adult Zebra Fish (Danio rerio). Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(1), 85-94.

For the past two decades, few conotoxins entered in clinical trial and some are available for pain relieving as well as for treatment of neurological disorders. The present investigation was made to elucidate the antiproliferative effect of crude venom from Conus virgo against human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Acute toxicity was determined on adult Zebra fish. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay where the DNA damage was carried out by DNA fragmentation method and the in vivo toxicity was assessed by OECD guidelines. The cell viability was found to decrease and the cell lost their morphological integrity with increasing concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 µg/ml) with an IC₅₀ concentration of 74.69 µg/ml. The nuclear integrity and DNA fragmentation assay revealed the induction of DNA damage which was observed at 5 h. Further acute toxicity study was made, the LD₅₀ was found at a concentration of 96.393µg/ml. The crude venom affects the locomotory activity of adult Zebra fish and induces the paralytic activity at 50, 75, 100 and 125 µg/ml concentrations. Histology of brain tissue indicated slight variations in the pallium. From the investigation, it was inferred that C. virgo venom could be a potential candidate for cancer chemotherapy.

8 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

046549   GAUTAM S, PANDEY A K (Life Sciences Dep, Mansarovar Global Univ, Sehore- 466 110, Email: arunpandey79@gmail.com) : Ashwagandha: A Rasayana from Ayurveda. Med Plants 2020, 12(2), 173-81.

The Rasayanas are rejuvenators, nutritional supplements and possess strong antioxidant activity. They also have antagonistic action on the oxidative stress which leads to the formation of different free radicals. One popular and highly valued herb in Ayurveda, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) is classified as a rasayana (rejuvenator) in various Ayurvedic classical texts. Various parts of the plant are used in the preparation of different Ayurvedic formulations and home remedy recipes to increase health and longevity. It provides defence against diseases, adverse environmental factors and helps to retard the ageing process. Ashwagandha exhibits a wide range of therapeutic properties by tuning the endocrine, cardiopulmonary, central nervous system and sexual behaviour without any toxicity. The root has been used most frequently for therapeutic purposes and is a constituent of over 200 formulations in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicines. There are several reports to establish its immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, memory enhancing, anti-parkinsonian, hypolipidemic, antibacterial, cardiovascular, antioxidant, antitumor and adaptogenic properties. These properties are because of present of bioactive phytochemicals such as alkaloids and phytosterols in the plant. Present communication deals with traditional uses, phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of Ashwagandha with special reference to its Rasayana properties.

2 illus, 58 ref

045140   ANJU VISWAN K, PUSHAPALATHA E, ARIVUDAINAMBI S, SELVAMUTHUKUMARAN T (Zoology Dep, Calicut Univ, Malappuram, Kerala) : Fractional extraction, isolation and identification of biologically active compounds from Anamirta cocculus (l.) wight & arn to control culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes albopictus skuse. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(3), 53-7.

Development of resistance towards synthetic insecticides is one of the major problems in vector control programmes and it can be reduced to an extent by the alternate use of botanical or bio insecticides. The present study aims to find out the larvicidal activities of Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight and Arn against Culex quinqueafsciatus Say and Aedes albopictus Skuse and to isolate the most active compounds present in the active fraction of the plant extract.  Cold extracts of A. cocculus seeds were taken using methanol as solvent and fractionation was done using the solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone by column chromatographic method. Bioassays were conducted using all these extracts and LC50 were calculated using the probit analysis developed by Finney. The structural elucidation of the compounds of most active fraction isolated from chromatographic studies after bioassay was done by Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Result:A.  cocculus  treated larvae exhibited more restlessness, convulsions and sluggishness, and the restless activity is more in Ae. albopictus than in Cx. quinquefasciatus.The activity of column fractions of A. cocculus was in the order Hexane (H) > Acetone (A) > H:EA (3:1) >H:EA (2:1)> H:EA (1:1): Ethyl acetate (EA): H:EA (1:2) >H:EA (1:3). The compounds present in the most active fractions were Picrotin and Menispermine respectively. 

2 illus, 14 ref

046539   SOLANKI D, GADHVI K, ZALA J, VYAS S (Life Sciences Dep, Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat, Email: vsuhas.13@gmail.com) : Potential of some plant species used as ethnomedicine growing around Sasan Gir, Gujarat, India. Med Plants 2020, 12(1), 105-13.

An ethnomedicinal survey of plants in the Sasan Gir forest area and surrounding villages of the national park revealed that a diversity of plants is used by the indigenous tribes. The valid scientific name, family, local name, habit and methods of drug preparation of 111 species belonging to 98 genera and 59 families are enumerated in the current study. The plants listed in the study are used to cure major diseases such as, diabetes, cancer, bone fractures, abdominal conditions, poisoning, fever, skin problems, asthma, rabies, infertility and bronchitis.

4 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

045126   AHALYA S R, PUSHPALATHA E (Zoology Dep, Calicut Univ, Malappuram, Kerala) : IGR activity of three indigenous plants belonging to asteraceae family and its potential role on control of filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae). J Commun Dis 2020, 52(2), 57-62.

Insect  Growth  Regulatory  and  larvicidal  role  of  three  indigenous plants belonging to the family Asteraceae is tested against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Methods: IGR and larvicidal bioassays were conducted using methanol and water extracts of the selected plants such as Blumea mollis, Vernonia cinerea and  Centratherum  punctatum  against  I  instar  larvae  of  Cx. quinquefasciatus. Result: Lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀)were estimated for methanol and aqueous extracts of the selected plants.  Treatment with methanolic extracts exhibited prolonged larval and pupal duration, when compared to control. Total developmental period was also significantly extended. The larvae treated with aqueous extracts showed shortening of larval and pupal durations. The present study highlights the importance of plant-based materials and their efficacy to control the mosquito vectors with  special  to  Culex  quinquefasciatus. Treatment  with  methanol  extracts of the selected plants showed extension of larval duration where as aqueous extracts show precocenes like activity and the total developmental period shortened with the emergence of almost 90 % of the treated larvae.

5 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

046452   SEETHARAMU P, SWATHI K, DHURUA S, SURESH M, GOVINDARAO S, SREESANDHYA N (Entomology Dep, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural Univ, Naira- 532 185, Email: seetharamento@gmail.com) : Bioefficacy of chemical insecticides against major sucking insectpests on grain legumes in India- A review. Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 1-7.

Grain legumes are the important source of dietary protein in tropical regions and insect pests are the major biotic constraints in the production of the grain legumes throughout the country. About 150 species of insects are known to attack pulse crops in India. Among the insect pests, the sucking pests like aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch; jassid, Empoasca kerri Pruthi; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, thrips, Thrips palmi Karny and flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall are known to cause significant damage to the pulse crops and also indirectly acting as a vectors in transmitting the deadly diseases resulting in severe loss in grain yields of the legume crops. The present review highlights the losses caused by the sucking pests and critically review the literature generated on the bio efficacy of conventional and novel groups of chemical insecticides for the management of sucking pests infesting grain legumes at different locations in India.

74 ref

046449   Sharma A K, Aarwe R, Bhowmick A K, Thakur A S, Sharma R (Entomology Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur- 482 004, Email: amitsharma2375@gmail.com) : Population dynamics of major phototactic insect pests of chickpea ecosystem through light trap. Legum Res 2020, 43(2), 289-93.

An investigation was carried out at Experimental Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during 2016 - 2017 to know the population dynamics of major phototactic insect pests using Jawahar light trap in chickpea ecosystem. The present study revealed that gram pod borer was first recorded during 45th SW in light trap. The activity period of Helicoverpa armigera was noticed from November 2016 to April 2017 with two distinct peaks during 13th and 14th SW. The highest peak was observed in 14thSW. Cutworm was first recorded during 46th SW in light trap. Three distinct peaks were observed during 4th, 12th and 16th SW with highest peak was observed in 12th SW. Tobacco caterpillar was also firstly recorded during 46th SW in light trap with one distinct peak during 13th SW. Further, the correlation studies revealed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature, sunshine, wind velocity, morning vapor pressure and evaporation showed significant positive correlation whilemorning relative humidity and evening relative humidity, showed negative correlation with Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) moth catches and statistically found significant except wind velocity which wasnon-significant against Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). Rest of the weather parameters were found nonsignificant.

15 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

044902   TAKEDA K, YAMAUCHI J, ADACHI-YAMADA T ( Life Science Dep, Gakushuin Univ, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan, Email: Takashi.Adachi-Yamada@gakushuin.ac.jp) : Morphological and developmental traits of the binucleation of male accessory gland cells in the benthic water bug, Aphelocheirus vittatus (Hemiptera: Aphelochiridae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa082.

The male accessory glands (MAGs) in insects are pair(s) of internal reproductive organs that produce and secrete the plasma component of seminal fluid. In various insects, MAG size is important for male reproductive success because the fluid provides physiologically active substances and/or nutrients to females to control sperm as well as female reproductive behaviors. Although the MAG epithelial cells in most insect species are standard mononucleate cells, those in some insect taxa are binucleate due to incomplete cytokinesis (e.g., Drosophila [Fallén] [Diptera: Drosophilidae]) or cell fusion (e.g., Cimex [Linnaeus] [Hemiptera: Cimicidae]). In the case of Drosophila, the apicobasal position of the two nuclei relative to the epithelial plane changes from vertical to horizontal after nutrient intake, which allows the volume of the MAG cavity to expand effectively. On the other hand, in the case of Cimex, the positions of the two nuclei do not change apicobasally in response to feeding, but their position relative to the proximodistal axis varies depending on the tubular/spherical organ morphology. Here, we report that the MAG of the benthic water bug Aphelocheirus vittatus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Aphelochiridae) shows binucleation in all epithelial cells. Despite the phylogenetically close relationship between Aphelocheirus and Cimex, the MAG cells in Aphelocheirus showed a Drosophila-like apicobasal change in the position of the two nuclei in response to feeding. Furthermore, the cytological processes during binucleation are more similar to those in Drosophila (incomplete cytokinesis) than to those in Cimex (cell fusion). These results indicate that the physiological role and mechanism of binucleation in MAG cells changed during the evolution of Hemiptera.

5 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

044901   RIUDAVETS J, CASTAÑÉ C, AGUSTÍ N, ARCO L D, DIAZ I, CASTELLARI M (IRTA, Barcelona, Spain, Email: jordi.riudavets@irta.cat) : Development and biomass composition of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on different by products of the agri-food industry. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa085.

The aim of this study was to evaluate five agro-industrial byproducts (apricots, brewer’s spent grains, brewer’s spent yeast, feed mill byproducts including broken cereal grains, and hatchery waste including eggshell debris, fluff, infertile eggs, dead embryos, and egg fluids) or mixtures thereof as food diets of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), Tenebrio molitor (L.), and Hermetia illucens (L.). Eleven out of 26 tested combinations allowed the first instar larvae to reach the adult stage. Results showed that bioconversion parameters and biomass composition can vary depending on the diet composition, especially in the case of E. kuehniella and H. illucens, whose nutritional requirements seem more complex than those of T. molitor. Tenebrio molitor was able to develop in almost all byproducts. However, only when T. molitor was fed with suitable mixtures of byproducts the development parameters were similar to those obtained with the standard diet. The best results in terms of bioconversion parameters were obtained by feeding H. illucens with a diet including dried brewer’s spent grain, feed mill byproducts and brewer’s spent yeast. The larvae of these three species can be considered interesting from a nutritional point of view, because of their high protein and fat content. However, the fatty acids profile of H. illucens larvae, with high proportions of saturated fatty acids, seems less healthy for human consumption compared with those of E. kuehniella and T. molitor.

6 tables, 60 ref

044899   JIA H-R, NIU L-L, SUN Y-F, LIU Y-Q, WU K-M (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing- 100 193, China, Email: kmwu@ ippcaas.cn) : Odorant binding proteins and chemosensory proteins in Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae): molecular cloning, expression profiling, and gene evolution. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa065.

Aphidophagous syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) are important insects in agroecosystems for pollination and biological control. Insect chemoreception is essential for these processes and for insect survival and reproduction; however, molecular determinants is not well understood for these beneficial insects. Here, we used recent transcriptome data for the common hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus, to characterize key molecular components of chemoreception: odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Six EbalCSPs and 44 EbalOBPs were cloned from this species, and sequence analysis showed that most share the characteristic hallmarks of their protein family, including a signal peptide and conserved cysteine signature. Some regular patterns and key conserved motifs of OBPs and CSPs in Diptera were identified using the online tool MEME. Motifs were also compared among the three OBP subgroups. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that most of these chemosensory genes were expressed in chemosensory organs, suggesting these genes have chemoreceptive functions. An overall comparison of the Ka/ Ks values of orthologous genes in E. balteatus and another predatory hoverfly species to analyze the evolution of these olfactory genes showed that OBPs and CSPs are under strong purifying selection. Overall, our results provide a molecular basis for further exploring the chemosensory mechanisms of E. balteatus, and consequently, may help us to understand the tritrophic interactions among plants, herbivorous insects, and natural enemies.

4 illus, 2 tables, 67 ref

044898   ALMEIDA A C D S, JESUS F G D, BARRIGOSS J A F (Federal Goiano Institute, GO- 75790-000, Brazil, Email: andre.almeida@ ifgoiano.edu.br) : Unveiling the feeding behavior of Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on rice using an electropenetrography waveform library. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa064.

The rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål, damages plant stalks while feeding, making it one of the most important rice pests in South America. Because the feeding behavior of T. limbativentris has not yet been studied in rice, we investigated T. limbativentris stylet penetration (probing) in rice stalks. A waveform library was created using the new AC-DC EPG monitor with different levels of input resistance (Ri). Six different waveforms were recorded and correlated via histological studies and grouped into three phases: non-probing waveforms (Z and Np), pathway waveforms (Tl1), and ingestion waveforms (Tl2 and Tl3). The Z waveform was observed when the stink bug was standing still on the plant surface, Np when the stink bug was walking on plant surface, Tl1 was associated with stylet insertion and deep penetration into the plant tissue, and Tl2 when the stink bug was feeding on xylem vessels. The Tl3 waveform was associated with the rupture of stalk cells and was divided into two subtypes (Tl3a and Tl3b). The Tl3a waveform probably represents cell laceration with combined enzymatic maceration of stalk tissues, while Tl3b represents a short ingestion period of macerated tissues. Tibraca limbativentris uses two strategies to feed on rice stalks: a salivary sheath for feeding on xylem vessels and cell rupture (laceration and maceration) for feeding on parenchyma cells. Our study provides crucial benchmark definitions of waveforms. Future studies can now compare effects of treatments on stink bug feeding, to ultimately improve management of this pest in rice.

5 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

044897   ESQUIVEL C J, MARTINEZ E J, BAXTER R, TRABANINO R, RANGER C M, MICHEL A, CANAS L A (Entomology Dep, The Ohio State Univ, OH- 44691, Email: canas.4@osu.edu) : Thiamethoxam differentially impacts the survival of the generalist predators, Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), when exposed via the food chain. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa070.

Insect predators are seldom considered during toxicological trophic assessments for insecticide product development. As a result, the ecological impact of novel insecticides on predators is not well understood, especially via the food chain, i.e., when their prey is exposed to insecticides. Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides widely used in agriculture to control herbivorous insects, but their effects on predatory insects via the food chain have not been well characterized. In this study, we documented the time-course effects of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on the survival of two predators, the insidiosus flower bug Orius insidiosus (Say) and the convergent lady beetle Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, when preying upon the aphids Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Aphids were exposed to thiamethoxam-treated or untreated plants every week over the course of 5 wk. After transferring aphids to Petri dishes, predators were allowed to feed on aphids. We found that the survival of the insidiosus flower bug, but not the convergent lady beetle, was reduced after consuming aphids reared on thiamethoxam-treated plants compared to untreated plants. Survival reduction of the insidiosus flower bug was observed only during the first weeks after thiamethoxam application; no reduction occurred 28 d after treatment or beyond. These results demonstrate that a systemic application of thiamethoxam could be compatible with convergent lady beetles and insidiosus flower bugs, if the time of predator release does not coincide with thiamethoxam activity. These findings are critical for the development of future pest control programs that integrate biological and chemical control.

5 illus, 72 ref

044896   QIU H-L, QIN C-S, FOX E G P, WANG D-S, HE Y-R (Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangdong- 510 520, China, Email: yrhe@scau.edu.cn) : Differential behavioral responses of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) workers toward nestmate and non-nestmate corpses. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa069.

The removal of corpses (aka ‘necrophoric behavior’) is critical to sanitation in ant colonies. However, little is known about differences in the necrophoric responses of Solenopsis invicta workers towards corpses of nestmates and non-nestmates. We introduced corpses of S. invicta workers from either intracolony (i.e., nestmate) or intercolony (i.e., non-nestmate) origin at the entrance of artificial nests, and recorded workers’ aggressive responses and necrophoric behaviors for analysis. Solenopsis invicta workers displayed distinct responses towards corpses of different origins. Specifically, resident workers were more likely to remove fresh non-nestmate corpses than nestmate corpses, but there was no difference regarding corpses that had been dead for 15 min or longer. Resident workers reacted more aggressively to, and removed more quickly, fresh non-nestmate corpses than corpses of their nestmates. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the removal time between nestmate and non-nestmate corpses that had been dead for 15 min or longer. Resident workers always displayed stronger aggressiveness towards non-nestmate corpses than nestmate corpses, excepting to corpses that had been dead for 6 h, which elicited a response. No significant correlation between the removal times and aggressiveness levels were detected in any treatments. It remains to be tested whether this differential response is adaptive in how it influences colony fitness and competition.

5 illus, 31 ref

044895   MATTISON C P, TRONGCHITR A T, TILLE K S, COTTONE C B, RIEGEL C (Southern Regional Research Center, United States, Email: chris.mattison@ usda.gov) : Cloning, expression, and immunological characterization of Formosan subterranean Termite (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) arginine kinase. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa071.

Several parts of the world regularly consume termites. Arthropod arginine kinase proteins often cross-react with human immunoblobulin E (IgE) antibodies and they are considered pan-allergens. The Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus (C. formosanus (Shiraki) [Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae]), along with cockroaches, belong to the order Blattodea and they are common household pests in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. An sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) band migrating at approximately 37 kDa in C. formosanus termite extracts cross-reacted with IgE from five cockroach allergic patient samples by immunoblot. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of gel slices from the corresponding region of a gel indicated several peptides from the excised region were identical to the American cockroach arginine kinase allergen, Per a 9.  The sequence of the full-length C.  formosanus arginine kinase gene indicates the protein it encodes is 96 % identical to American cockroach Per a 9, 94 % identical to German cockroach Bla g 9, and 82–84 % identical to shrimp arginine kinase proteins Pen m 2, Lit v 2, and Cra c 2. Full-length C. formosanus arginine kinase was fused to a glutathione S-transferase tag and recombinantly expressed and purified from Escherichia coli by affinity chromatography. The recombinant protein was recognized by IgE from 11 of 12 cockroach or shrimp allergic samples, but did not cross-react with dust mite allergic or peanut/tree nut allergic samples. The results of this study indicate the C. formosanus arginine kinase cross-reacts with cockroach and shrimp allergic IgE, and if consumed would likely act as an allergen.

6 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

044894   BALOGH S L, BJÖRKLUND N, HUBER D P W, LINDGREN B S (Northern British Columbia Univ, Canada, Email: sharleen.balogh@alumni.unbc.ca) : Random and directed movement by warren root collar weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), relative to size and distance of host lodgepole pine trees. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa063.

Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest of conifers, especially lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Douglas ex Loudon) (Pinales: Pinaceae) in the Interior of British Columbia. The larvae feed on the roots and root collars and cause girdling damage, resulting in mortality or growth reductions. Previous research has suggested the adult weevils locate potential host trees by using random movements and vision, but likely not chemosensory cues. The purpose of this study is to determine if adult H. warreni respond to particular tree characteristics versus encounter potential hosts at random. Study A was a capture–mark–recapture experiment where weevils were captured on mature pine trees, while Study B was a tracking experiment within a young pine plantation. Weevils showed a preference for larger trees, and for trees that were closer to the weevil’s last known location. In Study A, weevils also avoided climbing trees in poor health, while in Study B, the weevils’ preference for taller trees increased as their distance from the weevil increased, as well as when taller trees were closer to other trees. Movement rates were similar to those observed in previous studies, were positively correlated with the average spacing of trees, and declined with time after release. This confirms previous findings that H. warreni may locate host trees by both vision and random movements, and that their movements are determined primarily by the size and distribution of potential host trees within their habitat.

7 illus, 5 tables, 48 ref

044893   PEREIRA M C, COOPER P D (Morphology Dep, Bioscience Institute, Brazil, Email: paul.cooper@anu.edu.au) : A novel head capsule labial gland lobe in the black field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa068.

We describe a pair of labial gland lobes on either side of the retrocerebral complex in the head of the Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus Walker. As the retrocerebral complex includes the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata, hormones secreted by these glands can be absorbed by these lobes. These lobes of the labial gland are connected to the thoracic lobes via a relatively long duct that enters the main duct draining the thoracic lobes. Measurement of the flow rate of dye from head to thorax in the ducts is rapid, suggesting that these glands may serve as a transport system into the thoracic region. Both serotonin and adipokinetic hormone are shown to be present in the lobes near the retrocerebral complex and the ducts of the thoracic lobes, but whether this connection between the head and thorax acts as a hormone transporter is still unclear.

6 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

044892   BACKUS E A, SHIH H-T (San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, Email: elaine.backus@usda.gov) : Do sharpshooters from around the world produce the same EPG waveforms? Comparison of waveform libraries from Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) vectors Kolla paulula (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Taiwan and Graphocephala atropunctata from California. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa056.

When an exotic invasive species is a vector-borne plant pathogen, vector feeding behavior must be studied to identify potential host plant range and performance of specialized pathogen transmission behaviors. The most rigorous tool for assessing vector feeding behavior is electropenetrography (EPG). Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. is a gram-negative bacterium native to the Americas, where it is the causal agent of lethal scorch-type diseases such as Pierce’s disease (PD) of grapevines. In 2002, a PD strain of X. fastidiosa invaded Asia for the first time, as confirmed from grape vineyards in Taiwan. Kolla paulula (Wallker), a native Asian species of sharpshooter leafhopper, was found to be the primary vector in Taiwanese vineyards. This study used an AC-DC electropenetrograph to record stylet probing behaviors of K. paulula on healthy grapevines. The main objective was to create an EPG waveform library for K.  paulula. Waveform description, characterization of R versus emf components (electrical origins), and proposed biological meanings of K. paulula waveforms are reported. In addition, comparison of K. paulula waveforms with those from the most efficient, native vector of X. fastidiosa in California vineyards, Graphocephala atropunctata, is also reported. Overall, both species of sharpshooters had similar-appearing waveforms. Five new findings were identified, especially that the previously described but rare waveform subtype, B1p, was extensively produced in K.  paulula recordings. Sharpshooter waveforms from species worldwide share a high degree of similarity. Thus, EPG methods can be rapidly applied to potential vectors where X. fastidiosa is newly introduced.

10 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

044891   HANSON F, STANWYCK E, BOHORQUEZ A (Biological Sciences Dep, Maryland Univ, MD- 21250, Email: hanson@umbc.edu) : The effects of population density on the incidence of developmental deformities in chemosensory organs of tobacco hornworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa062.

Cultures of Manduca sexta Johanssen in our laboratory were found to have larvae with missing or deformed mouthparts or antennae. Hypothesizing that these developmental deformities were caused by crowded rearing conditions, we reared larvae in four different population densities and recorded the incidence (% of larvae affected) and types of chemoreceptor deformities. Results showed that the incidence of these deformities was directly proportional to larval population density. Deformities of the maxilla and palp were the most frequent, followed by those of the antenna, epipharynx and maxillary styloconica. Life history traits of larval mass, food consumption, and rate of development were inversely related to larval density for both normal and deformed larvae. We discuss possible causes and mechanisms of these deformities and of changes to life history traits.

6 illus, 6 tables, 40 ref

044890   PORTILLA M (USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville- 38776, MS, Email: Maribel. portilla@ars.usda.gov) : A laboratory diet-overlay bioassay to monitor resistance in Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) to insecticides commonly used in the Mississippi Delta. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa067.

A laboratory, diet-overlay pesticide bioassay was developed using a susceptible population of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), to study its susceptibility to neonicotinoid, sulfoxamine, organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticides (thiamethoxam, sulfoxaflor, acephate, and permethrin, respectively). The diet-overlay bioassay was compared to the traditional glass-vial surface residue bioassay. We measured LC50 values by feeding tarnished plant bug adults known doses of insecticides dispensed on top of diet in a 10 % solution of honey water for thiamethoxam and 10% acetone in water solutions for permethrin, acephate, and sulfoxaflor. Both the diet-overlay and glass-vial bioassays used dose-response (mortality) regression lines to calculate LC50 values for each insecticide at 6-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h post-exposure. Data variability from the glass-vial bioassay was higher for permethrin, sulfoxaflor, and thiamethoxam than the diet-overlay bioassay, for all evaluation times. In contrast, there was lower variability among replicates to acephate in the glass-vial assay compared to the diet-overlay assay. Control mortalities observed on diet-overlay bioassay were lower (0–5 %) than those observed on the glass-vial bioassay (4–27 %). The use of green beans, floral-foam, rolling glass vials, and insect handling made the existing standard method tedious to manipulate and difficult to handle large numbers of individuals. The nonautoclaved solid diet provides an opportunity to significantly reduce cost and variability associated with procedures of other bioassay methods. In general, the baseline data provide a basis for future comparison to determine changes in resistance over time.

8 tables, 46 ref

044889   CHEMNITZ J, HOERMANN C V, AYASSE M, STEIGER S (Ulm Univ, Ulm- 89081, Germany, Email: sandra.steiger@uni-bayreuth.de) : The impact of environmental factors on the efficacy of chemical communication in the burying beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa061.

There is growing evidence that a wide range of insect sex pheromones are condition dependent and play a fundamental role in mate choice. However, the effectiveness of pheromonal communication might not only depend on internal factors of the sender, but also on attributes of the microhabitat, in which the signaler chooses to emit its chemical signal. For example, the degree of anthropogenic land use might affect how successful the signal is transmitted, as land use has been shown to affect animal communities and the complexity of biotic interactions. To test the hypothesis that parameters of the microenvironment determine males’ ability to attract females via their sex pheromone, we used the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides Herbst (Coleoptera: Silphidae) as our model system. We exposed 144 males across differently managed forest stands and analyzed the impact of 29 environmental parameters. Our data revealed that human land use intensity had no effect on a male’s attractiveness. However, the harvested tree biomass positively affected the proportion of competitors attracted. Furthermore, we found that soil characteristics were important factors determining the amount and body size of females a male was able to attract. Consequently, we present evidence that the environmental context of a signaling male influences the effectiveness of chemical signaling either because it affects the transmission process or the prevailing abundance of potential signal receivers. Thus, our results demonstrate that males need to make careful decisions about the location where they emit their pheromone, as this choice of microhabitat has an impact on their fitness.

3 illus, 4 tables, 135 ref

044888   WANG N-M, LI J-J, SHANG Z-Y, YU Q-T, XUE C-B (Shandong Agricultural Univ, China, Email: cbxue@sdau.edu.cn) : Increased responses of phenoloxidase in chlorantraniliprole resistance of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa066.

The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, DBM) is an important pest of cruciferous vegetables. The use of chlorantraniliprole has been essential in the management of the DBM. However, in many countries and areas, DBM has become highly resistant to chlorantraniliprole. Three different DBM strains, susceptible (S), chlorantraniliprole-selected (Rc ), and field-collected (Rb) resistant strains/populations were studied for the role of phenoloxidase in resistance development to the insecticide. By assaying the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) in the three different DBM strains, the results showed that the PO activity in the Rc strain was increased significantly compared with the S strain. The synergistic effects of quercetin showed that the resistant ratio (RR) of the QRc larvae to chlorantraniliprole was decreased from 423.95 to 316.42-fold compared with the Rc larvae. Further studies demonstrated that the transcriptional and translational expression levels of PxPPO1 (P. xylostella prophenoloxidase-1 gene) and PxPPO2 (P.  xylostella prophenoloxidase-2 gene) were increased to varying degrees compared with the S strain, such as the transcriptional expression levels of PxPPO2 were 24.02-fold that of the S strain. The responses of phenoloxidase were significantly different in chlorantraniliprole-resistant DBM.The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, DBM) is an important pest of cruciferous vegetables. The use of chlorantraniliprole has been essential in the management of the DBM. However, in many countries and areas, DBM has become highly resistant to chlorantraniliprole. Three different DBM strains, susceptible (S), chlorantraniliprole-selected (Rc ), and field-collected (Rb) resistant strains/populations were studied for the role of phenoloxidase in resistance development to the insecticide. By assaying the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) in the three different DBM strains, the results showed that the PO activity in the Rc strain was increased significantly compared with the S strain. The synergistic effects of quercetin showed that the resistant ratio (RR) of the QRc larvae to chlorantraniliprole was decreased from 423.95 to 316.42-fold compared with the Rc larvae. Further studies demonstrated that the transcriptional and translational expression levels of PxPPO1 (P. xylostella prophenoloxidase-1 gene) and PxPPO2 (P.  xylostella prophenoloxidase-2 gene) were increased to varying degrees compared with the S strain, such as the transcriptional expression levels of PxPPO2 were 24.02-fold that of the S strain. The responses of phenoloxidase were significantly different in chlorantraniliprole-resistant DBM.

3 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

046382   KROVVIDI S, CHENNURU S, AMRUTHA D, SATISH K (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary Univ, Gannavaram- 521 101, Email: sdevichennuru@rediffmail.com) : Genetic polymorphism of β- tubulin isotype 1 gene conferring benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep of Andhra Pradesh. J Vet Parasitol 2020, 34(2), 126-31.

A study was undertaken to determine the polymorphism at codon 200 of β-tubulin isotype 1 gene associated with benzimidazole (BZ) resistance, by PCR-RFLP (Polymerase chain reaction linked restriction fragment length polymorphism) in Haemonchus contortus from sheep across eight districts of Andhra Pradesh. RFLP using Taa I revealed three distinct patterns named as ‘rr’ (homozygous resistant), ‘rS’ (heterozygous susceptible) and ‘SS’ (homozygous susceptible). The overall genotype frequencies for SS, rS and rr were 0.26, 0.44 and 0.30, respectively. The allelic frequencies of ‘r’ and ‘S’ were 0.52 and 0.48, respectively. The prevalence of benzimidazole resistance allele (r) was significantly (P<0.001) higher than susceptible allele in the study area indicating inconsistency with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The expected heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) estimates were 0.50 and 0.44, respectively. The effective population size (Ne), polymorphic information content (PIC) and fixation index (FIS) were 1.99, 0.37 and 0.13, respectively. The analysis revealed significant heterozygote deficiency. The study revealed that BZ resistance could be a future threat in the area as high frequency of heterozygous worms occur in different districts of Andhra Pradesh.

1 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

046380   PARIYAR P, JAKHER R, DEY J, GUPTA P, CHHETRI V (Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling- 734 101, Email: priskapariyar@gmail.com) : Retrospective analysis on the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in captive mammals and pheasants at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling. J Vet Parasitol 2020, 34(2), 114-9.

The present report is a retrospective analysis on the prevalence of parasites in various captive mammals and pheasants at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, a high-altitude zoo located in Darjeeling. Of the 1638 faecal sample test reports compiled from the year 2015-2018, 108 (7 %) were positive for parasites. The animals were mainly positive for ascarids eggs like Toxocara spp. Apart from these, Spirometra spp., Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp. and anoplocephalid eggs were also encountered. Animals belonging to the family canidae, viverridae and cervidae showed no infection. Ursids showed little or no infection throughout the study, whereas others exhibited parasites to a varying degree, highest being among the felidae (13 %) followed by bovidae (6 %), ailuridae (3 %) and primates (2 %). Phasianidae revealed infection with Capillaria spp. and Ascaridia spp. (13.08 %). The low level of prevalence of parasites is discussed in the context of the deworming schedule carried out in the zoo.

2 tables, 21 ref

046379   NUGROHO I N, HIDAYAH R, MAHASRI G, ULKHAQ M F (Airlangga Univ, Indonesia- 60115, Email: m-faizalulkhaq@fpk.unair.ac.id) : Parasitic metazoans infesting cantang groupers from floating net cages in Situbondo Waters, East Java, Indonesia. J Vet Parasitol 2020, 34(2), 109-13.

Most of the cantang grouper (Ephinepelus fuscoguttatus x E. lanceolatus) cultivation is conducted in floating net cages, which can predispose to infectious diseases, including parasitic disease. Aim of this study was to identify the parasites in cantang groupers cultivated on floating net cages in Situbondo waters. One hundred and twenty cantang groupers measuring 12.59 ± 1.93 cm were collected from three floating net cages in Situbondo waters. Samples were observed for ectoparasites from skin, fins and gills; and for endoparasites in gastrointestinal tracts of the fish. The result showed twelve (10 %) of the fish were infested with Neobenedenia girellae. The sites of infection were skin, eye, head and fins. Besides this, intestine of one fish (0.83 %) was found infected with Anisakis typica. Our finding is the first report of metazoan parasite infection in cantang grouper cultured in Java Sea, especially in Situbondo waters. Moreover, cantang grouper is one of popular fishes consumed by humans and consumption of undercooked fishes could lead to zoonotic infection with Anisakis. Therefore, further studies are needed to map the distribution of parasites in cantang groupers.

2 illus, 24 ref

044886   KUCUK R A (Clemson Univ, Clemson- 29634, SC, Email: rkucuk@g.clemson.edu) : Gut bacteria in the holometabola: A review of obligate and facultative symbionts. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa084.

The diversity and ecological variety of Holometabola foregrounds a wide array of dynamic symbiotic relationships with gut-dwelling bacteria. A review of the literature highlights that holometabolous insects rely on both obligate bacteria and facultative bacteria living in their guts to satisfy a number of physiological needs. The driving forces behind these differing relationships can be hypothesized through the scrutiny of bacterial associations with host gut morphology, and transmission of bacteria within a given host taxon. Our knowledge of the evolution of facultative or obligate symbiotic bacteria in holometabolan systems is further enhanced by an assessment of the various services the bacteria provide, including nutrition, immune system health, and development. The diversity of Holometabola can thus be examined through an assessment of known bacterial partnerships within the orders of Holometabola.

4 tables, 145 ref

044885   MUNAWAR K, ALAHMED A M, KHALIL S M S (Plant Protection Dep, King Saud Univ, Riyadh- 114 51, Saudi Arabia, Email: saykhalil@ksu.edu.sa) : Delivery methods for RNAi in mosquito larvae. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa074.

Mosquito-transmitted diseases pose a threat for a great portion of the world population. Chemical insecticides are the main tool for mosquito control. Heavy dependence on chemicals created several problems such as resistance development in many mosquito species, environmental effects, and human health issues. Other tools for mosquito control were developed and used in some parts of the world. Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) is a reverse genetic mechanism that was recently introduced as a new tool for pest control. Regarding mosquito, RNAi was used to study gene function and to discover genes that can be used as targets for control purposes. Several delivery methods are used to induce RNAi in mosquito larvae. Some methods such as injection and soaking are used routinely in RNAi research but have no application in the field. Other methods such as nanoparticles and microbes have some characteristics that make them good candidates for field application. In this report, we will focus on delivery methods for RNAi in mosquito larvae and will give examples for each method.

1 illus, 1 table, 76 ref

044883   BACKUS E A, SHIH H-T (San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, CA- 93648-9757, Email: elaine.backus@usda.gov) : Review of the EPG waveforms of sharpshooters and spittlebugs including their biological meanings in relation to transmission of Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(4), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa055.

Electropenetrography (EPG) is one of the most rigorous methods to study stylet probing behaviors of piercingsucking insects whose mouthparts move invisibly inside hosts. EPG is particularly useful for identifying vector behaviors that control transmission (acquisition, retention, and inoculation) of plant pathogens, comparing those behaviors among vector species, and aiding in development of novel vector and disease management tactics. Xylella fastidiosa (Wells et al.) is a gram-negative, invasive bacterium native to the Americas, where it is the causal agent of lethal scorch-type diseases such as Pierce’s disease of grapevines. Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by sharpshooter leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) and spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). Despite over 75 yr of study, details of the inoculation mechanism of X. fastidiosa were unknown until the advent of EPG research with sharpshooters. Herein, the following topics are presented: 1) review of key EPG principles and waveforms published to date, emphasizing sharpshooters and spittlebugs; 2) summary of present understanding of biological meanings of sharpshooter waveforms; 3) review of mechanisms of transmission for X. fastidiosa illuminated by EPG; and 4) recommendations of the most useful waveform categories for EPG use in future, quantitative comparisons of sharpshooter stylet probing on various treatments such as infected versus uninfected plants, resistant varieties, or insecticide treatments. In addition, new work on the functional anatomy of the precibarial valve is discussed in the context of X. fastidiosa transmission and EPG waveforms. Also, the first block diagram of secondary, signalprocessing circuits for the AC-DC EPG is published, and is discussed in relation to EPG signals appearances and meanings.

5 illus, 1 table, 67 ref

044882   COLOMBARI F, TONINA L, BATTISTI A, MORI N (Agronomy Dep, Padova Univ, Legnaro, Italy, Email: andrea.battisti@unipd.it) : Performance of Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), a generalist parasitoid of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), at low temperature. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa039.

Survival and parasitism activity of Trichopria drosophilae Perkins adults, a cosmopolitan parasitoid of Drosophila spp., were studied under laboratory conditions using five constant temperatures at the lower range known for this enemy, from 4 to 20 °C in 4 °C increments. Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, an invasive pest of small fruits, was used as a host. Commercially available adult parasitoids were provided with 1) food and D. suzukii pupae; 2) food and no D. suzukii pupae; 3) no food and no pupae. The results show that adult females of T. drosophilae lived longer than males, and both generally benefitted from food supply. The highest level of survival was observed between 8 and 12°C for fed insects, irrespective of whether they were offered host pupae or not. The absence of food led to the highest mortality, but the parasitoid demonstrated considerably resistance to prolonged starvation. Successful parasitism increased steadily with temperature and reached the highest value at 20 °C. Conversely, D.  suzukii emergence rate was high after exposure of pupae to parasitoids at 4 °C, while pupal mortality increased strongly with temperature until 12 °C. The findings indicate that T. drosophilae is well adapted to the relatively cold conditions experienced in early spring and in autumn or at high elevations, when the host pupae could be largely available. The long lifespan of the adults and the ability to parasitize the host at low temperature make T. drosophilae potentially useful for the biocontrol of D. suzukii.

2 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

044881   ANDERSON P A, PEZZINI D T, BUENO N M, DIFONZO C D, FINKE D L, HUNT T E, KNODEL J J, KRUPKE C H, MCCORNACK B P, PHILIPS C R, VARENHORST A J, WRIGHT R J, KOCH R L (Entomology Dep, Minnesota Univ, MN- 551 08, Email: koch0125@umn.edu) : Parasitism of adult pentatomidae by tachinidae in soybean in the north central region of the United States. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa030.

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are agricultural pests of increasing significance in the North Central Region of the United States, posing a threat to major crops such as soybean. Biological control can reduce the need for insecticides to manage these pests, but the parasitism of stink bugs by Tachinidae (Diptera) is poorly characterized in this region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of parasitism of stink bugs by tachinids over 2 yr from nine states across the North Central Region. Parasitism was assessed by quantifying tachinid eggs on the integument of stink bug adults. Parasitism rates (i.e., percent of adult stink bugs with tachinid eggs) were compared across stink bug species, states, stink bug sex, and years. The mean percent parasitism of stink bugs by tachinids was about 6 % across the region and did not differ among stink bug species. Mean percent parasitism was significantly higher in Missouri than in northern and western states. In addition, male stink bugs had significantly higher mean percent parasitism than females. Stink bug species commonly found in soybean in the region showed some parasitism and are therefore potentially vulnerable to oviposition by these parasitoids. This is the first study to characterize the level of parasitism of stink bugs by tachinids across the North Central Region.

1 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

044880   WITTMAN J T, AUKEMA B H ( Entomology Dep, Minnesota Univ, MN- 55102, Email: wittm094@umn.edu) : A guide and toolbox to replicability and open science in entomology. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa036.

The ability to replicate scientific experiments is a cornerstone of the scientific method. Sharing ideas, workflows, data, and protocols facilitates testing the generalizability of results, increases the speed that science progresses, and enhances quality control of published work. Fields of science such as medicine, the social sciences, and the physical sciences have embraced practices designed to increase replicability. Granting agencies, for example, may require data management plans and journals may require data and code availability statements along with the deposition of data and code in publicly available repositories. While many tools commonly used in replicable workflows such as distributed version control systems (e.g., ‘git’) or script programming languages for data cleaning and analysis may have a steep learning curve, their adoption can increase individual efficiency and facilitate collaborations both within entomology and across disciplines. The open science movement is developing within the discipline of entomology, but practitioners of these concepts or those desiring to work more collaboratively across disciplines may be unsure where or how to embrace these initiatives. This article is meant to introduce some of the tools entomologists can incorporate into their workflows to increase the replicability and openness of their work. We describe these tools and others, recommend additional resources for learning more about these tools, and discuss the benefits to both individuals and the scientific community and potential drawbacks associated with implementing a replicable workflow.

1 illus, 3 tables, 74 ref

044878   WANGKEEREE J, TEWARUXSA P, RODDEE J, HANBOONSONG Y (Agricultural Technology Dep, Thammasat Univ Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani, Thailand, Email: jureemart@yahoo.com) : Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Alphaproteobacteria) infection in the leafhopper vector of sugarcane white leaf disease. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa053.

Wolbachia is a maternally inherited bacterium ubiquitous in insects that has attracted interest as a prospective insect pest-control agent. Here, we detected and characterized Wolbachia in the leafhoppers Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus (Matsumura) (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) and Yamatotettix flavovittatus Matsumura (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera), insect vectors of the phytoplasma that cause white leaf disease in sugarcane. The 16S rRNA and wsp gene markers revealed that Wolbachia was not present in the M. hiroglyphicus but naturally occurs in Y. flavovittatus. Additionally, the infection rates in adult leafhoppers ranged from 0 to 100 % depending on geographic location. Moreover, Wolbachia was detected in the eggs and first- to fifth-instar nymphs of Y. flavovittatus. A phylogenic tree of Wolbachia indicated that it resided in the monophyletic supergroup B clade and clustered in the Ori subgroup. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that Wolbachia localized to the egg apices, randomly distributed in the egg cytoplasm, and was concentrated in the nymph and adult bacteriomes, as well as occasional detection in the thorax and abdomen. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the prevalence of Wolbachia in the leafhopper Y. flavovittatus. The obtained results would provide useful information for the future development of Wolbachia as a biological control agent for the leafhopper vectors.

4 illus, 3 tables, 55 ref

044877   LIANG Y-Y, MEI LUO, FU X-G, ZHENG L-X, WEI H-Y (Jiangxi Agricultural Univ, Nanchang- 330 045, China, Email: hywei@jxau.edu.cn) : Mating disruption of Chilo suppressalis from sex pheromone of another pyralid rice pest Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa050.

The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), and the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, are two of the most destructive lepidopteran pests in rice. Since these two pyralid insects overlap in their occurrence in rice paddy fields, farmers prefer to set their pheromone-baited traps together in the rice fields for their monitoring. However, our field observation demonstrated that no male adult of C. suppressalis was captured in traps baited with commercial sex pheromone of C. suppressalis (CCS) combined with commercial sex pheromone of C. medinalis (CCM). To confirm that the C. medinalis sex pheromone component(s) interfere with the attraction of males of the rice stem borers to their conspecific females, single components of C. medinalis sex pheromone combined with CCS in traps were tested in the laboratory and rice paddy field. The results revealed that the two alcohol components in CCM, i.e., (Z)-11-octadecen-1-ol (Z11-18: OH) and (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol (Z13-18: OH) may cause a significant reduction in capturing C. suppressalis males caused by CCS. We recommend against using these sex pheromones together in the field and suggest that Z11-18: OH and Z13-18: OH could be potential inhibitors or antagonists of C. suppressalis sex pheromone to control the rice stem borer.

5 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

044876   DUARTE J P, REDAELLI L R, SILVA C E, JAHNKE S M (Zoology Dep, Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Univ, RS- 91501-970, Brazil, Email: juceliod@hotmail.com) : Effect of Azadirachta indica (Sapindales: Meliaceae) oil on the immune system of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) immatures. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa048.

The insect immune system includes several mechanisms responsible for defending against pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids. Some botanical insecticides, such as Azadirachta indica oil, cause changes in the immune system of various insect species. Spodoptera frugiperda is an important agricultural pest; thus, knowledge about the effect of neem oil on the immune system of this species can assist in its management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of A. indica oil on the immune system of S. frugiperda. Caterpillars (2–3 mg) were placed individually in containers (50 ml) with approximately 10 g of diet, containing 125, 250, and 500 ppm of neem oil with propanone; the control group received only the propanone diet. In four experiments, the total number of hemocytes, the phagocytic activity, the activity of lysozyme-like enzymes, and phenoloxidase activity were measured in caterpillars at the end of the sixth instar. The total number of hemocytes in insects exposed to neem oil was 21 % lower than in the control group. The percentage of cells that phagocyted the latex beads was similar among the caterpillars that ingested the different concentrations. The mean diameter of cell lysis halos was reduced only at concentrations of 125 and 250  ppm. Absorbance did not differ between treatments. Knowing that this oil reduces the number of circulation cells and the activity of lysozyme-like enzymes is of great importance to design control strategies, once the neem oil could be added to other biological agents for mortality reducing the chances of this insect surviving in the environment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

044875   WANG Y, HUANG X, CHANG B H, ZHANG Z (Linyi Univ, Linyi- 276 000, P.R. China, Email: beijingwoaini1015@163.com) : Growth performance and enzymatic response of the grasshopper, Calliptamus abbreviatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae), to six plant-derived compounds. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa049.

Plant-derived compounds are sources of biopesticides for the control of insect pests. We compared the growth performance and enzymatic response of the grasshopper Calliptamus abbreviatus Ikonn to six plant-derived compounds (rutin, quercetin, nicotine, matrine, azadirachtin, and rotenone) in laboratory and field trials. When exposed to the six compounds, C. abbreviatus had significantly reduced growth and survival. All the compounds significantly induced an elevated level of reactive oxygen species, indicating oxidative damage. The activity of detoxifying enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and UDPglucuronosyltransferase, and the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, all significantly increased after exposure to the six compounds. These data suggest that the six plant-derived compounds had negative effects on C. abbreviatus. Of the six compounds, matrine, azadirachtin, and rotenone were more toxic to C. abbreviatus, followed by nicotine, quercetin, and rutin. These results show the potential of these compounds as botanical pesticides, which can be applied for the biological control of the grasshopper C. abbreviatus.

5 illus, 55 ref

044873   BAI-ZHONG Z, XU S, CONG-AI Z, LIU-YANG L, YA-SHE L, XING G, DONG-MEI C, ZHANG P, MING-WANG S, XI-LING C (Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang- 453 003, P R China, Email: chenxiling456@126.com) : Silencing of cytochrome P450 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by RNA interference enhances susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa047.

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), has caused significant losses for crop production in China. The fall armyworm is mainly controlled by the chemical insecticides, whereas the frequent application of insecticides would result in the resistance development. Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play an essential part in the detoxification of insecticides. In this study, five P450 genes were selected to determine the role in response to insecticides by RNA interference (RNAi). Developmental expression pattern analysis revealed that S. frugiperda CYP321A8, CYP321A9, and CYP321B1 were highest in second-instar larvae among developmental stages, with 2.04-, 3.39-, and 8.58-fold compared with eggs, whereas CYP337B5 and CYP6AE44 were highest in adult stage, with 16.3- and 10.6-fold in comparison of eggs, respectively. Tissue-specific expression pattern analysis exhibited that CYP321A8, CYP321B1, and CYP6AE44 were highest in the midguts, with 3.56-, 3.33-, and 3.04-fold compared with heads, whereas CYP321A9 and CYP337B5 were highest in wings, with 3.07- and 3.36-fold compared with heads, respectively. RNAi was also conducted to explore detoxification effects of the five P450 genes on chlorantraniliprole. The second-instar larvae became more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole with a higher mortality rate than the control, after silencing CYP321A8, CYP321A9, and CYP321B1, respectively. These findings strongly supported our viewpoint that CYP321A8, CYP321A9, and CYP321B1 may play a critical role in insecticide detoxification. It will provide a basis for further study on regulation of P450 genes and the management of S. frugiperda.

3 illus, 2 tables, 58 ref

044872   WANG X, ZHAN G, REN L, SUN S, DANG H, ZHAI Y, YIN H, LI Z, LIU B (Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing- 100 123, China, Email: liub@caiq.org.cn) : Cold disinfestation for ‘Red globe’ grape (Rhamnales: Vitaceae) infested with Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa043.

The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, which is widely spread in the main soft-skinned fruits production areas in China, presents a threat to importing countries. In order to develop a phytosanitary cold treatment measure for preventing the movement of this drosophila fly, cold tolerance of six immature life stages of D. suzukii was compared followed by time-mortality and large-scale confirmatory tests on the most tolerant stage in grape fruit. Egg was defined as the most cold-tolerant stage by comparing the mortality of all the immature stages (egg, first, second, and third instars, early and late pupa) treated at 0 and 2 °C. The minimal lethal time (LT) for 99.9968 % mortality (95 % confidence level [CL]) estimated by the probit model was 10.47 d at 0 °C and 11.92 d at 2 °C, respectively. Hence, 11 d (at 0 °C) and 12 d (at 2 °C) were chosen as the target time to conduct the confirmatory tests. No survivors were found among the estimated 50,385 and 57,366 treated eggs, which resulted in the efficacy of 99.9941 and 99.9948 % mortality (95 % CL) at 0 and 2 °C, respectively. Our study suggests a technical basis for cold disinfestation on D. suzukii in cage-infested Chinese ‘Red Globe’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grape, which could provide flexible phytosanitary treatment for control of D. suzukii in the international trade of grape.

1 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

044871   AMANO T, NOMURA M (Chiba Univ, Chiba- 271-8510, Japan, Email: nomuram@faculty.chiba-u.jp) : A diagnostic loop-mediated isothermal amplification method to distinguish Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from other related species in the new world. J Insect Sci 2020, 20(3), 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa046.

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is a notorious agricultural pest native to the Old World. Recently, its invasion into South and Central America has become a serious problem in the New World. The rapid detection of invasive pests is essential to eradicate them and prevent establishment. However, an extremely similar species, H. zea (Boddie) distributed in the New World makes identification difficult. Helicoverpa armigera and H.  zea have only minor differences in male genitalia to separate them morphologically. Both species are attracted to the same pheromone lure, and it takes considerable time and effort to identify them from bulk samples obtained during trap monitoring. Although several molecular approaches based on PCR have been reported, these methods require expensive equipment and are unsuitable for onsite diagnostics. Here, we developed a rapid and convenient diagnostic method based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification to distinguish H.  armigera from related species: H. zea, H. assulta (Guenée), H. punctigera (Wallengren), and Chloridea virescens (Fabricius). The diagnostic method makes it possible to detect H. armigera within 90 min only using simple equipment. The method also worked with mixed DNA templates containing excess DNA from H. zea at the ratio of 1:999 (H. armigera:H. zea). This method can be an effective tool for onsite diagnostics during monitoring surveys for invasive H. armigera.

6 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref