040808   PADHIAR B B, KARIA U K (Dermatology Dep, GMERS Medical Coll, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Email: drbelapadhiar@gmail.com) : A study on satisfaction level among patients attending sexually transmitted infections clinic. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 63-7.

Patient satisfaction has become a favourite debate for enhancing quality of OPD services, however it still needs a lot of improvement for the better delivery of health care services. The aim was to study the satisfaction level among STI (Sexually transmitted infection) patients regarding quality of care and services provided in STI clinic. The present study was a cross sectional study conducted on 88 patients with ages ranging from 16-65 years attending STI clinic at the department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology of a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India from December 2016 to april 2017. An effort was made to bring into focus significant areas to target for improvement. Satisfaction was assessed using 13 questions modified from patient satisfaction questionnaire by Wirral Community NHS Trust.Patients were asked to give rating to these questions. Likert’s 5 point rating scale was used. It was noticed that total satisfaction in present study was 82.9 %. Most of the questions of patient satisfaction were statistically highly significant (p <0.0001). Overall patient satisfaction with services provided at our STI Clinic was high (93.2 %) except length of waiting time (<30 minutes), waiting area & other amenities of the hospital.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

040807   GOUR D, TOPPO M, PAL D K, PRIYA A, SINGH D, SINGH N (Community Medicine Dep, Gandhi Medical Coll, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: toppo_drmanju@rediffmail.com) : Rapid assessment of low utilisation of sexually transmitted infection services amongst high risk groups in designated sexually transmitted infection clinics of Bhopal” – A Qualitative Study. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 58-62.

High-risk groups (HRGs) have limited access to appropriate information and sexual and reproductive health services. They are a highly marginalized subgroup and their social stigma is a barrier for the use of health care and treatment. To assess the knowledge regarding sexually transmitted infection (STI) infections among HRGs. To identify the reasons and barriers associated with low utilization of services among HRGs. Qualitative study conducted in three HRGs of Bhopal for 3 months. Six focus group discussions were done among three HRGs namely intravenous drug users (IDUs), commercial sex workers (CSWs), and men having sex with men (MSM). Issues related to STIs were asked to all the respondents and detailed responses were recorded by the voice recorders and noted down. The audio recordings were translated and transcribed into English. Transcribed data content were analyzed manually in various themes. Knowledge regarding STI/reproductive tract infection: The knowledge of HRGs regarding STDs was assessed. Almost all the CSWs of the group were having considerable knowledge regarding signs and symptoms about STI. MSM were having good knowledge about STIs. Most of the IDUs had a very limited and scarce knowledge about STI. Most of the CSWs shared their problems regarding STI with family members followed by doctor. Almost all the MSMs approached the counselor first before approaching a doctor and preferred to consult a doctor in a government hospital. Majority of IDUs said that they prefer to go to government hospital for getting treated for such conditions while a few prefer for private hospitals. Majority of HRGs are seeking health care from government health facilities while the MSMs and transgender faced discrimination at these facilities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) played a major role in promoting better health-seeking behavior among them. The HRGs freely discussed their problems with the NGOs.

3 ref

040806   SELVARAJ N, AMUDHA R, VASUKI S (Dermatovenereology Dep, Trichy KAPV Government Medical Coll, Tiruchirappalli - 620 018, Tamil Nadu, Email: narmadha18@yahoo.com) : Pre‑ and post‑HIV test knowledge, attitude, behavior, and practice of people living with HIV and AIDS by questionnaire pattern. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 53-7.

In spite of intensive information, education, and communication (IEC) activities, the incidence of new HIV cases is also increasing. Its incidence for the past 3 years was 375, 385, and 457 at our tertiary care center. The impact of IEC activities on the society was assessed in this study. This was a retrospective, epidemiological study conducted by a questionnaire pattern. The questionnaire pattern was issued to 100 newly diagnosed PLWHA, which evaluated the knowledge, attitude, behavior, and practice pre- and posttesting. Every month, follow-up was done for 3 months for further assessment. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA test was used for the statistical analysis. Out of the 100 patients, 37 were male, 60 were female, and 3 were transgender. Academic education had a significant association, while occupation had no association with the awareness. Nearly 80 % of the new cases were identified by the government institutions. Around 33 % of the study group were first identified on sexually transmitted infection screening and 20 % by skin problems. Nearly 79 % of the married couples revealed their status to their spouse. Out of 79 % of single individuals willing to get married, 50 % were willing to reveal their status to their future partner. Almost 94 % of the participants were willing to undergo antiretroviral treatment. Acceptance by family and society was reflected by 87 % and 68 %, respectively. Although this study reveals the success of IEC activities, the subtle population who are still undergoing high-risk behavior after knowing their status should be targeted for achieving zero new case identification. This study gives hope to reach that day in the near future.

2 tables, 25 ref

040805   ASHWINI P K, BETKERUR J, SHASTRY V (Dermatology Dep, JSS Hospital, Mysore - 570 004, Karnataka, Email: drashwinipk@gmail.com) : Study of mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV and its relation to total lymphocyte count. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 47-52.

HIV is associated with various mucocutaneous manifestations which may be the first pointers toward HIV and can also be prognostic markers for disease progression. This study was done to note the different mucocutaneous lesions present in HIV and their relation to total lymphocyte count (TLC). Three hundred and seventy-nine HIV patients attending the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy were included in the study. They were screened for the presence of any mucocutaneous lesions. TLC in patients presenting with mucocutaneous lesions was done and also CD4 count was done wherever possible. Among 379 patients, 53.8 % developed mucocutaneous manifestations. Male: female ratio was 2.2:1. Majority of patients belonged to 20–39 years age group. Among mucocutaneous manifestations, oral candidiasis was the most common, followed by herpes zoster and dermatophytoses. Adverse drug reactions were noted in few. The majority of patients had TLC <1500/mm3 and CD4 <200. Mucocutaneous manifestations are common and have varied presentation in HIV/AIDS. Patients with mucocutaneous manifestations were clustered at lower TLC and CD4 count. Like CD4 count, TLC can be considered as a marker for disease progression.

4 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

040804   PATWARDHAN V V, BHATTAR S, BHALLA P, RAWAT D (Microbiology Dep, Delhi Univ, New Delhi, Email: preenabhalla@gmail.com) : Seroprevalence of syphilis by VDRL test and biological false positive reactions in different patient populations: Is it alarming? our experience from a tertiary care center in India. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 43-6.

Many centers for sexually transmitted infections in India perform only a single screening assay for diagnosis of syphilis which may yield biological false positive (BFP) reactions. The aim of this study was to determine the true picture of seroprevalence of syphilis and BFP reactions in different patient groups. A total of 57,308 serial serum samples obtained over a period of 5 years from different patient groups were screened by venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test both qualitatively and quantitatively. VDRL reactive sera were confirmed by Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) test. The overall seroprevalence of syphilis by VDRL test was 1.27 %, and BFP rate in test population was 0.14 %. The rate of BFP reactions among total tested male (0.44 %) and female (0.1 %) patients differs significantly. Out of 733 VDRL reactive samples, 81 were BFP, i.e., BFP reaction is occurring at a frequency of 11 % of the total VDRL reactive samples (ratio of 8:1 for true positives/BFP). Similarly, among antenatal cases, almost 24 % of the total VDRL reactive samples were BFP, or for every 116 true positives, there were 37 (almost one-third) BFP. Although the overall seroprevalence of syphilis is low; the frequency of occurrence of BFP reactions is quite alarming. Hence, treponemal test must be used for confirmation of VDRL reactive sera.

3 tables, 13 ref

040803   NKWABONG E (Obstetrics and Gynecology Dep, Yaoundé I Univ, Yaoundé, Cameroon) : What are the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in women with cervico‑vaginitis nowadays?. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 39-42.

Cervico-vaginitis is usually the initial infection which, when undiagnosed, can evolve to salpingitis with tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain as consequences. This study aimed at identifying the sociodemographic profile and clinical presentation of women diagnosed with cervico‑vaginitis, as well as the microorganisms isolated. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out between October 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014. Women diagnosed with cervico-vaginitis were recruited. The main variables recorded were maternal age, occupation, marital status, number of sexual partners, clinical presentation, and microorganisms identified. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. The mean maternal age was 25.5 ± 5.6 years. Students were more represented (41.1 %), 66 % were single, and 69.6 % had ≥ 2 sexual partners. The most frequent symptom was abnormal vaginal discharge (100 %). The most frequent microorganisms isolated were genital tract mycoplasmas (67.9 %) and Chlamydia trachomatis (55.3 %). Acute cervico-vaginitis is common among young, single women with multiple sexual partners. Genital tract mycoplasmas were the commonest germs isolated followed by Chlamydia trachomatis. Cervico‑vaginitis is very common in our setting. Screening for genital tract mycoplasmas should be the first to be requested to women with cervico-vaginitis.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

040802   ZOHOURIAN T, HAKIM N, DORCIUS P M, SHAHEEN R, RAO I R, CARTER R, KRUPP K, MADHIVANAN P (Health Promotion Sciences Dep, Arizona Univ, Arizona 85724-5209, USA, Email: pmadhivanan@email.arizona.edu) : Attitudes, beliefs, and norms about sex and sexuality among young Indian male adults: A qualitative study. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 35-8.

Little is known about the risky sexual behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and sources of information regarding sexual health among young adult Indian males. Currently, students in Indian secondary schools do not receive a structured comprehensive sexual health education. This qualitative study explored the sources of information, knowledge, and attitudes around sexual behaviors among young men in Mysore, India. Between May and June 2011, 23 semi-structured qualitative in-depth interviews with males aged 18–25 years were conducted to explore their views on sexual norms, attitudes, and their sources of information to gain knowledge about sexual health. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analyses were conducted. Participants shared a desire for quality sex education in schools but described their current sexual health curriculum as inadequate. Since social taboos dictated the space in which students gained awareness on sexual topics, the participants resorted to the outside information from both reliable and unreliable sources. These findings have important implications for laying the groundwork for culturally specific sexual health education interventions to meet the needs of a growing youth population in India.

14 ref

040784   LAHIRI A, CHAKRABORTY A (Community Medicine Dep, Medical Coll, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: dr.arupchakraborty@gmail.com) : Psychometric validation of geriatric depression scale – short form among Bengali speaking elderly from a rural area of West Bengal: Application of item response theory. Indian J Public Health 2020, 64(2), 109-15.

The geriatric depression scale – short form (GDS‑SF) considered an important preliminary screening tool, requires translation in different regional languages and validation, to become of utmost use in Indian context especially in the field level. The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric validity of the GDS‑SF translated into Bengali among rural elderly population. The 15‑item GDS‑SF translated to Bengali language was administered to 206 Bengali speaking geriatrics selected maintaining predecided inclusion and exclusion criteria from villages under a rural block in West Bengal. Latent trait modelling was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of this translated tool. Differential item functioning (DIF) was assessed to measure invariance. The mean age of the participants was 68.77 years (standard deviation 6.81 years). Majority being female (57.77 %), Hindu (87.38 %), from a joint family background (90.78 %). The highest discrimination was observed with item 8 (coefficient 3.682, P < 0.001) followed by item 14 (coefficient 3.020, P < 0.001). Question 2 had least coefficient for difficulty (−1.344, P = 0.013) while item 15 had highest (0.775, P = 0.001). The questionnaire provided maximum information (discrimination) around mean value of latent trait. The total cutoff score of 5 was related nearly to mean latent trait (−0.111). Items 10 and 13 showed consistent DIF across different demographic groups. Psychometric properties of GDS‑SF (Bengali) established overall construct and content validity of the tool in this community‑based study. Despite some degree of DIF the tool can be used as a preliminary screening method in rural community.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

040775   DEVARAJU P, ARUMUGAM B, MOHAN I, PARAMAN M, ASHOKKUMAR M, KASINATHAN G, PURUSHOTHAMAN J (Vector Biology and Control Div, ICMR?Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry - 605 006, Email: panneeryadav82@gmail.com) : Evidence of natural infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in vectors and animal hosts – risk of scrub typhus transmission to humans in Puducherry, South India. Indian J Public Health 2020, 64(1), 27-31.

Scrub typhus infection is endemic in India and reported to be the major cause for acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in humans. Periodic occurrence of scrub typhus cases and presence of pathogen in rodents were also reported in areas with human cases of scrub typhus in Puducherry. This study was carried out to screen Orientia tsutsugamushi in rodent/shrew reservoirs and vectors in villages of Puducherry with no reports of human scrub typhus cases. This study was conducted during October 2017 to January 2018 in ten randomly selected villages in Puducherry. Rodents/shrews in the peridomestic area were trapped using Sherman traps. Screening of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents/shrews and mite vectors was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Weil‑Felix test was done to screen antibodies against O. tsutsugamushi in rodent serum samples. Among the 54 rodents trapped, Suncus murinus was the major small animal and Leptotrombidium deliense was the major mite species retrieved. PCR screening revealed pathogen positivity in 8 rodent blood and 3 pooled mite samples. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that Kato was the circulating serotype of O. tsutsugamushi. None of the rodent serum samples was tested positive for antibodies against O. tsutsugamushi by Weil‑Felix test. The presence of pathogen in both vectors and reservoir animal hosts imposes a risk for scrub typhus transmission to the inhabitants; hence, initiation of vector control measures before the start of winter is recommended in the study area. It is also recommended to screen scrub typhus in patients with undifferentiated acute febrile illness and AES.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

040770   BHUTIA R, RAI Y K, RAI L K (G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Gangtok - 737 101, Sikkim, Email: rinkilabhutia111@gmail.com) : Wild edible plant used by ethnic peoples on the boundary of subtropical & temperate natural forest, Mamlay watershed, South Sikkim. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 350-7.

Wild edible plants (WEPs) are a rich bio-resource of Sikkim, Himalaya having a high nutritional value. Local people of the Sikkim commonly use wild edible plants in their diet on regular basis. This present study aimed at documenting wild edible plants utilized by the local inhabitants of Mamlay watershed which was carried out during the year 2017-2019. The study explored a total of 49 wild edible plants belonging to 31 families, 44 genera, and 49 species. About 34 WEPs were recorded from temperate natural forest TNF and 31 wild edible plants were recorded from subtropical natural forest STNF. Two studies conducted with a gap of twenty years revealed that a large part of WEPs recorded is from tree source showing a marked forest dependency. The collection of WEPs in the form of entire plants, roots or tubers was at the lowest suggesting the people’s awareness to conservation and also revealed that market price value of wild edible plants has increased highly in the study area.

4 tables, 23 ref

040767   KUMAR K N S, PUNEETH V S, TAMIZH M M, RUBEENA M, SATHIYARAJESWARAN P (Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai - 600 106, Tamil Nadu, Email: sunilkumarnarayanan@gmail.com) : Monograph on quality standards of Viscum angulatum B. Heyne ex DC.. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 320-32.

The genus Viscum (Viscaceae) comprise of several species of hemi-parasitic plants with medicinal properties. Commonly known as mistletoes, these plants grow on other trees with the partial parasitic association. Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC. is one such less explored leafless mistletoe of Asian countries with medicinal claims. In Ayurveda (Bandaka) and Siddha (Pulluri/Pulluruvi), many botanicals from mistletoe families have been attributed with medicinal properties. The objective of the current study is to develop a monograph on quality standards of V. angulatum occurring in high altitude hills of Western Ghats. Aerial parts of V. angulatum were collected and authenticated and preserved in FAA for microscopic studies and some quantity of the plant material was shade-dried and coarsely powdered. Successive extracts were subjected to chromatography and isolation - characterization of the major compounds. Leaf-less quadrangular stem was found to be a diagnostic macroscopic feature of this species. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of extracts showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, saponins and tannins. HPTLC fingerprint of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts has been obtained for identification of extracts. The ethyl acetate extract yielded 10-hydroxyoleoside dimethyl ester which can be used as a marker compound for routine quality check of V. angulatum growing on Mussaenda hirsutissima. The set of data obtained in the present investigation can serve as a standard for the identification as well as further studies. These results on standards of this plant are the first report so far.

6 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

040766   KETHA A, VEDULA G S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Email: alekhya.illa92@gmail.com) : Isolation, characterization, and biological evaluation of flavonols and 1,2- diphenylethanes from Bauhinia vahlii. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 312-9.

In this study, three known flavonols, namely kaempferol (1), ombuin (2), and quercetin (3), and three known 1,2-diphenylethanes, namely 5-(2-hydroxyphenethyl)-3-methoxy-2-methylphenol (4), 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl) phenol (5) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenethyl)-4,6-dimethoxyphenol (6) from the methanolic extract (ME) of Bauhinia vahlii were identified and sucessfully isolated. They were also evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-gout and anticancer effects. Compound 3 (26.00±2.17 µg/mL) showed an almost equivalent IC₅₀ value of standard drug (25.55±2.80 µg/mL) against superoxide free radicals. Moreover, compound 3 showed significant inhibition of COXs and 5-LOX enzymes, while compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 exhibited good inhibition of XO enzymes. Except for compound 5, all compounds showed a significant reduction of cell growth lysis of MCF-7, DLD-1, HeLa, and A549. Besides, all the metabolites and ME showed a very weak degree of specificity against NHME, indicates less toxicity to normal cells. The results suggest that B. vahlii can be a favourable natural source for the treatment of oxidative stress, inflammation, gout and cancer, and these actions are linked to the natural active compounds 1, 3, 4 and 6.

2 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

040764   PAUL A, JAYARAJ R (Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Div, KSCSTE - Kerala Forest Research Institute, Thrissur - 680 653, Kerala, Email: jayaraj@kfri.res.in) : Pesticidal properties of Anamirta cocculus, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cocculus laurifolius and Strychnos nux-vomica against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 295-306.

Spodoptera litura, commonly known as taro caterpillar, is a major pest of several vegetables and economically important crops. The pest is reported to reduce the yield of the affected crop up to 10-30 %. Hence, controlling this pest is one of the very crucial steps in increasing crop yield. The extensive use of broad-spectrum chemical pesticides to control S. litura has many negative impacts. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of certain plants against S. litura. In this study, we investigated the anti-insect properties of leaf and bark extracts of Anamirta cocculus, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cocculus laurifolius and Strychnos nux-vomica. All four plant extracts showed significant anti-feedant activity compared to control at different concentrations. The leaf extracts showed the activity in the order S. nux-vomica >C. halicacabum >C. laurifolius >A. cocculus at the exposure of maximum concentration. Anti-feedant activity of the bark extract was in the order C. laurifolius >S. nux-vomica >C. halicacabum. The leaf extracts of three plants A. cocculus, C. halicacabum and S. nux-vomica showed significant repellent activity. The repellent activity of the bark extracts was in the order, C. laurifolius > C. halicacabum >S. nux-vomica >A. cocculus. The GC-MS analysis of these plant extracts have shown many compounds with known anti-insect properties and specific molecule-based bio-assays might be required to ascertain the distinctive effects of these compounds.

4 illus, 4 tables, 51 ref

040763   KUMARI N, MENGHANI E (Microbiology Dep, JECRC Univ, Jaipur - 303 905, Rajasthan, Email: nalineek9@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antibacterial activity and identification of bioactive metabolites by GCMS technique from Rhizospheric Actinomycetes. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 287-94.

Since thousands of years, plants are used as a source for medicine as they are established to possess a reservoir of bioactive compounds. Plants have been considered a great natural source of medicinal properties and can be used as either in the form of a pure bioactive compound or as traditional preparations. Plants and soil micro-organisms both have been considered as a precursor of therapeutically helpful metabolites because of their natural production of various bioactive secondary metabolites. Evolving drug resistance these days increase the need to isolate new drugs for the treatment of many diseases caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. To combat these multidrug-resistant pathogens, studies were carried out to isolate antibiotic compounds from actinomycetes. In the present study, a total of 65 isolates were isolated from rhizospheric actinomycetes. Isolation, characterization and biochemical tests of actinomycetes were carried out and subjected to fermentation and solvent extraction by four solvents as- benzene, pet ether, ethyl acetate, and chloroform of AIA26 isolate. After extraction crude obtained was checked for their antimicrobial activity on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) media against five indicator organisms but, activity was recorded against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and no activity was obtained against P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, and B. subtilis. By the help of GCMS technique, major compounds present have been identified in AIA26 isolate.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

040762   KAVITA M B, HASSAN G P (Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Coll of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka - 573 201, Email: mbkhsn77@gmail.com) : Understanding anti-obese potential of Madhupaka prepared with Triphala Rasa vs Jala through their chemical constituents. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 280-6.

This study aimed to ascertain the chemical parameters and nutritional profile of the preparation inferring on the possible component(s) of it. Honey was collected from the local market (Hassan, India), stored in ambient temperature for a year (OH). Madhupaka was prepared with water alone (MPJ) and with Triphala rasa (MPT). All the three samples viz., OH, MPJ, and MPT were tested for their chemical constituents viz., proximate analysis (total protein, total lipid, total carbohydrate, energy value), ash content, moisture content, total solids, HMF level, reducing sugars, total phenols, and total flavonoids. MPT had highest total dissolved solids (79.5 %), total phenolics (560.34 mg of gallic acid equivalents/mL), total flavonoids (50.35 mg of quercitin equivalents/ 100g) and HMF (65.15 mg/kg). It had the lowest carbohydrate (60 %) and reducing sugars (34.47 g/100 mL). MPT markedly reduces carbohydrates and reducing sugars indicating its action as atarpaka (non-nourishing). With its high total phenolic and flavonoid content, Triphala madhupaka can act as a potent antioxidant for regular consumption. MPT increases the amount of HMF only within the recommended daily allowance indicating towards its non-toxic effects and safety for human consumption on daily basis in the prescribed dose.

3 tables, 44 ref

040756   PAARAKH M P, JOSE P A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Oxford Coll of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 068, Karnataka, Email: padmaparas@hotmail.com) : In vitro anticancer activity of silver nanoparticle synthesized from Punica granatum dried peel against cancer cell lines. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 224-38.

The main aim of the investigation was to screen the silver and gold nanoparticle synthesized from the methanol concentrate of Punica granatum for its in vitro anticancer activity against MCF 2, PC3, A-549, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines. Silver and gold nanoparticles were prepared from methanol concentrate of P. granatum and nanoparticle synthesized was analyzed by UV and TEM analysis. The impact of nanoparticles synthesized on MCF-2, PC3, A-549, HeLa, and HepG2 disease cell lines was assessed by MTT colourimetric assay and the impact on cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometric method. After assessing the cytotoxicity effect, the impact of apoptosis was also analyzed. The TEM analysis showed the particle size of 25.56 and 22.02 nm for gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. The adequacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized from P. granatum against MCF-2, PC3, A-549, HeLa, and HepG2 cell line demonstrated that the hatching of malignancy cells decreased the suitability of PC-3 and A 549 cancer cells lines only with IC₅₀ values as 108.7 and 88.42 µg/mL respectively. Gold nanoparticles didn’t have any activity against all the cancer cell lines. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis study showed that Silver nanoparticles are effective in controlling the cell cycle and blocking the apoptosis in all the cell lines used. P. granatum can be a very good anticancer drug for various cancer cell lines. All in all, P. granatum has a critical cell reinforcement movement and anticancer action.

9 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

040755   JAIN P, SATAPATHY T, PANDEY R K (Pharmacology Dep, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh - 493 111, Email: drtsatapathy@gmail.com) : A mini review of methods to control ticks population infesting cattle in Chhattisgarh with special emphasis on herbal acaricides. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 217-23.

Ticks infestation is a major concern for the cattle industry in India. In Chhattisgarh, Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus are the two main ixodid tick affecting the animals. Ticks cause deterioration of the animal’s health and reduce their productivity. Controlling ticks is very much required for maintaining the wellbeing of animals and earning the livelihood by cattle rearing communities. The chemical acaricides have been used extensively for their promising results in controlling cattle ticks. However, these chemicals are comprised of certain side effects including reduction of meat quality, residues in body and affecting the environment. Most importantly, the ticks are getting resistant with almost all synthetic acaricides available in the market. Several organochlorine chemicals are banned due to their toxic effects. Chhattisgarh is the herbal state, numerous medicinal plants are growing in this geographical region that can be used as an effective and safe alternative to chemical acaricides against cattle ticks. Thus, in this review, we have introduced the type of ticks available in the Chhattisgarh. The possibility of herbal sources and other methods of controlling cattle ticks is also discussed.

1 table, 77 ref

040754   FEITOSA C M, CARDOSO M F K, OLIVEIRA L S G, FIGUEREDO J, MELO C H S, RASHED K (Pharmacognosy Dep, National Research Centre, Giza - P.O.12622, Egypt, Email: khalednabih2015@yahoo.co.uk) : Antioxidant and anticholinergic properties of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) essential oil in mice hippocampus. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 199-205.

This study evaluated anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant potentials in mice hippocampus treated with essential oils (EO) of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (orange) in vitro and in vivo. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated by using an adapted spectrophotometric method by Ellman after administration (30 consecutive days) in albino mice at doses of 50.00 mg/kg (EO 50), 100.00 mg/kg (EO 100) and 200.00 mg/kg (EO 200). The results showed that there was a significant decrease on enzymatic activity of AChE in mice hippocampus treated with essential oil of C. sinensis at doses of 50.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89±0.19, OE 50= 2.63±0.21) [P <0.05], 100.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89±0.19, EO 100= 1.65±0.15) [P <0.05] and 200.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89±0.19, EO 200= 2.38±0.12) [P <0.05] when compared with vehicle group (0.05 % Tween 80 dissolved in saline 0.9 %). Concerning antioxidant activity, there was a significant reduction (P <0.05) of 20 % on lipid peroxidation level in mice hippocampus treated with a dose of 200.00 mg/kg. The results obtained from the current studies showed that the essential oil of C. sinensis has considerable antioxidant and activity and inhibitory effect on AChE.

3 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

040753   DEORANKAR P, GANGIWALE R, CHINTAMANI R, SINGH R P (Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Wardha - 442 001, Maharashtra, Email: pdeorankar9@gmail.com) : Evaluation of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea for antimicrobial activity. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 194-8.

In the recent years, there has been an emerge and spread of infectious diseases and also developing resistance to the antibiotics, so there is a great concern to find potentially effective, safer natural alternative for the infectious diseases. The present study was focused on the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea root. The in-vitro antimicrobial study was carried out against bateriea viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungus viz. Aspergilus niger, Candida albicans by the cup-plate method. The extracts of Clitoria ternatea roots were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening for detection of chemical constituents present in them. Preliminary phytochemical screening study revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenol and flavonoids. The highest potential was observed in the ethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea roots. This study suggested that solvent polarity determined the phenol and flavonoid content significantly, hence affecting the antimicrobial activity. This plant extract which proved to be potentially effective can be used as a natural alternative for preventives to control infectious diseases causing due to the tested microorganisms.

5 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

040751   PANDA P, BHUYAN S K, DASH C, PRADHAN D, RATH G, GHOSH G (Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be Univ),, Bhubaneswar, Odisha - 751 003, Email: goutamghosh@soa.ac.in) : Comparative morpho-micrometric analysis of some Bauhinia species (Leguminosae) from east coast region of Odisha, India. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 169-84.

Bauhinia vahlii has been reported for several medicinal properties, such as tyrosinase inhibitory, immunomodulatory and free radical scavenging activities. Bauhinia tomentosa and Bauhinia racemosa also possess anti-diabetic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity and antihyperlipidemic activities. Therefore, the correct identification of these plants is critically important. The aim was to investigate the comparative morpho-micrometric analysis of 3 species of Bauhinia belonging to the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) by using conventional as well as scanning electron microscopy to support species identification. In B. racemosa, epidermal cells are polygonal with anticlinical walls; whereas wavy walled cells are found in B. tomentosa and B. vahlii. Anisocytic stomata are present in B. racemosa, while B. tomentosa shows the presence of paracytic stomata and anomocytic stomata in B. vahlii. Stomatal numbers and stomatal indices were found to be more in B. vahlii than B. tomentosa and B. racemosa. On the other hand, uniseriate, unicellular covering trichomes are found in B. racemosa and B. tomentosa but B. vahlii contains only uniseriate, multicellular covering trichomes. Based on these micromorphological features, a diagnostic key was developed for identification of the particular species which helps a lot in pharmaceutical botany, taxonomy and horticulture, in terms of species identification.

11 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref

040744   LALOO D, HEMALATHA S, PRASAD S K (Pharmacognosy Dep, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati - 781 017, Assam, Email: damiki.laloo@gmail.com) : Quality control standardization of the rhizome of Curcuma yunnanensis: A comprehensive standardization process. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 110-7.

Curcuma yunnanensis (CY) (Zingiberaceae) is a plant having a long flowering season (July-October). It is well morphologically characterized by its lance-shaped leaves having a purplish stripe running down the midrib and greenish coloured rhizome when cut transversely. Pharmacognostical standardization of the rhizome has been evaluated as per WHO guidelines. The dried rhizomes are golden-brown colour and vary in size (2 to 7 cm length and 1 to 2 cm diam.). The histological characteristic of the rhizome shows dissimilarity with other existing Curcuma species. Physico-chemical standards studied are foreign organic matter (0.16 % w/w), loss on drying (9.80 % w/w), total ash (7.66 % w/w), acid insoluble ash (1.70 % w/w), water-soluble ash (3.17 % w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (8.77 % w/w) and water-soluble extractive (7.70 % w/w), foaming index (<100), swelling index (4.3) and volatile oil content (0.8 %). Powdered characterization showed the presence of starch grains, unicellular covering trichomes and lignified xylem vessels. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins and steroidal components. Quantitative estimation of total tannins and phenolics was also determined in the ethanolic extract and was found to contain 21.375 and 22.5 mg/g GAE, respectively. The presence of demethoxycurcumin in the CY ethanolic extract was also documented for the first time using HPTLC by comparing with standard curcumin.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

040743   CHOUDHURY A, MARBANIANG B, SUTNGA I, HAZARIKA G, GOSWAMI P, DEY B K (Assam down town Univ, Guwahati - 781 026, Assam, Email: anantachoudhury@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical screening of Trachyspermum khasianum H. Wolff.. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 101-9.

Traditional systems of medicine are one of the widely practised systems of medicine in the northeastern part of India. Since ancient times plants are believed to have miraculous healing properties and playing a vital role in the management of different disease conditions. This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostical and phytochemicals properties of a rare ethnomedicinal plant Trachyspermum khasianum H. Wolff mainly found in the north-eastern part of India (Assam and Meghalaya). T. khasianum is a plant used as traditional medicine for the treatment of throat-pain, toothache and stomach ache by traditional healers of Meghalaya, India. The pharmacognostical evaluations of T. khasianum H. Wolff i.e., leaves, stems and roots like macroscopy and microscopy were carried out separately. The physicochemical parameters include moisture contents, water extractive, ethanol extractive, chloroform extractive, total ash values such as acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash were evaluated. The different prepared extracts were submitted for various phytochemicals screening such as tests for alkaloids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, fixed oils and fats, terpenoids, and diterpenes. Further study required to be carried out to determine the specific components responsible for the reported therapeutic activities.

1 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

040741   PRIYADARSINI S S, VANI P B, KAREEM A A, KUMAR P R J R (Pharmacognosy Dep, SRM Coll of Pharmacy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: sakthivendan@gmail.com) : Antitumor effect of leaves of Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn., in PANC1 and SW1990 pancreatic cell lines. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 89-95.

Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developed countries with an average survival rate of less than 9%. Up to 80% of the patients with pancreatic cancer are found to be diabetic at the time of diagnosis. Leaves of Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn., have been traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes and was scientifically proven to be effective as an antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, renoprotective and antioxidant agent. In the present study, the antitumor effect of successive ethanolic leaf extract over two human pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC1 and SW1990 was evaluated by MTT assay. The shade dried, powdered leaves of R. madagascariensis, was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with n-hexane, ethyl acetate followed by ethanol, concentrated and evaporated to dryness. The extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and was found to possess alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, phenols and tannins. The thin layer chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography of various extracts of R. madagascariensis, was established. Based on the free radical scavenging potential, the ethanol extract was selected for further cytotoxicity studies. The ethanolic extract exhibited excellent cytotoxic effect against PANC1 and SW1990 with an IC₅₀ value of 12.58 µg/mL and 18.9 µg/mL respectively. Thus the results validate the antitumor potential of R. madagascariensis, leaf extract against pancreatic cancer and further studies were aimed at the identification of active components responsible for the activity.

5 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

040740   MOHAN M, BELAPURKAR P, MORE S, PATIL G (MGV’s Pharmacy Coll, Nashik, Maharashtra - 422 003, Email: mm_nasik@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of Solanum torvum swartz on diabetic neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 79-88.

Solanum torvum Swartz is a well-known traditional herbal medicinal plant used in diabetes and diabetes-related complications. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of S. torvum on diabetic neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by using a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg; i.p.). After confirmation of diabetes, rats received metformin (120 mg/kg, p.o.) and STME (30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) for 5 weeks. Diabetic rats showed significant (P <0.05) behavioural changes, increase in blood glucose levels, decrease in relative organ weight of pancreas, significant (P <0.05) decrease in reduced glutathione (RGSH) and significant (P <0.05) increase in TBARS levels. While STME (100 mg/kg) treated diabetic rats significantly (P <0.05) reversed the above parameters as compared to diabetic rats. Treatment with STME (100 mg/kg) has also reversed histopathological changes as observed in diabetic control rats. The study suggests that methanolic extract of S. torvum ameliorates diabetic neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

13 illus, 30 ref

040738   OUASSAT S, ALLAM L, OUAHBI A, BADAOUI K E, ALLABOU A (Biology Dep, Moulay Ismail Univ, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco) : Dose-response relationship between abamectin and mortality of Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(1), 60-5.

In this study, the dose-response relationship between abamectin and mortality of larval and adult forms of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was established. Abamectin was investigated at a dilution series of 1/1, 1/1.15, 1/1.35, 1/1.6, 1/2, 1/2.55, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 of its field recommended concentration, in order to calculate the EC_i – values. Results showed that the lowest ECi – values were observed on larvae, which showed high sensitivity to abamectin than adults. Both statistical models led to satisfactory findings and the linear model was ranked as the best model for describing the dose-response relationship. This research highlighted the importance of toxicity risk assessments to obtain a more accurate estimation of the compatibility of abamectin in the integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

1 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

040737   HASIM H, SUHAIMI S Q A, AZIZ C B A, YAW T W, HASSAN S K (Physiology Dep, Sains Malaysia Univ, Kelantan, Malaysia, Email: hyedani@gmail.com) : Comparison of antinociceptive and antioxidative effects of Tualang honey and Vitamin C in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(1), 52-9.

This study aimed to compare the antinociceptive and antioxidative effects of Tualang honey and Vitamin C in formalin-induced pain in the rat. About 24 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomized into three groups and each group (n=6) received either distilled water (C) or Tualang honey (1.2 g/kg body weight/day) (TH) or Vitamin C (20 mg/kg body weight/day) (VC) for 10 consecutive days. On the tenth day, intraplantar formalin 1 % (0.1 mL) was given one hour after the treatment. Rat’s pain behaviour was recorded using a digital camera for an hour. The rats were sacrificed two hours post-formalin injection and blood was taken to measure the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. TH not VC significantly reduced the pain behavior score and improved oxidative stress parameters compared to control. However, MDA level was not significantly different between groups. Interestingly, there was a good inverse correlation between CAT level and mean pain behavior score suggesting the important role of antioxidants in modulating the inflammatory pain responses. In conclusion, TH has better antinociceptive and antioxidative properties compared to VC. The antinociceptive property of TH might be partly contributed by increasing CAT level in this model of inflammatory pain.

6 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

040736   RAVURI M, SHIVAKUMAR S (Microbiology Dep, Jain Univ, Bangalore - 560 011, Email: sk.srividya@jainuniversity.ac.in) : Bioprospecting medicinal plants for the isolation and screening of lovastatin producing endophytic fungi. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(1), 46-51.

Endophytic fungi reside within the plant tissues asymptomatically and produce various secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical interest. The current study aims to bio-prospect medicinal plants for the isolation and screening of lovastatin producing endophytic fungi. Endophytic population in the leaf, stem, root and flower (as applicable) of ten medicinal plants has been studied and their potential to produce the anti-hypercholesterolemia drug, lovastatin has been evaluated. A total of 98 fungal isolates were obtained from the plant tissues and lovastatin yield from them was quantified to be within the range of 5 mg/L to 71.5 mg/L in the first round of submerged fermentation. The subsequent levels of screening witnessed a great change in the yield which could be attributed to gene attenuation, a usual phenomenon in endophytes. A novel lovastatin producer, designated as HL1, belonging to candida sp. residing within the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was found to consistently yield higher amounts of lovastatin i.e., 40 mg/L through all rounds of screening, alongside two strains of Aspergillus sp., designated as HL4 and HL5, from the same tissue with a yield of 21.5 and 18 mg/L respectively. Preliminary confirmation of lovastatin presence in the fungal extract was done by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and yeast growth inhibition bioassay.

1 table, 43 ref

040734   VAN H-T, LE B-T, NGUYEN T-L, TRINH N-N, PHAM T-V, NGUYEN N-T, TRAN G-B, NGUYEN-PHI N, LUU H T (Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Email: vanhongthien@iuh.edu.vn) : Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of essential oils from Homalomena pierreana (Araceae). Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(1), 30-7.

Homalomena is a genus of the Araceae family which contains several remedies used extensively in traditional Vietnamese medicine. H. pierreana is a rare plant species of Homalomena genus and found only in Phu Quoc National Park, Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam. Therefore, the number of studies about this species is limited and the bioactivity of this species is still unknown. In this study, the chemical composition of essential oils was investigated which was isolated from leaves and rhizomes of H. pierreana at the first time by GC-MS. Eight and twelve compounds were identified from the essential oils of rhizomes and leaves, respectively. The major component from both the rhizomes and the leaves was aromadendrene (44 and 48 %, respectively). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of essential oils collected from leaves and rhizomes of H. pierreana was investigated and it was observed that the essential oil of rhizomes could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the essential oil of leaves exhibited an inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

1 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

040733   JUNEJO J A, RUDRAPAL M, ZAMAN K (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, Email: kzaman71@dibru.ac.in) : Antidiabetic activity of Carallia brachiata Lour. leaves hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE) with antioxidant potential in diabetic rats. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(1), 18-29.

Ethnomedicinal surveys have documented the traditional use of Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merill (Rhizophoraceae) leaves in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Northeastern region of India. This study screens the hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE) of C. brachiata leaves for antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The HAE was prepared using ethanol:water (7:3) by cold maceration method. The antidiabetic activity of HAE was evaluated in vivo in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at the doses of 250 or 500 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The extract was also evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity. Results revealed that HAE of C. brachiata leaves possesses good hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic activity of HAE was found significant as compared to normal rats. Results of antioxidant activity were found statistically significant compared to standard drugs, quercetin and gallic acid. Results indicated a possible role of the HAE of C. brachiata leaves as herbal antioxidants in the prevention and/ or treatment of oxidative stress-induced diabetes. Results suggested that antioxidant plant phenolics/ flavonoids might be responsible for the antidiabetic efficacy of HAE. Further research can be undertaken on the HAE of C. brachiata leaves for exploration of biochemical mechanisms of antidiabetic action with the isolation of bioactive flavonoids having antidiabetic potential.

4 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

040727   SINGH K M, KUMAWAT M M (Agriculture Univ, Jodhpur - 342 304, Rajasthan, Email: kumawatmm@gmail.com) : Arthropod biodiversity and conservation biological control in rice. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 374-84.

Rice ecosystems have a rich and diverse fauna of arthropods which varied in field in different ecological conditions. Beside the phytophages and detritivores, a large number of predators and parasitoids also exist in the rice ecosystem. Biological control has shown a great potential for reducing the dependence of crop protection on chemical control. Among the predators, spiders are highly abundant in rice fields which feed on variety of insect pests. The organisms present in the rice ecosystem are linked by food web which can help IPM because they clarify the functional interaction between populations. Conservation biological control can be achieved by reducing the pesticide-induces mortality of natural enemies and habitat manipulation to improve natural enemies fitness and effectiveness in the rice fields. There is a plethora of natural enemies in rice ecosystem and conservation biological control plays a major role in reducing pests. The identification of safer chemical pesticides and supplemental food of natural enemies is still needed.

2 illus, 1 table, 110 ref

040726   SINGH B, SARAO P S (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, Email: beant19@pau.edu) : efficacy of biopesticides and insecticides against army worm mythimna separata (walker). Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 369-73.

The army worm Mythimna separata (Walker) generally causes damage to wheat during March-April in India. However, in recent past, its damage has also been observed in December in Happy seeder + mulcher sown wheat fields. Paddy straw present in Happy seeder + mulcher sown wheat crop provide shelter to its infesting larvae, and it becomes difficult for insecticide to reach its target sites. An attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy of some commercial Bt formulations (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki) and some insecticides viz. foliar application of chlorantraniliprole and soil application of chlorpyriphos and fipronil mixed with sand during rabi 2018-19. The results revealed that foliar application of chlorantraniliprole @ 100 ml ha^-1 was the most promising with 96-98 % damage reduction, 7-14 days after treatment. Soil application of fipronil @ 17.5 kg ha^-1 was the next best with 87-95 % damage reduction. Commercial Bt formulations gave relatively less reduction in damage, but 47-51 % reduction was observed in 14 days. It can be concluded that foliar application of chlorantraniliprole @ 100 ml ha^-1 and soil application of fipronil @ 17.5 kg ha^-1 can be used for the effective management of army worm in the early stages of wheat.

2 tables, 17 ref

040725   SHYAMRAO I D, RAGHURAMAN M, KUMAR A, GAJBHIYE R K (Entomology and Agricultural Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi - 221 005, Email: dipakingle99@gmail.com) : Impact of insecticides on abundance of non-target soil mesofauna in rice ecosystem. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 364-8.

An experimental trial was conducted during kharif 2016 and 2017 at the Agriculture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi to study the biodiversity and impact of conventional and newer insecticides on non-target soil mesofauna (springtails) in rice ecosystem. Results revealed a total of 21 specimens under 14 genera of Collembola belonging to 7 families. The species viz., Lepidcyrtus fimetarius, L. curvicollis, L. paradoxus, Proisotoma ripicola, Hypogastrura sonapani, H. viatica, Salina selebensis, Isotoma dagamae and I. trispinata were the most abundant. All the insecticidal treatments showed adverse effects on the collembolan population. Considering all the four observations taken after the second insecticidal spray, neem (azadirachtin 0.15 % EC) @ 4 ml/l followed by dinotefuran 20 % SG @ 40 g a.i./ ha was found to be less detrimental. Fipronil 5 % SC @ 50 g a.i./ ha resulted in drastic reduction in collembolan population followed by carbofuran 3 % G @ 750 g a.i./ ha. Maximum reduction was observed with fipronil 5 % SC @ 50 g a.i./ha with 57.14 and 56.00 % during kharif, 2016 and 2017, respectively.

3 tables, 20 ref

040723   KALASARIYA R L, PARMAR K D (Entomology Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh - 362 001, Gujarat, Email: dr.ravi@aau.in) : Spray schedules for management of leaf webber Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) in mustard. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 351-4.

The efficacy of five insecticidal spray schedules against leaf webber Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) in mustard was evaluated. The results revealed that schedule 3 consisting of thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.006 % at seedling stage, emamectin benzoate 5 WG @ 0.0025 % at pre-flowering stage, Nomuraea rileyi @ 2.5 kg/ha at 50 % flowering stage and chlorpyriphos 16 % + alphamethrin 1 % EC @ 0.055 % (S₃) at 50 % pod formation stage were superior. The schedule S₄ (flonicamid 50 WG + flubendiamide 480 SC + azadirachtin 1500 ppm + acephate 25 + fenvalerate 3 EC) proved to be the next best. The maximum yield was obtained with this schedule. Schedule S₂ (imidacloprid 17.8 SL + indoxacarb 14.5 SC + Lecanicillium lecanii @ 2.5 kg/ha and trizophos 35 + deltamethrin 1 EC) and S₃ (thiamethoxam 25 + emamectin benzoate 5 WG + N. rileyi @ 2.5 kg/ha and chlorpyriphos 16 + alphamethrin 1 EC) could be suggested against mustard leaf webber.

1 table, 18 ref

040711   TAGGAR G K, SINGH R (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004, Email: gauravtaggar@pau.edu) : Evaluation of some nonconventional insecticides against whitefly Bemisia tabaci in black gram. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 294-7.

The efficacy of some indigenous and non-conventional insecticides as foliar sprays for the management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) was evaluated in black gram during kharif 2018. The treatments included detergent soap, Neem Kavach 1500 ppm, Indoneem 1500 ppm, buttermilk, lisapol detergent, Actara 25 WDG (thiamethoxam)) and an untreated control. Results revealed that after 7 days of second spray, the number of whiteflies varied from 7.56-24.11 in treatments against 37.11/ trifoliate leaf in untreated control. Actara 25 WDG (thiamethoxam) @ 100 g ha^-1 was the most promising with 71.17 % reduction in population. The non-conventional ones such as butter milk @ 13.3 % v/v, lisapol detergent @ 0.5 % v/v and detergent soap @ 0.4 % w/v led to 26.50-27.35 % reduction. Slight, but significant, reduction in adult population (compared to untreated control) was observed with the non-conventional ones suitable enough to secure satisfactory grain yields.

1 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

040706   YADAV A, KEVAL R, YADAV A (Entomology Dep, SVPUA&T, Meerut - 250 110, Email: abhicoa2@gmail.com) : Egg and larval population of Helicoverpa armigera in ipm modules in pigeonpea. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 268-71.

Present study done during kharif 2013-14 and 2014-15 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi evaluates the egg and larval population of Helicoverpa armigera in pigeonpea, as influenced by selected IPM modules. The least egg population was observed with the module M2 (pheromone traps @ 20 + bird perches @ 20 + Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki @ 1.0 kg + spinosad 45SC @ 73 g/ ha. As regards larval population, the module M4 (pheromone traps @ 20 + bird perches @ 20 + indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 60 g a.i. + imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 20 g a.i. + indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 60 g a.i./ha) was the one with least numbers. The relationship between egg and larval counts was positive and highly significant in all modules during both the years.

1 table, 15 ref

040702   CHAND A, YADAV A (Entomology Dep, SKRAU, Bikaner, Rajasthan - 334 001, Email: abhicoa2@gmail.com) : Effect of insecticides as seed treatment against termite in chickpea. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 254-6.

Eight insecticides were evaluated as seed treatments against termite in chickpea, and imidacloprid 600 FS (5 ml/kg) was found to be the most effective followed by thiamethoxam 30 FS (5ml/kg) and imidacloprid 17.8 SL (5 ml/kg). Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 3 ml/kg seed, clothianidin 50 WDG @ 2g/kg and fipronil 5 SC @ 4 ml/kg seed were found moderately effective. The maximum grain yield (1346 kg ha^-1) was observed with imidacloprid 600 FS (5 ml/kg) and this also gave maximum profit (Rs 17362 ha^-1). However, maximum incremental cost benefit ratio of 35.19 was obtained with only fipronil.

3 tables, 17 ref

040700   PRADHAN S K, SHYLESHA A N, SELVARAJ K, SUMALATHA B V (Germplasm Conservation and Utilization Div, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insects Resources, Bengaluru - 560 024, Email: selvaentomo@gmail.com) : Efficacy of insecticides against invasive rugose spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus martin on banana. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 245-50.

Laboratory and field evaluation of some insecticides (buprofezin 25 SC, pymetrozine 50 WG, flonicamid 50 WG, dinotefuran 20 SG, thiamethoxam 25 WG, profenophos 50 EC), botanical (azadirachtin 10000 ppm) and entomopathogenic fungus (Isaria fumosorosea Wize) were carried out against the invasive rugose spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin on banana. The results revealed that azadirachtin 10000 ppm (86.49 %), dinotefuran 20 SG (82.64 %), pymetrozine 50 WG (72.72 %) and thiamethoxam 25 WG (79.59 %) caused significant mortality of first and second instar nymphs at 2 days after treatment (DAT). Profenophos 50 EC (77.61 %) and azadirachtin 10000 ppm (71.53 %) were significantly effective and on par with mortality at 2 DAT of third and fourth instar nymphs. Flonicamid 50 WG was the most toxic with the least LC₅₀ value (507.8 and 646.1) and buprofezin 25 SC was the least toxic with maximum LC₅₀ value (1245.1 and 1752.0) for early and late instar nymphs, respectively. Profenophos 50 EC and buprofezin 25 SC also showed maximum ovicidal effect. Under field conditions, I. fumosorosea with 100% mortality was significantly superior compared to dinotefuran 20 SG (97.23 %), thiamethoxam 25 WG (95.02 %) and azadirachtin 10000 ppm (94.98 %) at 6 DAT.

3 tables, 26 ref

040693   SAHU B K, SAMAL I, SARKAR D, BHOI T K (Assam Agriculture Univ, Jorhat - 785 013, Email: bhupenkumar797@gmail.com) : Population dynamics of gall insects infesting som and soalu plants. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 223-5.

The present study on the population dynamics of gall insects infesting Som (Perseabombycina King) and Soalu (Litseamonopetala Roxb.) in relation to weather factors was carried out in the experimental field of Department of Sericulture, Assam Agricultural University and CMER&TI, Lahdoigarh during 2017-18. Results indicated that gall insects, Asphondylia spp. on som and Pauropsylla beesoni on soalu are host and organ specific. Galls insects appear throughout the year; however, the incidence and population density of the pest varied and reached a peak in July. Correlation and regression studies were carried out between the incidence and population density of gall insects with the weather parameters viz., temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (maximum and minimum), total rainfall, number of rainy days and bright sunshine hours. Significant correlation was observed with temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (minimum) and total rainfall with population buildup.

2 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

040692   KAUR R, KUMAR N R, HARJAI K (Zoology Dep, Akal Univ, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda - 151 302, Email: dr.rita85@gmail.com ) : Therapeutic potential of honey bee collected pollen and beebread of Brassica campestris: A target against oxidative stress induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 217-22.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) among microbes are threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases including typhoid, resulting in organ damages and finally death. Due to MDR, there is requirement to explore the natural products against infectious diseases. The present studies investigate the antioxidant effects of honey bee collected pollen and beebread against oxidative stress induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in BALB/c mice. Animals were divided into 8 groups: Group (Gp)1 was the normal control, Gp2 was infected with S. typhimurium, Gp3 was oral administration of bee pollen without infection, Gp4 was Salmonella infected and treated with bee pollen, Gp5 was given beebread without infection, Gp6 was Salmonella infected and treated with beebread, Gp7 was oral administration of vitamin C without infection and Gp8 Salmonella infected and treated with vitamin C. Animals were scarified after 21 days and biochemical investigations of liver, spleen, kidney and sera were performed. The experimental data showed significant differences in honey bee products and vitamin C treated groups as compared to the infected group. These results indicate the ameliorative effect of honey bee products on S. typhimurium induced oxidative stress in mice.

2 tables, 38 ref

044568   KARANDE G S, GUPTA D, PATIL S R, SHINDE R V, PAWAR S K, PATIL H V, MANE P M (Microbiology Dep, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, Email: gskarande68@gmail.com) : Bacteriological study of indwelling central venous catheter among patients in ICU. J Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci Univ 2020, 15, 50-7.

The aim is to study the bacteriological profile of indwelling central venous catheter (CVC) among patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The study was conducted on admitted patients with indwelling CVC in medical ICU, surgical ICU, and critical care unit of Krishna hospital, Karad. The study design was a prospective observational study. Two hundreded patients admitted with an indwelling, CVC. These patients were followed daily for the development of catheter related blood stream infections (CRBSIs) 48 h after insertion of CVC, in which case two sets of blood samples were drawn along with catheter tip and skin swab for culture. Incidence of CRBSIs was measured per 1000 catheter days. Among 200 suspected cases with indwelling CVC, 1028 catheter days were observed, and CRBSI rate was 61.28/1000 catheter days. The incidence of CRBSIs were detected in 63 (31.5 %) patients.This prospective study has highlighted the incidence, aerobic bacteriological profile of CVC infections, and also the changing trends in the susceptibility pattern of the isolates to routinely used antibiotics in our tertiary care centre. Combined efforts of the microbiologist, clinicians, and hospital infection control team are needed to tackle CRBSI. A proper training program of hospital staffs, maintenance of proper hand hygiene, following up of proper guidelines of catheter insertion, and maintaining aseptic precaution, prior to CVC insertion can reduce CRBSI.

5 illus, 13 tables, 22 ref

044562   AMBAD R, DHOK A (Biochemistry Dep, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences Univ, Wardha, Maharashtra, Email: drarchanadhok@gmail.com) : The association of lipid profile and uric acid levels in normotensive, preeclamptic pregnancy – A hospital-based study. J Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci Univ 2020, 15(1), 21-5.

Eclampsia is a severe complication of preeclampsia (PE). This can create additional complications during pregnancy. It is a rare but serious condition where high blood pressure (BP) results in seizures during pregnancy and associated with risk for mother and fetus. The investigations of serum lipid profile serum uric acid are and BP with body mass index (BMI) highly suggested the feature of disease. The objective of the study is to find out the association between serum lipid profile and serum uric acid level in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women. A prospective case–control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (Meghe) Wardha, Maharashtra, India, with individuals suffering with severe PE to the obstetric unit of hospital. Serum lipid profile and uric acid levels were done by 159 patients suffer from PE and compare with 150 age-matched normotensive controls. The average BMI in study group (preeclamptic pregnant women) was significantly higher than control group (P < 0.001). The BP was high in preeclamptic pregnant women than normal women. Statistically significant difference was observed in the levels of CH, triglycerides, high‑density lipoprotein (HDL), and uric acid in the age group up to 25 and 26–32 years. There was no statically significantly difference observed in the age group of 33–39 years. HDL level was statically insignificant in both the groups. Serum lipid profile and serum uric acid are very useful markers for early detection, to identification of complications, and reduce the risk of occurrence in PE. Early detection is going to aid in better management which is important to improve the maternal and fetal complications.

7 tables, 31 ref

044561   DHOK A, AMBAD R, KALAMBE M, NAKADE M (Biochemistry Dep, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences Univ, Nagpur- 441 110, Maharashtra, Email: ambad.sawan@gmail.com) : Biomarkers for prediction of preterm delivery: A hospital-based study. J Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci Univ 2020, 15(1), 16-20.

Preterm delivery (PTD) is a significant determinant of morbidity and neonatal mortality. Preterm babies are prone to severe neonatal illness or death. PTD is one of the unresolved problems in clinical obstetrics and one of the greatest threats to the developing fetus; predictive biomarker needs to be identified for premature delivery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the serum levels of hemoglobin, iron, alkaline ferritin phosphatase and ceruloplasmin in preterm and full-term delivery. The present study includes total 60 participants that comprise thirty women presenting with preterm onset of labor followed by delivery and thirty women who delivered at term served as controls. Blood samples from the patients were obtained for Iron, Ferritin, alkaline phosphatase and ceruloplasmin estimation, when patient was in labor. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in PTD as compared to full‑term delivery. Serum ceruloplasmin levels were significantly increased in PTD as compare to the full‑term delivery (P ≤ 0.05). Serum ferritin levels were significantly increased (P < 0.001) in PTD as compared to full‑term delivery. Serum iron levels were nonsignificantly increased in PTD as compare to the full-term delivery.(P ≤ 0.05). Significant rise in serum ceruloplasmin, ferritin and alkaline phosphatase in PTD as compared to full-term delivery indicate that these biomarkers can be used as predictive biomarker for PTD. Moreover, these parameters are cost effective, simple to perform and less time‑consuming and indicative of subclinical infections of pregnancy which could be one of the reasons for PTD.

1 table, 33 ref

044555   PAOLONE G, WAHLBERG L U, POLICASTRO G, EMERICH D F (Diagnostic and Public Health Dep, Verona P.le Univ, Verona, Italy, Email: giovanna.paolone@univr.it) : Encapsulated cell therapy for the treatment of epilepsy. J Curr Neurobiol 2020, 11(1), 4-7.

Contemporary antiepileptic drugs are ineffective in approximately 30% of the patients. These patients continue to experience seizures and, in many cases, seizures increase in frequency and are associated with significant cognitive decline and psychiatric disorders. The delivery of trophic factors such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to the CNS has tremendous potential for treating a range of diseases including epilepsy. We have recently tested a clinically-validated, implantable cell encapsulation system (EC) that delivers high levels of GDNF in a selective, longterm and stable manner to the epileptogenic area of pilocarpine treated rats. As such, this therapeutic technology platform combines the potency of de novo in situ synthesis of cell-derived GDNF with the safety of an implantable, biocompatible, and retrievable medical device. The de novo synthetized source of very high levels of GDNF in the brain region of interest proved able to significantly reduce generalized seizures frequency, improved cognitive performance and normalized anatomical alterations associated with chronic epilepsy.

1 illus, 46 ref

044554   MOOIJ E C, VELDHUIZEN L H, STRIK J J H M, SCHIEVELD J N M (Maastricht Univ, Postbus- 5800, Netherlands, Email: j.strik@mumc.nl) : Bring in the dogs. J Curr Neurobiol 2020, 11(1), 1-3.

Christmas is a time of being together with the ones you love, being together with the ones you take care of. Nowadays this not only regards our human family, but our pets have been given an equal ‘place’ in the family and so even our dog gets a seat at the Christmas tree. With this paper, we would like to emphasize the important role of man’s best friend, both in our families and especially in the modern non-pharmacological treatment options. We seriously think that in the neurobiology of today the mutual bond between homo sapiens on the one hand, and canis familiaris on the other hand is severely understudied- although clinically important.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

044554   MOOIJ E C, VELDHUIZEN L H, STRIK J J H M, SCHIEVELD J N M (Maastricht Univ, Postbus- 5800, Netherlands, Email: j.strik@mumc.nl) : Bring in the dogs. J Curr Neurobiol 2020, 11(1), 1-3.

Christmas is a time of being together with the ones you love, being together with the ones you take care of. Nowadays this not only regards our human family, but our pets have been given an equal ‘place’ in the family and so even our dog gets a seat at the Christmas tree. With this paper, we would like to emphasize the important role of man’s best friend, both in our families and especially in the modern non-pharmacological treatment options. We seriously think that in the neurobiology of today the mutual bond between homo sapiens on the one hand, and canis familiaris on the other hand is severely understudied- although clinically important.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

040671   RANI A T, BHANU K R M, KAMMAR V, CHAKRAVARTHY A K (Vegetable Protection Div, ICAR-IIVR, Varanasi - 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, Email: raniatgowda@gmail.com) : Electrophysiology and behaviour in banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis olivier to conspecific chemical cues. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(1), 115-22.

An understanding of the role of semiochemicals in insect biology can be used for developing IPM tools. The olfactory and behavioural responses of banana pseudostem weevils (BPW) Odoiporus longicollis Olivier to semiochemicals isolated from conspecific insects were investigated by electroantennography (EAG) and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Volatiles were collected from male and female weevils, separately and together from both sexes by air entrainment. Dichloromethane extracts of male and female weevils were used as stimuli in electrophysiological study. The observations revealed that the antennae of both male and female produced significant EAG responses (1.378±0.350 mV and 1.704±0.246, respectively) to male volatile compared to other stimuli tested. In two-choice experiments, more males (p=0.001, χ² =11.84) and females (p= 0.033, χ² =4.57) were attracted to male volatiles. Significant responses of both sexes to headspace volatiles from male extracts during EAG and olfactometer experiments revealed that specific volatile compounds emitted by male played a significant role in aggregation. These results might enable identification of male specific pheromone components, which can enhance effectiveness of pheromone trapping for O. longicollis.

5 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

040668   DHAR T, BHATTACHARYA S, BHATTACHARYA P M, GHOSH A (Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Malda, West Bengal, Email: tdubkv@gmail.com) : Seed biopriming and biopesticides vis a vis bemisia Tabaci and Aphis craccivora incidence on mung bean. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(1), 92-8.

Mungbean Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzeck suffers from poor productivity due to infestation of wide array of insect pests among which the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and aphid Aphis craccivora (Koch) are important. The present study evaluates the impact of seed biopriming with plant growth promoting soil beneficial microbes along with spray of three biopesticides against B. tabaci and A. craccivora. Seed biopriming with Rhizobium, phosphate solubilising bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens (Migula) and Trichoderma viride (Pers.) along with one spray of Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann) was found to be the most effective treatment against B. tabaci and A. craccivora recording maximum up to 87.63 % and 81.02 % reduction in population, respectively. Therefore, integration of seed biopriming with plant growth promoting beneficial soil microbes and application of biopesticides is suggested.

3 tables, 35 ref

042465   MOSTAPHA B, HOUARI A D E, KADDA H, WAFAA A, NARIMAN T, MILOUD S, KHALED K (Biology Dep, Dr Moulay Tahar Univ, Saida, Algeria) : Ameliorative effects of Mentha spicata essential oil on lead and manganeseinduced brain oxidative damage in rats. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(1), 167-72.

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of Mentha Spicata essential oil against to lead and manganese-induced brain oxidative damage in Wistar rats. Chronic oral co-exposure to lead (0.2 %) and manganese (4.79 mg/ml) during periods of gestation and lactation resulted in a significant reduction in both body and brain weight. produced significantly reduced in superoxide dismutase (SOD) content, and decreased catalase (CAT), and glutathionperoxydase (GPx) activities were observed in the braintissues; however, the administration of the essential oil of Mentha spicata with intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 ml HEM/kg over a 21-days periodsignificantly improved the various in the both body and brain weight. These results indicate that Mentha spicata has an antioxidant effect against lead and manganeseinduced brain oxidative damage and is useful as a neuroprotective agent against various brain diseases induced by oxidative stress.

2 tables, 31 ref

040643   HEIKAL H M, BHULLAR M B, KAUR P (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana -141 004, Email: manmeet@pau.edu) : Acaricide resistance in field collected two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae from Okra in Punjab. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 590-3.

Bioassay studies were conducted in the laboratory to determine the effect of four acaricides on different field collected populations of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, from okra. There were statistical differences in susceptibility to different acraicides (propargite, spiromesifen, fenpyroximate and fenazaquin) in different regions (Abohar, Malerkotla, Ludhiana) of Punjab. The population with a resistance ratio of more than 60 with respect to an acaricide was considered as resistant population to the acaricide. Among all the acaricides, low to higher levels of resistance (0-27, 550 fold) was observed in mites to tested acaricides in Punjab. The highest resistance ratio (27,550 fold) was found in Malerkotla population for fenazaquin as compared to Ludhiana populations, while Ludhiana populations had more resistance ratio (11,720 fold) for spiromesifen as compared to the other populations. In case of propargite, highest resistance ratio was 3,725- fold in Ludhiana population.

2 tables, 33 ref

040642   SINGH S, SINGH A, JAIN S (Plant Pathology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004, Email: simranbadhan-pp@pau.edu) : Spatial and temporal spread of Uromyces viciae-fabae causing pea rust. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 586-9.

Intensity and spread of the pea rust disease were highly influenced by the wind direction. The disease started spreading from infection foci after two week of inoculation. A foci was set in the centre of the experimental plot. The intensity of disease spread was more towards the south western side. The minimum of 30 per cent disease was observed after 7 weeks in the whole plot during both the seasons. The maximum disease 70 per cent was located up to 2-3 meters from the focus in all the directions near the maturity of crop after 7^th week during both the seasons. The velocity of the rust spread was observed 0.83-0.89 m week^-1 .

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref