040442   KUMARI V, SANGAL A (Amity Univ, Noida - 201 313, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dahiyavinod123@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial study of Arjuna Terminalia loaded PLGA nanoparticle. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(3), 291-7.

The bark of Terminilia Arjuna is known for its numerous health benefits in traditional system of medicine. Nanotechnology based delivery system have added advantages of action at targeted location and improved cellular uptake. In the present paper, polymeric nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Terminilia Arjuna (Arjun ki chhal) were synthesized by using solvent evaporation method. The synthesized polymeric nanoparticles were further characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR followed by evaluation of antimicrobial activity. The SEM images showed spherical shaped nanoparticles. Further TEM images revealed that particles of size as small as 50-75 nm are formed. PLGA encapsulated nanoparticles shows entrapment efficiency as high as 96.8 % and percentage yield comes out to be 45.3. Antimicrobial study using cup-plate method was carried out using two strains of gram (+) bacteria S. aureus and B. pumilus and two strains of gram (-) bacteria E. Coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which shows MIC at 2000 ppm for gram (+) bacteria (both S. aureus and B. pumilus) and 5000 ppm (E. coli) and 6000 ppm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) for gram (-) bacteria. From the results obtained it is proposed that polymeric nanoparticles were successfully formed which will enhance the efficacy of active components in the bark of Terminilia Arjuna and also demonstrates promising use in various pharmaceutical formulations as they show considerable results in the inhibition of bacterial growth.

6 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

040438   KAYAM D, TIRUPATI M K, KARANAM H P (Entomology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Agricultural Coll, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, Email: devaki_kayam@rediffmail.com) : Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis cry genes in soils of Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 471-480.

A total of 61 bacterial strains was isolated in soils from Chittoor and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh, India using sodium acetate selection method and preliminarily identified as Bacillus thuringiensis based on Gram's staining, endospore staining and crystal protein study. These strains were tested against the insect, Spodoptera litura under laboratory conditions and found 18 strains with ≥ 50 % insect mortality. Further, these eighteen strains were analyzed for the insecticidal crystal protein composition with fourteen cry specific primers. The results indicated that, among all 14 cry genes, cry1I was the observed in 11 strains, followed by cry1Aa in 10 strains. At the same time a strain, F493 collected from Talakona area identified an effective against S. litura with 100 per cent larval death and which was also identified with 8 different crystal protein encoding genes (cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1Fa1, cry1I, cry2, cry2A(a)1, cry8, cry9Ca1).

5 illus, 4 tables, 57 ref

040436   ZAHEER Z A, SANKARANARAYANAN K (Anna Univ, Chennai - 600 044, Tamil Nadu, Email: skavitham@yahoo.com) : In silico analysis of κ-theraphotoxin-Cg2a from chilobrachys guangxiensis. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 458-66.

κ-theraphotoxin-Cg2a is a 29- residue polypeptide extracted from the venomous glands of the Chinese earth tiger tarantula Chilobrachys guangxiensis. Plethoras of cancers are being associated with irregular functions of potassium ion channels. An extensive understanding of the toxin’s interaction with the voltage-gated potassium channels is of utmost necessity for it to be screened as a potential pharmacological molecule which may perhaps serve as toxin-based therapy to manage various cancer channelopathies. Physicochemical properties were studied, the evolutionary analysis was done to visualize the conserved domain among different toxins of tarantula family, docking studies between κ -theraphotoxin-Cg2a and a voltage-gated potassium ion channel was done by ClusPro 2.0. The presence of signal peptide was observed using PSIPRED. Cysteine – disulfide bonds present in the amino acid sequence was predicted by DiANNA server. Multiple sequence alignment illustrated conserved residues with other families of tarantula’s toxin. The docking of κ -theraphotoxin- Cg2a with the voltage-gated potassium channel was found to be interactive. The presence of cysteine –disulfide bonds were observed potentially playing a crucial role in the docking process. The interaction between the receptor and the ligand was found to be interactive which could turn out to help develop strategies to assist in creating potential pharmacological drug- based therapies.

6 illus, 6 tables, 31 ref

040435   VERONICA E, OFFOR P, ANTHONY O, ADA A, DAVID E (Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria, Email: veronica.ezekoye@unn.edu.ng) : Methane production enhancement and comparative study of biodegradation of some plants and animal wastes. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 449-57.

This study investigated the production of methane using various substrates. Plantain peels, pig dung, poultry droppings, walnut  peels/plantain  peels  and  cow  blood/wheat  waste  were  all  co-digested,  charged  in  digesters  (A-E)  and  allowed  to ferment anaerobically for forty-five (45) days within the mesophilic temperature range of 20.0-39.0°. Digester A contained 3.9 Kg of wheat waste/cow blood and 19.5 Kg of water in the ratio of 1.5 which gave a total gas yield of 22.5 L of biogas; B contained 7.8 Kg of walnut peels/plantain peels and 15.6 Kg of water in the ratio 1:2 which gave a total gas yield of 115.0 L; C contained 8 Kg of plantain peels and 16 Kg of water which yielded 133.0 L of biogas; D contained 8 Kg of pig dung mixed thoroughly with 16 Kg of water which gave a total of 321.0 L; and E contained 8 Kg of poultry droppings mixed with 16 Kg of water which yielded 168.5 L of biogas. From the cumulative comparison of the biogas yields of the samples, pig dung gave the highest yield  of 321  L and  cow blood/wheat  husk produced the lowest yield  of 22.5  L. Pig dung (animal waste) gave the highest total viable count (TVC) of 7 × 10⁶ cfu/mL. The sludge contains NPK which is a good biofertilizer.

4 illus, 10 tables, 42 ref

040434   PANJAITAN R G P, RAHMAWATI I (Biology Education Dep, Tanjungpura Univ, Pontianak-78124, Indonesia, Email: ruqiah.gpp@gmail.com) : The damaging effect of consuming fermented Oryza sativa var. glutinosa on the pancreatic organ. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 444-8.

The damaging effect of consuming fermented Oryza sativa var. glutinosa on Pancreatic Organ. Tuak is one of the alcoholic drinks made using recipes from the ancestors of the Dayak tribe in the West Kalimantan region. Tuak is commonly consumed especially at traditional ceremonies and holidays. Some studies report that consuming alcoholic drinks negatively impacts health. This study aimed to examine the effect of consuming tuak on blood glucose levels and histopathology of the pancreatic organ. Male mice were grouped into four groups, ten mice each. Group A was negative control (no administered tuak), group B, C, and D were administered tuak at dose 0.26 mL/20 g body weight per day for 7, 14, and 21 consecutive days. Compared to the negative control, the administration of tuak at different time spans showed anincrease in blood glucose levels (P<0.05) and in the scoring lesion of the pancreatic organ (P <0.05). It is concluded that the pancreatic organ damage that occurred due to repeated use of tuak is accompanied by increasing blood glucose levels.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

044437   MAAROUFI A, KHADEMANSARI M, KHALKHALI H-R, RASMI Y (Biochemistry Dep, Urmia Univ of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran, Email: mhansari1@ gmail.com) : Serum levels of bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and β2-microglobulin in stage I of multiple myeloma. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(1), 98-101.

The fluctuations of proteins in multiple myeloma (MM) are well-known markers for checking the status of the patients. Aims: The objective of this study was to examine three proteins that have an important role in disease progression. The study was performed with two groups: 30 MM stage I patients’ (14 females/16 males; aged 60.83 ± 12.38 years) as case group and 40 healthy individuals (18 females/22 males; aged 57.65 ± 6.43 years) as control group. Both groups have been matched in gender and age. Bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), and β2-microglobulin (β2M) were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum BSP levels of MM-I patients was significantly higher than that of healthy controls (29.24 ± 5.57 vs. 20.89 ± 3.67, P = 0.001). OPN levels of MM-I patients were significantly lower than that of healthy individuals (12.03 ± 3.45 vs. 19.35 ± 4.67, P = 0.001). β2M levels of patients and controls were similar (1.49 ± 0.67 vs. 1.29 ± 0.55, P = 0.193). The results suggested that myeloma cells may affect the production of BSP and OPN, which possibly contributes to osteoclastic bone resorption in MM-I patients. Their levels may be a useful biomarker for assessing bone destruction in MM-I patients and distinguishing MM-I from healthy individuals.

3 illus, 20 ref

040430   SANTHIYA S, LALITHA P (Chemistry Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Wom, Coimbatore - 641 043, Tamil Nadu, Email: goldenlalitha@gmail.com) : Evaluation of cell viability of gold nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide composite on MCF-7 Cell lines. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 401-10.

Plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is a better substitute for chemically synthesized nanoparticles. These nanoparticles facilitate more advantages in cancer treatment. In this study, biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles has been carried out using aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms by the hot air-oven method. The effect of variation of plant extract concentration was carried out to optimize the formation of gold nanoparticles by this method. Reduced graphene oxide was prepared by treating graphene oxide with aqueous extract of E. crassipes as a capping agent. Nano composite was prepared using an equal ratio of reduced graphene oxide and nanogold by sonication method. Prepared metal and non-metallic nanoparticles were characterized by analytical spectroscopic tools viz. UV-Visible spectrometer, FTIR spectrophotometer, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Cell viability of aforesaid nanoparticles was examined by MTT assay against MCF-7 cell lines. Among all the nanoparticles, reduced graphene oxide exhibited 23 % cell viability at 250 μg /mL and IC₅₀ at 140 μg /mL against MCF-cell lines. Doxorubicin was used as a standard. The result of this study reveals the cytotoxicity of the prepared nanoparticles and nanocomposite against MCF-cell lines.

6 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

040427   LIU H, ZHANG Y (Pharmaceutical Dep, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong Province-276 000, China, Email: ribin212@yandex.com) : Effects of miR-222 on cisplatin resistance of renal cancer cell strains and related mechanisms. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 382-8.

Cisplatin is widely employed in combating renal cancers. However, a major challenge is the resistance of cisplatin by renal cancer cells. Increased miR-222 expression is known to promote this resistance and so ways of downregulating the expression of miR-222 is widely sought after as a means of combating the resistance. The study was performed to explore the effects of miR-222 on cisplatin resistance of renal cancer cell strains and related mechanisms. The expression of miR-222 and Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) was regulated to explore the effects of miR-222 and DKK3 on cisplatin chemotherapy in renal cancer cisplatin-resistant cell strains, and to figure out the regulatory relationship between miR-222 and DKK3. In renal cancer tissues and cell lines, miR-222 was highly expressed and DKK3 was lowly expressed. Renal cancer cisplatin-resistant cells had markedly higher miR-222 expression and lower DKK3 expression than normal renal cancer cells, suggesting a potential involvement of miR-222 and DKK3 in the cisplatin resistance in renal cancer cells. Down-regulated miR-222 expression led to stronger inhibition of the renal cancer cell growth by cisplatin and markedly higher DKK3 expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that miR-222 had a targeted inhibition on DKK3. Co-transfection of miR-222 mimic and shDKK3, together with the up-regulation of miR-222 and DKK3 expressions, resulted in a higher sensitivity of renal cancer cells to cisplatin chemotherapy than the up-regulation of miR-222 expression alone. Down-regulated miR-222 expression can remove the inhibition of DKK3 expression and increase the sensitivity of renal cancer cells to cisplatin chemotherapy.

7 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

040420   DÖNMEZ A E, CENGIZLER I (Aquaculture Dep, Mersin Univ, 33160, Mersin, Turkey, Email: edonmez@mersin.edu.tr) : Pathomorphology of experimental Streptococcus iniae infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 234-8.

In the present study, an experimental infection with Streptococcus iniae was conducted with tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The bacterial agent was injected to the fish by intraperitoneal inoculation at a dose of 1 × 10³ cfu / mL. Grossly, haemorrhages on tail and pectoral fins, hyperaemic and prolapsed anus, darkening and bleeding in the gills and exophthalmos in the eyes were identified in fish. Multifocal whitish foci in the liver, spleen and kidneys was observed with ascites. Histopathological changes of tissues of tilapia were studied and evaluated. Gill tissues of infected fish showed intense lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrations. In addition, epithelial cell separation and lamellar fusion with edema, lamellar curling and aneurysms were detected in gill tissue. Sinusoidal dilatation, lymphocyte infiltrations, congestion and degeneration in liver hepatocyte cells have been identified. In kidney degeneration of glomerulus and tubule cells and dense lymphocyte infiltrations were observed. Dense bacterial clusters were observed in the sinusoids of the spleen, while lymphocytes and macrophage infiltrations were found in the heart and intestinal tissues.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

040419   BANERJEE A, BATABYAL K, DEBNATH C, JOARDAR S N, ISORE D P, DEY S, TARAPHDER S, SINGH A D, PAL S, SAMANTA I (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, Email: drkb.micro@gmail.com) : Antifungal resistance in cnlac1 possessing Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from domestic and feral pigeons in West Bengal, India. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 228-33.

Cryptococcus neoformans acts as a major etiology of human infections in immunocompromised, cancer and transplant patients. The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence and antifungal resistance of C. neoformans in domestic and feral pigeons in and around Kolkata, a metropolitan city in India with considerable size of pigeon population. Weathered droppings of domestic and feral pigeons (n=917) were collected from different pet bird shelters, different buildings and other places. Isolation and identification of C. neoformans was performed based on cultural, biochemical properties. Antifungal sensitivity of the confirmed isolates were performed according to standard CLSI protocols with seven antifungals and caspofungin. A total of 153(16.68 %) samples were found positive for Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. All the isolates possessed CNLAC1 outer gene in PCR. Antifungal sensitivity revealed marked resistance to amphotericin-B (33.33 %), fluconazole (20.91 %), flucytosine (11.11 %) and ketoconazole (8.49 %). This is of great concern as the study area (Kolkata) is a densely populated city and the birds are in close proximity to the people.

4 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

040418   ALGEFARE A I, ALFWUAIRES M A, BADR G M (Biological Sciences, King Faisal Univ, AlAhsa 31982, Saudi Arabia, Email: gmahmoud@kfu.edu.sa) : Baluchistan Gerbil hepatotoxicity as a new biomonitor of heavy metal pollution. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 222-7.

Hepatotoxicity was targeted in Baluchistan Gerbil (Gerbillus nanus) as a biomonitor of pollution with heavy metals near Al-Asfar lake in Al-Ahsa province, KSA. The study showed as compared to reference animals that polluted gerbil’s liver recorded significant increase of lead and copper and significant decrease of zinc contents. In addition to significant decrease in RBC count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit percentage, MCH, MCV and MCHC. Also, significant increase in serum liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) activity was observed. Liver oxidative stress (OS) was evidenced by significant increase in, malondialdehyde level and significant decrease of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities. Light and ultrahistopathological results assessed the liver tissue impairment. In conclusion, the present study suggested that lead and copper could be the major heavy metals serving hepatotoxicity in gerbils. This study present Gerbillus nanus as the first bio monitor in native wild mammal in Al-Ahsa.

8 illus, 21table, 33 ref

040417   RADHIKA G, SUBRIYA S, MANJARI K D, PARTHIBAN M, PAZHANIVEL N, VIJAYARANI K (Animal Biotechnology Dep, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, Email: drparthiban66@gmail.com) : Immunomodulatory potential of microencapsulated multispecies probiotic consortium in newcastle disease virus vaccinated chicken. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 216-21.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of microencapsulated probiotic consortium containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Pediococcus acidilactici and Weissella paramesenteroides on immune modulation in Newcastle Disease vaccinated chicken. Humoral immune response was assessed by ELISA. Th1, Th2 cytokine response and cell mediated immune response were assessed by using Real time PCR and flow cytometry respectively. Results indicated significantly (P< 0.01) higher antibody titer and also higher IL-2, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-10 cytokine expression in NDV vaccinated multispecies probiotic fed group compared to commercial probiotic fed and control groups. It was also observed that higher proportions of Bu1A (B cell receptor) and CD3 (T cell receptor) positive cells in chicken fed with multispecies probiotic supplementation. Hence, it is concluded that multispecies probiotic played an important role in augmenting humoral and cell mediated immune response against NDV.

6 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

040409   MUSTAFA N G, HASAN M K (Physiology Dep, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq, Email: nashaat_ghalib@yahoo.com) : Biochemical investigation of an experimentally induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 168-72.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex condition characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity. This project aims to induce MS in rat and then a demonstration of the main biochemical parameters. In male, Sprague-Dawley rats, MS has been prompted suitably and relatively by fast (six weeks) approach through a high fructose in drinking water (40 %). It has been found that serum urea, creatinine and total bilirubin raise in MS significantly. Moreover, dyslipidemia has arbitrated via some considerable lipid profile deviations. In addition, BMI, blood glucose, and insulin monitoring evidently ensure achievement of MS. It is concluded that a well-established rat model of MS could be employed by a 40 % fructose in drinking water.

4 tables, 27 ref

040408   SINHA R, SAHOO N R, SHRIVASTAVA K, KUMAR P, QURESHI S, KUMAR A, RAVIKUMAR G V P P S, BHUSHAN B (Animal Genetics Div, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, Email: vet.nihar@gmail.com) : Sequence analysis of Mucin 13 gene region associated with piglet diarrhoea in Indian pigs. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 163-7.

The current study was undertaken for characterization and bioinformatics analysis of a region of Mucin 13 gene (MUC13) associated with piglet diarrhoea in Indian native pig (Sus scrofa). A total of five gene segments (three at intron 6 and two at exon 7-8 regions) were sequenced in pig population. The sequences were compared with available sequences of other pig population (Chinese pig), sheep, goat and cattle. As expected, high level of genetic similarity was seen between Indian pig and Chinese pig. Sequences of all five alleles were submitted to the NCBI with accession numbers KX686556 and KX686558-61. Reported genetic variability in MUC13 gene can be helpful in enhancing our understanding about the genetics of piglet diarrhoea resistance and susceptibility in Indian pig population.

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

040401   JOSE J, SANKAR S, MANI B K, UNNIKRISHNAN M P, BOSEWELL A, MINI M (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Mannuthy Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Wayanad-673 576, Kerala, Email: surya@kvasu.ac.in) : Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of mecA and blaZ gene mediated antibiotic resistance in bovine mastitis due to Staphylococcus spp.. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 125-7.

A total of thirty milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis are subjected to cultural isolation followed by antibiogram of the isolates. All the isolates obtained were resistant to methicillin and penicillin and most of them showed resistance to other beta lactam group of antibiotics. Out of the thirteen Staphylococcus spp. isolated, ten were coagulase negative and all showed positive amplicons for the presence of blaZ gene in polymerase chain reaction. Ten isolates showed positive results for the presence of mecA gene

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

040396   MALHI K K, KAMBOH A A, KUMAR C, DEWANI P, KUMAR M, ABRO S H, LEGHARI A, WANG X, YU S (Sindh Agriculture Univ, Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan, Email: yus@shvri.ac.cn) : Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in buffaloes in Hyderabad and Tando Allahyar districts of Sindh, Pakistan. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 101-5.

An investigation in buffaloes was carried out in Hyderabad and Tando Allahyar districts, Sindh province, Pakistan to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. The buffaloes (n=120) were first screened through single intradermal tuberculin test (SITT), then their sera were used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Attempts were further made to isolate the Mycobacterium bovis organism from the milk samples using traditional culture test. Overall prevalence of 4.16 %, 8.33 % and 2.5 % was recorded by SITT, ELISA and culture test respectively. A somewhat higher prevalence was recorded in Tando Allahyar district (SITT 6.66 %; ELISA 10 %; culture test 5 %) as compared to Hyderabad district (SITT 1.66 %; ELISA 6.66 %; culture test 0 %). Statistical analysis did not show any association (P> 0.05) of herd size, sex, age, milk yield and farming type with the prevalence of the disease. Whereas, SITT showed a significant (P< 0.05) association of sex, age and milk yield with the prevalence of the disease in Tando Allayer district. The results of present study revealed that bovine tuberculosis is present in apparently healthy buffalo herds of Hyderabad and Tando Allayer districts. Moreover, infected animals shed the M. bovis pathogen in milk that could be a potential hazard to public health.

2 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

040395   PARIN U, ERBAS G, URAL K, SAVASAN S, YUKSEL H T, BALAT G, KIRKAN S (Microbiology Dep, Adnan Menderes Univ, Ayd?n, Turkey, Email: uparin@adu.edu.tr) : Investigation of bacterial and fungal agents from cutaneous lesions in canine Leishmaniasis. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 96-100.

The objective of the present study was to determine the bacterial and fungal agents accompanying with cutaneous lesions of dogs suffering from Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL). Sterile swap samples were taken from cutaneous lesions inspected of ears, dorsal, collar, pectoral, inguinal and interdigital spaces of 20 dogs, in which diagnosis were based on a combination of clinical symptoms, anti-leishmania antibody titers by use of Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and dogs were further classified according to the Leishvet Guidelines involving serological, hematological, serum biochemical and urinalysis. Swap samples were inoculated to culture media for isolation and identification of bacterial and mycotic agents. 48 Staphylococcus aureus, 4 Bacillus cereus, 8 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 24 Candida albicans, 24 Microsporium canis and 4 Aspergillus niger were isolated and identified in both group of dogs. Regarding antibiotic susceptibility test, the isolates were found 100 % susceptible to cefoperazone and amoxicillinclavulanic acid, 53 % to danofloxacin, 46 % of the isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin and all of the isolates were resistant (100%) to penicillin G and gentamicin. In conclusion, the antibacterial and antifungal therapy should be provided in accordance with antibiotic susceptibility tests in skin lesions of dogs suffering with CVL.

4 tables, 15 ref

040394   KAUR A, MAHAJAN V, SINGH N D, FILIA G, BANGA H S, LEISHANGTHEM G D, SINGH A (Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and animal Sciences Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, Email: mahajanv17@gmail.com) : Patho-epidemiological and molecular diagnosis of swine brucellosis in Punjab. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 90-5.

Brucellosis is one of the major reproductive tract diseases of swine and causes a huge economic loss to pig farmers. In this study, serological, gross pathological, histopathological, immunohistochemical and Polymerase Chain Reaction technique(s) have been applied for diagnosis of brucellosis in pig. Seroprevalence studies showed prevalence of brucellosis to be 16.7% by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and 12.5% by competitive ELISA(c-ELISA). In this study, comparison was done between RBPT and c-ELISA for serological diagnosis of brucellosis which revealed substantial degree of agreement (Kappa= 0.676, 95% CI= 0.372-0.826) between two tests. Histopathological examination revealed focal to diffuse mixed infiltration of neutrophils or lymphocytesin the fetal organs like lung especially in bronchi and interstitial septa. Lesions in the placenta were characterized by diffuse lympho-mononuclear cell infiltration. Histopathological changes in female reproductive tracts were characterized by cellular infiltration of the endometrial stroma, endometrial glands and hyperplasia of periglandular connective tissue. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed intracytoplasmic immunostaining of Brucella in bronchial epithelial cells of lung, endothelial cells in spleen, hepatocytes of liver, cells within the lymph node, kidney of fetus and placenta. In addition, positive immunostaining to Brucella was also seen in lamina propria cells of uterus. By PCR, eight out of 34 samples (2 from stomach contents, 2 from placental cotyledons and 4 from pooled tissue(s) produced 193 bpsized ampliconspecific for Brucella genus. In the present study, PCR and IHC provide a reliable test for the diagnosis of brucellosis in abortion cases on aborted fetal tissue and placental cotyledons. However, serology is important for detection of Brucella positive animal in a farm.

8 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

040393   SURESH P, RAJESWAR J J, SUKUMAR K, HARIKRISHNAN T J, SRINIVASAN P (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: vet_suresh@yahoo.com) : Molecular analysis of oncogenicity associated gene “vIL8” of serotype 1 marek’s disease virus isolates from India. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 83-9.

This study was undertaken to characterize the oncogenicity associated vIL8 (viral interleukin-8) gene at molecular level for three serotype 1 Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) field isolates recovered from vaccinated poultry flocks. The prime aim was to generate nucleotide sequence data for important oncogenicity associated vIL8 gene of MDV1 which is very much lacking in India. Eighty six blood samples were collected from 15 commercial layer and broiler breeder farms. Isolation was done in duck embryo fibroblasts (DEF) and vIL8 gene was amplified by Polymerization Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The isolates were shown to have a homology of 99.8-100 per cent within themselves and 94.6-95.1 per cent with various isolates of China and 96.6 – 99.5 per cent with other isolates of USA for vIL8 gene. Alignment analysis of the nucleotide sequences had shown nucleotide mutations at three different positions and displayed perfect regularity. Phylogenetic analysis of vIL8 sequence of three isolates and other six reference strains showed that the analyzed nine MDVs could be distinctly separated into two clusters. The study revealed that the field isolates of serotype 1 MDVs circulating in vaccinated flocks had been shown to have consistent mutations in different positions in vIL8 gene.

6 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

040391   SEMBIRING S, TRISUNUWATI P, SJOFJAN O, DJUNAIDI I (Brawijaya Univ, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia, Email: sabartasembiring@yahoo.co.id) : Evaluation of kepok banana corm fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger as feeds. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 70-3.

This study evaluated the nutritional and tannin contents of cooked Kepok banana corm, fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. Corm meal was pretreated by steam for 1 hour at 102$°$C before fermenting. The pretreated corms were inoculated with 10 % (w/v) inoculum dose with additional nutrient mono-culture or co-culture. A completely randomized design with a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate two main factors: microbial strains and incubation time, with three subfactors each, resulting in nine treatment combinations and three replications. The microbial strain and incubation time significantly (P<0.01) affected the nutrient content of fermented Kepok banana corms. The highest dry matter content (91.84 %) was achieved by incubation with S. cerevisiae for 48 h, while 89.61 % organic matter was obtained by fermentation with both S. cerevisiae + A. niger for 48 h. The highest crude protein content was 5.81 %, which resulted from treatment with S. cerevisiae for 96 h, increasing the crude protein by 61 % compared to the control (3.58 % crude protein). Fermentation by the microbe consortium (S. cerevisiae + A. niger) for 72 h, produced maximum starch (35.54 g/100 g) and energy (3511 Kcal/kg) values. Thus, the fermented products are a potential source of energy, to be used as feed ingredients.

2 tables, 27 ref

040389   RAFIQUE K, RAHMAN A, MAHMOOD M (Animal Sciences Dep, Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Lahore (Jhang Campus) Pakistan, Email: abdurrehman@uvas.edu.pk) : Effect of dietary supplementation of different levels of saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance and hematology in broiler. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 59-64.

Present study was planned to highlight the effects of inclusion of different levels of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (SC) in broiler feed, on growth performance, hematology and farm economics. One hundred and fifty, one day old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were divided into five groups; each group was subdivided into three replicates of 10 birds each. Starter (CP 20 % and ME 2860 Kcal/Kg) and finisher (CP 18.75 % and ME 3000 Kcal/Kg) diets were fortified with levels of SC at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/Kg to prepare diets A, B, C, D and E respectively. Each dietary treatment was allotted to three replicates. Weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio improved significantly (p<0.05) as a result of feeding diet D containing 1.5 g/Kg SC in comparison to all other treatments. Dietary inclusion of SC significantly (P<0.05) reduced the levels of blood glucose and cholesterol in the birds of all treated groups when compared to those of control group. Maximum reduction in glucose and cholesterol levels was observed in the birds of treatment group D using SC @ 1.5g/Kg diet as compared to those of other treatment groups. Values regarding hemoglobin, PCV and DLC of the birds remained unaffected by dietary inclusion of SC in all treatment groups. However, numerical values of Hb and PCV in the birds consuming diet supplemented with 1.5g/Kg SC were apparently higher than those of control group. The treatment group D using SC @ 1.5g/Kg proved to be cost effective and fetched more profit per kg live weight which positively affected the farm economics.

5 tables, 33 ref

040387   KOUKOLOVÁ M, HOMOLKA P, KOUKOLOVÁ V, JANCÍK F (Institute of Animal Science, 104 00, Czech Republic, Email: koukolova.marie@vuzv.cz) : Evaluation of ruminal crude protein degradation of common feeds used in temperate climates. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 47-52.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of different feeds using chemical analysis and procedures to determine the nitrogen fractions expressed in g/kg of crude protein (CP) using a Cornell system. The experiment includes samples of common feeds used for ruminants in the Czech Republic. Fraction A is most commonly available from silages (average 468.2 g/kg CP) and least available in soybean (83.9 g/kg CP). In contrast, rapidly degradable protein (fraction B1) showed the lowest values in silages (average 31.5 g/kg CP) and the highest values in rapeseed cakes (average 195.7 g/kg CP) and lupines (average 308.7 g/kg CP). The intermediately degradable protein fraction B2 had a high value in almost all of the samples and especially in lupines (average B2 fraction 384.7 g/kg CP). The remaining fractions (B3 and C) represent slowly degraded proteins and unavailable proteins and represented a very small part of CP (average 18.9 and 34.9 g/kg CP, respectively). A strong relationship was found between fraction A and soluble protein (SOLP) and fraction B1 and SOLP. Other strong correlations were found between fraction B2 and CP, B2 and insoluble protein (IP), B3 and IP and B3 and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN).

2 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

040385   BHALADHARE A, CHAUHAN A, SONWANE A, KUMAR A, KUMAR P, KUMAR S, KUMAR S, PANIGRAHI M, BHUSHAN B (Animal Genetics Div, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, Email: anuj_vet99@rediffmail.com) : Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 genes with bovine tuberculosis. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 36-40.

Interferon Gamma Receptor (IFNGR) genes play an important role in the immune response against mycobacteria by regulating the proinflammatory cytokine Interferon Gamma (IFNG) alongwith subsequent mycobactericidal milieu and are potential strong candidates for investigating genetic basis of disease resistance. Present investigation was aimed at exploring the association of one SNP in IFNGR1 gene and two SNPs in IFNGR2 gene with susceptibility/resistance against bovine tuberculosis infection in cattle. All the three SNPs under investigation (rs109049057, rs109579937 and rs110689128) revealed polymorphism. SNP loci rs109049057 was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) associated with susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in cattle in our case control population. The SNP was non-synonymous, suggesting its functional role in the immune response against bovine tuberculosis.

3 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

040379   SOOD P, SHARMA A, CHAHOTA R, BANSAL S (CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, Email: psoodhpkv@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of certain minerals and seminal plasma proteins in Jersey bulls having major sperm morphological defects. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 6-10.

The existing literature sans a collective picture of minerals and seminal plasma proteins in cow bulls having major sperm morphological defects. The present study involved six Jersey bulls imported from Denmark as calves. After sexual maturity, two bulls (Ab1 and Ab2; collectively as Ab) repeatedly exhibited abnormal spermiogram. The major sperm morphological abnormalities in Ab1 and Ab2, respectively, were Dag defect (32 and 27 %), distal mid – piece reflex defect (42 and 17 %) and coiled tail (11 and 12 %). The mineral content of Ca and P was similar between the Ab and N (normal; N1, N2, N3 and N4 - collectively as N); values being higher in seminal plasma than blood plasma in both the groups. Seminal plasma of Ab had high K (indicates membrane damage), high Zn, especially in Ab2 (linked to Dag defect) and low Cu (decreases progressive motility). The seminal plasma proteins revealed absence of 15 kDa protein and weak expression of 25 kDa protein in Ab1. Both proteins are associated with sperm motility, viability and morphological abnormalities. In conclusion, the semen with abnormal sperm morphology also exhibited altered mineral content and seminal plasma proteins, which corroborates to their respective roles in seminology.

2 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

042287   ALELIGN T, DEBELLA A, PETROS B (Addis Ababa Univ, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA, Email: tilaalelign@gmail.com) : Evaluations of antioxidant effects of selected medicinal plant extracts claimed to treat kidney stone disease. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(2), 63-8.

Free radicals are capable of inducing oxidative damage, which causes various human diseases. However, antioxidants reduce the risk of diseases related to reactive oxygen species. Medicinal plants such as Achyranthes aspera leaves, Satureja punctata aerial parts, Aloe pulcherrima gel, Gomphocarpus fruticosus leaves and Commiphora myrrha resins were claimed to treat various ailments including urolithiasis in Ethiopia. This study was intended to determine phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of the aforementioned plants. Plants were collected and the aqueous crude extracts were prepared. Phytochemicals were screened qualitatively and DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay was measured at 517nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s comparison test of the Graph Pad Prism version 6. The plant extracts exhibited various phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids and tannins, while these were absent in C. myrrha. Steroids and terpenoides were absent in A. pulcherrima and G. fruticosus extracts, respectively. DPPH scavenging capacities of S. punctata, G. fruticosus, A. pulcherrima and A. aspera aqueous extracts were 92.3 %, 81.6 %, 72.3 % and 54.9 %, respectively compared to control (Ascorbic acid) showed 87.6 %, 94.5 %, 92.3 % and 95.6 %, respectively at inhibitory concentrations of 0.20 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ml, 3.13 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. The IC50 antioxidant values of S. punctata, A. pulcherrima, G. fruticosus, and A. aspera extracts were 0.01 ±0.003 mg/ml, 0.42 ±0.047 mg/ml, 1.64 ±0.147 mg/ml, and 13.51 ±1.08 mg/ml, respectively compared to Ascorbic acid (0.03 ±0.007 mg/ml). The phytoconstituents in S. punctata aqueous extract has the best capability to scavenge DPPH free radicals. Future characterizations of compounds responsible for the antioxidant activities will be required.

1 illus, 1 table, 52 ref

040373   NANDA A P, NAYAK S K (Biotechnology Dep, North Orissa Univ, Mayurbhanj-757 003, Odisha) : Virulence factors and drug resistance of gastrointestinal Escherichia coli isolated from different animals. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(2), 159-68.

Escherichia coli is one of the natural colonizers in the gastrointestinal tract of several animals ranging from terrestrial to aquatic origin. Nowadays virulence attributes of E. coli along with antibiotic resistance pattern is a global crisis. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to monitor the possible virulence characteristics as well as the antibiotic-resistant pattern among the E. coli isolates residing in the gastrointestinal tract of different animals. In this study, a total of 42 E. coli isolates from the gastrointestinal tract of different species like pig, broiler, chicken, fish and goat, as well as from the stool samples of human, were studied for their virulence attributes and antibiotic resistance. Based on the various virulence traits like biofilm-forming, congo red binding, proteolytic, haemolytic, and haemagglutinating activity, this study indicated that 80% of isolates possessed putative factors associated with pathogenicity. Further, these isolates were found to be the extended-spectrum β-lactamase producer and resistant to at least 5 antibiotics, which is a matter of concern since the possibility of horizontal transfer and health implications in the host as well as to human can’t be ruled out.

1 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

042284   SHAHRAJABIAN M H, SUN W, CHENG Q (Biotechnology Research Institute, Beijing 100081, CHINA, Email: chengqi@caas.cn) : Importance of epigallocatechin and its health benefits. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(2), 47-51.

Natural products have a wide range of diversity of multidimensional chemical structures which play a vital role which show the important nature as golden source for achieving the herbal drug discovery. Literature survey was accomplished using multiple databases including PubMed, Science Direct, ISI web of knowledge and Google Scholar. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is the most abundant tea polyphenol, followed by other polyphenols, namely, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin.The most important pharmacological activities of EGCG are antineoplastic, HIV infection, hypertension and associated complications, type II diabetes mellitus, its usage as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and its application in Alzheimer, Parkinson and Osteoporosis. Natural products have played a key role in drug discovery and development in modern days.

1 table, 48 ref

042278   MOHAMED F T, ABDELGHFOUR A Y, MORSY B A, RIZK D D, ELWANY R M, SAMIR S A, ALI ABDELAZIZ ALI A A, HUSSEIN M A (October 6 Univ, EGYPT, Email: prof.husseinma@o6u.edu.eg) : Resveratrol nanoemulsion; A promising inhibitor against mitogen-activated protein kinase - dependent inflammation and ameliorates nicotine induced-lung toxicity in rats. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(1), 35-41.

Nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in smokers. The aim of the present article was to investigate protective activity of resveratrol nanoemulsion (RENE) against lung toxicity induced by nicotine in adult rats as compared to basic resveratrol. RENE was prepared using bovine serum albumin method, then characterized for their particle size and zeta potential. Furthermore, Adult albino rats weighing around 150 ±10 g were used for the evaluation of lung protective activity of RENE (50 mg/k.b.w.) against nicotine-induced lung toxicity in rats. The mean particle size of RENE was 49.5 ± 0.05 nm and zeta potential of +15.75 with the observed shapes of nanoparticle was spherical. The daily oral administration of the RENE at a concentration of 39.75 mg/kg body weight for 30 days to rats treated with nicotine (2.5 mg/kg.b.w.) resulted in a significant improve plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol as well as serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and growth factor (TGF)-β1 in nicotine treated groups rats. On the other hand, oral administration of RENE elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total protein kinase-1 (Akt-1) as well as reduced the level malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung rats treated with nicotine. In addition, RENE reduced the expression of lung inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) levels as compared to nicotine treated control group. Also, RENE and resveratrol almost normalized these effects in the histoarchitecture of the lung.  The obtained biochemical, molecular biology and histological results of our study proved the lung protective activity of RENE against nicotine induced lung toxicity in rats.

4 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

042277   PARASURAMAN S, BENG J Y K, HUI L C, QIN B N Y (Pharmacology Dep, AIMST Univ, Bedong-08100, Kedah, MALAYSIA, Email: parasuphd@gmail.com) : Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on cadmium chloride-induced oxidative stress in female sprague dawley rats. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(1), 29-34.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid. EGCG is abundant in dry tea leaves and its effect on heavy metal-induced oxidative stress is not clear. Hence, the present study is planned to study the effect of EGCG on cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) induced oxidative stress in female Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were divided into six groups with each of six animals viz., control, CdCl₂, vitamin C, EGCG, CdCl₂ + vitamin C and CdCl₂ + EGCG. CdCl₂ (5 mg/kg) was suspended in carboxymethyl cellulose and administered orally to induce oxidative stress. Vitamin C and EGCG were dissolved in sterile water for injection and administered intraperitoneally within 15 min after CdCl₂ administration. All the animals were administered with respective assigned treatment once daily for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from all the animals and serum was separated. The serum sample was used for biochemical analysis. Later, the rats were sacrificed and liver samples were collected and used for antioxidant assay. EGCG and vitamin C prevented the CdCl₂-induced oxidative stress. CdCl₂ administered group showed significant increases in the levels of glucose, AST, ALT and urea when compared with control group, whereas vitamin C and EGCG prevented the CdCl₂-induced biochemical changes. Vitamin C and EGCG also prevented the CdCl₂-induced reduction in levels of reduced glutathione and catalase. EGCG had significant ameliorative effect on CdCl₂ -induced oxidative stress in experimental animals.

1 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

042276   BISEN P, CHATURVEDI A, GANESHPURKAR A, DUBEY N (Shri Ram Institute of Technology- Pharmacy, Jabalpur-482 002, Email: adityaganeshpurkar@gmail.com) : Cardioprotective effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of amaranthus cruentus in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(1), 24-28.

The present study is focused to evaluate cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Amaranthus cruentus. Amaranthus cruentus extract (Dose 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) in isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction in rats. The ethanolic extract of Amaranthus cruentus was prepared and subjected to acute toxicity in albino rats. The extract was given orallyat two different doses 200mg/kg and 400mg/. Isoprenaline was administered subcutaneously (85mg/kg s.c.). The histopathological examination revealed mild infarction and inflammation in isoprenaline treated rats. The ethanolic extract of Amaranthus cruentus showed significant cardio protective effect by decreasing the serum level of LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels. The biochemical parameters (AST, ALT and ALP) and HDL cholesterol levels were restored. The outcome of the present study suggested cardioprotective activity of Amaranthus cruentus extract.

7 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

042274   SALEMCITY A J, NWANERI-CHIDOZIE V O, ADAMEH E, EFFIONG M E (Biochemistry Dep, Ibadan Univ, Oyo State, NIGERIA, Email: xityglory@gmail.com) : Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of newbouldia laevis leaf extracts. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(1), 10-5.

Oxidative stress is implicated in the etiology of life-threatening disease conditions. Newbouldia laevis (NL) have been used in folk medicine for stress related conditions, however, there is paucity of reports suggesting a connection between its efficacy and a possible antioxidant property. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of NL leaf extracts. The methanol extract of NL was partitioned to obtain the chloroform fraction (CFNL) and the aqueous fraction (AFNL). Following standard laboratory procedures, the parameters were measured spectrophotometrically.  The MFNL recorded the highest activity for DPPH (76.4 %), while all extracts only showed slight hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity. Total antioxidant capacity at uniform concentration revealed an increasing order of activity from AFNL to MENL, correlating with total phenol contents which is in the same order. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in a concentration dependent manner, with MENL recording the highest inhibition of 19.5 %. The MENL however had the highest vitamin C concentration of 165.44mg/100ml.  The above results not only demonstrate the antioxidant properties of NL, but suggests this as one of its possible mechanism of action and indicates the presence of potent principles with potential for application in stress related ailments.

5 illus, 30 ref

040366   BHOWMICK S, SUNDER J, JOARDAR S N, SAMANTA I (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal) : Antimicrobial resistance: A global menace: One health approach†. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(1), 33-8.

Human civilization is at risk of zoonotic infection via direct contact due to close proximity with livestock/poultry/fish, environmental contamination, and intake of contaminated food items which causes enormous economic losses due to loss of man-days and associated production level. The situation becomes more complicated due to transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria into human food chain from livestock or fishes. It creates mortality and extra financial burden associated with increased treatment cost and prolonged hospital stay. Recent estimate indicates about possibility of 10 million deaths every year due to infection with antimicrobial resistant organisms to be occurred by 2050 which is even more than projected death by cancer. This is a multifactorial and complex issue which is associated with several core sectors such as human and animal health, fishery, agriculture, environment etc. We have wasted a sufficient time in ‘blame game’ to each other. Time has come to work together under same umbrella with a true ‘One medicine: One world: One health’ approach. Considerable efforts and initiatives are taken by different Universities / Institutes / Private Companies to address the issue to sustain normal production and productivity of animals, poultry and fishes.

33 ref

040365   BANDYOPADHYAY S (ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata – 700 037, West Bengal) : Emergence of colistin-resistance- an update†. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(1), 29-32.

Colistin, an age old drug which lost attention following introduction of more effective and less toxic drugs, has again been favoured by the clinicians for its supremacy over the modern drugs for treating infections caused by refractory pathogens like carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. However, emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance came as a major setback. Animal sector, which had long history of colistin use as growth promoter, particularly in countries like China and Vietnam, has been blamed for emergence and spread of colistin-resistance across the globe. This paper describes various aspects of colistin resistance and its spread across the animal sector.

22 ref

040364   DUTTA T K (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Central Agricultural Univ, Aizawl, Mizoram – 796 014) : Alternative therapeutic approaches in the era of antimicrobial resistance: An overview†. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(1), 23-8.

The problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) becomes pandemic and losses associated with it globally are enormous. Although discovery of new antimicrobials and making it available in the arsenal of clinicians is the best possible solution in tackling the current scenario of AMR, it is not happening for last two decades due to many factors. Focus of research is now diverted in development of non-antibiotic antimicrobials as an alternative therapeutic option. The major research activities and their potential application as alternative therapeutic agents are tried to narrate in the present article. The traditional approaches like antibiotic stewardship, increase of awareness, strengthen of diagnostic capabilities, improvement of vaccination schedules etc are not included in the article. With the advancement of new technologies including microbiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, genetic engineering, synthetic chemistry the scientists throughout the world could develop various natural as well as synthetic products as potential therapeutic candidates, which can replace the antibiotics in future. The article is focused on the major breakthrough on new or renewed technologies published in various parts of the world on non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents as potential alternative therapeutic approaches.

46 ref

040363   DAS B K, BERA A K, MEENA D K (ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata-700 120, West Bengal) : Antimicrobial resistance (amr): Differential drivers across the ecosystem†. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(1), 17-21.

Antibiotics and antibacterials are used in both terrestrial and aquatic agricultural system for better health management. Indiscriminate use of these chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic agents lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance with subsequent adverse impact on the global economy. Resistance against the drugs develops due to biochemical and genetic changes within the bacteria or social changes in the clinical settings. Although the most of the bacteria of aquatic origin are not characterized, aquatic ecological systems seem to serve as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance and platform to spread the clinical resistance amongst medical, veterinary and aquaculture system. Recent advancement of molecular techniques will be of great use to explore the resistome across the different ecosystem. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and responsible genes have been reported from both groundwater and surface water in India. Wide range of bacteria species pathogenic to human, animal and piscine population are reported to be resistant against various antimicrobials. This communication dealt with present status, possible mitigation and necessity of multidisciplinary tactic involving researchers from medical, veterinary, aquaculture, environmental and extension science to address this burning worldwide dispute.

19 ref

044415   KIKIOWO B, OGUNLEYE J A, METIBEMU D S, OMOTUYI O I, ADELAKUN N S (Biochemistry Dep, Adekunle Ajasin Univ, Nigeria, Email: 45719155fa@aaua.edu.ng) : Virtual screening and pharmacokinetic studies of potential mao-B inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine. J Biol Engg Res & Rev 2020, 7(1), 8-15.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disorder of the nervous system, initiated by lessened production of dopamine (DA) in the substantia nigra, it affects circa 50 percent more men than women. Theories reveal that age, genetic and environmental factors are involved in PD etiology but age seems to be the most prominent risk factor. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) play prominent role in the oxidative deamination of DA in the striatum. Inhibition of MAO-B in the brain may decrease the exhaustion of DA stores and increase endogenous DA level. Glide-XP docking, Quantum-mechanics Polarized Ligand Docking (QPLD), pharmacokinetic studies and biological activity prediction studies were utilized to explain the binding mode, molecular interaction, inhibitory potential and pharmacokinetic properties of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compounds on MAO-B and compared to standard drugs used for treatment of PD, selegiline and rasagiline. Molecular docking results showed Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol to have relatively better inhibitory activities than selegiline and rasagiline. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol show comparative result with selegiline and rasagiline. Also, Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol PASS prediction for their monoamine inhibitory activity showed greater P_a than P_i value. Our results have shown that Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol can be a better therapeutic candidate in the treatment of PD.

7 illus, 4 tables, 42 ref

040328   HENRY R, GURUVIAH V (Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600 127, Email: rabinder.henry2015@vit.ac.in) : Thermal analysis of light source for optogenetics experiments. IETE J Res 2020, 66(2), 270–85.

In the last decade, light has been increasingly used as an innovative optical stimulation tool for therapeutic and diagnostic neuronal applications. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as a suitable light source. Such implantable systems include small-dimensional diodes as light sources for nerve stimulation in tandem with neural electrodes. All such devices generate a huge amount of heat which may limit their functionality and characteristic behaviour. Heat generated, if not properly engineered to dissipate through the design, may cause serious damages to biological tissue especially in the case of brain implants. The main purpose of the proposed project is to analyse the thermal behaviour of Optrodes operating in the brain environment and thermal management techniques for such a device. The work started with the analysis of heat dissipation from an LED and methods to insulate the brain tissues. Finite element method simulation is done to investigate thermal characteristics of implantable Optrodes. In order to verify the simulated results, an Optrode structure is developed on a standard substrate. The temperature of the Optrode is measured experimentally in operating mode in environmental conditions similar to brain tissues. The results from simulation, experiment, and analytical calculations are compared for validation. Finally, optical characteristics of LED are measured to correlate the thermal behaviour of the system. From the results obtained, a technically feasible thermal management system for such an Optrode design is suggested.

30 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

040302   SATPATI A, PRAMANIK S, GHOSH P (Shimurali Sachinandan Coll of Education, Shimurali, Nadia - 741 248, Email: sharmistha8689@gmail.com) : Contribution of women scientists in biological sciences in global perspective. Harvest 2020, 5(1), 33-9.

To glorify the achievements of the women scientists, the theme of National Science Day 2020 has been selected as “Women in Science”. In this article we have tried to highlight the contribution of many recognised and non-recognised women scientists in biological field. In 19^th century Nettie Maria Stevens, Beatrix Potter and many other women biologists had enriched the biological field through their works and effort. In 20^th century Rosalind Franklin, Dian Fossey and many others had contribution in various branches of biology. Even till now, there are many successful women scientists in our world who continuously try to enrich the biological field by discovering new things.

11 ref

046331   HARSHA K, NAIR R A (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Central Univ of Kerala, Kasaragod- 671 320, Email: aswati@cukerala.ac.in) : Volatile metabolites of endophytic Klebsiella aerogenes from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome and its antagonistic effect on soft rot causative Pythium myriotylum. J Spices aromatic Crop 2020, 29(2), 122-32.

Rhizomes of Zingiber  zerumbet collected from their natural habitat and reported earlier to have high zerumbone content were selected for isolation of endophytes. Biochemical and molecular characterization using 16S rRNA sequencing of the endophytes identified the isolates as belonging to genus Klebsiella, Pantoea and Enterobacter. Isolate designated ZzKSD8 identified as K. aerogenesyielded maximal antagonistic activities against P. myriotylum determined as 83.5 % ± 0.77. Volatile metabolites produced by ZzKSD8 caused absolute impairment of P. myriotylum hyphal growth compared to control (23.9 ± 0.37 cm). Volatile metabolites were extracted from 48 hour grown stationary phase ZzKSD8 cultures using absolute methanol, ethyl acetate and ethanol (60 % v/v). GC-MS metabolite profiling detected alkanes and fatty acid methyl esters as the predominant constituents in the solvent extracts. Major constituents included methyl palmitate (31.37 %), methyl stearate (18.57 %) and cyclopropaneoctanoic acid, 2-hexyl-, methyl ester (17.05 %) in methanol extract; alkanes like tetratetracontane (13.18 %) and 2-methyloctacosane (12.10 %) in ethyl acetate extracts and 4,22-sigmastadiene-3-one as major metabolite (22.51 %) and stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta) (17.40 %) in ethanol extract. Identified metabolites reported to modulate defense strategies in plants against phytopathogens makes ZzKSD8 a potential candidate for development of biological alternatives to control soil-borne soft-rot disease.

4 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

044406   SERINDERE G, GUNDUZ K, AVSEVER H (Dentomaxillofacial Radiology Dep, Mustafa Kemal Univ, Hatay-310 60, Turkey, Email: gozdeserindere@mku. edu.tr) : The measurement indexes and the relationships with adjacent structures of vidian canal and foramen rotundum using computed tomography. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(3), 144-9.

The aim of this study was to evaluate vidian canal (VC) and foramen rotundum (FR) and their anatomical relationships with adjacent structures using computed tomography (CT) in a Turkish subpopulation. CT images of 150 patients were retrospectively evaluated. Various morphometric measurements (distance from FRs to midline, distance from FR to VC, position and angle of FR, and types of FR and VC) were performed from both left and right sides on CT scans. One hundred and fifty patients with a mean age of 41.06 ± 17.812 years were included in this study. The mean distance from midline to right FR was 17.89 ± 1.94 and 18 ± 1.83 in females and males, respectively. The mean distance from midline to left FR was 18.33 ± 1.94 and 19 ± 2.18 in females and males, respectively. Twenty‑three cases had Type 1 VC and 40 and 112 cases had Type 2 and 3 VCs, respectively. Three patients had Type I FR, 25 and 57 patients had Type IIa and IIb, respectively, and 93 patients had Type III FR. The position of FRs regarding the base of lateral pterygoid plate was online in 77 patients, medially placed in 92 patients, and laterally placed in 12 patients. It is important to know sphenoid sinus and neighboring anatomical structures for planning of endoscopic skull base surgery because it is located close to some important anatomical structures such as internal carotid arteries, optic nerve, and cranial nerves. Surgeons should be careful in preoperative treatment planning and also during the operation.

3 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

044405   BABU C S R, KUMAR A, GUPTA O P (Anatomy Dep, Muzaffarnagar Medical Coll, Muzaffarnagar- 251 203, Uttar Pradesh, Email: csrameshb@gmail.com) : Anomalous subaortic left brachiocephalic vein: Prevalence and associated anomalies. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(3), 137-43.

Thoracic venous anomalies are very rare with an estimated prevalence of 0.7 % in the general population. One of the rarest such anomaly is a subaortic course of the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV) commonly associated with congenital cardiac or aortic arch anomalies. We retrospectively analyzed chest computed tomography scans of 710 participants and found incidentally two cases of anomalous subaortic course of the LBV in two females. The observed prevalence of subaortic LBV is 0.28 % (2/710 cases). Isolated subaortic LBV without any associated cardiac or aortic arch anomaly was observed in a female patient. Rare bilateral ectopic origin of bronchial arteries from corresponding subclavian arteries was also noted in this patient. In another female patient, right aortic arch anomaly was associated with subaortic LBV. The right‑sided aortic arch had an aberrant retroesophageal left subclavian artery arising from a Kommerell’s diverticulum as the last branch. Extensive literature search has yielded only 15 cases of isolated anomalous subaortic LBV in subjects without any cardiac and aortic arch anomaly. Although this condition is asymptomatic, its presence, when detected, should alert the clinician to the possible presence of associated congenital cardiac and aortic arch anomalies. Accurate knowledge of these rare anomalies will enhance the diagnostic accuracy and proper interpretation of radiological images. Such thorough knowledge will avoid interpreting the anomalous vein as an enlarged lymph node, enlarged left superior intercostal vein, and reduce the chances of surgical complications. 

9 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

044404   SENTHIL KUMAR B, PANNEER SELVI G (Anatomy Dep, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation, Salem- 636 308, Tamil Nadu, Email: skdrchinu88@ gmail. com) : Morphometry of sphenoid air sinus and its ostium for surgical relevance: A cadaveric study. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(3), 133-6.

The sphenoid air sinuses and their ostia are highly variable structures. The ostia are located on either side of the midline. The exact location of the sphenoid ostium is very much essential in endoscopic sinus surgeries as well as for the transsphenoidal hypophyseal approach. The present study was done to determine the anatomical location of the sphenoid sinus ostium in relation to the surrounding landmarks. It is a descriptive study.  The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, VMKV Medical College and Hospital, Salem, on forty sagittal head and neck sections of adult formalin‑fixed cadavers. The length and width of the sinus were measured. The shape and type of the sphenoid sinus ostia were also noted. The distance of the sinus ostium from various landmarks was measured using Vernier calipers. The morphometric parameters were compared by Student’s t‑test on both sides. Most of the specimens showed sellar variety than presellar variety on both right and left sides. The shape of the sphenoid sinus ostia was predominantly round shape, followed by oval and slit shape. The length and width of the sinus on the right side were less when compared to the left side. The distance between the sphenoidal ostia and several landmarks showed no significant difference except the distance from ostium to superior concha. During the endoscopic approach of the sphenoid sinus ostium, it is not always easy to locate the ostium. The present morphometric study will serve as a guideline for the endoscopic surgical approach of the sphenoid sinus ostium using the various anatomical landmarks.

2 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

044396   SINGH R, SINGH G, SINGH V (Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Santosh Deemed to be Univ, NCR-Delhi, Email: drvishramsingh@gmail. com) : Nervi terminalis (“0” pair of cranial nerve) revisited from fishes to humans. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 53-6.

According to classical teaching in medical colleges and institutes, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, attached to the brain. They are numbered in Roman numerals from I to XII in the craniocaudal order of their attachment on the brain. In fact, there are 13 pairs of cranial nerves, the one which is not taught is the nervus terminalis (NT), i.e., “0” pair of cranial nerve. It is attached rostral to all other cranial nerves. Although it has been clearly identified as an additional nerve in the vertebrate species including humans for more than a century, its functional role is also understood to some extent. Still, it could not find its place in the standard textbooks of anatomy. It has also been given different names, viz., nerve of Pinkus, NT, cranial nerve “0,” cranial nerve nulla, terminal nerve, and cranial nerve XIII.

2 illus, 33 ref

044395   PRASANNA L C, VINAYKUMAR N , RAMESH A (Anatomy Dep, Kasturba Medical Coll, Manipal- 576 104, Karnataka, Email: prasanna.lc@manipal. edu) : An experimental study on the effect of maternal folate diet on microstructure of some vital organs of offspring. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 48-52.

Folic acid (FA) deficiency or its supplementation during pregnancy affects fetal development at critical periods and can cause more potentially impaired organ development through epigenetic gene regulations. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of maternal FA deficiency and/or its supplementation in diet during gestation on offspring’s few major fetal organs, including brain, liver, pancreas, and kidney. This experimental study was done on 18 female Wistar rats to study the effects of dietary FA intake (absence/supplementation,/normal amount) during pregnancy on the development of offspring’s liver, kidney, and pancreas development. The present study revealed that with maternal FA supplementation, there was increase in the number of islets in pancreas, number of hepatic lobules, and renal glomeruli in offspring, which, in turn, correlates with increased risk of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic diseases in their later life. The findings in this study support the possible negative effects of higher FA supplementation during peri‑conceptional and pregnancy phase on offspring and indicates long‑term health hazards in their later life.

1 illus, 32 ref

044393   SEN S, BILGIN S S, ATASEVER A (Anatomy Dep, Istanbul Medipol Univ, Turkey, Email: selvasen@medipol. edu.tr) : Morphometric evaluation of trigeminal nerve and meckel cave with 3.0 magnetic resonance imaging. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 31-6.

This study aimed to investigate morphometric features of the trigeminal nerve in healthy people on magnetic resonance images. The alterations in the size of the trigeminal nerve in the cisternal region along with aging and asymmetry between the right and left trigeminal nerves were also assessed. The knowledge of normal morphometric properties of the trigeminal nerve may be useful in evaluating patients having trigeminal neuralgia. This retrospective study included 120 (62 males, 58 female) healthy individuals over 20 years old who had no previous or current cranial pathology. According to age ranges, individuals were evaluated in four groups as 20– 29 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years, and 50 years and older. Besides the long‑ and short‑axis lengths of the trigeminal nerve, long‑ and short‑axis lengths of Meckel cave, as well as the trigeminal‑pons angle, were measured using three‑dimensional balance fast‑field echo sequence with 3T magnetic resonance imaging on the right and left sides. It was observed that the lengths of trigeminal nerve were shorter on the right side in comparison to the left side (mean long axis 0,79 ± 0,20 cm on the right, 0,86 ± 0,28 cm on the left, P <0,05; and mean short-axis: 0,36 ± 0,10 cm on the right and 0,41 ± 0,17 cm on the left, P <0,05). Moreover, in males, the long‑axis length of the Meckel cave was higher on both the right and left sides compared to females (P < 0.05). This study shows that, both the width and length of the right trigeminal nerve are shorter compared to left in healthily population. In addition, long axis of Meckel Cave, that is posterolateral to anteromedial extend, was longer on both the right and left sides in males compared to females.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

044392   SINGLA M, RAVI K S, ANSARI M S (Anatomy Dep, AIIMS, Rishikesh- 249 203, Uttarakhand, Email: msalahuddin.ansari12@ gmail.com) : Morphometric study of nasal parameters in adult Jaunsari tribe population of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 25-30.

Physical anthropometry has been helpful in clinical diagnosis, forensic medicine, orthodontics, plastic, and reconstructive surgery. The Jaunsari tribe is a unique tribal community of Uttarakhand. There is lack of anthropometric study on them. Hence, it was planned to study facial anthropometric parameters specially that of the nose, in adult Jaunsari tribe of district Dehradun, Uttarakhand. With objectives (1) To study the nasal anthropometric parameters of adult males and females. (2) To analyze the sex differences, if any. (3) and its statistical significance. The study was carried on 100 adult males and 100 adult females of >18 years of age, belonging to Jaunsari tribe, after due approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee and informed consent. The methodology adopted for the anthropometric measurements was of Singh and Bhasin, and concerned measurements were taken and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Nasal index, parameters related to it and total facial height are statistically significantly different among males and females. Sagittal Naso‑facial Index and Elevation of Nose Index are 44.93 ± 3.79, 44.22 ± 3.18 and 69.23 ± 17.13, 65.70 ± 8.73 in females and males, respectively, which mean relatively elevated and shorter nose. The most common nose type in females is leptorhinae (60 %), whereas in males both leptorhinae and mesorrhine type of nose are equally (47 %) prevalent. Predominant nasal breadth in male (69 %) and in female (68 %) is above medium type, whereas predominant nasal height in male (42 %) and in female (50 %) is above medium type and below medium type, respectively.

7 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

044391   SREELEKHA D, MADHAVI D, JOTHI S S, DEVI A V, SRINIDHI K (Anatomy Dep, Guntur Medical Coll, Andhra Pradesh, Email: madhavikondepudi@ gmail.com) : Study on mandibular parameters of forensic significance. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 21-4.

Bones often survive the process of decay and therefore provide the major evidence of human age and sex after death. The identification of human skeletal remains is a critical problem and is very important in medico‑legal and anthropological works. The determination of sex of an individual is important and necessary both in the living and dead for medico‑legal purposes. The aim of this study is to measure and analyze the various parameters of the mandible and to assess the reliability of the above parameters in terms of percentage accuracy in sex determination. A total of 106 whole‑adult human mandibles of unknown sex, between the age group of 18–60 years, were collected and studied at the Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Guntur Medical College, Guntur from 2014 to 2015. The following parameters studied were symphyseal height, mandibular body length, bicondylar diameter, bigonial diameter, inter incisor width, and mandibular angle. Of the six parameters studied, highly significant (statistically) difference in sex was observed in bigonial diameter (82.15 % accuracy) and mandibular angle (81.5 % accuracy).  The inference of the study is that no single parameter gives 100 % accuracy in the determination of the sex of the individual. Hence, a judicious consideration of the highly significant parameters of the mandible may be taken into account in the determination of the sex of the individual.

2 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

044390   JOSE B A, MOKHASI V, SUBRAMANI S A, SHASHIREKHA M (Anatomy Dep, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru- 560 066, Karnataka, Email: bettyannacj@gmail.com) : MTHFR c677t polymorphism and risk of nonsyndromic cleft in craniofacial region in a South Indian population. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 15-20.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism was found associated with cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip with or without CP in different populations and only very few studies were conducted in the Indian population. The aim of this case–control study is to detect whether there is any association of C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism with clefts in the craniofacial region, especially with  Nonsyndromic cleft lip with cleft palate (NSCLP) in the South Indian population. The study was conducted on 179 nonsyndromic cleft cases and 130 healthy individuals without cleft were included as controls. To detect the polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method was carried out, and the result was analyzed using Chi‑square test and binary logistic regression model. Among the cleft cases, 120 were NSCLP and it showed 6.67 % CT genotype and 18.33 % TT genotype, while in controls, it was 18.46 % and 1.54 %, respectively. The TT genotype increased the risk of NSCLP (odds ratio [OR] =0.079, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.02–0.34, P = 0.0007) and CT genotype decreased the risk (OR = 2.59, 95 % CI: 1.11–6.06, P = 0.028). However, CT + TT model had no association with NSCLP when compared to CC genotype. No significant difference was found between other 59 clefts and polymorphism. The association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with NSCLP varies from population to population. Our study found an association between the polymorphism and NSCLP. The TT genotype increased the risk of NSCLP and CT genotype reduced the risk.

5 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

044389   SHOJAOLSADATI P, YÜZBASIOGLU N, NALBANT A, ORMECI T, ALBAY S, ORTUG A , SAKUL B U (Anatomy Dep, Istanbul Medipol Univ, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: aortug@medipol.edu.tr) : The magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of morphometry of the distal femur and proximal tibia on adult Anatolian population. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 9-14.

It is widely known that the production of knee prostheses is based on the morphometric parameters of the distal femur and proximal tibia. Although there have been studies on this subject in different populations in the literature, such a study has not been found in the Turkish population. It is aimed to establish an index and also compare it with previous results of different populations, in this study. This study was conducted on 200 patients (78 females, 122 males) aged between 18 and 65 years who had magnetic resonance imaging retrospectively. People with previous fractures, dislocations or ruptures, tears, or tensions in the anterior cruciate ligament, history of knee surgery, and trauma were excluded from the study. Various measurements were conducted on images of the distal femur and proximal tibia morphometry. Mean values of the measurements made on the distal femur and proximal tibia were calculated, it was determined that all parameters were higher in males than females. A statistically significant difference was found between the sexes in all the parameters evaluated except for the intercondylar notch height parameter (P < 0.05). According to the results of our study, the mean intercondylar notch width index (NWI) and intercondylar notch shape index (NSI) in the total population were calculated as 0.88 ± 0.18. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female values for NWI and NSI (P > 0.05). In this study, finally, intercondylar notch classification was done. According to this, in 46.5 % of cases, notch type, which defined as type A and 53.5 % of the notches were identified as U type. None of the cases was classified as W type. Studies in which normal morphometric data are presented due to differences in races between skeletal structures have crucial importance. Therefore, the data obtained from our study are thought to be useful to produce specific knee prostheses.

3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

044388   LI J, JIANG B, ZHANG Y, YAO R, DUAN S, WANG Y, TONG S, BI M (Neurology Dep, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Univ, Fujian- 361003, China, Email: suijuntongSJT@163.com) : A pilot study of microrna expression profiles of the spinal neuron in matrix metalloproteinase 9 knockout mice. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 1-8.

Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP9) plays a key role in blood–spinal cord barrier dysfunction. MMP9 blockade leads to improved injured locomotor recovery. However, it is still unknown whether MMP9 deficiency affects gene expression or signal transduction pathways in the spinal neuron. In this study, we first screen the MMP9 knockdown mice with high superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression and low MMP9 expression by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Then, the gene microarrays were used to screen differentially expressed genes in the spinal neuron from MMP‑9 knockout and wild‑type mice. There were six groups in this experiment, including three negative control groups: SOD_1, SOD_2, and SOD_3, and three experiment groups: SOD_ MMP9_1, SOD_ MMP9_2, and SOD_ MMP9_3. The gene ontology terms were used to predict the potential functions of these differentially expressed genes, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes was used to analyze the potential functions of these target genes in the pathways. We found that the gene expression in the spinal neuron from MMP9 knockout mice was significantly altered compared to wild‑type mice. FoxO signaling, axon guidance, ubiquitin‑mediated proteolysis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and proteoglycans were changed. In summary, MMP9 plays a role in spinal neuron signaling and the underlying mechanism may through affecting several signaling pathways.

7 illus, 1 table, 26 ref