017613   Srivastava R;Tripathi P (Zoology Dep, D.A.V. College, Kanpur-208 001) : Seasonal variations in the basal metabolic rate and testicular volume in rain quail, Coturnix coromondalica. Agric biol Res 2014, 30(2), 228-32.

The observations were conducted on male rain quail Coturnix coromondalica. Four groups of five birds each were maintained from October 2007 to September 2008, during which the oxygen consumption rate, as an indicator of basal metabolic rate was recorded at the early morning of 15th of each month and the testicular volumes were measured. The average of body weights and oxygen consumptions rates with the standard variations in each case were calculated from the data so obtained, separately for each month, and the analysis of results showed - the maximum testicular volume and maximum BMR in male was in month of June and therefore it appeared that possibly there could be a correlation. However, from February to July the correlation was not consistent and therefore, it is suggested that an active phase of gonads compels a rise in BMR as well.

1 table, 13 ref

017612   Sinha B (Zoological Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Senki Valley, Itanagar-791 113, Email: sinhabj@gmail.com) : Non-empirical validation of indigenous rodent control methods practiced in Northeastern India. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(2), 235-45.

Of late, interest in alternative eco-friendly rodent control methods have paced up owing to the known shortcomings of rodenticides, particularly anticoagulants. The present study reports 15 such non-chemical rodent control methods practiced in the upland areas of Northeast India. Most of these (80%) methods include indirect means of rodent control i.e. use of repellents, by attracting predators and by trapping. About 50% of the methods have been non-experimentally validated to be highly effective. The striking feature of these methods appears to be the probable minimal effect on non-target organisms, which is the main constraint with chemical rodenticides. However, thorough investigation of these methods involving extensive field trials is critical and may provide valuable clues for developing some highly effective alternatives to chemical rodenticides.

6 illus, 58 ref

017611   Rai M K;Mishra A P (Zoology P.G. Dep, B.R. Ambedkar Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, Email: raimk1985@gmail.com) : Histopathological alteration in gill of Channagachua exposed to an organophosphate. Asian J Anim Sci 2014, 9(2), 169-73.

Channagachua (family Channidae) is an air breathing fish which inhibit in oxygen depleted muddy water. The gill of fish is main site of gas exchange, ion regulation and nitrogen waste excretion. When fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of Profenofos, an organophosphate pesticide, this pesticide enters into fish mainly through gills. The histopathological changes in the gills, due to exposure of Profenofos for 10 days, 15 days and 20 days include curling and fusion in secondary lamellae, Hyperplasia, reduction in the respiratory surface area of filaments, fusion at the tip of the lamellae, sub-lamellar and sub epithelial space occur.

4 illus, 35 ref

017610   Noor N;Sreekala G;Zutshi B (Zoology Dep, Bangalore Univ, Jnanabharathi, Bangalore-56) : Variation in ACID and alkaline phosphatase activity in tissues of freshwater Fish, L Rohita with response to pollutants in freshwater lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka. Int J Aquatic Sci Technol 2014, 2(2), 1-16.

Analysis conducted on the water quality of the two lakes A (Vengaiah lake - receiving sewage from adjacent storm water drain) and lake B (Yellamallappa Chetty lake - receiving industrial effluents from an adjacent pharma company) revealed significant variation in the physico-chemical parameters of lake B. The results were compared to Hebbal fish farm (control site). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as bio-indicators, in muscle, gill, kidney, liver and brain tissue of fresh water fish, Labeo rohita reared in these water bodies for commercial purposes. The activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in gill, muscle, kidney, liver and brain tissues of a fresh water fish, Labeo rohita sampled from these water bodies was assessed. A marked percentage decrease in ACP & ALP activities was observed in all the fish tissues from lake B due to the presence of pollutants such as trace metals. The fish tissues revealed the following decreasing trend in ACP percentage: brain <62> kidney <62> liver <62> gill <62> muscle whereas trend in ALP was: brain = liver <62> kidney <62> gill <62> muscle. A significant decline in the level of these phosphatases was observed indicating that fish was under stress due to its continuous exposure to metals and other chemicals in polluted water of lake B. This inturn triggered changes in biochemical constituents, metabolic pathways, dysfunc-tioning and cellular damage in various tissues. ACP and ALP were positively correlated with each other in general.

10 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

017609   Kesharwani S (Zoology Dep, Govt M H College of H Sc & Sc For Women, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh, Email: sadhanakesharwani.23@gmail.com) : Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a lentic water body of Jabalpur (M P). Int J Aquatic Sci Technol 2014, 2(2), 17-19.

Plankton forms the basic link of food chain for all aquatic animals and thus, play a key role in fishery. The pollution of surface water by discharge from human activities is one of the major environmental problems faced worldwide. Effluent discharge in large proportions resulting in Eutrophication. This leads to excessive growth of algae. Pollution may selectively stimulate the growth of a few types of phytoplankton and that in turn reduces the water quality. The selective type of algae that exist in polluted water are being used as indicators of Pollution (Yazdandoost and Katadare, 2001). The change in physicochemical condition of water can be reflected in biotic community of wetter. Therefore physicochemical characteristics of pond water was also studied to calculate the water quality of experimental pond.

2 tables, 3 ref

017608   Dash G;Majumder D;Ramudu K R (Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sc, Budherhat Road, Chakgaria, Kolkata-700 094) : Prevalence of parasites in freshwater exotic carps of West Bengal. Agric biol Res 2014, 30(2), 141-55.

Study has been carried to find out the distribution of different parasites in Exotic carpswith respect to different months.and seasons. These were isolated and identified from the fishes sampled randomly from five fish markets, which were representing South 24 pgs district, West Bengal. During the study period ten different types of parasites were observed such as Trichodinasp, Chilodonellasp, Trichinella sp., Acanthocephala sp, Nematodes, Epistylis sp, Zoothamnium sp, Vorticella sp, developmental stages of eggs or parasites and some parasites (unidentified) among which most of the parasites were protozoan. Among all the parasites the most dominant were Trichodina sp. Chilodonella sp. and Nematodes. Winter was the most vulnerable period to get parasitic infestation. During this period the water quality get deteriorated and the fishes were in stressed condition which favours the parasites to infest. Some parasites were found more during summer which favours their reproduction due to the availability of their intermediate host. In monsoon the temperature fluctuates which also favours growth of some parasites. During the study period Trichinella sp were found solely in Cyprinuscarpio exclusively in winter. The protozoan parasites were most available during winter and these were the dominant parasites in exotic carps. These parasites were found mostly on gills and skin of the fishes. Nematodes were found more in the intestine and body cavity of the fishes.

4 tables, 39 ref

017607   Chaturvedi C S;Sharma A K (NO, Central Institute Of Fisheries Education, Chnit, Lucknow) : Induced breeding of Clarias batrachus with grand success in U.P. for the first time. Agric biol Res 2014, 30(2), 201-6.

Indian magur Clarias batrachus seed availability is very poor & rare throughout the country. Clarias batrachus naturally breeds in paddy fields in mansoon, but survival of young ones is very poor after breeding. The survival of offspring is a major constaints in magur seed production. A successful attempt has been made in northen part of India at Lucknow sub centre of CIFE (ICAR) to develop the technology of breeding and culture of Indian magur. This Asian cat fish is commonly known as desimagur in northen part of country. Five sets of brood fishes were injected with ovaprim male 0.03 ml/100g body weight; female 0.08 ml/100g body weight. The latency period of induced breeding set was 10-14 hours of the drug administration. The average fertilization rate was 80% except in two sets where it was 75%. After breeding experiment 13,500 number of hatchling and 8100 number of magur fry were produced. After rearing of magur fry in cemented tanks in one month a total number 2,000 of Clarias batrachus fingerlings were obtained and rest of the magur seed were sold to Panth Nager University & U.P. State fisheries department.

2 tables, 13 ref

017606   Bhumika;Singh A K (Genetics Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Impact of population density on body weight in experimental populations of Drosophila ananassae. Indian J Life Sci 2014, 3(2), 33-8.

Impact of population densities on adult body weight was studied in both sexes of Drosophila ananassae. For this purpose, parental flies were cultured in the number of 5 pairs, 15 pairs, 25 pairs, 75 pairs and 125 pairs in culture bottles and their progeny (males and females separately) were weighed. Flies derived from 5 pairs of parents possessed maximum body weight and those obtained from 25 pairs of parents showed minimum weight indicating gradual decrease in their body weight. However, progeny obtained from 75 and 125 pairs of parents showed an increase in the body weight. Further, a significant difference was observed in the body weight of the two sexes in all the groups studied. These results indicate that varying density leaves its impact on the body weight.

1 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

016615   Zhang M M;Oh C W;Lee W O;Na J H (Marine Biology Dep, Pukyong National Univ, Busan 608-737, South Korea, Email: ohcw@pknu.ac.kr) : Population biology of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides from Goe-san lake, Korea. J envir Biol 2013, 34(4), 747-54.

The population biology of Micropterus salmoides were examined in Goe-san Lake from March 2010 to February 2011. The development of ovary and testis was separated into 5 stages by the criteria. The ratio of females to males increased with total length. Females were sampled in slightly larger size and greater number. Mean size and age was greater for females (255 mm total length and 2.03 years, respectively) than males (227 mm and 2.44 years, respectively). Growth was described by 3 parameter von Bertalanffy model by otoliths as L_t = 459.01(1-exp [-0.126(t+0.416)]). The spawning season of M. salmoides was from April to June, with a peak in May by the gonadosomatic indices and the monthly proportions of female and male gonad stages. Ripe females were collected during the spawning period. Mean fecundity was 27656±1424 oocytes every female. Fecundity was positively correlated with total length, and it was described by mean fecundity 202.4 Total length - 38188. Higher fecundity well indicated that the largemouth bass has a flexible spawning strategy and has acclimatized well to Goe-san Lake.

7 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

016614   Vikash Kumar;Kundan Kumar;Raman R P;Pani Prasad K;Roy S;Saurav Kumar;Neeraj Kumar (NO, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore-700 120, Email: kumar.vika.vikash2@gmail.com) : Alteration in histology of liver tissue during carrageenan induced acute inflammatory response in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 381-5.

Inflammation is a non-specific protective immune response and the study was designed to evaluate the acute inflammatory response induced by I-carrageenan in Rohu, Labeo rohita. The carrageenan (0.5%) was intraperitoneally injected 50 μl/fish and the inflammatory response was studied at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours post injection by observation of tissue samples for histopathological changes. Carrageenan injection revealed typical inflammatory response at the site of inflammation and continued to increase till 96 hours post injection. Histopathological studies showed dilation of the central vein, necrosis near the margin of central vein in the hepatocyte of liver tissue at 48 hours post injection afterward the liver tissue exhibited no significant changes in the experiment. Alteration of histological changes during carrageenan injected fishes will help in better understanding of inflammatory response during infection process in the native fish.

7 illus, 18 ref

016613   Swian H S;Senapati S R;Meshram S J;Mishra R; Murthy H S (NO, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120, Email: himanshufishco@gmail.com) : Effect of dietary supplementation of marigold oleoresin on growth, survival and total muscle carotenoid of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L.. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 430-5.

Experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of carotenoid (marigold oleoresin) on growth, survival and total body carotenoid of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). The experiment was carried out in 12 fiber aquarium tanks of size 12"x6"x6"(20l capacity). Each tank was stocked with15 fishes of uniform size. The marigold oleoresin were as dietary supplement at levels 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 ppm/kg of the feed and designated as treatment T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅ respectively and diet without marigold oleoresin supplementation served as a control (T0). The result of the experiment showed that there was significant difference found in absolute growth rate and specific growth rate of the fish (P °0.05). However, 180ppm marigold oleoresin fed fishes showed higher mean weight gain of 3.98±0.22g and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 2.81±0.04 than the other treatment groups. The body coloration and total carotenoid concentration of muscle tissue (30.16±0.60 μg/g) was significantly higher in fish fed with 180 ppm marigold oleoresin diet. The study showed that incorporation of 180ppm of marigold oleoresin in diet was found better to enhance the growth and coloration in C. carpio.

016612   Suvi S;Shibu S (Zoology Dep, Sree Narayana College, Kollam-691 001, Email: suvisudhakaran83@gmail.com) : On the diversity of aquatic insects of polachira wetland ecosystem in Kerala. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 95-9.

The diversity of aquatic insects are frequently used to asses environmental water quality status and health of aquatic ecosystems. This paper documents the diversity of aquatic insects in a wetland ecosystem represented by 7 orders and 33 families of 37 genera. The family Hydrophilidae showed maximum individual diversity followed by the order Hemiptera with 8 families, each order Odonata with 7 families, order Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera with 5 families, order Diptera with 3 families, order Collembola with 2 families and Plecoptera with 1 family. The present study revealed that Polachira wetland system is rich in the diversity of aquatic insects. However the insect fauna of this wetland is under threat due to habitat modification, reclamation of paddy fields, poaching, domestic wastes and human activities. Sustainable management and careful monitoring are to be ensured for the conservation of the rich biodiversity of this wetland ecosystem.

1 table, 10 ref

016611   Subburaj A;Francis T;Elakkanai P;Jayakumar N (Fisheries Biology and Resource Management Dep, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries Univ, Thoothukudi-628 008, Email: t_franciz2000@yahoo.com) : Sub-lethal effect of zinc induced histopathological alterations in the gill, liver and kidney of goldfish, (Carassius auratus). Indian J vet Anim Sci Res 2015, 44(1), 25-35.

Study was carried out to find out the histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) under sub-lethal concentrations of Zinc. Fishes were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 0.572, 1.145, 2.289, 4.578 and 9.156 mg.l^{-1 for 28 days which are 1/10th of their 96hr LC₅₀. The histological samples of gill, liver and kidney were collected from 14th and 28th day and stained by haematoxylin and eosin, observed under trinocular microscope. Vacuolation, hyperplasia, epithelial lifting and lamellar fusion, shrinkage of bloodvessels, secondary lamellar damage, breakdown of epithelial cells, blood congestion and necrosis were observed in gill. Rupture of nucleus, congested blood vessels, hemorrhage in liver sinuses, increased size of kupffer cell, increased pycnotic nucleus, hypertrophied hepatocytes,vacuolation, cellular necrosis, rupture of hepatocytes were observed in liver of zinc treated fish. Shrunken glomerulus, vacuolation, blood congestion, increased in space of periglomerular, increased in space of peritubular, melanomacrophages, loss of cytoplasm, fat deposition, degenerated tubules and degeneratedglomerulus were seen in kidney. The above results showed that sub-lethal toxicity of Zinc alter the internal organs of goldfish at lower concentration.}

15 illus, 34 ref

016610   Singh G P;Gogoi A K (NO, Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Nagari, Ranchi-835 303, Email: gpscsbranchi@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of morphotypes of SOM, Persea bombycina KOST. for the rearing of muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis helfer (Lepidoptera: saturnidae). Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 101-7.

The som, Persea bombycina Kost major food plant of muga silkworm shows various morphotypes within the species. Eight (PB 001, PB 002, PB 003, PB 004, PB 005, PB 006, PB 007, PB 008) morphotypes of som food plant maintained at Regional Muga Research Station, Boko were evaluated for rearing performance of muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Heifer during Kotia commercial (October - November 2012) and Chotua seed crop (February - March 2013) rearing seasons. Among the eight morphotypes higher moisture percent was recorded in the tender leaves of PB 003 (69.70%) followed by PB 006 (67.50%) and least in PB 002 (61.02%) during Kotia commercial crop rearing. The mature larva weight (11.30 g), effective rate of rearing (59.66%) and cocoon yield (61 cocoons/ g) recorded were highest in muga silkworm fed on PB 003 morphotype of som followed by batch of larvae fed on PB 006 morphotype and least in larvae fed on PB 002. Data of important cocoon characters like single cocoon weight, single shell weight and silk ratio of muga silkworm fed on different morphotypes were different. The single cocoon weight was ranged from 5.31 g to 5.45 g, Shell weight 0.42 to 0.46 g and Silk Ratio percent 8.02 to 8.66%. The rearing parameters i.e mature larva weight, Effective rate of rearing and cocoon yield per/dfl and cocoon parameters i.e. single cocoon weight, single shell weight and silk ratio were observed higher during Kotia commercial crop than that of Chatua seed crop of muga silkworm fed on different morphotypes of Som. The score of evaluation index of rearing and cocoon parameters indicated that PB 003 was more suitable for muga silkworm rearing as received highest score of 411.21 which was followed by PB 006 having score 408.24 during Kotia commercial crop. Similar trend was observed during Chotua seed crop.

6 tables, 20 ref

016609   Sharma S;Vijaya P (Zoology & Environmental Sciences Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: pvijaya193@gmail.com ) : Protective effect of lycopene on cadmium induced toxicity in pancreas of albino mice. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 349-54.

Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals in our environment having a very strong ability to accumulate in body organs. In the present study, effect of cadmium was studied on histopathology of pancreas of albino mice. Cadmium administration led to significant (P<60>0.0001) reduction in body weight and pancreas weight. The histopathological changes such as mild degeneration, necrosis, degranulation, reduction in number and shrunken pancreatic islets were observed. Biochemical studies showed decreased glycogen, cholesterol and protein content in Cd treated pancreas. Treatment with lycopene reversed these alterations and showed significant protection in the alleviation of cadmium induced pancreatic injury.

9 illus, 40 ref

016608   Sharma M;Chadha P;Sharma S (Zoology Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar-143 005, Email: poojachadha77@yahoo.co.in) : Acute and sub chronic exposure of 4-nonylphenol to freshwater fish Channa punctatus to evaluate its cytotoxicity. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 363-7.

The aim of the present study was to assess the cytotoxicity in fish erythrocytes as biomarker for aquatic environmental contamination. A decrease in the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) is considered as an indicator of cytotoxicity induced by mutagens. Fish were divided into 6 groups (1 control and 5 treated groups) having 10 fish in each group after 15 days acclimatization. LC₅₀ was estimated in semi static system. The fish was subjected to three sub lethal concentrations of 4-nonylphenol for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of acute exposure. In sub chronic exposure, fish were exposed to sub lethal concentration that is 1/10 of maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for 30, 60 and 90 days respectively. The ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) was evaluated to assess cytotoxicity. In the present study PCE frequency ratio was decreased after acute as well as sub chronic exposure by 4-nonylphenol (NP). The result showed that 4-nonylphenol has cytotoxic potential on fish Channa punctatus.

4 illus, 37 ref

016607   Sharma A;Ram R N;Prasad S (Fishery Biology Dep, College of Fisheries, G.B. Pant Univ of Agricul. & Technol., Pantnagar-263 145, Email: sharmaadita1989@gmail.com) : Cryopreservation : a promising tool for conservation of fish genetic resources. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 229-57.

Cryopreservation of fish milt has faced an increasing demand with the development of genetic selection and genetic manipulation and the unpredictable risk of losing the valuable strains obtained because of disease, genetic drift or impaired reproductive efficiency. Sperm cyropreservation is also an important means to preserve biodiversity. Cryopreservation addresses the freezing, cryogenic storage and thawing of living material. Cryopreservation is a process where biological materials such as cells and tissues are preserved by cooling to very low temperatures at -196°C. It is based on the principle that very low temperature immobilizes the physiological and biochemical activities of cell, thereby making it possible to keep them viable for very long period. Protocol has been developed for the cryopreservation of sperm for several fish species. The development of protocols for the cryopreservation of fish embryos would be useful in order to: Allow the maintenance of large gene pools, Reduce pressure on wild populations from collection activities, Maintain a constant supply of animals, Decrease aquaculture costs by reducing the facilities needed, Reduce the impact of aquaculture sites upon wild populations and food resources and Conserve endangered species. Successful cryopreservation of milt and its extensive use in Live-stock breeding has resulted in upgrading the genetic potential of native stocks. Similarly, long-term storage of fish sperm in vitro has immense applied value and would open new perspectives in establishing genetic material reserve for selective breeding; provide a means of protecting endangered species by gene banking; for time-independent distribution of genetic material; to conduct cross-breeding of desirable stocks and to improve the existing induced spawning technology. Though cryopreservation is facing many hardships and challenges in present arena but where there is a dream there is a way. In past time mankind has been proven this by steping in space and on moon. So, we can only think of a bright and successful future of this emerging technology i.e. cryopreservation. Recent progress in the preservation of fish spermatozoa is reviewed. Important subject areas like cryopreservation principle, evaluation of milt traits, efficient methods of milt collection, maintenance of uniformity in testing the extenders and cryopotectants, improvement of freezing and thawing techniques, major breakthrough in cryopreservation and step ahead in cryopreservation era are reviewed.

^iir13 illus, 165 ref

016606   Priyanka Kumar;Kumar N R (Zoology Dep, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: priyanka.dadhwal.chandel@gmail.com ) : Description of a new species of Neocressionella Gupta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from North western India. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 779-81.

A new species, Megachile (Neocressionella) patialensis is described from Patiala, India. Full description of male with their floral relationship, morphological measurements and specimens examined is provided. Knowledge of the life history and nesting habits of Megachile bees will pave the way for their manipulation so that these can be used to increase pollination. Documentation of the genera and species will increase our knowledge of the biodiversity of these bees in the study area.

016605   Pervaiz P A;Sikdar M (Zoology Dep, School of Biological and Chemical Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Univ, Sagar-470 003, Email: pervaiz.naik@ymail.com) : Influence of bilateral eyestalk ablation on gonads of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum. J envir Biol 2014, 35(5), 821-5.

The study was carried out in laboratory for one month to know the effect of bilateral eyestalk ablation on gonads of Macrobrachium dayanum. Healthy specimens of Macrobrachium dayanum in the size group of (4-6 cm in length) were taken for the experiment. The eyestalk ablation was done by cutting away the eyestalks from their bases with sterilized scissor. The results here obtained indicated positive effects of eyestalk ablation on ovary and testes of Macrobrachium dayanum. The histological details of the female prawns which were ablated showed post-vitellogenic oocytes; where as unablated females prawn never developed beyond pre-vitellogenic oocytes. Similarly in males, testes showed pronounced development of different cells as compared to unablated ones. Fully developed spermatozoa were seen in ablated ones. Gonadosomatic studies also showed that ovarian and testicular cells developed better as compared to control and these findings suggest the fact that the eyestalks of M. dayanum contain ovary and testis inhibiting factors.

2 illus, 19 ref

016604   Pathak S K;Farooqui M M;Tripathi A;Chaturvedi S (Veterinary Anatomy Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Univ of Veterinary, Bikaner, Rajasthan-334 001, Email: satishpathak26@gmail.com) : Morphological characterization of tongue of Bengal monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis). Anim Sci Reptr 2015, 9(2), 70-4.

Indian Monitor Lizard (Varanidae), liked for its agro-friendly characteristics, is under threat due to ecological squalor in its natural habitat, coupled with consistent persecution for its precious skin, yummy flesh, and various body parts for folk medicine. Tongue is a vital organ of this species, used primarily for prey detection and attraction of opposite sex for cohabitation. It has taxonomical significance for researchers. This paper characterizes the morphology of the tongue of a Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis), succumbed to road injury. The lizard was fixed in 10% formalin immediately after collection. The tongue of the lizard was removed, and preserved in neutral buffered formalin, for gross and simple microscopic examination. The tongue of this Bengal monitor lizard had three parts, viz., Root, Body, and Apex, and two surfaces, viz., Dorsal surface and Ventral surface. Both the surfaces had appeared to have lost roughness on visual inspection, but simple microscopic examination revealed slight roughness on dorsal surface with distinct hexagonal serrations, while the ventral surface had a groove running on the entire length up to the point of bifurcation, and the serrations were less distinct. The root of the tongue was curved and had concavity on the dorsal surface and had no hexagonal serrations on the surfaces. The lateral borders were thick. The body of the tongue was of unform width. The apex of the tongue was bifurcated, and was bluish black in color. The colour was conspicuous on the dorsal surface. The lateral borders of cornua were thin and sharp. These borders were convex up to the middle of the cornua, there after they were concave. Medial borders of the cornua were somewhat straight. The initial portion of cornua was thicker, that tapered towards the tip. The appearance of both the borders of each cornua was transparent. The surface of the tongue was devoid of taste buds, and lacked coarseness of the surface. The study reaffirms that Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis) uses tongue for chemoreception, rather than for transport of food into the mouth.

8 illus, 11 ref

016603   Pathak C;Chopra A K;Gautam A;Srivastava S (Zoology and Environment Science Dep, Gurukula Kangri Univ, Haridwar-249 404, Email: chakreshpathak@yahoo.co.in) : Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Spinacea oleracea grown in distillery effluent irrigated soil. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 797-803.

Aim of the present study was to estimate the accumulation of heavy metals in Spinacea oleracea plant grown in Distillery Effluent (DE) irrigated soil. The results revealed that there was an increase in the metal contents Fe (+2.39%), Zn (+14.27%), Ni (+70.45%), Cd (+34.15%)and Cr (+20.46%) of soil irrigated with DE. In case of S. oleracea grown in the DE irrigated soil, it was observed that there was maximum concentration of Fe (353.24±7.94 mg/kg) and Zn (78.95±7.59 mg/kg) in leaves and that of Cr (54.19±8.39 mg/kg), Cd (7.73±1.41 mg/kg) and Ni (66.47±3.65 mg/kg) in root. The value of Bio-concentration factor (BCF) was found maximum for Cr (2.00) in comparison to other metals in the S. oleracea irrigated with DE. The value of Transfer factor (TF) was found maximum for Zn (TF- 1.51) for the soil irrigated with DE in comparison to soil irrigated with Bore well water (BWW). The DE can be a source of contamination to the soil as some toxic metals may also be transferred to roots and then to leaves in S. oleracea. The practice of continuous irrigation of agricultural land by DE may increase the risk of metal contamination in growing food crops to cause human health risks.

016602   Negi J;Kumar N R (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chndigarh-160 014, Email: james.negi@gmail.com) : Changes in protein profile and RNA content of Apis mellifera worker pupa on parasitization with Tropilaelaps clareae. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 693-5.

Tropilaelaps infestation of Apis mellifera pupa caused reduction in total protein concentration of the infested pupa. This may be due to protein feeding by mite. The additional protein fractions observed by SDS-PAGE and the difference in the nature of free amino acids suggested synthesis of newer proteins perhaps related to the stress response of the host. This opinion is strengthened by the increase in concentration of RNA (184.580±36.987 in non-infested pupa and 293.402±50.329 in infested pups) observed in the present study which was responsible for increased transcription of genes encoding antiparasite peptides as reported by other workers.

016601   Nandre A S;Shukla A (Entomology Dep, N M College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari-396 450, Email: shuklafrs.nau@gmail.com) : Biology of fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) on sapota. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 73-8.

Biology of Bactrocera dorsalis on sapota (cv. Kalipatti) indicated that the female laid eggs in small clusters just underneath the rind of fruit, 2 to 4 mm. deep in the epidermis. The average length and breadth of freshly laid eggs were 0.85 ± 0.02 and 0.18 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. An incubation period of eggs ranged from 2 to 4 days with an average of 2.86 ± 0.83 days and hatchability was 81.06 ± 8.92 per cent. The larvae passed through three instars. The neonate larvae were translucent and white with slight yellowish in colour except its mouth part, which was black green in colour. The total larval period was completed within 6 to 13 days. The pupation took place in the soil. The pupal period was of 7.86 ± 1.33 days. The newly emerged, male and female adults of B. dorsalis were of faint brown to dark brown in colour. The wings of adults consisted of dark black spot on the apex part (apical angle). The average pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period were 9.46 ± 1.75, 5.8 ± 1.49 and 3.7 ± 0.98 days, respectively. The average fecundity of the female was recorded as 148.13 ± 37.85 eggs. The average longevity of male was recorded as 11.46 ± 1.94 days while, that of female was 18.96 ± 2.29 days. Total life cycle completed in 24 to 33 days by male and 34 to 41 days by female.

13 ref

016600   Naik S O;Jayashankar M;Chandrashekhariah M; Sridhar V;Chakravarthy A K (Entomology and Nematology Div, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru-560 089, Email: jay81zoology@gmail.com) : Cycad blue butterfly chilades pandava pandava horsfield, 1829 (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) infestation on cycas revoluta in Bengaluru. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 137-41.

Survey was undertaken in Bengaluru on cycad blue butterfly, Chilades pandava pandava (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) infestation on the King sago palm, Cycas revoluta during June-August 2014. The survey-locations included residential places, parks, botanical gardens, Institutes and nurseries. Number of cycads, height and extent of damage by larvae of the butterflies was recorded and scaled (0-100%) at each location. The extent of damage was minimal to severe in the newly emerging fronds. Mean percent infestation considering all species of cycads was 16.4 ± 27.4 (Cycas revoluta comprised 18.8 ± 28.75, while other cycas species comprised 2.8 ± 10.25). Hence, necessary management measures including monitoring the. spread and neem based botanical sprays can be envisaged to check the damage caused by the butterfly.

6 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

016599   Mohammadi M;Sarsangi A H;Haghighi T D;Webster C;Rajabipour F;Mashaii N;Bitaraf A;Hafeziyeh M (Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, National Research Center of Saline Water Aquatics, P.O. Box 159, Bafgh, Yazd, Iran, Email: mohammaditabasy@gmail.com) : Optimization of dietary protein in all male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in inland saline water. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 2014, 14(1), 91-9.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is important as a newly introduced species to inland aquaculture industry of Iran. Feed is the most important economic factor, and protein, the most expensive ingradient represents more than 50% of expenses was investigated. All male Nile tilapia (180) with initial weight 13.85 ± 1.01 g divided randomly in 12 tanks (150 L, 3 L/min water flow) and fed with 4 diets (15, 22, 29 and 36% crude protein) during 8 weeks. Survival did not affect by increasing protein level. Growth, food and protein performance indices improved significantly (P <60> 0.01) up to CP 29. The most economical diet for getting convince growth, food and protein performance was 29% crude protein. Mathematical model (polynomiyal) between PCE and protein level showed the maximum protein efficiency appeared in 35.3% crude protein.

es, 42 ref

016598   Kaushik T K;Gupta R C (Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: tarshemkaushik@rediffmail.com) : Deteriorating rural ponds: a threat to overseas migratory wetland birds in kurukshetra suburbs, Haryana, India. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 570-7.

The present study addresses the problem of ongoing destruction of traditional age old rural wetlands in Haryana in the last 10 years. It is a grave issue which stands accelerated due to anthropogenic unawareness and in deliberate destruction. In all, 59 species of wetland birds belonging to 10 orders and 17 families were recorded from Palwal rural pond in Kurukshetra district in India during 2005-2012. The presence and that too in higher numbers of Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio and Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus hints towards the over excessive growth of hyacinth and water reeds thus making it an ideal place for these birds which are the harbingers of total eutrophication of a certain water body. The other birds seen in the pond are White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus, Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus, Large Egret Ardea alba and Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia. Pond Herons Ardeola grayii were in few numbers. Black winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus were in more number thus indicating the presence of sludge in water and its shallowness. Cattle egrets were in large number indicating its negative character. The lackluster attitude of Govt. of Haryana will result in its total destruction in 5-10 years. Similar situation may be extended to nearby village ponds to worsen their condition too. Ramsar Convention (1971) pleads for preservation, protection and conservation of wetlands of all hues. Village ponds in Haryana should be revived by seeking co-operation from the Head Quarter of Ramsar Convention at Switzerland.

016597   Iangrai A J;Marngar D;Lyngdoh R M;Lyngdoh R D (Zoology Dep, Synod College, Shillong-793 002, Email: dmarngar@gmail.com) : Amphibians of balat area: a case study in South West Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya, India. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 119-28.

Amphibians are very important components of many ecosystems. They are usually least harmful in nature and never destroy or devour agricultural crops; fruits, vegetables etc, but are beneficial in a number of ways. There is no information on the distribution of amphibians in the Balat area, the area bordering to Bangladesh in South West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya. Therefore, this survey was conducted to study the distribution of amphibians in Balat and its adjoining areas. From the survey work conducted seventeen species of amphibian belonging to the family Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Hylidae Ranidae, and Rhacophoridae were collected.

17 illus, 13 ref

016596   Gupta S K;Chandra K (NO, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, Email: kailash611@rediffmail.com) : Orthoptera diversity in Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 113-18.

Investigation deals with the study of species composition and diversity of Orthoptera in Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, which was studied from 1999 to 2003. A total of 50 species belonging 47 genera and 8 families were recorded. Acrididae was the most dominant family with 25 species followed by Gryllidae (8), Tettigoniidae (7), Tetrigidae (4), Pyrgomorphidae (2), Trigonidiidae (2), Gryllotalpidae (1) and Tridactylidae (1).

1 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

016595   Goswami R (NO, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipur, Kolkata-700 053, Email: rinku_zsi@yahoo.co.in) : Earthworm casting. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 87-94.

For the last millions of years, earthworm castings were the richest and best of all known fertility improvers. Earthworm casting have many diverse functions beyond improving soil fertility. Annual cast production by different species and in different habitats are different and during monsoon it is highest in tropical countries. The casts may be of different forms viz. columnar, spheroid, pyramidal, granular, thread like and composite irregular aggregates. Earthworm castings have a variety of micro-and macronutrients which help in plant growth and the overall health of the soil. Each of the nutrients - especially nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus - is essential to plant growth. Castings contain a multitude of living bacteria, fungi, and other microscopic organisms, which are beneficial to plants and soil environment. Suitable species such as Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus euginae and Perionyx excavatus are used in the process of waste conversion known as vermicomposting.

2 illus, 12 ref

016594   Deb S;Hazra N;Chakrabarty S;Saha A K; Chakraborty C (Zoology Dep, The Univ of Burdwan, Burdwan-713 104, Email: sumandev22@mail.com) : Comparative innate protein profile study of different silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) breeds after grasserie. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 369-72.

Sericulture industry faces about 80% annual crop loss due to Grasserie every year in India. Protein profile of haemolymph in different breeds and hybrid of silkworm Bombyx mori has been extensively studied after Grasserie or Nuclearpolyhedrosis caused by Bombyx mori Nuclearpolyherosis Virus (BmNPV). The disease affects the silkworm Bombyx moriin third instar larval stage in both the favourable and unfavourable rearing season. Present study focuses on the effect of grasserie on the change in the haemolymph protein of various commercial breeds and hybrid of silkworm in West Bengal that may help the stakeholders to understand the disease for taking measures to control it at grass root level.

4 illus, 10 ref

016593   Das D;Goswami M M (Zoology Dep, Guwahati Univ, Guwahati-14, Email: dimpledas12@gmail.com) : Helminth infection in Anabas testudineus of threedd wetlands of Goalpara, Assam. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 677-9.

Anabas testudineus (Bloch) is a popular eatable fresh water fish. The fishes infested with helmnthic infection may be died off and the production may be decreased. Besides, the parasites could pass through man and other animals. The occurrence of parasites and their prevalence and intensity in the fish was studied from March, 2012 to February, 2013 in Hasila, Kumri and Urpad wetlands of Goalpara district of Assam. Three trematodes and six nematodes were collected from 309 out of 547 host fish. The trematodes were identified as Asymphylodora kedarai, Brahamputratrema sp., Neopodocotyl sp. and the nematodes were Camallanus anabantis, C. trichuris, C. intestinalus, Onchocamallanus sp., Parascarophis sp, and Cosmoxynemoid nandusi.

016592   Dandawate R R;Lonkar R S (Zoology Dep, Arts Commerce and Science College, Sonai-414 105, Email: d_rajendra2006@rediffmail.com) : Fish biodiversity of Godavari river at Kopergaon and Pravara river at pravara Sangam in district Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2014, 34(2), 109-12.

Fish diversity studies were undertaken during May 2013 to April 2014 to census and commercially important fishes in Godavari River at Kopergaon and Pravara River at Pravara Sangam in district Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India. The results of present investigation reveal the occurance of 12 fish species belonging to 4 orders, 8 families and 9 genera in Godavari River at Kopergaon and the occurance of 15 fish species belonging to 5 orders, 7 families and 14 genera in Pravara River at Pravara Sangam.

2 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

016591   Bhatnagar A;Devi P (Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: anitabhatnagar@gmail.com) : Rotifer communities of religious water bodies of Haryana (India): Biodiversity, distribution and ecology. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 729-37.

The rotifer communities of eight religious water bodies of Haryana characterized by different trophic status reveal 44 species belonging to 15 genera and 12 families, represent the richest biodiversity of rotifers. Brachionus, Asplanchna and Keratella genus were found to be pollution tolerant species and common at all the selected water bodies viz., Brahmsarovar and Jyotisar at Kurukshetra; Saraswati tirth, Pehowa; Kapalmochan, Yamunanagar; Phalgu tirth, Kaithal; Banganga tirth, Dayalpur; Pandu Pindara, Jind and Kultarn Tirth, Kirmach. whereas Gastropus, Testudinella, Monostyla clasterocerca, Lecane arcula, Filina terminalis were found to be specific at Brahmsarovar (site 1); Filinia longiseta at Phalgu (site 2); Lecane ploenensis, Euchlanis dilata at Pehowa (site 3); B. budapestinensis, B. nilsoni, Asplanchna brightwelli, Asplanchna sieboldii, Polyurthera were specific to Kirmach (site 4); Monostyla decipiens, Anauraepsis nevicula at Jyotisar (site 5); Trichocera porcellus at Kapal mochan (site 7); Keratella cochlearis, Trichocera capucina were found to be specific at the BanGanga (site 8,). However, no specific species appeared at Pandu Pindara (site 6). Seasonal variations were also observed at all the sites during spring, monsoon, post monsoon and in winters. A positive correlation of rotifer abundance was observed with temperature (r = 0.356, P <60> 0.05), BOD (r = 0.413, P <60> 0.05) and Ammonia (r = 0.378, P <60> 0.05) whereas a negative correlation was observed with DO (r = -0.385, P <60> 0.05) showing that these were the main factors affecting the richness, diversity and density of rotifers. The rotifer communities of each site can be reconstructed from the tables and figures making this inventory an important benchmark for evaluating future regional environment change.

016590   Barman J;Jaiswar A K;Chakraborty S K; Jahgeerdar S;Lakra W S (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Deemed Univ), Indian Council, Panchmarg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai-400 061, Email: jyotish5@gmail.com) : Record of anopthalmia in Mystus tengara (Hamilton, 1822) from Assam.. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 589-93.

An abnormal case of anopthalmia in a striped catfish Mystus tengara (66.8 mm in standard length) from Assam is reported in this communication. Thirty eight morphological characters of the abnormal specimen were also studied and compared with normal specimens to observe variation in the morpho-meristic traits, if any. In the abnormal specimen, the proportionate height of the dorsal fin (31.1 mm) and nasal barbel length (75.9 mm) was found to be higher compared to that of the normal specimens (21.6 - 26.5 mm and 47.9 - 72.5 mm, respectively). While the body depth of anus was higher in case of normal specimens (19.1 - 29.2 mm) compared to abnormal specimen (14.5 mm). However, no marked variation was observed in meristic characters. This anomaly does not seem to have affected morphological aspects. Factors like weed infestation, pesticide and herbicide application adversely affecting the habitat is believed to be the cause of such deformity. The abnormality does not seem to have affected the overall growth of the fish.

016589   Arora T;Mishra A;Matta G;Chopra A K;Ajendra Kumar;Khanna D R;Vinod Kumar (Zoology and Environmental Science Dep, Gurukula Kangri Univ, Haridwar-249 404, Email: tushararora09@gmail.com ) : Human health risk assessment of temporal and spatial variations of ground water quality at a densely industrialized commercial complex at Haridwar, India. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 825-43.

Observations of present investigation revealed that the groundwater regime at State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL) Industrial Estate (IE) was highly responsive to the anthropogenic stress of recharge and discharge parameters concerning the distressing industrial activities. The present study on groundwater characteristics of SIDCUL-IE, Haridwar in year 2013-2014 showed that the water of Sampling station-D (SSD) had relatively poor quality in comparison to the groundwater collected from Sampling station-A (SSA), Sampling station-B (SSB) and Sampling station-C (SSC). The samples had a high mineral load with relatively wider pH range. The physico-chemical parameters like pH (6.35 in October) at SSA, TDS (553.5 mg/l in November) at SSC, TH (600.0 mg/l in July) at SSB and alkalinity (525.0 mg/l in October) at SSD were beyond the prescribed limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The Karl Pearson correlation matrix showed moderate to significantly positive correlation between various parameters like COD-phosphorus (r=0.629), temperature-DO (r=-0.477) at SSA; pH and bicarbonate (r=0.668) at SSB; pH-temperature (r=-0.551),turbidity-BOD (r=0.467), BOD-phosphorus (r=0.518), bicarbonate-acidity (r=-0.833) at SSC and TSS-turbidity (r=0.616), BOD-COD (r=0.6771) at SSD and temperature-DO (r=-0.666), hardness-acidity (r=-0.6542) BOD-COD (r=0.654) at control site. The overall quality of groundwater, though hard, was found acceptable for drinking purpose. The divergence in the results of groundwater samples taken from SIDCUL-IE and the Control site, 2 km away from SIDCUL-IE, indicated that groundwater pollution is increasing alarmingly which may have serious threats to human health in near future.

016588   Abdel-Aziz N A;El-Adawy M M;Salem A Z M; Cerrillo-Soto M A;Camacho L M;Borhami B E (Animal and Fish Production Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria Univ, Egypt, Email: asalem70@yahoo.com) : Effects of exogenous enzymes, Lactobacillus acidophilus or their combination on feed intake, digestibility and performance of rabbits fed sugarcane bagasse. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 2014, 14(1), 137-45.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAC), exogenous enzymes ZAD^{p ® or their combination on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and performance of rabbits fed increasing levels of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Five rations were allotted randomly to five groups of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits (838±42.4g average BW at 5 weeks of age. Rabbits were fed: (i) a control diet made of 100% berseem hay and 0% SCB, (ii) 50% berseem hay and 50% untreated SCB (USCB), (iii) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAC), (iv) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with ZADp ® (ZAD), and (v) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with LAC + ZADp ® (LZ). Treatment of SCB with Lactobacillus acidophilus, ZADp ® and LAC+ ZADp ® led to higher CP content and lower contents of ADF, NDF and DM. Total DM intake was not affected by treatments. Digestibility coefficient of CP for LAC and LZ were higher (P<60>0.05) compared to the other groups. The BW for LAC and LZ rabbits was higher (P<60>0.05) than for the other groups, while the BW for LAC rabbit was the highest (P<60>0.05) and for USCB was the lowest. It can be concluded that treating sugarcane bagasse with Lactobacillus acidophilus, exogenous enzymes of ZADp ® or their combination improved feeding values; however, the treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus was found to be the best.}

5 tables, 21 ref

015627   Yugandhar M;Rao M R (Zoology Dep, S V University, Tirupati-517 502, Email: dryugandar.sv@gmail.com) : Impact of alcohol on rat heart and aortic tissue acetylcholine content levels in vitro and in vivo. Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(3), 892-5.

Acetylcholine satisfies all criteria for a transmitter substance. Its most widely recognized action sites are the endings of vertebrate motor nerves, the endings of the automatic pre ganglionics and the parasympathetic post ganglionics. It appears also to be the transmitter of motor nerves in all advanced invertebrate animals except the arthropods where it seems to separate at the endings of sensory nerves. Acetylcholine is concerned with various visceral functions in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The impact of 20% ethanol (w/v) at selected doses of 5gm/kg wt over 5 and 10 weeks in vivo and 100-1000 μl in vitro on the heart and aortic tissue acetylcholine content activity was reported. Alcohol is selected doses appeared to inhibit the rat arid aortic tissue based Ach levels both in vitro and in vivo.

26 ref

015626   Venkataswamy M;Meenabai M;Venkatasubbaiah K; Rao K J;Raju K T (Biochemistry Dep, (DST Fist and UGC BSR), Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Email: thyagarajuk_2002@rediffmail.com) : How antioxidant and antioxidant enzyme functions do suppressed in the brain tissues of developing chick embryo under the influence of acrylamide?. Bioscan 2013, 8(2), 371-9.

Acrylamide a known neurotoxin is produced due to amino acid metabolism in the body. This molecule adversely affects the central nervous system by the operation of the free radicals and oxidative stress. These oxygenated molecules potential has been studied in brain tissue of day (11) (d11) developing chick embryo exposed to acrylamide at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6mg) and times of intervals (24, 48 and 72h). Upon exposure of chick embryo to acrylamide the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) product, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased and the contents of antioxidants i.e., reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (Vit-C) was decreased, significantly, in brain. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been increased up to 0.4mg and declined from 0.5 to 0.6mg due to dose and time dependant of acrylamide treatment and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) were decreased. The present data conclude that acrylamide as neurotoxicant induces oxidative stress in developing chick embryo brain due to increasing rate of lipid peroxidation and suppress ion of the antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanism. These effects may provide an evidence for acrylamide induced neuronal damage in developing chick embryo up on the suppression and reduction of oxygen radical limiting enzymes.

9 illus, 8 tables, 56 ref

015625   Sivasankar R;Chennaiah K;Reddy K S (Zoology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: chennaiahk@gmail.com) : Effect of red grape extract on nicotine induced oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle fibres of male albino rat. Asian J Anim Sci 2013, 8(1), 20-5.

Pathogen free, wistar strain male albino rats were used in the present study.Age matched rats were divided into 4 groups of six in each group and treated as Normal control (NC) (Control rats received 0.9% saline), Nicotine treated (Nt) (at a dose of 0.6 mg/ kg body weight by subcutaneous injection for a period of 2 months), Nicotine treated + Red Grape extract treated (Nt+RGEt) (Nicotine at a dose of 0.6 mg/ kg body weight by subcutaneous injection and red grape extract 25 mg/kg body weight via orogastric tube for a period of 2 months), Nicotine treated + Red grape extract treated (Nicotine at a dose of 0.6 mg/ kg body weight by subcutaneous injection for a period of 2 months, red grape extract at a doses of 50 mg/ kg body weight via orogastric tube for a period of 2 months). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hrs after the last treatment by cervical dislocation and isolated the skeletal muscle fibres such as gastronemius (GN) and soleus (SOL), measured the activities of alkaline phosphotase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In nicotine treated rats, the activities of ALP, AST, ALT and LDH were significantly increased in the both muscle fibers when compared to control rats. In the combination treatment (Nicotine + Red grape extract), the upregulation was observed, red grape extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight found to be more effective. The levels of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased in nicotine treated rats in both muscle fibres and increase was observed in the combination (Nt+RGEt), but at 50 mg/kg body weight found to be more effective. This results stating that red grape extract are beneficial, especially for the nicotine subjects to improve the metabolic efficiency and thereby to improve the health status and life span.

3 tables, 31 ref

015624   Singh R V;Mishra D B;Dubey J K;Singh 'VATS' S K;Singh P B (Zoology Dep, Tilak Dhari (P.G.) College, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of endosulfan toxicity on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in fresh water teleost fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Asian J Anim Sci 2013, 8(1), 61-2.

It is well known that almost all the pesticides and more particularly the synthetic pesticide used, find their way into water bodies alter the metabolism of aquatic organisms. In the present investigation, the effect of sub lethal concentration of endosulfan toxicity on fish,Clarias batrachus were studied after 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs exposure. Endosulfan is an organochloric insecticide that kills insects by disrupting their nervous system and is effective against wide range of plant eating insects. Suspected effects of endosulfan exposure include birth defects, increased rate of leukemia and immune system abnormalities. The result indicated a significant increase in ESR(mm/hr) 2.57 mm/hr, 2.60 mm/hr 2.71 mm/hr and 2.83 mm/hr, when compared to control group 2.56 mm/hr following both acute and sub-acute exposure to endosulfan.

6 ref

015623   Salih E N;Al-Barwary H T I B (Biology Dep, College of Education, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq, Email: nsalih07@yahoo.com) : Preliminry anatomical study of male reproductive system of the frehwater crab Potamon magum magnum (Pretzman) (Arthropoda: Crustacea:Decapoda). Bioscan 2013, 8(2), 425-7.

Study was conducted, as a preliminary study, on the male reproductive system of the freshwater crab Potamon magnum magnum, collected from the shores of river Tigris in Mosul City, Ninevah Province, Iraq, aiming at describing the male reproductive system which seems to have never been described before. Results of the present study showed that the male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of vas deferens, ending into ejaculatory ducts and a pair of penises. Gonopods are also present which are known to serve as copulatory organs which transfer the spermatophores into female gonopores. The macroscopic anatomy of the testes showed a similar pattern to that described in other decapod species, e.g. in the paired testes, the H-like appearance and presence of gonopods.

5 illus, 14 ref

015622   Reddy B L;Benarjee G (Fisheries Research Lab, Zoology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, Email: drblaxmareddy@yahoo.co.in) : Gill histochemistry of fresh water teleost, Clarias batracus. Asian J Anim Sci 2013, 8(1), 55-7.

In fresh water teleost, Clarias batrachus four pairs of gills and four pairs of gill arches are present on either side of pharynx. The four gill arches on one side bearing the gills are enclosed in gill chamber, which is covered by operculum. The gill rackers and gill arches are the other important structures in gill. The present study deals with the histological and histochemical nature of gill.

1 table, 9 ref

015621   Reddy B L;Benarjee B (Fisheries Research Lab, Zoology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, Email: drblaxmareddy@yahoo.co.in) : Seasonal occurrence of an acanthocephalan parasite in fresh water fish, Channa punctatus at the Warangal, A.P.. Asian J Anim Sci 2013, 8(1), 7-11.

Study deals with seasonal variations of acanthocephalan parasite, Pallisentis nagapurensis in fresh water fish, Channa punctatus from Warangal district, Andhra Pradesh, during two consecutive years from 2006-07 to 2007-08. The incidence, intensity, density and index of infection of the parasite has been recorded. The infection was more during summer, moderate during winter and low during rainy season. The acanthocephalan infections greatly effected the anatomy of the intestine and affected the general metabolic state of the host.

1 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

015620   Prakash V;Siddiqua Bano;Singh R B;Yadav M P S;Singh S P (Zoology Dep, M.S.D.T.N. Mahavidyalaya, Araul, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Comparative study on homoeopathic treatment of strongyloides nematodes of goats in Kanpur. Asian J Anim Sci 2013, 8(1), 52-4.

The prevalence of strongyloidiosis due to Strongyloides papillosus in goats in Kanpur region of Uttar Pradesh was studied and trial using arsenic 200 and cina 200 was conducted in goats tamed by the individual farmers during mansoon of the year 2012. Out of 80 examined goats aged above one year, 14 (17.5%) goats were found to be positive for Strongyliodes nematodes and multiple infection of trematode and cestode was also observed based on the faecal examination. For observing the efficacy of drugs, goats were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C of 3 goat each. Arsenic 200 @ 20 pills and cina 200 @ 20 pills twice a day were given orally to each of the goats group A and B while the goats of group C were kept as untreated control. Efficacy was observed by calculating on zero to 14 days post treatment by faecal egg count reduction test. The result of homoeopathic treatment by using the drugs arsenic and cina indicated 96.55 per cent and 98.62 per cent efficacy, respectively. It was found that Strongyloides papillosus appeared to be extremely resistant to drugs of arsenic and cina. It can be suggested that arsenic and cina were proved to be a better effective control on Strongyloides papillosus in goats without producing any side effect.

1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

015619   Prakash V;Bano S;Yadav M P S;Singh R B;Singh S P (Animal Husbandary and Dairying Dep, C.S.A. Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Various factors responsible for sub clinical and clinical mastitis and pharmacotherapeutic role of tri-sodium citrate. Asian J Anim Sci 2013, 8(1), 37-9.

In the present investigation, 300 cows milk samples were collected and these samples were screened out on the basis of California mastitis test (CMT) for estimation of clinical and subclinical mastitis in cow. Total 64.66% prevalence rate was found, out of which 53% and 11.66% were found sub clinical and clinical mastitis, respectively. Most of the samples were positive to bacteriological examination and various type of bacteria were isolated, the most prevalent being Streptococcus aureus, followed by S. agalactiae, E. coli, Micrococcus sp., Enterobater aerogen, Bacillus sp. and Corynebacterium. Administration of trisodium citrate creates unfavourable pH medium in the quarter/udder retarding the infection. It was also observed that trisodium citrate administration increased the fat, S.N.F, milk yield, over the respective values of in mastitic milk.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

015618   Pendam V R;Tembhare D B (Zoology Dep, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur Univ, Campus, Nagpur-440 033, Email: varshadhurvey@yahoo.com) : Effect of JH III and β-ecdysone on seminal vesicle protein secretion in the tropical tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta (Drury) (Lepidoptera:Saturniidae). Bioscan 2013, 8(2), 447-50.

Studies revealed an active secretory activity in the seminal vesicles soon after emergence of the male tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta. The total concentration of DNA, RNA and proteins in the seminal vesicle tissue showed gradual reduction with advancement of age of the male moth. The SDS-PAGE analyzed about 11 protein bands ranging from 31.8 to 196.1 in molecular weight. Topical application of juvenile hormone (JH-III) on the newly emerged adult male moths showed enhancement while that of β-ecdysone (βE) caused depletion of the total seminal vesicle protein concentration.

7 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

015617   Ningwal M;Chauhan R;Irshad Baba (Pest Control and Ayurvedic Drug Research Lab, S.L Jain P.G College, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh) : Antihistamanic activity of extract of Achyranthus aspera against asthmatic albino rats. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2014, 4(1), 51-3.

1 table, 21 ref

015616   Nemade R P;Talele B;Patil A K (Zoology Dep, Dhanaji Nana Mahavidyalaya, Faizpur-425 503, Email: nemaderajshri@gmail.com) : Impact of some factors influencing alteration in O₂ consumption of fresh water mollusc: Melania tuberculata (Linn). Asian J chem envir Res 2013, 6(3-4), 80-4.

The O₂ consumption of fresh water snail Melania tuberculata was evaluated in relation to desiccation, diurnal rhythm, temperature, salinity and effect of toxic substances on respiration of the snail. Dissolved oxygen content of the medium and oxygen consumption rate was measured by methods described by Welsh. The desiccation appears to bring about O₂ dept in animals which was paid back after bringing the snails to the water. Studies in diurnal rhythmicity indicate that the rate of O₂ consumption which was noted at 6 am remains same almost at the same time of next day, although the rate altered during circadian rhythm. Increase in temperature of the aquatic medium results rise in O₂ consumption rate. The rate of O₂ consumption at normal fresh water medium was parallel to the 0.8% NaCI concentration, thus inverse relationship was established. Copper sulphate reduces maximum O₂ consumption rate as compaired to potassium oxalate and oxalic acid at fix 0.001% concentration. The metabolic status of the aquatic animal is dependent on the ideal environment however it altered during the physical and chemical stress. The physiological responses to these various factors are discussed in this paper.

5 tables, 23 ref

015615   Mishra P;Gupta S;Jurry R (Zoology Dep, Govt. N.P.G. College of Science, Raipur-492 001, Email: pmishra26463@gmail.com) : Haematopoietic activity of stem of eclipta alba on clarias batrachus. Asian J chem envir Res 2013, 6(3-4), 73-9.

The hematological effect associated with the administration of aqueous and ethanolic extract of stem of Eclipta alba was investigated in Clarias batrachus. Fishes of average weight 70-80 gm randomly divided into three groups. The first groups served as control, the remaining 2 experimental groups (II & III) served as treated with 10 and 20 ppm of extracts (aqueous and alcoholic). Blood sample were collected on day 07, 14, 21 and 28 after the treatments and analyzed for hematological parameters like RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and WBC. Significant increment in the value of RBC, Hb, PCV and WBC were recorded after application of both the extracts at different sampling points. Statistically significant effect of treatment (p <60> 0.01) was noticed with both the extract on MCV and MCH. The result of this study indicated the hematopoietic potentials of the extract and could possibly be remedy for anemia.

3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

015614   Minakshi R;Mahajan A Y (Zoology Dep, D.N. College, Faizpur, Jalgaon-425 503, Email: minakshirane1@gmail.com) : Effect of thiamethoxam on oxygen consumption of the freshwater bivalve, lamellidens marginalis (lamarck). Bioscan 2013, 8(2), 469-72.

Impact of acute and chronic dose of Thiamethoxam on the rate of oxygen consumption of the freshwater bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis was studied. After 24, 48, 72 and 96h of exposure to acute concentration, the average oxygen consumption was 0.4935, 0.4826, 0.4763 and 0.4501 (mL/gm/L/h) and after 7, 14 and 21 days of chronic exposure, it was 0.2943, 0.2925, 0.2724 (mL/gm/L/h). It was observed that the rate of oxygen consumption was decreased with increase in the exposure period. The decrease was maximum in chronic exposure as compared to acute exposure to Thiamethoxam.

2 tables, 34 ref