006220   Manoharan S;Panjamurthy K;Menon V P; Balakrishnan S;Alias L M (Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002) : Protective effect of Withaferin-A on tumour formation in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(1), 16-23.

With an aim to investigate the protective effect of Withaferin-A on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced oral carcinogenesis in Syrian golden hamsters, tumour incidence, tumour volume and tumour burden and status of detoxication agents, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in DMBA administered (3 times/week for 14 weeks) hamsters were assessed. Hundred percent tumour formation in DMBA alone administered animal was observed. Oral administration of Withaferin-A (20 mg/kg body weight) to DMBA administered animals for 14 weeks completely prevented the tumour incidence, tumour volume and tumour burden. Also, Withaferin-A showed significant anti-lipid peroxidative and antioxidant properties and maintained the status of phase-I and phase-II detoxication agents during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. The results thus indicate that the protective effect of Withaferin-A is probably due to its anti-lipid peroxidative and antioxidant functions as well as modulating effect on carcinogen detoxication during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis.

006219   Malarvannan S;Subashini H D (NO, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai-600 113, Email: malar@mssrr.res.in) : Influence of various host plants on the biochemical profile of Helicoverpa armigera (hubner) (Noctuidae : Lepidoptera). Biochem Cell Archs 2008, 8(2), 255-9.

Biochemical analysis of Helicoverpa larvae collected from different host plants (cotton, lady's finger, groundnut, lab lab, pigeon pea, chickpea, rose, crossandra and sunflower) revealed variation in their cellular constituents, but no significant variation in acid and alkaline phosphatases activity. The variation in the number of protein bands and the molecular weight of polypeptides was also observed.

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006218   Maheshwari V;Farhan A S;Alam Adreena K (Pathology Dep, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Email: saanjuli@yahoo.co) : Extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma: a rare antity. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 56-7.

A 25-year-old female presented with a rapidly increasing painful swelling around right lower thigh and knee for the last 5 months with distant metastasis in the form of lung involvement. X-ray of the part showed only soft tissue swelling without any bony involvement. A diagnosis of extraskeletal osteosarcoma was made which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

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006217   Mahajan A;Sharma S (Biosciences Dep, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla-171 005) : Antagonistic effect of polyamines on ABA-induced suppression of mitosis in Allium cepa L.. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 136-9.

Effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and polyamines (PAs) [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)] on mitosis in root tips of A. cepa was studied. Treatment with ABA (0.1 to 100 μM) for 24 hr suppressed the mitosis, measured as mitotic index (MI), in a concentration-dependent manner with approx. 50% suppression at 10 μM of ABA. Treatment with different PAs (1 to 100 μM) had differential mitosis suppression effect. Spm was most inhibitory followed by Spd and Put, respectively. The higher concentrations of PAs (1 mM Put; 0.1 and 1 mM Spd or Spm) caused cell distortion. Remarkably, a 24 hr pretreatment of root tips with PAs prior to ABA (100 μM) treatment resulted in a general concentration-dependent reversal of ABA-induced suppression of MI. Catalase (CAT) activity in the root tips, an indicator of redox metabolism, increased due to ABA treatment in a concentration-dependent manner, remained unaltered in response to Put and declined due to Spd and Spm (≥0.1 mM). However, all PAs, irrespective of their individual effects, generally antagonized the ABA-dependent increase in CAT activity. Data indicate the possibility of ABA-PA interaction in the regulation of mitosis.

006216   Lahir Y K (Biology Dep, Jai Hind College, Basantsing Institute of Science, A-Road, Church gate, Mimbai-400 020) : On the study of carbohydrates in teleosts. IV effects of administration of thyroxine and thiourea on glycogen and glucose in Tilapia mossambica (Peters) and Macrones gulio (Hamilton). Biochem Cell Archs 2008, 8(2), 221-6.

Thyroxine administration reduced glycogen in liver, heart and body muscles of M. gulio, a marine fish, within 4 hours causing hypoglycemic conditions but the glycogen contents in liver, heart and body muscles of T. mossambica, a fresh water fish, declined up to 24 hours thereby causing hypoglycemic conditions for longer duration. In M. gulio the hepatic glycogen was found to show a rise whereas the glycogen contents in heart and body muscles remained declined up to 24 hours, after thyroxine administration. Glucose contents in liver, heart and body muscles of M. gulio and T. mossambica reduced gradually during 24 hours. The blood glucose in case of T. mossambica exhibited a tendency to rise after initial fall but similar pattern of blood glucose was not observed in case of M. gulio. The intraperitoneal administration of thiourea caused reduction of glycogen values in liver, heart and body muscles of M. gulio and heart and body muscles of T. mossambica within 4hours, there after a tendency to regain the lost glycogen level. The hepatoglycogen in case of T. mossambica reduced up to 24 hours. The thiourea administration in M.gulio caused a fall in the glucose level in liver, heart and body muscles up to 24 hours and blood glucose to elevate within 4 hours followed by a fall. The hepatic glucose in T. mossambica declined during 24 hours while glucose contents in heart, blood and body muscles of the same fish reduced within 4 hours accompanied by a rise there after. There appears to be some differences in the utilization of glycogen and glucose in an herbivore, fresh water fish, T. mossambica and a carnivore, marine fish, M. gulio, in the tissues studied.

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006215   Lachungpa U (Forest Dep, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok-737 102, Email: ulachungpa@gmail.com) : Indigenous lifestyles and biodiversity conservation issues in North Sikkim. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2009, 8(1), 51-5.

Sikkim is a well known treasure trove and hotspot of biodiversity with most of its macro fauna and flora well documented over the last two centuries. The ethnic populace living in remoter areas of the state relies on an intimate knowledge of the local bio-resources for their survival in a harsh high altitude environment. Over time this has been seen as the only means of their survival. Lack of any systematic documentation in written form and reliance on oral tradition along with recent development and modernization activities is leading to irretrievable loss of this ancient wisdom. Studies of three short projects in North Sikkim to document some of the biogeographic history including some of the traditional methods of wildlife conservation and subsistence lifestyles among the truly nomadic Dokpas in the cold desert and partially trans-humant Bhutia tribals of Lachen and Lachung valleys, who practice the Dzumsa traditional system of administration were conducted. Some of the management practices now degrading rapidly were more for sustainable use than conservation per se, and thus not in harmony with the present legal systems of the state and country. It is proposed that part of this area be declared as a trans-boundary Conservation Reserve to achieve the dual objective of conservation through sustainable use and equitable sharing of both bioresources and traditional knowledge.

006214   Kurian G A;Paddikkala J (MMM Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, 4A Jayalalithanagar, Mogappair, Chennai-600 037) : Administration of aqueous extract of Desmodium gangeticum (L) root protects rat heart against ischemic reperfusion injury induced oxidative stress. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 129-35.

Myocardial reperfusion is believed to be associated with free radical injury. The present study evaluates the effect of aqueous extract of D. gangeticum (DG) on lipid peroxides and antioxidants in ischemic reperfused (IR) Wistar albino male rats. Significant elevation in lipid peroxide products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were observed in the rat hearts during ischemia reperfusion phase. Pre treatment of rats with aqueous extract of DG orally for 30 days showed significantly improved preservation of antioxidant enzymes and subsequent reduction in lipid peroxidation. But 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) stained rat heart did not show much significant antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, TTC unstained rat heart showed significant improvement in the antioxidant activities indicating cardio protective effect of aqueous extract of DG in myocardium affected by ischemia reperfusion insult. The administration of DG to normal rats did not have any significant effect on any of the parameter studied. These results indicate that DG improves the antioxidant capacity of heart and attenuate the degree of lipid peroxidation after IR.

006213   Kulkarni S K;Bishnoi M;Chopra K (Centre with Potential for Excellence in Biomedical Sciences (CPEBS), Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014) : In vivo microdialysis studies of striatal level of neurotransmitters after haloperidol and chlorpromazine administration. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 91-7.

Therapeutic success of atypical antipsychotics has focused the attention on the role of receptor systems other than dopaminergic system in the pathophysiology of neuroleptics-associated acute (Parkinson's like syndrome) and chronic (tardive dyskinesia) extrapyramidal side effects. This study was planned to investigate changes in striatal levels of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin after acute and chronic administration of classical neuroleptics (haloperidol and chlorpromazine). These changes were correlated with behavioural alterations in rats. In vivo microdialysis with HPLC/ECD system revealed that there was a marked decrease in striatal neurotransmitter contents (NE, DA and 5-HT), which was also correlated with severe cataleptic response in rats after acute administration of haloperidol (2 mg/kg) and chlorpromazine (20 mg/kg). Chronic administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg for 21 days) and chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg for 21 days) resulted in time dependent increase in orofacial hyperkinetic movements. The microdialysis studies also showed a significant decrease in the striatal levels of all the neurotransmitters. The results provide evidence for the involvement of striatal adrenergic and serotonergic systems, besides dopaminergic system in neuroleptic-induced acute and chronic extrapyramidal symptoms.

006212   Kulkarni M P;Juvekar A R (Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology Dep, Mumbai University Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parikh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Effect of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R.Br. on stress and cognition in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(1), 47-52.

Effect of stress and its modulation by methanolic extract of bark of Alstonia scholaris was studied using acute restraint stress model in mice. The extract was also evaluated for nootropic and antioxidant potential to support anti-stress activity testing. Acute restraint stress resulted in significant increase of plasma corticosterone, glucose, protein, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in stress group of animals. Methanolic extract pretreatment at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg for 7 days displayed promising anti-stress effect by normalizing these stress-induced biochemical perturbations in plasma of mice. Effect on cognitive functions was evaluated using passive avoidance model and elevated plus maze model. Pretreatment with extract at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg augmented acquisition and retention of memory of learned task as evidenced by increased step-down and shortened-transfer latency in passive avoidance model and elevated plus maze model, respectively. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, ip) and piracetam (200 mg/kg, po) were used as standard drugs for anti-stress and nootropic activity testing. Further, the extract at 200 μg/ml showed maximum scavenging of stable radical 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl at 90.11% and nitric oxide radical at 62.77%. The present study, thus, provided scientific support for anti-stress (adaptogenic), antioxidant and nootropic activities of methanolic extract of bark of Alstonia scholaris.

006211   Koul A;Tanwar L;Arora N (Biophysics Dep, Panjab University, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Chandigarh-160 014) : Celecoxib administration exhibits tissue specific effect on <. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 83-90.

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure significantly enhanced ³H-B(a)P-DNA adduct formation in both the pulmonary and hepatic tissues. Mice co-treated with CS and celecoxib (a specific COX-2 inhibitor) exhibited a significant decrease in hepatic carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in comparison to the smoke exposed group, however the lungs of the co-treated animals exhibited a significant increase in carcinogen-DNA adduct formation when compared to the control group and smoke exposed group. CS exposure enhanced the activity of carcinogen activation enzymes in both the tissues and decreased the activity of carcinogen detoxification enzymes in the hepatic tissue only, when compared to the control group. Celecoxib administration to CS inhaling mice modulated the carcinogen biotransformation considerably when compared to the CS exposed group. Celecoxib administration to CS inhaling mice produced a low index of carcinogenesis in the hepatic tissue but increased the index of carcinogenesis in the pulmonary tissue. These observations seem to be critical and tissue specific when related to carcinogenesis.

006210   Koti B C;Vishwanathswamy A H M;Wagawade J; Thippeswamy A H M (Pharmacology Dep, K L E Society's College of Pharmacy, Hubli-580 031) : Cardioprotective effect of lipistat against doxorubicin induced myocardial toxicity in albino rats. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(1), 41-6.

Preventive role of lipistat against doxorubicin induced myocardial toxicity in rats has been reported.. Cardiotoxicity was produced by doxorubicin administration (15 mg/kg for 2 weeks). Lipistat (350 mg/kg, orally) was administered as pretreatment for 2 weeks and then for 2 weeks alternated with doxorubicin. The general observations, mortality, histopathology, biomarker enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), serum lipid profiles like total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were monitored after 3 weeks of last dose. Pretreatment with the lipistat significantly protected myocardium from the toxic effects of doxorubicin by reducing the elevated level of biomarker enzymes like LDH and CPK to the normal and serum lipids such as total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL back to normal. Lipistat increases the decreased level of GSH, SOD and CAT and decreases the increased level of malondialdehyde in cardiac tissue. The repeated administration of doxorubicin causes cardiomyopathy associated with an antioxidant deficit and increased level of lipid profiles by interfering with fatty acid metabolism. The results support the lipid lowering and antioxidant properties of lipistat, which indicate the cardioprotective property against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.

006209   Kingsley J;Verghese S (Microbiology Dep, International Centre for Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, A unit of Frontier Lifeline, R-30-C, Ambattur Industrial Estate Road, Mogappair, Chennai-600 101, Email: kingsdane@yahoo.co.in) : Sequence analysis of bla_CTX-M-28 and ESBL responsible for third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, for the first time in India. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(2), 218-21.

The most common group of ESBLs not belonging to the bla _TEM or bla _SHV families were termed bla _CTX-M, to highlight their ESBLs' greater activity against cefotaxime than against ceftazidime. The presence of nosocomial bla _CTX-M-28-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains has not been reported earlier in Indian hospitals. The sequences of bla _CTX-M-28 gene from cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were analyzed. The structural gene encodes a 290 amino-acid protein, which is most related to the bla _CTX-M β-lactamases. The conserved K-T-G was identified in the bla _CTX-M-28 protein sequence, but significantly, two point mutations (N→T) and (F→S) were identified in the Y-G-N- and S-T-F-K-conserved motifs respectively. These point mutations were seen in all the three sequenced isolates.

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006208   Khadilkar U N;Harish R;Tantry G;Kumar S; Tiwari A (Pathology Dep, Kasturba Medical College, P.O. Box No. 53, Mangalore-575 001, Email: urmilank@yahoo.co.in) : Primary cardiac sarcoma. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 30-1.

Primary cardiac sarcomas are uncommon entities. The diagnosis of sarcoma is not made preoperatively because of the rarity of the lesion and the nonspecific nature of the signs and symptoms. This is a report of a case of primary sarcoma arising from the left atrium, in a patient who presented with acute dyspnoea; the sarcoma resembled an atrial myxoma on echocardiography.

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006207   Kato D;Gopi G V (NO, GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, North East U, Vivek Vihar, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, Email: kato_d@rediffmail.com) : Ethnozoology of Galo tribe with special reference to edible insects in Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2009, 8(1), 81-3.

Explored the diversity of edible insects, collection patterns and temporal availability in the West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. The district is inhabited by the Galo, Adi, Memba and Khamba tribes. However, the study only explored the ethnozoology of Galo tribe. The study reveals that the community consumed a total of 12 species belonging majorly to Hymenopterans and Hemipteran order, excluding 4 unidentified species belonging to 10 genera and 8 families. Consumptions of insects showed that 61.11% are at larval stage followed by mature (16.67%), and 11.11% of adult and hive, respectively. Most of the insects are available in between August to September months.

006206   Kamboj D;Rakesh Kumar;Anju Kumari;Kundu B S; Pathak D;Sharma P K (Microbiology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Rhizobia, NOD factors and nodulation. Agric Rev 2008, 29(3), 200-6.

Soil bacteria, referred as rhizobia have unique ability to form nodules on the roots and stems of leguminous plants. This endosymbiotic relationship between rhizobia and their corresponding hosts lead to morphogenesis of specialized structures, nodules, where atmospheric nitrogen is reduced to ammonia and assimilated by the host plant. The process of nodulation is regulated by the exchange of molecular signals between the two partners. The nodulation process is host specific and specific rhizobia can form nodules on specific hosts. Rhizobia carry host specific nodulation genes. These genes are induced by regulatory genes activated by flavonoids present in the root exudates. The product of nodulation genes are involved in the synthesis of Nod factors which are involved in the morphogenesis of nodules. The present review summarizes the structure and function of Nod factors, the gene and gene products involved in their synthesis and their host specificity.

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006205   Jambhekar N A;Chaturvedi A C;Madur B P (Pathology Dep, Tata Memorial Hospital, E. Borges Marg, Parel, Mumbai-400 012, Email: najambhekar@rediffmail.com) : Immunohistochemistry in surgical pathology practice: a current perspective of a simple, powerful, yet complex, tool. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 2-11.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a powerful tool in the surgical pathologists' armamentarium. The requests for IHC and the list of monoclonal antibodies have increased tremendously in the past decade. Issues concerning technical reproducibility, uniformity of interpretation, inter-laboratory comparability, and quality assurance are assuming greater importance due to the increased availability of IHC and its impact on diagnosis and therapy. An attempt has been made to give a current perspective of this simple and yet, in some aspects, a complex tool.

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006204   Jain M;Singh S;Thomas S;Jain D (Pathology Dep, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, Email: dr_manjulajain@rediffmail.com) : Acid-fast bacillius positive isolated tubercular splenic abscess in a HIV-negative patient. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 74-5.

Isolated splenic tubercular abscess in a HIV-negative patient is an exceedingly rare clinical condition. It is even more rare to demonstrate acid-fast bacilli positivity on Ziehl-Neelson stains in such cases. One such case has been presented.

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006203   Jai Prakash Narayan;Kumar N;Jha H N; Jayachandran C (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna 800 014) : Effect of probenecid on kinetics of enrofloxacin in lactating goats after subcutaneous administration. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(1), 53-6.

A comparative pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, sc) was conducted in probenecid-pretreated (70 mg/kg, orally 1.5 h prior to enrofloxacin administration) lactating goats to assess the effect of probenecid on the kinetics of enrofloxacin. Concentration of enrofloxacin in plasma, milk and urine was estimated by microbiological assay using Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Minimum detection level of enrofloxacin was 0.01 mg/ml. The plasma log concentration versus time curve showed monophasic pattern and followed one compartment open model. Plasma drug concentration was significantly higher during 1-2 h in probenecid-pretreated group. Significantly higher drug concentration in milk was noted at most of the time points, while significantly lower urine drug concentration (0.083-1 h and 5-12 h) were obtained in probenecid-pretreated group. The kinetic parameters (A, B and β) were significantly higher, while t_1/2β, MRT and Vd_area were significantly lower in probenecid-pretreated group. Probenecid pretreatment decreased the urinary excretion of enrofloxacin, whereas enhanced excretion in milk which could be useful in cases of affections of udder in goats.

006202   Jacob S;Mohapatra D;Verghese M (Pathology Dep, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: cmcpath@yahoo.com) : Massive chondroid hamartoma of the lung clinically masquerading as bronchogenic carcinoma. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 61-2.

Chondroid hamartomas of the lung are uncommon lesions which are generally small sized and asymptomatic. Herein we describe a case of a large-sized pulmonary chondroid hamartoma which clinically mimicked bronchogenic carcinoma. A large hilar growth was detected in the left lung on radiological studies. Left upper lobectomy was done. The growth was well defined with a lobulated bluish cut surface. Histopathology disclosed lobules of mature cartilage rimmed by long slit-like epithelial channels admixed with mature adipose tissue.

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006201   Habbu P V;Mahadevan K M;Shastry R A; Manjunatha H (Postgraduate Department, Pharmacognosy Div, SET's College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580 002) : Antimicrobial activity of flavanoid sulphates and other fractions of Argyreia speciosa (Burm.f) Boj.. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 121-8.

Antimicrobial activity of flavanoid sulphates and different fractions of A. speciosa root was studied against bacteria, fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇ Rv sensitive strain by in vitro and in vivo assays. Flavanoid sulphates such as quercetin 3'7 di-O methyl 3- sulphate and kaempferol 7-O methyl 3-sulphate were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of 80% methanolic extract of the plant. The structures of the isolated flavanoids were confirmed by spectral studies. Ethyl acetate (EAAS) fraction and flavanoid sulphates inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis Rv sensitive strain at MIC values 50 and 25 mg/ml, respectively. Ethanolic fraction (EtAS) showed significant inhibition of gram positive organism with a MIC of 31.25 μg/ml. More inhibition was observed with a less MIC (2 μg/ml) for flavanoid sulphates against Klebsiella pneumoniae, a gram negative organism and it is almost comparable with the standards. Interestingly, chloroform fraction alone exhibited significant antifungal activity with a MIC of 100 μg/ml. A synergistic effect between flavanoids sulphates and commercially available antitubercular drugs was observed with FIC index of 0.443±0.245, 0.487±0.247 for isoniazid and 0.468±0.333, 0.417±0.345 for rifampicin, whereas EAAS fraction showed partial synergistic effect. A synergistic effect was observed for EAAS fraction and flavanoids sulphates with FIC index < 0.5 with antibiotics. Hemolysis assay on RBCs suggested that EAAS and flavanoids sulphates exhibited least cellular toxicity to erythrocytes as compared to chloramphenicol. In vivo studies in mice infected with K. pneumoniae demonstrated that on day 10 post treatment of different fractions and isolated compounds of A. speciosa, about 60% of the animals treated with EAAS, 70% of animals treated with flavanoids sulphates and 40% of animals treated with EtAS were survived.

006200   Gupta R;Mohindra S;Chhabra R (Neurosurgery Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Email: rahulguptaneuro@gmail.com) : Brainstem abscess: the nonsurgical management. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 49-50.

Brainstem is an unusual location for a pyogenic abscess. Stereotactic aspiration or microsurgical drainage may be required in antibiotic refractory cases. Prolonged antibiotic therapy, along with symptomatic treatment may provide successful outcome. A case of cerebellar and brainstem abscess, managed successfully with prolonged antibiotic administration has been reported.

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006199   Gulwani H;Chopra P (Histopathology Dep, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi-110 060, Email: hannigulwani@yahoo.com) : Inflammatory pseudotumor of lymph nodes presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 67-9.

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is an uncommon benign disorder characterized by proliferation of spindle cells, inflammatory cells, and small vessels. The IPT of lymph nodes is a rare cause of lymphadenopathy that usually affects one or two nodal groups. Describes a 27-year-old male presenting with generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and fever for 1 year. Histologic examination of lymph node revealed few remnant lymphoid aggregates with marked sclerosis and numerous anastomosing blood vessels in lymph node parenchyma. Interspersed in between the fibrotic bands was a polymorphic infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and immunoblasts. Also, many histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells some being Langhan's type and at places forming ill-defined granulomas were observed. The presence of granulomas and Langhan's type of giant cells can lead to a misdiagnosis of tuberculosis as was also done in the present case. It is thus not only important to be aware of this rare benign pathologic entity while dealing with a case of lymphadenopathy, but also consider it in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous disease.

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006198   Ghosh A;Swami R;Sen P K;Dwaka S (Pathology Dep, Manipal College of Medical Sciences and Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, Email: drghosharnab@yahoo.com) : Unusual presentation of dedifferentiated liposarcoma as paratesticular mass. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 42-4.

A 75-year-old male presented with complaint of painless left inguinoscrotal mass slowly increasing in size since 9 years. Clinical impression was malignancy arising in left testis or cord. Initial incisional biopsy was reported as fibromatosis. Later on wide excision of tumor was done and histopathology showed dedifferentiated liposarcoma with areas of fibromatosis.

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006197   Geetha V;Rupashree S;Bhat S S (Pathology Dep, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576 104, Email: hmb45@yahoo.com) : Endometrial stromal nodule with smooth muscle differentiation. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 76-7.

Uterine tumors composed of a prominent component of smooth muscle and endometrial stroma (so-called stromomyoma) are distinctly uncommon. Describes the morphological features of one such tumor discovered as an incidental finding in a hysterectomy specimen of a 49-year-old lady with a clinical diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Morphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation were performed and a final diagnosis of endometrial stromal nodule with smooth muscle differentiation was rendered.

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006196   Duddi Sreehari Krishna Swaroop;Sarala Jothi Bai;Shanthi V;Ramakrishna B A (Pathology Dep, Narayana Medical College, Chinthareddypalem, Nellore-524 002, Email: drkrishu@yahoo.com) : Osteochondroma-like parosteal osteosarcoma. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 58-60.

Parosteal osteosarcoma is a well-differentiated, predominantly fibro-osseous variant of osteosarcoma, accounting for 5% of all osteosarcomas. Reports a case of parosteal osteosarcoma in the metaphyseal area of right femur, of 2 years' duration in a male aged 35 years. It was mistaken for osteochondroma in the initial biopsy, and the possibility of bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) was also considered. Subsequent excision of the tumor showed it to be a parosteal osteosarcoma. The patient had recurrence of the lesion after 1 year, and he attended a cancer institute. Follow-up showed metastases of the tumor on bone scan.

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006195   Dhingra M;Agarwal A;Kaushik S;Singh S N (Pathology Dep, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drmeetuagrawal@gmail.com) : Small-cell neuroendocrine tumor of larynx: a rare presentation. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 63-4.

Neuroendocrine tumors of the larynx are extremely rare and represent <1% of all primary laryngeal tumors. We report a case of a 55-year-old man who presented to us with laryngeal tumor, histopathological evaluation of which revealed it to be a neuroendocrine tumor. Diagnosis is based mostly on light microscopy and may be supported by special histochemical stains in some instances.

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006194   Das S;Kalyani R;Lakshmi V;Kumar M L H (Pathology Dep, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar-563 101, Email: lifepathology@rediffmail.com) : Ovarian pregnancy. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 37-8.

Ovarian pregnancy is a rare form of extrauterine pregnancy contributing <3% of ectopic pregnancies. An ovarian pregnancy in a 23-year female has been reported.

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006193   Das S;Kalyani R (NO, , H.No: 12/7/13, "Sri Ganesh" 4th main, 4th Cross, P.C. Extension, Kolar-563 101, Email: daspathology@rediffmail.com) : Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 34-6.

Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia (SMECE) is a recently described carcinoma of the thyroid gland associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and considered to have a relatively indolent clinical course. Presents a 65-year-old female, clinically euthyroid, who presented with a thyroid swelling since last 8 months along with right-sided cervical lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration cytology suggested poorly differentiated carcinoma along with the involvement of the lymphnodes while histopathological examination showed features of SMECE with metastatic deposits in the right-sided cervical lymphnodes.

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006192   Cecily Rosemary Latha C;Daisy P (Biotechnology Dep, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirappalli-620 002, Email: daisylesslie@yahoo.com) : Effect of Costus pictus D. Don in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Biochem Cell Archs 2008, 8(2), 173-8.

The antihyperglycemic effects of Costus pictus D.Don leaf extract and their role in minimizing the secondary complications of diabetes in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were studied by analyzing the blood glucose, certain biochemical parameters that are used for assessing liver and kidney functions namely serum total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and by histological studies of pancreas, liver and kidney tissues. It was found that Costus pictus D.Don leaf extract could minimize the secondary complications of diabetes mellitus, ameliorate the impaired renal function and inhibit the liver damage associated with STZ diabetes in rats.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

006191   Bubber P;Bubber N;Bansal D D (Biochemistry Dep, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014) : Effect of thyroxine on plasminogen activator and inhibitor activity in rat. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 147-50.

Thyroid hormones influence mineral metabolism, distribution of water and electrolytes and are therefore of great importance in the maintenance of homeostasis under normal and diseased conditions such as renal failure. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of thyroxine on fibrinolytic parameters such as plasminogen activators (PA) in rat kidney, levels of PA and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), glucose in plasma and serum lipid profile injected with thyroxine (75 μg eltroxine/100 g-1 body weight, ip for 7 days). Treatment increased PA activity significantly in rat kidneys. No changes were seen in PA, PAI and glucose in plasma of rats. There was significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in serum of treated group resulting in the decrease of HDL/LDL and total cholesterol/cholesterol ratios. However, triglycerides and VLDL showed significant higher activity in the serum of treated group as compared to controls. The results suggest beneficial effects of thyroxine treatment by increasing PA activity in kidney and reducing the cholesterol content in blood. It may be helpful to prevent hypercoagulable state by maintaining the normal homeostatic balance and restoring renal function.

006190   Bhowmik S S D;Kumaria S;Rao S R;Tandon P (Plant Biotechnology Lab, Botany Dep, Centre for Advanced Studies, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793 022) : High frequency plantlet regeneration from rhizomatous buds in Mantisia spathulata Schult. and Mantisia wengeri Fischer and analysis of genetic uniformity using RAPD markers. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 140-6.

A protocol has been devised for enhanced in vitro regeneration of critically endangered Mantisia spathulata Schult. and Mantisia wengeri Fischer. Highest Bud Forming Capacity (BFC) of 6.10±0.55 with an average of 19.93±3.19 roots was obtained for M. spathulata within 5-6 weeks in Murashige and Skoogs (MS) medium supplemented with a combination of 10.0μM of N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.5μM of α-naphtalene acetic acid (NAA). For M. wengeri, BFC of 7.82±0.73 and 20.86±1.65 roots was achieved in MS media supplemented with a combination of 5.0μM BA and 2.5μM of NAA RAPD markers were used to evaluate the genetic stability of in vitro raised hardened plantlets. Similarity coefficient among the regenerated plants ranged between 0.85-0.98 for M. spathulata and 0.83-0.98 for M. wengeri. Maximum of 88 and 90% genetic similarity were obtained between in vitro raised hardened plantlets and mother stock of M. spathulata and M. wengeri, respectively through RAPD analysis. The hardened plantlets after RAPD analysis on being transferred to soil of experimental garden showed no marked phenotypic variations in vegetative or floral characteristics.

006189   Bhattacharyya N K;Chatterjee U;Sarkar S;Kundu A K (Pathology Dep, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: drnbhattacharya@yahoo.co.in) : Study of proliferative activity, angiogenesis and nuclear grading in renal cell carcinoma. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 17-21.

Evaluates the role of proliferative marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and microvessel density (MVD) as prognostic markers in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to see their relationship with the clinical stage and nuclear grades, 30 cases of RCC for nuclear grading (Fuhrman's nuclear grade), MVD (using anti CD-34 antibody), and PCNA labeling index (using anti-PCNA antibody) over a period of 2.5 years are studied. Staging was assessed by peroperative and radiologic findings. The area of highest MVD within the tumor was selected for microvessel count (MVC) per high-power field (0.1885 mm² area). PCNA labeling index was determined by counting percentage of positively stained tumor cell nuclei. PCNA labeling index above 60% was taken as high PCNA index and up to 60% was considered low. There was significant positive correlation between PCNA labeling index with both nuclear grade and clinical stage using Spearman's correlation coefficient. No association was noted between MVC with PCNA, nuclear grade, and clinical stages. Evaluation of proliferative status of RCC is a useful adjunct as a prognostic parameter as it is seen to correlate well with both clinical stage and nuclear grade. In our study, MVD was not seen to correlate with either of these.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

006188   Benson M K;Kshama Devi (Pharmacology Dep, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-560 027) : Influence of ω-6/ω-3 rich dietary oils on lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes in normal and stressed rats. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(2), 98-103.

To evaluate the influence ofω-6/ω-3 poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing oils on lipid profile and endogenous antioxidant enzymes in normal and stressed (immobilization) rats, 28 day old male Wistar rats were fed for 45 days with fat enriched special diet (10% fat) prepared with sunflower oil (SO) - ω-6 rich, mustard oil (MO) - ω-3 rich and groundnut oil - control respectively. SO treated normal rats have significantly reduced total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-C) and catalase thereby significantly increased the atherogenic index (AI) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). However, treatment with MO increased superoxide dismutase; decreased LPO significantly. Under stress conditions AI and LPO were significantly high with SO and significantly less with MO. In addition, SO decreased HDL-C whereas MO decreased non-HDL-C significantly. Results suggest a protective role against AI and LPO in normal and stress conditions in MO. The quantity of ω-3 fatty acids in dietary oil may play a crucial role in the body against atherogenicity. The findings signify that not just PUFA, but type of PUFA present in dietary oil used is important.

006187   Bansal E;Garh A;Bhatia S;Attri A K;Chander J (NO, , House No. 153, Sector-21, Chandigarh-160 022, Email: drebansal@gmail.com) : Spectrum of microbial flora in diabetic foot ulcers. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(2), 204-8.

A prospective study was carried out on patients with diabetic foot lesions to determine their clinical characteristics, the spectrum of aerobic microbial flora and to assess their comparative in vitro susceptibility to the commonly used antibiotics. A total of 157 organisms (143 bacteria and 14 fungi) were isolated and an average of 1.52 isolates per case was reported. Polymicrobial infection was found in 35% of the patients. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa among the gram-negative (22%) and Staphylococcus aureus among the gram-positive (19%) were the predominantly isolated organisms, while Candida was the most predominantly isolated fungus. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates is discussed in detail. There was a linear increase in the prevalence of organisms with increase in Wagner's grade. Neuropathy (76%) and peripheral vascular disease (57.28%) was a common feature among the patients. Poor glycemic control was found in 67% of the patients. Awareness about lower limb complications of diabetes was very low (23%) among the patients.

4 tables, 25 ref

006186   Aydin C;Sonat F;Sahin S K;Cangul I T;Ozkaya G (Physiology Dep, Veterinary Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, TR-16059, Turkey) : Long term dietary restriction ameliorates swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress in brain and lung of middle-aged rat. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(1), 24-31.

Exhaustive exercise may generate oxidative stress in brain and reported findings are conflicting. Long term dietary restriction (DR) may be useful in the inhibiting of free oxygen radicals generated during exhaustive exercise in the brain of rat. Hence, in this study we evaluated beneficial effects of long term DR on the oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme systems in brain cortex and lung in rats after different intensities of swimming exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats (60) were assigned as DR and ad libitum (AL) groups, and each group was further subdivided into three groups namely control (sedentery), submaximal exercise (endurance exercise) and maximal exercise (exhaustive swimming exercise) groups. Animals in the endurance exercise group swam 5 days/week for 8 weeks while exhaustive swimming group was subjected to an acute bout of exercise. With the increase in intensity of exercise, degree of lipid peroxidation (LP) and protein oxidation (PO) were also increased in DR and AL groups; however rate of increase was lower in DR group than AL group. Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were lower but glutathione reductase (GR) activity was higher in DR group compared to AL group in endurance and exhaustive swimming exercise. With increase in exercise intensity, GSH and GR enzyme activity decreased, whereas an increase was observed in GSH-Px enzyme activity. There was no difference in LP, PO, GSH and GR activity between DR and AL groups. GSH-Px activity in brain cortex was significantly lower in DR group than in AL group and sedentary rats. Results indicate that long term dietary restriction may protect against endurance and exhaustive swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress.

006185   Ajay Kumar;Saini P;Shrivastava J N (Microbiology Lab, Botany Dep, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra-282 005) : Production of peptide antifungal antibiotic and biocontrol activity of Bacillus subtilis. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(1), 57-62.

Among different bacterial cultures, a potent Bacillus subtilis MTCC-8114 was isolated from garden soil samples which showed 16 and 14 mm inhibition zones by spot inoculation method and 24 and 22 mm inhibition zones by well agar diffusion method against test fungi i.e. Microsporum fulvum and Trichophyton species. Among four media tested, the maximum growth and antibiotic production was found in trypticase soya broth (TSB) medium at 37°C, pH-7 and 48 h of incubation. The Rf value (0.64) by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) technique and UV and FTIR spectral data of the active antifungal compound, indicated that the isolated compound belongs to peptide antifungal antibiotic group. MIC value of antifungal antibiotic was 135 and 145 μg/ml.

006184   Agrawal P;Ghosh A N;Satish Kumar;Basu B; Kapila K (Microbiology Dep, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune-411 040, Email: parul_dr@yahoo.co.in) : Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(1), 139-42.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) continue to be a major problem in clinical setups the world over, conferring resistance to the expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. Knowledge about their prevalence is essential to guide towards appropriate antibiotic treatment. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL producers among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates at a tertiary care institution. A total of 357 clinical isolates comprising E. coli (n = 181) and K. pneumoniae (n= 176) were recovered from various clinical samples over a period of six months from April to September 2006. Antibiogram profile of these isolates was determined to commonly used antibiotics, along with screening for ESBL production by the screening test as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Isolates which showed positive results with screening test were shortlisted for confirmatory tests of ESBL production. Two tests were performed: phenotypic confirmatory test with combination disk and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reduction test. Out of 357 isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae screened for ESBL production, 120 were found to be potential ESBL producers. Of these, 80 isolates were confirmed to be ESBL producers. Thus the prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae was found to be 22% (80 out of 357). This was significantly lower than the data available from other hospitals.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

006183   Aggarwal R;Chaudhary U;Kiran Bala (NO, , H. No. 717, Sec. 1 HUDA, Rohtak-124 001, Email: drritu252@yahoo.com) : Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(2), 222-4.

The study was designed to detect the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to evaluate the susceptibility pattern. One hundred forty-eight isolates of P. aeruginosa were analyzed for the presence of ESBL enzyme by double disc synergy test. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of ESBL-positive P. aeruginosa was determined. Of the 148 isolates tested, 30 (20.27%) were found to be positive. Maximum ESBL production was found in sputum and tracheostomy swabs (28.57%), followed by pus (24.13%), urine (19.04%), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other sterile body fluids (15.38%) and blood (7.14%). All the ESBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates were multi-drug-resistant. Isolates were 100% sensitive to imipenem. Ofloxacin was the second most (70%) effective drug. From this study, we conclude the presence of ESBL-positive P. aeruginosa in our hospital. This has important implications as carbapenems remain the only choice of treatment for infections caused by these organisms. The control measures include judicious use of antibiotics and implementation of appropriate infection control measures to control the spread of these strains in the hospital.

3 tables, 15 ref

006182   Agarwal P K;Singh A;Gaurav K;Goel S;Khanna H D;Goel R K (Pharmacology Dep, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Evaluation of wound healing activity of extracts of plantain banana (Musa sapientum var. Paradisiaca) in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(1), 32-40.

Plantain banana (M. sapientum var. paradisiaca, MS) has been shown to possess ulcer healing activity. The present work with plantain banana was undertaken with the premise that the drug promoting ulcer healing could have effect on wound healing also. Wound healing activity of MS was studied in terms of (i) percent wound contraction, epithelization period and scar area; (ii) wound breaking strength and (iii) on granulation tissue antioxidant status [estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH), free radical (lipid peroxidation, an indicator of tissue damage) and connective tissue formation and maturation (hexuronic acid, hydroxyproline and hexosamine levels)] in excision, incision and dead space wound models respectively. The rats were given graded doses (50-200 mg/kg/day) of aqueous (MSW) and methanolic (MSE) extracts of MS orally for a period of 10-21 days depending upon the type of study. Both extracts (100 mg/kg) when studied for incision and dead space wounds parameters, increased wound breaking strength and levels of hydroxyproline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione in the granulation tissue and decreased percentage of wound area, scar area and lipid peroxidation when compared with the control group. Both the extracts showed good safety profile. Plantain banana thus, favoured wound healing which could be due to its antioxidant effect and on various wound healing biochemical parameters.

006181   Acharya B K;Chettri B;Vijayan L (NO, Sikkim Government College, Tadong-737 102, Email: acharya2skm@gmail.com) : Indigenous knowledge of Lepcha community for monitoring and conservation of birds. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2009, 8(1), 65-9.

The non-professional volunteers are commonly used in biodiversity assessment due to lack of experts. The bird identification skills of indigenous Lepcha community have been recognized and the accuracy of data generated by them has been assesed. Bird sampling was done using point count method along the transects in three locations in Dzongu, North Sikkim. Two observers, a trained 'researcher' and a local Lepcha folk referred as citizen scientist independently sampled birds (species by former and varieties by the latter). The mean number of species and varieties per point was not significantly different from each other. Gross accuracy of data collected by citizen scientist was high. These results showed that indigenous taxonomic knowledge of Lepcha community can be applied for biodiversity assessment programme provided the individual biasness of lumping and splitting is taken care.

006180   Aberomand M;Shooshtari S;Aberomand S (Biochemistry Dep, Ahwaz Jondi Shapur Univ of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran, Email: aberumand@yahoo.com) : Comparison of protein and acid phosphatase activity in ammonium sulphate fractions from leaves of plants. Biochem Cell Archs 2008, 8(2), 211-13.

Acid phosphatase was partial purified to apparent homogeneity from nine selected plants including: Lote Tree (Zizyphus Desf), Blue gum tree (Eucalyptus globulus), White-Willow (Salix alba), Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Cordia (Cordia myxa L.), Date-Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and Rosebay (Nerium oleander). The enzyme was partial purified by procedures including precipitation with N- butanol, acetone and ammonium sulfate. Total proteins for these plants were 153.4, 372, 406, 636, 827.8, 427, 39, 27.8, 172 respectively. Enzyme activates for plants was 279.6,186.15, 397.8,118.6, 364.1, 427,167.5, 279.6, 656.7 mg/100 g.

1 illus, 15 ref

006179   Aberomand M;Moghimi N;Aberomand S;Rahim F (Biochemistry Dep, Ahwaz Jondi Shapur Univ of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran, Email: aberumand@yahoo.com) : Comparison of beta-galactosidase activity in ammonium sulphate fractions from leaves of plants. Biochem Cell Archs 2008, 8(2), 195-7.

Plants have many enzymes as well as β-galacosides. The β-galactosidases are a heterogeneous group of enzymes which hydrolyse β-gaIactosidic links of oligosaccharides and other galactosides conjugates releasing galactose. The objective of this study was to determine β-galactosidases activity in nine selected plants in Ahwaz city (Iran) under the same conditions. The highest activity was belonging to Date-Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) (54770 U/100 mg plant) and the lowest was belonging to Blue gum tree (Eucalyptus globulus) (5310 U/100 mg plant).

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

005266   Vyawahare N S;Sannapuri V D;Harle U N;Joshi V S;Rao S H;Gupta S K (Pharmacology Dep, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune-411 001, Email: neerasv@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo L. as an adjuvant therapy in Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis. Pl Archs 2008, 8(2), 981-6.

In this study, the anti-arthritic effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Vitex negundo L (VN) on Complete F'reund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis has been studied in wistar albino rats. The hydroalcoholic extracts of Vitex negundo L. significantly reduced paw volume, inhibited body weight loss as compared to vehicle treated control rats. Moreover significant improvement in histological and radiographic parameters like cellular infiltration, pannus formation, joint space and soft tissue swelling were also observed. Similar results were also noted when it is combined with normal dose as well as reduced dose of synthetic agents like Indomethacin and Methotrexate. Thus results indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo L shows anti-arthritic activity and constitutes to a safe, economical and potential adjuvant to primary therapeutic agents Indomethacin and Methotrexate for CFA.

11 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

005265   Verma P;Chand G B (Zoology Dep, Patna Univ, Patna-800 005) : Dimethoate induced hepatotoxicity in C. batrrachus : biochemical and histopathological study.. Mendel int J 2007, 24(3-4), 109-10.

Biochemical and histopathological changes have been encountered in the hepatic cells of Clarias battrachus The level of serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and SGPT abnormally increased than the control fish. Light and electron microscopy study also reveals that the hepatic cells show the distinction degenerative change. These abnormalities were increase with increased in the duration of rogor exposure from 1st week to 3rd week.

4 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

005264   Uma Reddy B;Sandeep T;Deepak Kumar;Prakash G; Frooque M O;Nayaka H B (Biotechnology Dep, Nacional College, Gandhi Nagar, Bellary-583 103) : Antimicrobial activity of Tagetes erecta Linn. and Argemone mexicana Linn.. Aryavaidyan 2008, 21(3), 171-4.

This work evaluates the antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plants viz. Tagetes erecta Linn. and Argemone mexicana Linn. against nine medically important pathogenic microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion technique. It was observed that Tagetes erecta Linn. is having best antimicrobial activity.

2 tables, 5 ref

005263   Talat K;Santosh Kumar;Krupadanam G L D;Anwar S Y (Genetics Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Crude stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum L.. Indian J appl pure Biol 2008, 23(2), 315-18.

Deals with the analysis of secondary metabolites present in the crude stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum both qualitatively and quantitatively. The experimental material were procured from the western ghat, Karnataka, India, in collaboration with the forest department. The crude stem extract contains different alkaloids including berberine as major alkaloid. The present study reports for the first time a simple, cost effective protocol for the isolation of berberine from the crude extracts which will have immense application in pharmaceutical industry where berberine is used in the preparation of plant based drugs. Based on the chemical structure viz: ¹H NMR, ¹³C. FABMS and HPLC presence of berberine in the crude extract is confirmed.

3 illus 7 ref

005262   Sutha S;Mohan V R;Murugan P;Athiperumalsami T (NO, Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai, Email: vrmohan_2005@yahoo.com) : Antibacterial activity of Alstonia venenata R. Br. and erythropalum scandens Bl., Bijdr. Pl Archs 2008, 8(2), 609-10.

An attempt was made to evaluate the antibacterial assay of hexane, benzene, acetone, methanol and water extracts of Alstonia venenata and Erythropalum scandens leaf used in ethnomedicine in Kalakad - Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu. The extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aurens, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsilla pneumonias, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method. The extracts tested possess various degree of antibacterial activity.

1 table, 5 ref

005261   Sreelatha S;Padma P R (Chemistry & Biosciences Dep, Sastra Univ, Kumbakonam-612 001, Email: sree_latha04@yahoo.com) : Hepatoprotective potential of Moringa oleifera leaves against ethanol-CCl₄ induced hepatic injury in experimental rats. Pl Archs 2008, 8(2), 647-55.

Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of a monogeneric family the Moringaceae, native to the Sub-Himalayan tracts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. It has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. Different parts of this plant contain a profile of important minerals and are a good source of protein, vitamins, beta-carotene, aminoacids and various phenolics. Moringa oleifera leaves are used in the Indian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of wounds, tumours, fertility, hypertension and inflammation. Ayurveda in particular has used Moringa oleifera as a source of vitamin C, to treat colds, boils, fever, joint pain and even gout. Other uses include treating ulcers and anxiety. In the study, the effect of the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera was studied against ethanol-CCl₄ induced acute hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Significant hepatoprotective effects were obtained against liver damage as evidenced by decreased serum enzyme activities, glutamate oxaloacetate tranaminase (SCOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and an almost normal historical architecture of the liver, in the leaf treated groups, as compared to the controls. Elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids were restored to normal level by the administration of the leaf extract. The results obtained were compared with silymarin the standard drug. Thus, the present study provides a scientific rationale to the traditional use of this plant in the management of liver diseases.

8 tables, 51 ref

005260   Sousa A D (NO, 18, St. Francis Avenue, Willingdon Colony, Off S.V. Road, Santacruz (W, ) : Significance of MMSE scores in forgetfulness. Indian J Gerontol 2007, 21(4), 463-68.

Forgetfulness is one of the commonest symptoms in elderly psychiatric patients. This study aimed at studying the symptom of forgeljulness in 200 elderly out patients that visited a private psychiatric clinic in Mumbai. The patients were screened for medical and psychiatric disease. The patients were then administered the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the scores on various subscales were analysed to try and find specific markers of forgetfulness in the elderly. The results though concise and clear are presented in the study.

2 tables, 10 ref

005259   Shirode D;Pal Roy S;Patel T;Rajendra S V; Jyothi T M;Baganal P;Prabhu K;Ramachandra Setty S (Pharmacology Dep, S.C.S. College of Pharmacy, Harapanahalli-583 131, Email: rssiddamsetty@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of leaves of seventy percent ethanolic extract of Albizzia lebbeck in paracetamol induced experimental hepatic damage. Pl Archs 2008, 8(2), 797-801.

The study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of 70% ethanolic extract of leaves of Albizzia lebbeck (70% EELAL) in experimental liver damage induced by paracetamol (2 gm/kg, p.o.) in albino rats. The degree of hepatoprotection was determined by estimating levels of wet liver weight, liver volume and biochemical markers like SGPT, SGOT, ALP direct and Total Bilirubin and tissue parameters like tissue GSH and lipid peroxidation. The extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg kg produced significant effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP), bilirubin and tissue lipid peroxidation while it significantly increased levels of tissue GSH in a dose dependent manner. Histopathology observation and physical parameters (wet liver weight and liver volume) also confirm these findings. The effects of extract were comparable to that of standard drug silymarin. These results suggest that 70% EELAL possess hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats.

4 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref