039773   PIYSEANA M M P N , MURTHY G V S (National Eye Hospital, Colombo- 10, Sri Lanka, Email: Prabhath_nishantha@yahoo.com) : Availability of eye care infrastructure and human resources for managing diabetic retinopathy in the western province of Sri Lanka. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 841-6.

Blindness and visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy (DR) are avoidable by early screening and timely treatment. The western province of Sri Lanka has the highest prevalence of diabetesmellitus (18.6 %) in the country. DR had been given less attention in services expansion because of lack of evidence. The aim of this study was to assess the availability of human resources (HR) and infrastructure for DR in eye care facilities. A cross‑sectional survey was conducted in 51 health care institutions by administering a validated questionnaire schedule and through semi‑structured interviews. The dataon infrastructure, HR and level of training, and skills were collected during the site visits by observation, frequency counting, and interviewing. Key findings of the interviews were recorded using categorical responses. Data analysis was done using MS‑Excel® and STATA/IC®‑Version 2‑13.0 packages. The response rate of the survey was 84.3 % (43/51). There were 40 board‑certified ophthalmologists and 6 vitreo‑retinal surgeons in the region, of whom 77.5 % (31/40) were in Colombo district. The highest population‑adjusted DR‑related infrastructure ratios were recorded from Colombo district. Mid‑level cadres such as medical officers’ mean skill score of DR screening and treatment was low (0.37, 95 % CI 0.32‑0.40). There is no systematic DR screening program, and HR and infrastructure distribution was notaligned to the population need in the western province. Urgent attention should be paid to expand the service delivery and mid‑level HR training for DR screening and treatment in this region.

3 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

039772   DAVE V P, PATHENGAY A, PANCHAL B, JINDAL A, DATTA A, SHARMA S, PAPPURU R R, JOSEPH J, JALALI S, DAS T (L V Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, Email: avinash@lvpei.org) : Clinical presentations, microbiology and management outcomes of culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis in India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 834-9.

To report the clinical presentation, microbiology, and management outcome of endogenous endophthalmitis in Indian patients. Retrospective chart review of culture‑positive (vitreous/urine/blood) endogenous endophthalmitis cases treated in tertiary eye care facility in India was done. The study included 173 eyes of 117 patients. Mean patient age was 25.41 ± 20.46 years (median 24 years). Pre‑disposing systemic illness could not be elicited in 79 (67.63 %) patients. Commonest predisposing systemic condition in patients where it could be detected (n = 79) was pyrexia of unknown origin (25/79 = 32.0 %). Following treatment, 45 out of 173 (26.0 %) eyes regained vision of ≥20/400.Commonest isolated organism from vitreous was Streptococcus pneumoniae (36 eyes, 20.8 %) and fungi were isolated in 24 (13.8 %) eyes, the commonest being Candida spp. (8/24, 33.33 %). Favorable functional outcome was seen in 26 % eyes and favorable anatomic outcome in 43 % eyes. Those with an underlying systemic illness were older (P = 0.02), had greater urine culture positivity (P = 0.003), lesser vitreous culture positivity (0.001), greater gram negative etiology (P = 0.0006), and greater fungal etiology (P = 0.01) as compared to those cases without underlying systemic illness.  Endogenous endophthalmitis in India often presents in young immuno competent individuals without any underlying systemic illness and with negative blood or urine microbiologic work up. Underlying systemic illness leads to greater gram‑negative and fungal etiology. Overall visual outcome is poor inspite of prompt management.

6 tables, 30 ref

039762   PRADHAN Z S, DESHMUKH S, DIXIT S, GUDETTI P, DEVI S, WEBERS C A B, RAO H L (Glaucoma Dep, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: zedpradhan@gmail.com) : A comparison of the corneal biomechanics in pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and healthy controls using corvis® scheimpflug technology. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 787-92.

To compare the corneal biomechanical parameters among pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG), and healthy controls using Corvis Scheimpflug Technology (ST). A prospective, cross‑sectional study of 141 treatment‑naïve eyes that underwent Corvis ST was conducted. These included 42 eyes with PXF, 17 eyes of PXF with ocular hypertension (PXF + OHT) defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg without disc/field changes, 37 eyes with PXG, and 45 healthy controls. Corneal biomechanical parameters, which included corneal velocities, length of corneal applanated surface, deformation amplitude (DA), peak distance, and radius of curvature, were compared among the groups using analysis of variance models. The four groups were demographically similar. The mean IOP was lower in the controls (15.6 ± 3 mmHg) and PXF group (16.0 ± 3 mmHg) compared to the other two groups (>24 mmHg). Corneal pachymetry was similar across the four groups. Mean DA was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in the PXG group (0.91 ± 0.18 mm) and the PXF + OHT group (0.94 ± 0.13 mm) when compared to the PXF (1.10 ± 0.11 mm) and control groups (1.12 ± 0.14 mm). Corneal velocities were also found to be statistically significantly lower in PXG and PXF + OHT compared to the PXF and control groups.However, after adjusting for age and IOP, there was no difference in any of the biomechanical parameters among the four groups.  Corneal biomechanical parameters measured on Corvis ST are not different between healthy controls and eyes with PXF and PXG. Since PXG is a high-pressure glaucoma,corneal biomechanics may not play an important role in its diagnosis and pathogenesis.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

039761   SACHDEV G S, SOUNDARYA B, RAMAMURTHY S, LAKSHMI C, DANDAPANI R (The Eye Foundation, Coimbatore- 641 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: sachdevgitansha@gmail.com) : Impact of anterior capsular polishing on capsule opacification rate in eyes undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 780-5.

To study the effect of choice of anesthesia on the refractive outcomes of intraoperative aberrometry (IA) for intraocular lens power calculation in cataract surgeries. This prospective, interventional nonrandomized cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital between March and August 2018. A total of 178 patients with age-related cataract were allocated into two groups. Group 1 received peribulbar anesthesia using a mixture of xylocaine 2 % + adrenaline 0.125 mg/ml + hyaluronidase 15 IU/ml with a 23G, 32 mm needle, while Group 2 received topical anesthesia with proparacaine hydrochloride 0.05 % drops. Intraoperative aphakic measurements and IOL power calculations were obtained in all patients with the optiwave refractive analysis (ORA) system. Analysis was performed to compare the baseline parameters and postoperative manifest refraction at month 1. A total of 89 patients were included in group 1 and 89 in group 2. At baseline, the axial lengths (P = 0.66) and mean keratometry (P = 0.91) were comparable. The quality measure of captured wavefront data was comparable (0.25) between the groups. Also, the postoperative mean refractive spherical equivalents were comparable between the two groups (P = 0.98) at one month. IA can be utilized well for cataract surgeries performed under local anesthesia with good quality of captured wavefront, provided the eye can be aligned in centre with the fixation light of ORA.

4 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

039753   GADDE A K, SRIRAMPUR A, KATTA K R, MANSOORI T, ARMAH S M (Cataract and Refractive Services Dep, North Carolina Univ, North Carolina, USA, Email: agadde@yahoo.com) : Comparison of single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy and conventional photorefractive keratectomy in low to high myopic eyes. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 755-61.

To compare the visual outcome, safety, safety index, efficacy, efficacy index and corneal transparency between single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (t-PRK) and conventional photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with manual debridement of epithelium in eyes with low to high simple myopia and compound myopic astigmatism. In this retrospective ,case control study, we analysed and compared the postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), postoperative best corrected visualacuity (BCVA) , safety, safety index, efficacy, efficacy index and the corneal transparency between t-PRK and PRK with 6th-generation Amaris excimer 500E laser (Schwind eye-tech-solutions) in 115 eyes of 59 patients. Preoperative Mean Refractive Spherical Equivalent (MRSE) was - 3.88 + 0.23 Diopters(D) and -4.73 +0.23D in PRK and t-PRK group respectively (p=0.09). In both the groups , none of the eyes lost postoperative BCVA at the end of mean follow-up period of 3.5 months . All the eyes achieved post operative UCVA of 20/40 or better in both the groups. Incidence of trace corneal haze was high in t-PRK group at the end of 3.5 months (P = 0.003).  Single-step t-PRK and PRK provide similar results at the end of mean follow-up period of 3.5 months postoperatively with regards to post-operative UCVA, post operative BCVA,safety, safety index, efficacy and efficacy index. There was high incidence of trace haze in t- PRK eyes. Both the procedures are predictable, effective, and safe for correction of low to high myopia.

6 tables, 24 ref

039749   PATEL N V, MATHUR U, GANDHI A, SINGH M (Cornea Dep, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi- 110 002, Email: dr.nikunj.v.patel@gmail.com) : Demodex blepharokeratoconjunctivitis affecting young patients: A case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 745-9.

To report clinical characteristics of Demodex blepharokeratoconjunctivitis affecting young patients. This is a retrospective review of 14 patients with the history of chronic red eyes with corneal involvement. All patients were diagnosed with ocular demodicosis based on the results of eyelash sampling. All patients were treated with 50 % tea tree oil lid scrubs and two doses of oral ivermectin (200 mcg/kg).The median age of patients at diagnosis was 27 years (range: 11–39 years). The duration of symptoms ranged from 2 months to 20 years. Rosacea was present in only three patients. Four patients had best corrected visual acuity less than 20/60. Allergic conjunctivitis (n = 7) and viral keratitis (n = 5) were the most common misdiagnosis previously made. Cylindrical dandruff was present in only six patients and eyelashes were clean in rest of them. Inferior vascularization was present in eight eyes, superior in seven eyes, and corneal scars were present in 12 eyes. Four patients had steroid‑related complications. All patients, except one responded to tea tree oil treatment and 13 patients were off steroids after 3 weeks of starting the treatment. Demodex infestation of eyelids can lead to chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in healthy pediatric and young adult patients who otherwise have good hygiene, which can often be overlooked or misdiagnosed. Viral keratitis and allergic conjunctivitis are common misdiagnoses and demodicosis can be confirmed by simpleepilation. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent long‑term steroid use and its related complications.

3 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

039729   KHANNA R C, CICINELLI M V, GILBERT S S, HONAVAR S G, MURTHY G V S (L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad- 500 034, Telangana, Email: rohit@lvpei.org) : COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned and future directions. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 703-10.

Emerging pandemics show that humans are not infallible and communities need to be prepared.Coronavirus outbreak was first reported towards the end of 2019 and has now been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Worldwide countries are responding differently to the virus outbreak.A delay in detection and response has been recorded in China, as well as in other major countries, which led to an overburdening of the local health systems. On the other hand, some other nations have put in place effective strategies to contain the infection and have recorded a very low number of cases since the beginning of the pandemics. Restrictive measures like social distancing, lockdown, case detection,isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine of exposed had revealed the most efficient actions to control the disease spreading. This review will help the readers to understand the difference in response by different countries and their outcomes. Based on the experience of these countries, India responded to the pandemic accordingly. Only time will tell how well India has faced the outbreak. We also suggest the future directions that the global community should take to manage and mitigate the emergency.

4 illus, 1 table, 54 ref

039728   SHETTY R, GHOSH A, HONAVAR S G, KHAMAR P, SETHU S (Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru- 560 099, Karnataka, Email: swaminathansethu@ narayananethralaya.com) : Therapeutic opportunities to manage COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: Present and future. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(5), 693-702.

A severe form of respiratory disease – COVID‑19, caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, has evolved into a pandemic resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The unabated spread of the disease is due to lack of vaccine and effective therapeutic agents against this novel virus. Hence, the situation demands an immediate need to explore all the plausible therapeutic and prophylactic strategies that can be made available to stem the spread of the disease. Towards this effort, the current review outlines the key aspects of the pathobiology associated with the morbidity and mortality in COVID‑19 patients, which includes a viral response phase and an exaggerated host response phase. The review also summarizes therapeuticagents that are currently being explored along with those with potential for consideration. The broad groups of therapeutic agents discussed include those that: (i) block viral entry to host cells, (ii) block viral replication and survival in host cells, and (iii) dampen exaggerated host immune response. The various kinds of pharmaceutical prophylactic options that may be followed to prevent COVID-19 have also been discussed.

3 illus, 1 table, 108 ref

039716   SHARMA M, GANESH S, TIBREWAL S, SABHARWAL S, SACHDEVA N, ADIL M, CHAUDHARY J, SIDDIQUI Z (Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Dep, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi, Email: sumag@sceh.net) : Accuracy of noncycloplegic photorefraction using spot photoscreener in detecting amblyopia risk factors in preschool children in an Indian eye clinic. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(3), 504-9.

To evaluate the accuracy of Spot photoscreener (PS) as a noncycloplegic photorefractor indetecting amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in preschool children in an Indian eye clinic setting. Also, toderive appropriate cut off values for screening to obtain maximum sensitivity and specificity of the devicein detecting ARF. This was a cross‑sectional study conducted in the outpatient pediatric eye clinic at a tertiary eye care institute. A Spot PS was used to screen all the children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years that presented to the eye clinic from August 2018 to October 2018. This screening was followed by a complete eye examination, including cycloplegic refraction by a masked examiner.The 2013 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) guidelines were considered the standard cutoff values for clinically significant refractive error in children younger than 5 years of age. The study comprised of 219 children. The Spot PS diagnosed 135 (61.64 %) children with ARF as compared with 124 (56.62 %) children detected by clinic examination. For ARF detection,the Spot photoscreeneer had 85.48 % sensitivity, 69.47 % specificity, 78.52 % positive predictive value and 78.57 % negative predictive value. The sensitivity for detection of strabismus and hypermetropia was very low (42 % and 36 %, respectively). The 95 % limits of agreement ranged from −5.48 to +5.59 diopters (D) with a bias of 0.06 D for spherical equivalent between noncycloplegic photorefraction and cycloplegic refraction. The Spot PS may be used as a screening tool to detect ARF in children younger than 5 years of age keeping its limitations in consideration. However, the performance can be improved by modifying the cutoff values for the referral.

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

039713   MAHAPATRA S K, KUMARI S (JPM Rotary Club of Cuttack Eye Hospital and Research Institute, Cuttack - 753 014, Odisha, Email: santu_k74@rediffmail.com) : Long-term results of a single injection of intravitreal dexamethasone as initial therapy in diabetic macular edema. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(3), 490-3.

To evaluate the long‑term safety and efficacy of the intravitreal dexamethasone implant in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) as initial therapy. A hospital‑based prospective, non‑comparative case study of recently detected DME patients was conducted between July 2016 and December 2017, in which 30 eyes of 30 patients were studied. Presenting vision, age, gender, duration of diabetes, general and ocular examination, intraocular pressure, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundusfluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and blood sugar levels were noted. Patients with increased central macular thickness (CMT) received an intravitreal dexamethasone implant as initial therapy. All were followed up at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, and the findings were recorded and analyzed using SPSS software. 30 eyes of 30 patients were studied which included 22 males and 8 females. The mean age of presentation was 58.7 ± 4.45 years. The mean decrease in CMT following intravitreal dexamethasone was 269.27 ± 112.002, 253.5 ± 108.294, and 286.73 ± 143.395 μm at the end of 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, and the mean improvement in visual acuity (VA) was 2.27 ± 1.70 lines at 3 months, 2.27 ± 1.83 lines at 6 months, and 1.17 ± 2.00 lines at 12 months. Out of 30 cases, 4 had persistent DME and 6 had recurrence of DME at completion of 1 year of follow‑up. Intravitreal dexamethasone as initial therapy in the treatment of DME is both safe and efficacious in the reduction of CMT and improvement of vision and can be considered as primary therapy for DME.

5 illus, 20 ref

039712   DALAN D, NANDINI P, ANGAYARKANNI N, KAVIARASAN K, THANIKACHALAM S, DAS U N, RATRA D (Vitreoretinal Diseases Dep, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai- 600 006, Tamil Nadu, Email: dhanashreeratra@gmail.com) : Interchangeability of retinal perfusion indices in different-sized angiocubes: An optical coherence tomography angiography study in diabetic retinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(3), 484-9.

To evaluate the differences in vascular indices in different scan sizes of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images in normal persons versus persons with diabetic retinopathy. OCTAscans of diabetic patients and age‑matched controls were performed by a single operator. Automated quantification of vascular indices of the superficial plexus was analyzed in two angiocubes of 3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm, respectively. The agreement was analyzed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots. Forty‑eight eyes with DR, 36 eyes with no diabetic retinopathy (No DR), and 26 eyes of age‑matched normals were scanned. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and perimeter were highly reliable and interchangeable in both angiocubes of the healthy eyes (ICC 0.94, 0.75), No DR (ICC 0.92, 0.85), and DR eyes (ICC 0.97, 0.89). The vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) showed excellent agreement in normal (ICC 0.89, 0.80) and No DR eyes (ICC 0.92, 0.81). But, only fair ICC was observed in DR eyes (0.56,0.42). The FAZ area and perimeter showed excellent reproducibility. The macular perfusion parameters are not interchangeable despite automated estimation. The variability is more with changes in the vascular network like DR. This variability should be considered while comparing different scans.

3 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

039709   BALAKRISHNAN D, OLI A, PAULOSE R M, ALI H (Biostatistics Dep, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: drdivyabalu@gmail.com) : Peripheral iridectomy for preventing iris-related complications in glued intraocular lens surgery in children. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(3), 466-70.

To assess the role of surgical peripheral iridectomy (PI) in preventing iris‑related complications associated with glued intraocular lens (GIOL) surgery in children with bilateral ectopia lentis.Non randomized interventional case series of 34 eyes of 17 children (<15 years of age) whounderwent pars plana lensectomy (PPL) and GIOL surgery between January 2013 and December 2016. Eyes with surgical PI (January 2013–June 2015) were compared with those without surgical PI(July 2015–December 2016). The primary outcome measure of the role of surgical PI in GIOL surgery wasto account for complications such as optic capture, secondary glaucoma, intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation,or repeat surgery. The secondary outcomes were changes in the best‑corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The mean age at surgery was 8.8 years (range: 3.5–15 years). Surgical PI was conducted in 15 eyes. Among the 19 eyes without PI, 9 eyes had complications (optic capture –6; rise in IOP –4; IOL subluxation –4; repeat surgery –5). The complications were significantly less in the PI group, P = 0.02. There was a statistically significant improvement in BCVA (P = 0.0001) in all the patients. The mean presenting BCVA was 0.99 (±0.79) logMAR (Snellen ≈ 20/200) and post BCVA was 0.40 (±0.50) (Snellen ≈ 20/50). The mean preoperative refraction was − 9 D (±8D) (range: −5 D to −23D) and postoperative was −1 (±1.15) D. The mean follow‑up was 25.4 months. Surgical PI along with GIOL surgery in children undergoing PPL is shown to reduce optic‑capture‑related complications.

1 table, 25 ref

039688   SHUKLA P, VASHIST P, SENJAM S S, GUPTA V (Community Ophthalmology Dep, AIIMS, New Delhi, Email: dr.pallavishukla@gmail.com) : Evaluation of a training program on primary eye care for an Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) in an urban district. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(2), 356-60.

An Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) available in community could be a potential primary eye care (PEC) worker. Training programme for ASHAs on PEC was undertaken & evaluated in a district of a capital city. ASHAs selected randomly from a district were imparted one day training on PEC & expected to refer patients to nearby Vision Centres (VC). Their knowledge was assessed before & after training and re-evaluated 1 year later. ASHAs were asked to conduct vision screening of 40+population in their areas and ASHA referrals were noted by Optometrist in VC. Focus Group Discussions(FGD) of ASHAs were held to find barriers & facilitating factors in engaging ASHAs in PEC. Training was evaluated using Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model for measuring reactions, learning, behaviour and results. Mean knowledge score increased from 14.96 (±4.34) pre-training to 25.38 (±3.48) post- training and sustained at 21.75 (±4.16) at 1 year. Monthly average OPD of vision centres increased by 23.6% after ASHA training. FGDs revealed that ASHAs were willing to work in eye care for awareness generation and patient facilitation but were hesitant in conducting vision screening. ASHAs can be trained as PEC workers provided they have adequate support.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

039538   LI J , JIA X, IVANOVA D (Institute of Chemical Engineering, So?a- 1113, Bulgaria, Email: dianadoc@abv.bg.) : Chemoendocrine metronomic therapy of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by taxanes or capecitabine in combination with aromatase inhibitors. J Pharm Res 2020, 17(2), 78-82.

The intense anticancer therapy using conventional cytostatic drugs is accompanied by serious side effects that restrict the application of the cytostatic drugs. Metronomic therapy as a modern method for administration of low doses of cytostatic agents that in combination with other anticancer drugs induce long lasting tumor dormancy with minimal side effects. We aimed our study at investigation of the efficacy of a contemporary chemoendocrine metronomic therapy, including cytostatic drugs, such as paclitaxel or capecitabine, in combination with aromatase inhibitors (AI, anastrozole, letrozole), in the treatment of estrogen recepor-positive breast cancer. The patient (74 years old) was initially diagnosed with advancedstage pT4bpN2Mx of infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma with lymph, lung and bone metastases. Based on high estrogen receptor sensitivity in 67-100 % of the analysed tumor cells, endocrine therapy was applied after mastectomy. However,progression of the disease required involvement of systemic cytostatic agents in the therapy. Following the achievements of the contemporary medicine, chemoendocrine metronomic therapeutical protocols, including combination of anastrozole with taxane or capecitabine, were found to induce rapid and continuous disease remission. This case report demonstrated rapid achievement of continuous remission by a contemporary chemoendocrine metronomic treatment of metastatic ER-positive breast cancer in all stages of the therapy: systemic anticancer treatment with weekly paclitaxel plus anastrozole, followed by anastrozole plus low doses of capecitabine and analogous maintenance therapy. The results can be explored in future clinical trials about synergy between hormone inhibitors and cytostatic agents in combination anticancer therapies.

1 table, 17 ref

039526   TRIPATHI D M, SINGH D, TRIPATHI S (Microbiology Dep, Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi, Email: smritienvs@gmail.com) : Influence of coal fly?ash on soil properties and productivity of chickpea crop In semi?arid region of Bundelkhand. Curr Wld Envir 2020, 15(1), 127-36.

Fly ash changes the soil properties which may cause disastrous influence on microbial activity and growth of the plant. However, the scientific studies on the influence of fly ash in various combination with an organic fertilizers on soil properties and microbial response at semi-arid region of Bundelkhand soil is scanty in India. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of lower or higher doses of fly ash on the soil physico-chemical characteristic, microbial population and growth of leguminous plant chickpea (cicer arietinum L), an important crop of Bundelkhand. The field experiment was conducted during winter, different treatment were made such as control with no amendment of fly ash (T1), amendment of fly ash at the rate of 10tha^-1(T2), 20tha^-1 (T3), 30tha^-1 (T4), 40tha^-1 (T5), 50tha^-1 (T6) in combination with vermi-compost (2tha^-1 in soil) and Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus (20kgN h^-1+20kg k₂O ha^-1 + 50 kgP₂O5 ha^-1 in soil) with three replications. In the present study, it was seen that fly ash, increased water holding capacity (WHC), moisture content, pH, soil porosity, organic carbon and electrical conductivity values of the soil. An increasing trend was also seen in P, K, S, and Mn, concentration from 9.87 to 12.21kg ha^-1, 121 to 124 kg ha-¹, 9.36 to 12.14mg/kg and 9.27 to 87 mg/kg, respectively whereas bulk density and total nitrogen decreased from 1.29 to 1.24 g/cm³ and 247 to 205 kg ha^-1, respectively in the fly ash applied soil. The application of fly ash at 20tha^-1 (T3) was found optimum for bacterial population though the fly ash level exceeding 20tha^-1, resulted decline microbial population.

2 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

039494   COMBEY R, AMEKUGEE E, SEWOR C, COMBEY T, KWAPONG P K (Conservation Biology and Entomology Dep, Cape Coast Univ, Ghana, Email: rcombey@ucc.edu.gh) : Impact of variation in air quality, humidity and temperature on four nest entrance activities of hypotrigona gribodoi. Archiv Appl Sci Res 2020, 12(1), 1-16.

Variability in ambient climate and weather conditions greatly influences the survival and distribution of much important flora or faunal species, especially bee pollinating species. In this study, the impact of variation in two air pollutants (Carbon monoxide in parts per million (CO_PPM) and Ozone in parts per million (O₃_PPM), as well as humidity and temperature on foraging, guarding, flying in and flying out activities of 19 Hypotrigona gribodoi bee nest entrances, were assessed. Generally, positive correlations were observed between increasing levels of air pollutants, climatic variables and the number of bees involved in nest entrance activities. The guarding behavior of these bees seems to be controlled by other factors more than the measured conditions in this study. This study contributes to stakeholders’ knowledge on how climatic conditions including air pollutants influence on bees’ nest entrance activities.

8 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

039485   KUMARI A, KUMAR A, TOMAR P, BARO D, GREWAL S, SANGWAN M L (Animal Biotechnology Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Hisar- 125 004) : MHC-DRB1 exon 2 polymorphism and its association with faecal egg count of Haemonchus contortus in munjal sheep. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(5), 365-9.

Haemonchosis is an important disease of small ruminants. Anthelmenthic resistance has instigated the demand of other viable method for control of gastrointestinal parasite. Here, we investigated ovine major histocompatibility complex class II (Ovar MHC II) DRB1 exon 2 polymorphism and its association with faecal egg count (FEC) of Haemonchus contortus in Munjal population of sheep. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 46 lambs between 6-7 months of age. The polymorphism in DRB1 gene was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. PCR products of exon 2 of DRB1 gene were digested with HaeII, BsaHI and NciI restriction enzymes. Fragment of the DRB1 gene comprising 9 bp of the 5' intron and 270 bp of entire exon 2 was successfully amplified. On digestion of 279 bp PCR product with NciI, three genotypes viz. A1A1, A2A2 and A1A2 were found with allele frequencies 0.65 and 0.35. HaeII enzyme revealed three genotypes A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 with allele frequencies of A1 and A2 were 0.42 and 0.58. BsaHI enzyme also generated three genotypes A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 with allele frequencies of A1 and A2 was 0.42 and 0.58. We were able to found polymorphism in DRB1 gene but no association could be established between genotypes generated by different restriction enzymes and FEC of H. contortus in Munjal sheep.

4 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

039484   BHARATHIDASAN V, RAJESH N, MURUGESAN P, SIVARAJ S (Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai- 608 502, Email: pmurugesaan74@gmail.com) : Microscopic visualization of regeneration in scale worm Paralepidonotus sp. (Grube, 1878)A. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(5), 360-4.

Regeneration of damaged or lost body parts is an ecologically important process in the animal realm. Like many other annelids, segmented worms and bearded scale worm, Paralepidonotus sp. is capable of regenerating its anterior elytra and posterior body segments and terminal structures that are lost due to amputation. In aquaculture industry, scale worms have importance as common live feed. In this context, we studied the morphology and organization of tissues in Paralepidonotus sp. populations which have ability to regenerate the anterior elytra and posterior region. The study revealed that the process of blastema formation in the anterior (Elytra) and posterior segments of Paralepidonotus sp. was normal and got regenerated to its original state during 9^th to 12^th day of experiment, and thus this species can be used for mass scale production to cater to the demand of aquaculture as suitable live feed for feeding the brooders both in shrimp and ornamental Aquaculture.

4 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

039483   PREETHI S, PATHY R (School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore- 632 014, Email: mrameshpathy@vit.ac.in) : Exploring prospective forested wetland- Actinomycetes for biodeterioration of genotoxic textile azo dyes. Indian J expl Biol 2020, 58(5), 344-54.

Disposal of synthetic textile dye effluents into waterbodies is a major cause of water pollution and undesirable toxicity on aquatic organisms affecting their metabolic and hormonal cycles. Moreover, it affects human health significantly by carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Therefore, this study targets the biotreatment of azo dyes as a green eco-friendly tool using the tropical mangrove actinomycete, Streptomyces coelicolor strain SPR7, that manifests versatile decolourization of azo dyes. The highest decolourization rate (97.5 %) was achieved using Methylene Blue (MB) within 72 h under the optimal conditions. Molecular docking analysis was accomplished by Autodock software, to discern docking score, binding pocket residues and interaction of azoreductase, DyP-type peroxidase and laccase with MB. The in vitro findings were highly correlating with in silico appraisals. UV-vis spectrometry, HPLC and FTIR were validating the MB biodecolourization and degradation. Interestingly, the strain detoxified MB viz. further validated by the Vigna radiata toxicity assay. Supplementarily, azo reductase was assessed to be the key biocatalyst for decolourization, while other two enzymes were involved in further mineralization of decolourized metabolites. Henceforth, a coupled in silico cum biological dye deterioration is a booming strategy for an economical, eco-friendly and time saving bioremediation to reuse textile wastewater.

7 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

039473   JAICHANDRAN V, SRINIVASAN S, RAMAN S, JAGADEESH V, RAMAN R (Anesthesiology Dep, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai- 600 006, Tamil Nadu, Email: rajivpgraman@gmail.com) : A prospective comparison of the efficacy of 0.5 % bupivacaine vs 0.75 % ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(1), 153-6.

To date, there is no information on the comparison of the effect of 0.5 % bupivacaine with 0.75 % ropivacaine solution for vitreoretinal surgery. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of 0.5 % bupivacaine with 0.75 % ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery. This was aprospective randomized double‑blinded observational study in a hospital setting. Sixty patients planned for vitreoretinal surgery were randomized into two groups based on the peribulbar injection administered either with 0.5 % bupivacaine or 0.75 % ropivacaine solution, as Group B (n = 30) and Group R (n = 30), respectively. Time of onset of analgesia, akinesia, and the need for supplemental anesthesia were noted. Student’s t‑test or Mann‑Whitney U test were used for comparing continuous variables and Chi‑squareor a Fischer exact test were used as appropriate for comparing two proportions. The patients in Group R showed an earlier onset of both, analgesia (1.97 min vs. 2.10 min, P = 0.002) and akinesia (2.77 min vs. 4.20 min, P < 0.001) compared with the patients in Group B. The efficacy of the block attained was Grade 5 (adequate anesthesia and akinesia without supplementation) in about 97 % of the patients in Group R while only 90 % in Group B. However, the differences between the groups for the efficacy of the block were not statistically significant (P = 0.301) neither for Grades 5 nor for Grade 4 and 3 (P = 1.00 for both). The onset of postoperative pain was similar for both groups (P = 1.00). We concluded that 0.75 % ropivacaine is a better choice of local anesthetic solution for patients undergoing primary vitreoretinal surgery compared with 0.5 % bupivacaine.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

039466   ZRING A, TOUNEKTI T, ABDELGAWAD H, HAMOUDA F, KHEMIRA H (Faculty of Sciences of Gabès city Erriadh, Gabes- 6072, Tunisia, Email: ahlem18zrig@yahoo.fr) : Influence of light intensity and salinity on growth and antioxidant machinery of Thymus vulgaris L.. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(5), 323-35.

Thymus vulgaris L. commonly known as Thyme or Garden Thyme, is important medicinal herb used for their wide-ranging therapeutic properties. Agriculture practices of thyme plants influence their growth and biochemical composition. Here, we have evaluated the effects of two production systems and irrigation with saline water on growth, physiological characteristics and antioxidant capacity of T. vulgaris. Two levels of salinity stress (50 and 150 mM) were applied for 2 and 4 weeks under shade enclosure or open field. The results showed that NaCl-treated plants grown in shade enclosure showed reduced total dry weight and relative water content, photosynthetic characteristics and leaf pigments when compared to full sunny conditions. However, the shade conditions enhanced glucose and fructose accumulation mainly after a short period of NaCl stress application. The reduction of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ was lower in NaCl-stressed plants grown under open-field conditions. Besides, under sunny conditions, plants showed significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ contents. Our results demonstrated that these plants in open field have higher contents of reduced ascorbate (ASC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) than plants grown in shade enclosure, which could be related to enhanced activity of APX and GR. An increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity was also recorded. Moreover, activities of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) were mainly dependent on the intensity of NaCl stress.

7 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

039463   RECHRECHE H, ABBES A, IOVANNA J L (MSB Jijel Univ, Algeria, Email: horechre@yahoo.fr) : Induction of antioxidant mechanisms in lung during experimental pancreatitis in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2020, 58(5), 295-305.

Lung complications are the most common cause of death in patients with acute pancreatitis. In this study, we investigated how induction of mild acute pancreatitis could modify the course of lung inflammation, eventually, induced by a severe acute pancreatitis in rats. A severe and a mild forms of an experimental acute pancreatitis were respectively established by intraductal administration of sodium taurocholate to final dose of 50 $\mu$g/kg body wt. and intra-peritoneal injection of caerulein to supramaximal dose of 40 $\mu$g/kg body wt. We observed reduced levels of thiobarbiturate acid reacting substances when severe pancreatitis was preceded by the induction of mild pancreatitis. Moreover, mRNAs expression of both HSP-70 and Mn-SOD was increased in the lung. By contrast, the level of glutathione was reduced, but no change in the infiltration of neutrophils was observed. Therefore, we conclude that during the course of pancreatitis and its related lung inflammation, the pulmonary cells response involved in the expression of different protective proteins, including HSP-70 and Mn-SOD, which possibly improves the defensive mechanisms against inflammation in lung cells.

5 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

039454   ALEX D, GIRIDHAR A, GOPALAKRISHNAN M, INDU V P (Vitreoretina Services Dep, Giridhar Eye Institute, Cochin, Kerala, Email: alex.divya@gmail.com) : Lateral elongation of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment: A novel optical coherence tomography biomarker in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(1), 134-40.

To explore novel Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) biomarkers and precursor lesions in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV). This retrospective cohort study included 76 treatment naïve fellow eyes of PCV. Focus was given to analyse the various morphological changes in the clinically unaffected fellow retina during the follow‑up period.11 fellow eyes (14.47 %) developed disease activity in the form of Sub Retinal Fluid (SRF) or Intra Retinal Fluid (IRF) within a mean follow‑up of 17 months. All 11 eyes (100 %) showed the presence of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment (FIPED) and a peculiar property of lateral elongation of FIPED during disease activity. A positive correlation with the disease progression was found for the same (P < 0.0001). The mean horizontal dimension of the flat irregular PED at the enrolment was 1984 ± 376u and the mean expansion of FIPED at SRF formation was 461 ± 152u. ICG taken at the time of disease activity in the fellow eye revealed branching vascular network (BVN) in 9 (81.8 %) eyes, polyps in 7 (63.6 %) eyes, a combination of both in 5 (45.4 %) eyes. Typeone BVN with interconnecting channels showed faster disease progression than type two BVN. Eye trackingICG illustrated that BVN corresponded to the FIPED in OCT and polypoidal lesions developed at the end ofexpanding FIPED. Flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment with its characteristic property of lateral elongation may be considered as a precursor lesion for PCV and as a novel OCT biomarker for the disease activity. Fellow eyes with FIPED need close monitoring to identify development of disease activity at the earliest.

3 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

039451   SINGH S R, CHAKURKAR R, GOUD A, CHHABLANI J (Retina and Uveitis Dep, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, Email: jay.chhablani@gmail.com) : Low incidence of pachydrusen in central serous chorioretinopathy in an Indian cohort. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(1), 118-22.

The aim of this study is to report the prevalence, clinical and swept‑source optical coherence tomography (SS‑OCT) characteristics of pachydrusen in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and their fellow eyes. A total of 264 eyes of 132 patients with a diagnosis of CSCR (acute/persistent/recurrent/chronic/inactive) in atleast one eye, were analyzed in this retrospective, cross‑sectional study. SS‑OCT parameters including choroidal thickness (CT), large choroidal vessel layer thickness (LCVT) at fovea and the site of pachydrusen were recorded.Paired t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare CT in eyes with CSCR (subfovealand site of pachydrusen) and multiple groups respectively. The mean age of the study patients was 42.9 ± 9.5 years with 119 males (90.15 %). Bilateral CSCR was present in 31 patients. Nine eyes (chronic, 4; persistent, 2; and inactive/resolved CSCR, 3) showed presence of pachydrusen with an overall prevalence of 6.82 % (9 eyes of 9 patients out of 132 patients). There was no significant difference of subfoveal CT (SFCT) in eyes with CSCR (422.4 ± 107.8 μ) vs fellow eyes (407.0 ± 96.5 μ) and eyes with CSCR associated with pachydrusen (413.7 ± 101.5 μ) vs fellow eyes of CSCR eyes with pachydrusen (431.6 ± 188.8 μ) (P = 0.71). LCVT as a percentage of CT was higher at the site of pachydrusencompared to SFCT (69.8 % vs. 50.8 %). CSCR can be associated with pachydrusen with a lower prevalence rate than previously reported. Whether the thickened large choroidal vessels at site of pachydrusen play any role in formation in pachydrusen needs further evaluation.

2 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

039447   BABU K, MURTHY K R, BHAGYA M, MURTHY P R , PUTTAMALLESH V N, RAVI V (Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation Dep, Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology and Prabha Eye Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: kalpanababumurthy@gmail.com) : Seroprevalence of lymes disease in the nagarahole and bandipur forest areas of South India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(1), 100-3.

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Lymes disease in a population at risk in south India. Prospective on going study and included screening of forest workers and staff of Nagarahole and Bandipur forest ranges in South India for Lymes disease. Screening included a detailed questionnaire for Lymes disease, complete ocular and systemic examination by an ophthalmologist and infectious disease specialist and blood collection. ELISA for IgM and IgG antibodies for Borrelia burgdorferiwere performed on the collected sera samples. Western blot confirmation was done on the seropositive samples. Ticks were also collected from these forest areas for future studies to detect if they harbor B. burgdorferi.  Seroprevalence of 19.9 % was noted by ELISA. Western blot confirmation was seen in15.6 % of the seropositive samples. There was significant correlation between seropositivity and exposure to tick bites (P = 0.023). There is a high seroprevalence of infection with B. burgdorferi in the forest areas of Nagarahole and Bandipur ranges in south India.

4 tables, 15 ref

039425   MIRI S, FATEMI F, JAHANI S, ASGARANI E (Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Iran, Email: ffatemi@aeoi.org.ir) : Gene expression response of mutagenic breeding of Acidithiobacillus sp. FJ2 to different concentrations of uranium low grade ore. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 219-27.

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (At. f) is a bacterium involved in the bioleaching process. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Acidithiobacillus sp. FJ2 induced with diethyl sulfate (DES) as mutagen on the bioleaching of low grade uranium ore. The comparison was carried out within 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 % uranium ore pulp densities in the bioleaching system. The impact of the induction of Acidithiobacillus sp. FJ2 was determined by Eh and pH values, concentrations of Fe2+ and uranium extraction rates at 24 h intervals. The results showed that DES with 0.8 % may lead to an obvious change on bacteria leading to improvement of bioleaching capability in 5, 10, 15 % pulp densities. However, the bioleaching activity of the original bacteria was more efficient than DES-induced bacteria at 25 and 50 % pulp densities. Thegene expression results in 0.8 % DES treated bacteria indicated that the bacteria attempt to adjust in the bioleaching systems (with different pulp densities) through decreased cyc2 and increased rus, cyc1 and coxB levels. These results suggest that uranium may induce oxidative stress in the wild and treated strains in the high pulp density, while the bacteria tried to survive and gain more energy from the iron oxidation. However, when the amount of uranium increased, the mutants couldn’t cope up woth the enhanced stress in 25 and 50 % pulp densities. It may be due to inhibitory effect of uranium toxicity on adaptive processes which may change the trends.

1 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

039422   NAUMAN M, KALE R K, DHRUVE P, SINGH R P (Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi– 110 067, Email: ranaps@hotmail.com) : Determination of antioxidant potential of Salix aegyptiaca L. through biochemical analysis. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(3), 198-205.

Salix aegyptiaca L., commonly called musk willow, is a medicinal herb in use since ancient time. However, information on its mode of protective action is scanty. Considering its significance and wide applications, here, we explored the same using its hydroethanolic bark extract. The results of nitric oxide assay indicated the free radical scavenging ability of the bark extract. In the ex vivo study, the extract of bark was found to exert protective effects against protein and membrane damage caused by the Fenton’s reagent in the liver homogenate of C57BL/6 mice. In in vivo studies, the specific activities of enzymes involved in antioxidant function and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) enhanced in the liver of six weeks old C57BL/6 mice treated with extract of bark. On the other hand, the oxidative damage in the liver determined in terms of TBARS was decreased significantly. The concomitant increase in the free radical metabolizing enzymes and the content of GSH; and inhibition of oxidative damage is suggestive of possibility of enhanced antioxidant potential of animals. The bark extract also enhanced the specific activities of phase I and phase II enzymes, which would likely to contribute in the detoxification. In conclusion, the S. aegyptiaca scavenges the free radicals, elevates the endogenous antioxidant status and detoxifies the toxic agents which determine its beneficial effects.

5 illus, 32 ref

039418   NAIR R R, SUJA S R, ANEESHKUMAR A L, BHASKAR S, VILASH V, RAJASEKHARAN S (Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 562, Email: sujasathyu@gmail.com) : Ameliorative effect of ethanolic extract of roots of Tetracera akara (burm. f.) Merr. on D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats by downregulation of inflammatory mediators like TNF?, COX-2 and iNOS. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(3), 161-71.

Tetracera akara, a climbing shrub locally called Nennalvalli or Pattuvalli, is an ethnomedicinal plant used by Kani tribe of Kerala to treat chronic liver disorders and inflammatory conditions. The present study was aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of roots of Tetracera akara root on D-Galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of D-GalN (400 mg/kg in saline) in Wistar rats. Ethanolic extract of T. akara root (TA ETH) was administered to the experimental rats in varying doses of (50, 150 and 300 mg/kg/day), p. o. for 7 days. The hepatoprotective effect was evaluated by the estimation of biochemical markers of hepatic injury, anti-oxidant status of the liver by estimating hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and malondialdehyde, gene and protein expression level of inflammatory marker genes and histopathological evaluation of experimental animals. Administration of TA ETH (150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly (P ≤0.05) restored the levels of serum bilirubin, protein and other hepatic enzymes almost comparable to the standard drug Silymarin-treated groups. The levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were elevated and lipid peroxidation was inhibited as evident from the reduced levels of MDA. The gene expression studies by quantitative PCR method showed that TA ETH significantly (P ≤0.05) downregulated pro inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory COX-2 genes and upregulated IL 10 gene levels in D-GalN induced liver tissue, which was further confirmed in protein estimation by ELISA method. The histopathological observations were in correlation with the biochemical findings showing the presence of normal hepatic architecture, which further evidenced the hepatoprotective effect of TA ETH. Ethanolic extract of the root of T. akara possesses significant hepatoprotective activity mainly by scavenging reactive free radicals, boosting the endogenous antioxidant system in liver and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediator like TNF α, COX-2, iNOS and promoting the anti-inflammatory IL 10, thus substantiating the tribal claim.

3 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

039417   SAROJ Y, HAMEEDA I B, JAYADEEP A (Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Karnataka, Email: jayadeep@cftri.res.in) : Neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effect of whole red rice forms against oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(3), 151-60.

Whole red rice (Oryza sativa L.), consumed as staple food in many countries worldwide, is rich in phytochemicals, mainly antioxidants having health potency. The present study evaluated the neuro- and hepatoprotective efficacy of raw and parboiled whole red rice against streptozotocin (STZ) induced oxidative stress, and antioxidant metabolism both in diabetic and normal non-diabetic rats. Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body wt.), supplemented with raw and parboiled whole red rice for six weeks. Results revealed a drastic increase in oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) level, hydroperoxide (HP) level; antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductases (TR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and decrease in endogenous antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) in diabetic rat. On the other hand, addition of raw and parboiled whole red rice in the diet counteracted the STZ induced oxidative stress in diabetic groups and improved the neuro and hepatic antioxidant system. Both, parboiled and raw red rice forms, exercised similar impacts in diabetic as well as in normal rats suggesting improved antioxidant defence mechanism. Results have shown that the whole red rice possess antidiabetic potential with the antioxidant improving ability, and could be utilized as dietary supplements in diabetes management.

4 illus, 45 ref

039416   REDDY S G E, BHARDWAJ S (CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur- 176 061, Email: ereddy2001@yahoo.com) : Apple pomace as effective substrate for growth and spore production of entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 138-42.

Apple pomace (AP), the left over waste after extraction of juice, is often dumped in open field and that adds to environmental pollution. In this context and a rich source of carbohydrates, we tried to standardize the AP as a substrate for growth and spore production of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) viz., Lecanicillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus by adding water, ammonium nitrate, as well as using different temperatures and pH. Results have shown that addition of 40 mL of water, 4 g of ammonium nitrate, and maintaining temperature at 30 $°$C and pH alkaline (pH 8 & 10) in AP recorded significantly higher spore production of L. lecanii (50.53, 52.81, 151.2 and 50.26-52.2 lakh spores/mL, respectively), B. bassiana (50.44, 51.87, 152.2 and 50.14-51.66 spores/mL, respectively) and P. fumosoroseus (50.56, 52.18, 149.3 and 50.14-52.31 lakh spores/mL, respectively) as compared to positive control, potato dextrose agar (41.76-43.8 lakh spores/mL).

1 illus, 22 ref

039413   SAGAR A, RIYAZUDDIN R, SHUKLA PK, RAMTEKE PW, SAYYED RZ (Microbiology Dep, Science & Commerce Coll, Maharashtra- 425 409, Email: sayyedrz@gmail.com) : Heavy metal stress tolerance in Enterobacter sp. PR14 is mediated by plasmid. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 115-21.

Last two decades have witnessed the significant exploitation of many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as bioinoculants and biocontrol agents (BCAs). However, PGPR with potential of producing multiple biocontrol traits along with heavy metal stress tolerance and ACC deaminase activity are expected to control phytopathogens and increase tolerance of crop to heavy metal stress, thus helping in bioremediation of heavy metal ions and reducing ethylene level in the root zone. The present work reports the production of multiple biocontrol traits like ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophore (79 %), ACC deaminase (0.8 μM/mg/h), chitinase (9.7 U/mL) and tolerance to heavy metal ions (3200 μg/mL) and trace minerals in Enterobacter sp. PR14 isolated from the model organic farm of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad, India. Elimination of plasmid in the organism resulted in the loss of tolerance of heavy metal ions and trace elements, indicating the role of the plasmid in heavy metal tolerance.

2 illus, 46 ref

039408   JAIN M, SINGH A K, ASERI G K, YADAV P, KHARE N, SHARMA D, SOHAL J S (Amity Univ, Rajasthan, Email: sheetal@barc.gov.in) : Comparative evaluation of egg based solid media for primary isolation of paratuberculosis bacilli. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 81-7.

Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a prevalent infection and is highly expensive to livestock industry. Paratuberculosis also has zoonotic concerns with Crohn’s disease. Isolation of MAP from infected individuals/samples is the most vital for downstream studies. However, MAP is extremely fastidious organism and primary isolation is extremely difficult. Mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) medium is most recommended for primary isolation, but this medium is highly expensive and requires sophisticated instrument and is unaffordable for developing and underdeveloped world. Present study aimed to investigate the comparative performance of three different egg based solid media (MB7H10, LJ and HEYM) for the primary isolation of MAP from clinically suspected animals. Animals having signs of paratuberculosis were sampled either from farms in Jaipur District of Western India or slaughterhouse. Slaughtered animals were sampled having swollen & enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) with thickened/ corrugated intestine near ileo-cecal junction (ICJ). Fecal samples were collected from suspected cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep. MB7H10 medium showed maximum recovery of MAP isolates from clinical samples. Most of the isolates grew on MB7H10 (41.9 %) followed by LJ (22.3 %) and HEYM (6.25 %). In case single medium is to be used MB7H10 is the first choice and combination of MB7H10+LJ is better. In conclusion, combination of MB7H10+LJ is the best choice for solid media for the isolation of the MAP in laboratories.

5 illus, 6 tables, 34 ref

039407   UPPAL S, JAWALI N, MISRA H S (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai- 400 085, Email: sheetal@barc.gov.in) : A novel method for assessment of transcription activation in vitro for bacterial promoter. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 69-73.

In vitro transcription (IVT) assay is a useful tool to monitor the transcriptional activity of a specific promoter under defined conditions in vitro. Conventional IVT assay involves use of radiolabeled probes which makes it tedious to perform and limits its utility for large scale applications. Here, a reverse-transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) based transcript detection method has been developed for bacterial in vitro transcription assay. Unlike conventional radiolabeling approach, this method is simple, fast, needs smaller reaction volumes, does not require special infrastructure and could be potentially used for any large-scale screening applications. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of this method by showing Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein (CRP) mediated activation of a CRP dependent E. coli promoter.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

039404   BOCK P M, ARAUJO A S, KLEIN A B (Faculdades Integradas de Taquara, Brazil, Email: patriciabock74@gmail.com) : Renovascular hypertension in rats: Temporal antioxidant adaptation. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 39-44.

Renovascular hypertension is a form of secondary hypertension, and reactive oxygen species play an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Here, we tried to evaluate temporal changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity, in the course of renovascular hypertension. To induce renovascular hypertension, adult male Wistar rats were submitted to Goldblatt 2K1C surgery or sham-operated (sham). The blood pressure was directly assessed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase activities were evaluated in heart and kidneys. Mean blood pressure (mmHg) was higher by 20, 14, 23 and 22 % (P <0.05), respectively in hypertensive groups 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, than in the control groups (108±7 in 7 days, 101±4 in 14 days, 109±7 in 21 days and 104±7 in 28 days in sham group; and 130±12 in 7 days, 116±4 in 14 days, 135±16 in 21 days and 127±6 in 28 days in hypertensive group). Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase showed no significant changes. The GPx activity (nmoles.min-1/mg protein) was 47 % higher in the hearts (90.12±17.63 in sham group and 132.53±12.43 in hypertensive group), 98 % in right kidney (66.13±15.10 in sham group and 131.23±28.32 in hypertensive group), 98 % in left kidney of the hypertensive group 7 days in relation to sham group 7 days (67.05±17.87 in sham group and 132.87±35.31 in hypertensive group, P <0.05). The main adaptive change promoted by hypertension includes an induction of GPx during hypertensive status development.

1 illus,1 table, 41 ref

039403   BADR G M, ARAFA N S (Physiology Dep, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egypt, Email: nadianeuro@yahoo.com; narafa@jazanu.edu.sa) : Synergetic effect of aged garlic extract and methotrexate on rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen in male albino rats. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 33-8.

Aged garlic extract (AGE) exhibit anti-inflammatory effect in many diseases, and methotrexate (MTX) as rheumatoidarthritis (RA) treatment drug shows adverse hepatotoxicity effect. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the antioxidant andanti-inflammatory effects of AGE treatment alone or with MTX in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats to diminish thehepatotoxicity. The study used eight groups of rats as one control non treated group and seven treated groups with CIA,AGE (200 mg/kg/PO), MTX (1.5 mg/kg/2 days/subcutaneous), CIA-AGE, CIA-MTX, AGE-MTX and CIA-MTX-AGE. Alltreatments started from day 21 after the symptoms of arthritis appeared to day 50. The CIA-AGE and CIA-MTX-AGEgroups showed significantly decreased serum liver function markers ASAT, ALAT and ALP enzymes activities. In line withthe significantly increased antioxidants, total glutathione and SOD and CAT enzymes activities and decreased MDA levelsas compared to CIA and CIA-MTX treated groups' values. In addition, the CIA-AGE and CIA-MTX-AGE groups recordedsignificant decrease in the measured cytokines (CRP and TNF) and interleukins (IL-17, IL-6, and IL-1) values as comparedto the corresponding values in CIA and CIA-MTX groups. Results suggested the safety of AGE for achieving a bettercontrol in treatment of RA with the conventional drug MTX to diminish its hepatotoxicity.

2 illus, 45 ref

039400   GRONCZEWSKA J, SKORKOWSKI E F (Molecular Evolution Dep, Gdansk Univ, Poland, Email: jadwiga.gronczewska@biol.ug.edu.pl) : Lactate dehydrogenase in fish spermatozoa and its role in sperm cell bioenergetics. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 7-13.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in spermatozoa of three fish species was studied to determine its role in sperm cell bioenergetics in normal and polluted conditions. The adenylate energy charge (AEC) has been used as the measure of energy storage for adenine nucleotide pool of living cells and tributyltin (TBT) as a model toxicant. It was demonstrated that carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 spermatozoa exhibit higher LDH activity than catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and herring Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 spermatozoa. Native electrophoretic pattern of LDH from spermatozoa compared to somatic tissues extract shows nine LDH isoenzymes in carp spermatozoa, two LDH isoenzymes in herring and one LDH isoenzyme in catfish spermatozoa. It was confirmed that lactate plus pyruvate, which are the substrates for LDH seems to maintain AEC value. It indicates ATP synthesis in tricarboxylic acid cycle prevails upon the ATP utilization in catfish spermatozoa. It was noticed that LDH-B₄ is more strongly inhibited by TBT in herring than the nine LDH isoenzymes in carp spermatozoa which confirms that herring spermatozoa may be more sensitive for pollution by decreasing their energetic state. LDH role in maintaining physiological bioenergetic state of spermatozoa is also discussed.

3 illus, 35 ref

039391   RAKSHA L, GANGASHETTAPPA N, SHANTALA G B, NANDAN B R, SINHA D (Microbiology and Ophthalmology Dep, Bangalore Medical Coll and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: nagarajug63@gmail.com) : Study of biofilm formation in bacterial isolates from contact lens wearers. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020, 68(1), 23-8.

To detect biofilm forming capacity of bacterial isolates obtained from the conjunctiva, contact lens and accessories of contact lens wearers using phenotypic and genotypic methods.  Bacterial strains were collected from the conjunctiva, contact lens and lens storage cases of contact lens wearers.The phenotypic detection of biofilm production was done using the tube method and congo red agar method. The biofilm‑forming related genes, icaA, of Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) and Staphylococcus aureus, and pslA, of P. aeruginosa, were detected using PCR.  A total of 265 bacterial isolates which included S. aureus, CONS, Pseudomonas, Nil‑fermenter Gram‑negative bacilli (NFGNB), Bacillus spp, Diphtheroids, Micrococci, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter koseri, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Moraxella were obtained. Of the 265 isolates, 53.5 % were moderately positive, 33.2 % strongly positive and 13.2 % negative for biofilm production by tube method and 36.6 % were moderately positive, 40 % strongly positive and 23.3 % negative for biofilm production by congo red agar method. Of the four S. aureus isolates, two (50 %) showed the presence oficaA gene. Of the 23 CONS isolates, three (13 %) showed the presence of icaA gene. All the Pseudomonas isolates were negative for presence pslA (1119 bp) gene though most of them were phenotypically positive for biofilm formation.  Most of the bacterial isolates obtained from contact lens wearers had the potential to produce biofilms. Tube method and Congo red agar method exhibited significant statistical correlation (P‑value = 0.006) and picked up a good number of biofilm‑forming isolates, hence may be used for detection of biofilm production. The absence of biofilm‑forming gene did not rule out the possibility for phenotypic biofilm production by bacteria.

4 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

039381   IMRAN A, KHAN M U, NASIR U, QAYYUM Q, HECTOR R, REHMAN R, BAIG A A (Lahore Univ, Pakistan, Email: umer.khan685@gmail.com) : The genetics associated with primary congenital glaucoma. J Advancements in Life Sciences 2020, 7(2), 106-12.

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy; increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a modifiable risk factor for primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Increase IOP causes retinal and optic nerve compression and leads to gradual and irreversible loss of eyesight if left untreated. It is the second most leading cause of blindness. PCG mainly affects children up to the age of three years, and symptoms include epiphora, photalgia, swollen eyes, opaque corneas, blepharospasm, rupture in the retina and ocular nerve damage due to IOP. Early detection, management, and treatment are the keys to preventing vision loss from glaucoma. Many mutations have been discovered in Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) gene to be responsible for causing PCG, and there are still a lot of mutations to be discovered. In this review, we will discuss the genetic aspects of PCG and the most frequent mutations responsible for PCG in Pakistani children. PCG can be handled by decreasing IOP either by medication or by surgery. Genetic counselling plays a significant role in the establishment of proper management of PCG. 

4 illus, 1 table, 74 ref

039380   ALRESHIDI M M (Biology Dep, Ha’il Univ, Email: mousa.alreshidi@uon.edu.au) : Amino acid consumption and secretion patterns of Staphylococcus aureus following growth in sub-optimal environmental conditions. J Advancements in Life Sciences 2020, 7(2), 98-105.

Staphylococcus aureus is highly associated with nosocomial infections due to its ability to adapt to wide range of environmental parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate amino acids consumption and secretion by S. aureus at mid-exponential and stationary phases under growth in suboptimal conditions, including changes in pH, temperature and osmolality. The consumption and secretion of amino acids were determined by subtracting the original concentrations of the free amino acids in the media from those estimated at both mid-exponential and stationary phases of growth.   The analysis revealed that the consumption and secretion profiles were substantially different between cells grown under optimal control conditions, when compared with those exposed to sub-optimal conditions. The analyses of the supernatants harvested at mid-exponential phase revealed that the total consumption of amino acids was increased by 1.2 and 1.7 times by cells grown at either pH 6 or 8 and 35 °C with additional of 5 % NaCl, respectively. However, the final levels of amino acids consumed at stationary phase were significantly reduced in the cells grown in sub-optimal conditions compared with bacteria cells grown under optimal conditions.   It was evident that various environmental conditions led to differential profiles of amino acid consumption and secretion.    

5 illus, 60 ref

039378   LAO T D, LE T A H (Ho Chi Minh City Open Univ, Vietnam, Email: thuy.lha@ou.edu.vn) : Epidemiology, incidence and mortality of nasopharynx cancer in Southeast Asia: An update report. J Advancements in Life Sciences 2020, 7(2), 86-90.

Nasopharyngeal cancer, with a distinct geographical and racial distribution, is the common neck and head cancer. Knowledge about the ecological factors including incidence, mortality, and so on, is important to find out the best way for its prevention in future.The aim of current study was to find out the incidence(-ASR), mortality(-ASR) of nasopharyngeal cancer and its correlation between those factors with HDI as well as its components in Southeast Asian countries in 2018. The data of the incidence(-ASR), mortality(-ASR), Human development index (HDI) were extracted from the GLOBOCAN project and Human Development Reports database. The relationships were evaluated by using Pearson Correlation Coefficient method. In Southeast Asian region, incidence of 34,681, and mortality of 22,231 were recorded. The high incidence and mortality were related to medium human development countries. The significant positive correlations were observed between HDI with incidence-ASR (r = 6.25, p = 0.04) and mortality-ASR (r = 0.38, p = 0.26). No significant correlations were found between HDI component with incidence-ASR and mortality-ASR, except for the relationship between incidence-ASR and GNI/capita (r = 0.71, p = 0.02). The nasopharyngeal cancer is native to Asian region, includes Southeast Asian countries. The highest incidence and mortality were recorded in medium HDI countries.

4 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

039377   RUBBANI U, IQBAL A (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Dep, The Women Univ Multan, Pakistan, Email: atia.iqbal@wum.edu.pk) : Evaluation of isolated Lactobacillus strains as probiotics in yogurt preparation. J Advancements in Life Sciences 2020, 7(2), 79-85.

Probiotics are live organisms that when ingested in adequate amount are believed to provide health benefits to the host. Probiotics are when combined with prebiotics are termed as synbiotics and in that case prebiotics enables the probiotic organisms to survive better in the host. The main objective of this study is to investigate Lactobacillus strains isolated from dairy products with significant probiotic potential and their utilization in yogurt preparation. Eleven (11) bacterial strains were identified as Lactobacillus by following Bergey’s manual scheme. Antibacterial activity was checked by agar well diffusion method. Their ability to grow at different bile salt concentration, pH concentration and in the presence of pepsin enzyme was checked under in vitro condition. Finally, they potential strains were evaluated as probiotic starter in yogurt preparation.  Out of total strains isolated, 52 % strains were considered as Lactobacillus. Half of the strains (50 %) showed antibacterial activity against selected pathogens and the best zone was formed by S4BM2 (15mm) against Salmonella typhi. All the isolated strains had the ability to grow in the presence of 0.2 % bile salt concentration; at pH 3, pH5 and in the presence of pepsin enzyme. The efficacy of Lactobacilli strains as starter culture in yogurt was checked and found that yogurt processed with combination of S2Y2 with apple pieces showed significant results as compared to uninoculated yogurt. It was concluded that strain i.e. S2Y2 can further be used in different dairy industries for yogurt processing to improve the quality of yogurt.  

2 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

039375   PATOLI A A, PATOLI B B (Nottingham Univ, Nottingham, UK, Email: atifpatoli@gmail.com) : In vivo investigation of interactions between replisome components in Escherichia coli: An expanded model for the processivity switch. J Advancements in Life Sciences 2020, 7(2), 66-71.

Protein interactions within the replisome (a highly coordinated protein complex) are crucial to maintain temporal and spatial regulation for high fidelity DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli (E. coli). A key component of these interactions is the processivity switch, ensuring smooth transition of the replicative DNA polymerase III (Pol III) between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Multiple interaction studies between replisome components have been performed to indicate the essential roles of Pol III (DnaE), β-clamp, DnaB helicase, DNA and the $\mathrm{\pi }$ (DnaX) subunit for this switch.  Known interacting regions of both DnaE and various truncated versions of were chosen for coexpression in E. coli. Differences in the growth pattern of cells co-expressing various truncated versions of $\mathrm{\pi }$ DnaX and DnaE, on liquid and solid media were subsequently analyzed. Based on in vivo analyses to explore the interactions between these components, an expanded model for the processivity switch is presented here.The analyses suggest that residues 481-643 of are sufficient to establish a functional interaction with the DnaB helicase and DnaE during replication, while residues 461-480 of interact with the C-terminal tail of DnaE to disengage Pol III from the β-clamp during processivity switching. We also propose that residues 430-460 of $\mathrm{\pi }$ are involved in sensing the DNA structure required for the processivity switch. These observations expand the current understanding of processivity switching and help dissect the regions of $\mathrm{\pi }$ utilized for binding to different replisome components such as DnaB helicase, polymerase and DNA 

5 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

039326   BHAGYA H P, BABU B K, GANGADHARAPPA P M, NAIKA M B N, SATISH D, MATHUR R K (ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, West Godavari - 534 450, Email: bhagya509@gmail.com) : Identification of QTLs in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using SSR markers through association mapping. J Genet 2020, 99, 19.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a perennial vegetable and a high oil-yielding crop (4–6 t/ha). There is a large scope for increasing the oil yield by selecting elite planting material for breeding programme in germplasm evaluation, characterization and utilization. In the present study, a diverse range of 150 oil palm genotypes were characterized using 12 quantitative variables with 54 genomic microsatellite markers. A wide variation was observed in the morphological traits among indigenous populations. Highly significant and positive correlations were observed between vegetative dry matter (VDM) and total dry matter (TDM) (0.862), and height and height increment (0.838). The first two principal component analyses explained 67.7 % of total variation among morphological traits. The genotypes IC0610001-59 (Pune-2) and IC0610001-60 (Pune-2) were found highly promising based on less height increment, more TDM with high yield. For the mapping study, general linear model (GLM) approach, quantitative-trait loci (QTL) for annual height increment, number of bunches, bunch yield and bunch index were linked to simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci mEgCIR3649 with phenotypic variance of 15.08, 10.43, 11.74, 15.39. TDM and VDM were linked to mEgCIR0192 (27.34 and 24.19 %), mEgCIR3684 (16.84 and 18.30 %), SPSC00163 (18.8 and 15.39 %) and mEgCIR0555 (16.47 and 18.81 %), with at a significant threshold (P) level of ≤0.001 and by mixed linear model (MLM) approach. TDM was linked to mEgCIR0555 with phenotypic variance of 20.72 %, bunch yield and bunch index were linked to mEgCIR2813 at phenotypic variance of 17.11 % and 12.88 %, respectively, at a significant threshold (P) level of ≤0.01.

5 illus, 4 table, 47 ref

039301   MAJUMDAR K, NATH D, MALLICK R, DASGUPTA T (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata-700 019, Email: kasturi.majumder525@gmail.com) : Grain quality and multivariate analysis of various quality parameters in rice genotypes. Agric Sci Dig 2020, 40(1), 10-8.

Thirty-six rice genotypes were evaluated for thirteen different quality parameters along with yield/plant to assess genetic estimates of the traits and the extent of genetic diversity among the varieties. Analysis of variance was conducted to determine GCV, PCV, heritability and GA of the genotypes with respect to all characters. Significant variation was observed in many traits among the genotypes offering scope for selection. Correlation analysis determined the nature of relationship among these characters. UPGMA studies revealed six major clusters and cluster I and II were the largest with maximum number of genotypes. The study identified that the varieties namely, Black Gora, Kalinga-2, Dudheswar, ARC 10086, IR-36, IR-64 and Nipponbare possessed good quality traits and high yield performance. The current study indicated that developing rice varieties for consumer acceptance with good grain quality traits along with high yield will be very useful in rice breeding and in selection of parents for hybridization to combine both high yield and improved quality traits.

6 illus, 35 ref

039295   AYESHA N, RAO A G A (Biochemistry Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysuru-570 006, Email: ayesh.darakshan@gmail.com) : Lectins-robust and quintessential proteins of nature. Agric Rev 2020, 41(1), 59-65.

Recent advances in glycobiology have proclaimed that cell surface saccharides play a pivotal role in recognition events. More accurately, these saccharides may be complexed by lectins. Lectins are saccharide binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar moieties of other molecules. They are ubiquitous in nature. They are diverse proteins with spectacular potential and overwhelming medical applications. Hence, there is quest for identification of new lectins and their precise mechanism of action with specific ligands. In this review, main features of lectins are succinctly described with emphasis on ligand binding and therapeutic applications. 

52 ref

039284   TIWARI S S, TAMBO F, AGARWAL R (Gujarat Forensic Sciences Univ, Gandhinagar- 382 007, Email: lamt.dct.gfsu@gmail.com) : Assessment of lead toxicity on locomotion and growth in a nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Appl Nat Sci 2020, 12(1), 36-41.

Due to anthropogenic activities and natural abundance, lead exposure is a common phenomenon. Neurotoxic and genotoxic effects of lead are widely known. Recent studies have suggested that lead exposure can affect young generation and transfer to the progeny thus posing a great threat for future generation. The present study was focused on lead toxicity in terms of locomotion and growth of Caenorhabditis elegans (N₂ wild type) at three sub-lethal doses (3µM, 15 µM and 30 µM) of Pb (NO₃)₂ for 24 hours (sub-chronic exposure). Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an established eco- toxicity marker model organism, due to its short life cycle and ease to monitor. After lead  exposure, significant toxic manifestations were observed in locomotion of the nematode in terms of omega bends (+350 % for 30 µM exposure dose, p<0.001), reversals (-26.98 %, -49 % and -66.35 % for 3 µM, 15 µM and 30 µM exposure doses respectively, p<0.001), turn counts (-38.66 %, -62.61 % and -81.93 % for 3 µM, 15 µM and 30 µM exposure doses respectively, p<0.001 ) and peristaltic speed alterations (+97.83 %, +225.92 % and +454.63 % for 3 µM, 15 µM and 30 µM exposure doses respectively, p<0.001). Successive reduction in the body length at lower doses shows remarkable toxic alterations in nematodes. The obtained data may be useful to extrapolate the effects of lead exposure on humans, as many of the similar pathways and cellular processes affected by Pb in humans are also present in C. elegans.

5 illus, 32 ref

039283   JOLY D V, LAURENTINE S, LEBEL T J (Crop Protection Dep, Dschang Univ, Cameroon, Email: dzovijo@yahoo.fr) : Biology of Blastopsylla occidentalis (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Aphalaridae), a pest of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Appl Nat Sci 2020, 12(1), 30-5.

Eucalyptus spp belong to the family of Myrtaceae and grow all over the world and are adapted to different climates and soils. In Cameroon, these plants are very important for their medicinal and ecological virtues. Eucalyptus globulus has economically and ornamentally values. Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor (Psylloidea: Aphalaridae) is one of the insects feeding on this plant and its causes severe damages to their host plants. Significant damage occurred in nurseries and in a very young plantations of Eucalyptus spp. The biology of B. occidentalis was studied from July 2010 to June 2011 at Yaounde. The parameters mating process, choice of the egg-laying site by the females, fecundity of the females, longevity of the adults, embryonic and larval development, life cycle and sex ratio were studied. The results showed that males emerged before females, and the mating process lasted about 42 minutes. The longevity of adults was 11 days on average and egg-laying began 8 days after emergence. The average fertility was 38 eggs per female. The eggs were laid on the buds, bracts, young leaves and twigs of its host plant. The life cycle, from egg to egg, required 32 days on average. The sex ratio was close to 1.03. This species fed and developed on Eucalyptus spp. has never been observed on other plants species in the study area, suggesting a specificity of this psyllid to its host plant. These results can be considered as an important  step for the establishment of integrated pest control against Eucalyptus psyllid pest species in Cameroon. 

2 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

039280   EHIGIE A F, ADELEKE G E, OJENIYI F D, EHIGIE F D (Biochemistry Dep, Ladoke Akintola Univ of Technology, Nigeria, Email: lehigie@lautech.edu.ng) : Bioefficiency of Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) on hematological and lipid profiles in sublethal cyanide poisoning in male wistar rats. J Appl Nat Sci 2020, 12(1), 13-8.

Chromolaena odorata is an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remediation potential from contaminated sites. This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on hematological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. (KCN). A sum of thirty five male Wistar rats partitioned into seven groups of five units were used. KCN Group rats were administered with KCN alone. Rats in 100ECO, 150ECO, 200ECO groups were administered with 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight of ECO respectively. Rats under Na₂S₂O₃ and Na₂S₂O₃+ECO groups were administered 200 mg/kg sodium thiosulphate and sodium thiosulphate with ECO at 200 mg/kg respectively. The trial was done in about a month. Toward the finish of the investigation, the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin level (Hb), Red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were resolved utilizing known biochemical methodology. The outcomes demonstrated a noteworthy increment (p ˂ 0.05) in PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC level of remedial groups when contrasted with the cyanide group. Total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG)  were altogether lower while HDL-cholesterol was fundamentally expanded in all the treated groups when contrasted and the untreated group given cyanide alone. However, no significant difference in LDL-cholesterol was indicated in all therapeutic groups compared with the cyanide group. The study revealed that C. odorata at the tested doses was able to improve the hematological parameters and lipid profile in cyanide exposed rats. 

2 tables, 24 ref

039228   AHAHRZAD E, SHARIATI M, NAIMI S, EDALATMANESH M A (Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Iran, Email: mehrdadshariati@kau.ac.ir) : Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on changes in serum levels of Pituitary-Gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in acrylamide-treated adult rats. Adv Hum Biol 2020, 10(1), 16-21.

Acrylamide (ACR) has cytotoxic effects on various tissues of the body, including the reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on changes in serum levels of pituitary–gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in ACR-treated adult rats. Forty‑two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 equal groups including control group, sham group received only distilled water intraperitoneally, ACR group received 50 mg/kg ACR orally, NAC group received 40 mg/kg NAC intraperitoneally and ACR+NAC1, ACR+NAC2 and ACR+NAC3 groups received 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg NAC intraperitoneally, respectively, and then received 50 mg/kg ACR orally. After 28 days of treatment, serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by ELISA method, and the testicular tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Hormonal and histopathological analysis indicated that compared to the control, sham and NAC groups, the administration of ACR alone decreased FSH and testosterone levels while increased LH level, and also, it decreased spermatogenic and Leydig cells, but it had no effect on Sertoli cells. The administration of NAC alone had no influence on the level of hormones and spermatogenesis. Coadministration of ACR+NAC ameliorated the serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone and increased the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells and recovered spermatogenesis disrupts, in a dose-dependent manner compared to the ACR group. As a potent antioxidant, NAC could inhibit ACR-induced toxicity effects in a dose-dependent manner and ameliorate spermatogenesis in rats.

3 illus, 24 ref

039224   YOUNIS E M, WARITH A W A A, ASGAH N A A, EBAID H, GABER R A, ELSAYED E A (Natural and Microbial Products Dep, National Research Center, Egypt, Email: eaelsayed@ksu.edu.sa) : Toxico-histological effects of sublethal concentrations of lead nitrate on the gills of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 170-5.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of subleathal lead doses on the histological architecture of gills in the freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Results revealed three stages of changes after exposure to three doses of lead nitrate. The changes were mild in fish exposed to 16.12 mg/L of Pb (NO₃)₂ (stage I 20 % of LC₅₀) and severe in case of 40% of LC₅₀ (stage II, 32.24 mg/L) and 60 % of LC₅₀ (stage III 48.37 % mg/L) in comparison to control. The histological examination revealed normal architecture of gills in control fish. Normal gills were characterized with primary gill lamellae with a central hyaline cartilage. However, three-stage changes were observed after exposure to the three doses of lead nitrate. In stage I, a cartilaginous matrix appeared along with loosening of the epithelial lining of the cartilaginous core and abundant vascular spaces were observed on the secondary gill lamellae. An extra cartilaginous matrix, loosening of the epithelial lining of the cartilaginous core, de-shaped gill lamellae, and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae were noted in stage II. Lesions in the gill pattern in stage III were represented by shortening of the tips of secondary gill lamellae, damaged gill lamellae, a cartilaginous matrix, and hyperplasia. This indicated that lead exposure resulted in severe histopathological changes in the gills in a dose-dependent manner.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref