006602   KALITA C, RAJA D, SAIKIA A, SAIKIA A K (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Guwahati Medical Coll, Guwahati, Assam, Email: kalita_chandana@yahoo.com) : Antibacterial property of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Vitex negundo against oral microbes. J Conserv Dent 2019, 22(6), 602-6.

Plant extracts are used in folklore medicine from time immemorial to treat different oral diseases. Chemical constituents extracted from these natural resources are gifted with huge opportunities. : The aim of this study is to assess the antibacterial property of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), and Vitex negundo (Pochotia) against oral microorganisms. Plant extract was prepared with hot continuous extraction method by the Soxhlet Apparatus. Microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity and identified by Vitek‑2. Bacterial inoculums poured and spread into Mueller Hinton plates. Plant extract was poured into prepared wells taking ciprofloxacillin as the positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. The experiment was performed in duplicates with two different concentrations of the extract and mean value of inhibition zone was calculated. Paired t‑test, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. Isolated microorganisms were Klebsiella oxytoca, Kochuria kristinae, Acinetobacter boumani, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Streptococcus gordonii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis. Higher zone of inhibition was observed against E. faecalis by V. negundo followed by A. indica. Among the aqueous and acetone group, in the aqueous group, the regression models of K. kristinae and B. subtilis have been found to be statistically significant (P= < 0.05), whereas, in the acetone group, the regression model of B. subtilis has been found to be statistically significant (P = < 0.05). All the three plants showed antibacterial potency against the isolated organisms. Acetone group showed better efficacy than the aqueous extract group. 

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

006600   JANANI K, AJITHA P, SANDHYA R, TEJA K V (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Saveetha Dental Coll, Chennai- 600 077, Email: ajitharijesh@gmail.com) : Chemical constituent, minimal inhibitory concentration, and antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil from oreganum vulgare against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2019, 22(6), 538-43.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition of oregano essential oil, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and to assess its antimicrobial efficiency against Enterococcus faecalis. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC‑MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of essential oil from oreganum vulgare. Broth dilution and agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the MIC. For Broth dilution, 100 μL of different concentration of oil (6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 100 µg/ml) was tested. Agar diffusion method was utilized to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of different concentration of oil (25.0, 50.0, and 100 µg/mL) against E. faecalis. GC‑MS analysis revealed that oregano essential oil contained carvacrol (41.2%), γ‑terpinene (12.68%), p‑cymene (9.47%), α‑terpinene (1.19%) as the major compounds and β–caryophyllene (0.83%), β‑linalool (0.67%), β–bisabolene (0.601%), α‑pinene (0.6%), β‑pinene (0.5%), terpinen‑4‑ol (0.41%), borneol (0.4%), 3‑thujene (0.4%), spathulenol (0.4%), myristicin (0.25%), and apiol (0.14%). The results of the present study reported Oregano essential oil possess antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. The MIC was 25 µg/ml and the minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) was 50 µg/ml. : Oregano essential oil was reported to be an effective antimicrobial agent against E. faecalis. The MIC was found to be 25 µg/ml and the MBC was found to be 50 µg/ml.

2 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

006604   KASHANI-AMIN E, SAKHTEMAN A, LARIJANI B, EBRAHIM-HABIBI A (Tehran Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: aehabibi@sina.tums.ac.ir) : Presence of carbohydrate binding modules in extracellular region of class C G-protein coupled receptors (C GPCR): An in silico investigation on sweet taste receptor. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 138.

Sweet taste receptor (STR) is a C GPCR family member and a suggested drug target for metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Detailed characteristics of the molecule as well as its ligand interactions mode are yet considerably unclear due to experimental study limitations of transmembrane proteins. An in silico study was designed to find the putative carbohydrate binding sites on STR. To this end, a-D-glucose and its a-1,4-oligomers (degree of polymerization up to 14) were chosen as probes and docked into an ensemble of different conformations of the extracellular region of STR monomers (T1R2 and T1R3), using AutoDock Vina. Ensembles had been sampled from an MD simulation experiment. Best poses were further energy-minimized in the presence of water molecules with Amber14 forcefield. For each monomer, four distinct binding regions consisting of one or two binding pockets could be distinguished. These regions were further investigated with regard to hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the residues, as well as residue compositions and non-covalent interactions with ligands. Popular binding regions showed similar characteristics to carbohydrate binding modules (CBM). Observation of several conserved or semi-conserved residues in these binding regions suggests a possibility to extrapolate the results to other C GPCR family members. In conclusion, presence of CBM in STR and, by extrapolation, in other C GPCR family members is suggested, similar to previously proposed sites in gut fungal C GPCRs, through transcriptome analyses. STR modes of interaction with carbohydrates are also discussed and characteristics of non-covalent interactions in C GPCR family are highlighted

8 illus, 4 tables, 60 ref

006592   GUPTA A, PILLAI V S, CHITTELA R K (Molecular Biology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai- 400 085, Email: rajanik@barc.gov.in) : Translin: A multifunctional protein involved in nucleic acid metabolism. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 139.

Translin, a highly conserved, DNA/RNA binding protein, is abundantly expressed in brain, testis and in certain malignancies. It was discovered initially in the quest to find proteins that bind to alternating polypurines-polypyrimidines repeats. It has been implicated to have a role in RNA metabolism (tRNA processing, RNAi, RNA transport, etc.), transcription, DNA damage response, etc. Studies from human, mice, drosophila and yeast have revealed that it forms an octameric ring, which is important for its function. Translin is a cytoplasmic protein, but under genotoxic stress, it migrates into the nucleus, binds to the break point hot spots and therefore, thought to be involved in chromosomal translocation events as well as DNA damage related response. Its structure is known and DNA binding regions, GTP binding region and regions responsible for homotypic and heterotypic interaction are known. It forms a ball like structure with open central channel for accommodating the substrate nucleic acids. Besides this, translin protein binds to 30 and 50 UTR of certain mRNAs and probably regulates their availability for translation. It is also involved in mRNA transport and cell cycle progression. It forms a heteromeric complex with translin associated factor-X (TRAX) to form C3PO complex which is involved in RNA silencing process. Recently, it has been shown that translin is upregulated under starvation conditions in Drosophila and is involved in the integration of sleep and metabolic rate of the flies. Earlier studies classified translin as a DNA repair protein; however subsequent studies showed that it is a multifunctional protein. With this background, in this review we have summarized the translin biochemical activities, cellular function as well as structural properties of this important protein.

1 illus, 50 ref

006590   GUBAREV E A, KUEVDA E V, BASOV A A, SOTNICHENKO A S, H BOLOTIN S N, DZHIMAK S S (Kuban State Univ, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, Email: 013194@mail.ru) : Biophysical methods for quality evaluation of decellularized and recellularized tissue-engineered constructs of organs and tissues. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 140.

Tissue engineering is rapidly growing now and can become a promising alternative to transplantation of organs and tissues, as it is devoid of major shortcomings of transplantology, such as acute shortage, complexity of selection, delivery and storage of donor material, lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. One of the most widely known methods of obtaining biological scaffolds for the subsequent creation of tissue-engineered constructs of organs and tissues is decellularization. The evaluation of the quality of the obtained scaffolds, based on the study of the viability of cell structures in decellularized and recellularized matrices, is one of the priorities of modern regenerative medicine worldwide. In this investigation, the biophysical criteria of decellularization and recellularization of tissue-engineered constructs based on the evaluation of the generation of free radicals in native, decellularized and recellularized tissues by EPR spectroscopy and chemoluminescence in a complex assessment of the quality of biological matrixes obtained are considered using intrathoracic organs and tissues of rats. It has been established that the intensity indices of free radical generation in native and recellularized tissues of animal organs, as well as in decellularized matrices, can serve as one of the express criteria for quantitative assessment of cell structures viability.

7 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

006569   CHARFEDDINE M, CHARFEDDINE S, GHAZALA I, BOUAZIZ D, BOUZID R G (Ecole Nationale d’Inge´nieurs de Sfax, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia, Email: charfeddine.mariam@yahoo.fr) : Investigation of the response to salinity of transgenic potato plants overexpressing the transcription factor StERF94. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 141.

Salinity is one of the most important constraints threatening the cultivation of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.). It affects plant growth and leads to significant yield loss. Consequently, it is important to improve the tolerance of potato plants to salinity. In this context, we investigated the involvement of a potato ethylene responsive factor (StERF94) in plant response to salinity, since our previous genome-wide analysis showed that it may be related to biotic and abiotic stress response. ERF proteins belong to a large family of transcription factors that participate in plant response to abiotic stresses. We have previously identified the StERF94 gene which shows increased expression in potato plants submitted to salt treatment. In this study, transgenic potato plants overexpressing StERF94 were produced and submitted to salt treatment (100 mM NaCl) in vitro and under greenhouse culture conditions. StERF94 transgenic lines showed lower decrease of stem elongation under salt treatment in comparison to non-transgenic wild-type plants. Moreover, these plants showed a low level of H2O2 and Malondialdehyde content, and an increase in catalase and GPX (Gluthation peroxidase) activities compared to non-transgenic plants. In a second step, enhanced expression of some target genes for example CuZn-SOD, DHN25 (Dehydrin) and ERD (Early Responsive to Dehydration) was noted in the StERF94 transgenic plants, submitted to salt treatment. The StERF94 factor was also involved in the activation of osmoprotectant synthesis. Taken together, all these data suggest that overexpression of the StERF94 transcription factor increases the tolerance of potato plants to salinity by improving plant growth, osmoprotectant synthesis and antioxidant activityleading to low oxidative stress damage.

10 illus, 1 table, 63 ref

006552   ABDELKHALEK A, QARI S, HAFEZ E (Biology Dep, Umm Al-Qura Univ, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Email: shqari@uqu.edu.sa) : Iris yellow spot virus–induced chloroplast malformation results in male sterility. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 142.

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens, which causes high economic losses in the onion yield. Physiological and genetic changes are associated with the appearance of chlorotic symptom in the infected plants. IYSV-N gene sequence analysis revealed that it shared sequence identity of 99% with other Egyptian isolates, at both genomic and proteomic levels. In addition, N protein sequence with computational examination indicated many motifs involved and played different roles in the virus activity and its regulation and stability were detected. In the Differential Display-Polymerase Chain Reaction (DD-PCR) study, a highly up-regulated gene at 15 days post-biological IYSV inoculation (dpi) was selected for sequencing. Based on the sequencing results that showed the identified gene was coding for a chloroplast-related gene, degenerate specific primers were designed for Real-Time PCR analysis. A significant change in the transcription level of the chloroplast-related gene after 15 dpi suggested that some IYSV proteins interact and/or regulate with chloroplast proteins and this finding supports the DD-PCR results. At 20 dpi, the ultrathin sections showed that IYSV infection caused many dramatic chloroplasts malformations. The malformation appeared as chloroplast broken envelope with the presence of numerous spherical particles inside it and chloroplasts with long stromule. Our findings indicated that IYSV interrupts normal chloroplast functions, as a part of the onion defence response, however many crucial factors remain to be elucidated and further studies are needed at both biological and molecular levels

7 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

006648   TAHIR R A, ZHENG D, NAZIR A, QING H (Biology Dep, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, Email: hqing@bit.edu.cn) : A review of computational algorithms for CpG islands detection. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 143.

CpG islands are generally known as the epigenetic regulatory regions in accordance with histone modifications, methylation, and promoter activity. There is a significant need for the exact mapping of DNA methylation in CpG islands to understand the diverse biological functions. However, the precise identification of CpG islands from the whole genome through experimental and computational approaches is still challenging. Numerous computational methods are being developed to detect the CpG-enriched regions, effectively, to reduce the time and cost of the experiments. Here, we review some of the latest computational CpG detection methods that utilize clustering, patterns and physical-distance like parameters for CpG island detection. The comparative analyses of the methods relying on different principles and parameters allow prioritizing the algorithms for specific CpG associated datasets to achieve higher accuracy and sensitivity. A number of computational tools based on the window, Hidden Markov Model, density and distance-/length-based algorithms are being applied on human or mammalian genomes for accurate CpG detection. Comparative analyses of CpG island detection algorithms facilitate to prefer the method according to the target genome and required parameters to attain higher accuracy, specificity, and performance. There is still a need for efficient computational CpG detection methods with lower false-positive results. This review provides a better understanding about the principles of tools that will assist to prioritize and develop the algorithms for accurate CpG islands detection.

1 illus, 1 table, 66 ref

006662   ZHONG Y, HU X, MIAO L (Anesthesiology Dep, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan 714 000, China, Email: liangshengmo@163.com) : Isoflurane preconditioning protects hepatocytes from oxygen glucose deprivation injury by regulating FoxO6. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 144.

The forkhead protein (FoxO) family plays a crucial role in regulating oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. FoxO6, a member of the FoxO family, helps regulate oxidative stress in gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, it is unclear whether FoxO6 participates in the protective effect of isoflurane preconditioning in liver injury caused by oxidative stress in ischemia. In this study, we explored the role and mechanism of FoxO6 in the protective effect of isoflurane preconditioning during hepatocyte injury caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Cells from the human fetal hepatocyte (LO2) line were incubated with 0%, 1%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, or 5% isoflurane for 3 h and then exposed to OGD. Data showed that 3% isoflurane preconditioning inhibited FoxO6 expression, caspase-3 activity, and reactive oxygen species production and promoted cell viability. FoxO6 overexpression abolished the effects of 3% isoflurane preconditioning on caspase-3 activity, reactive oxygen species production, and cell viability in these cells. Moreover, FoxO6 regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) expression via c-Myc after 3% isoflurane preconditioning and OGD exposure. Thus, isoflurane preconditioning prevented OGD-induced injury in LO2 cells by modulating FoxO6, c-Myc, and Nrf2 signaling.

5 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

006652   TURAN S K, ONUR M A, DEMIRALP F D O (Biomedical Engineering Dep, Ankara Univ, Ankara, Turkey, Email: ozeldemiralp@gmail.com) : Investigation of axonal regeneration of Triturus ivanbureschi by using physiological and proteomic strategies6. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 145.

Peripheral nerve injuries are frequently observed and successful treatment depends mainly on the injury type, location of the damage, and the elapsed time prior to treatment. The regenerative capacity is limited only to the embryonic period in many mammalian tissues, but urodele amphibians do not lose this feature during adulthood. The main purpose of this study is to define the recovery period after serious sciatic nerve damage of a urodele amphibian, Triturus ivanbureschi. Experimental transection damage was performed on the sciatic nerves of T. ivanbureschi specimens. The recovery period of sciatic nerves were investigated by walking track analysis, electrophysiological recordings, and bottom-up proteomic strategies at different time points during a 35-day period. A total of 34 proteins were identified related to the nerve regeneration process. This study showed that the expression levels of certain proteins differ between distal and proximal nerve endings during the regeneration period. In distal nerve stumps, transport proteins, growth factors, signal, and regulatory molecules are highly expressed, whereas in proximal nerve stumps, neurite elongation proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins are highly expressed.

8 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

006660   ZHAO X, DAI L, YUE Q, WANG H, WANG X, LI Y, CHEN R (Gynecology and Obstetrics Dep, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical Univ, Hebei, China, Email: acp95854724cangha@163.com) : MiR-195 inhibits migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of endometrial carcinoma cells by targeting SOX4. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 146.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as potential biomarkers for endometrial carcinoma (EC) diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the detailed role and molecular mechanism of miR-195 in EC metastasis. qRT-PCR assay was performed to assess the expression of miR-195 and SRY-related high-mobility group box 4 (SOX4) mRNA in EC tissues and cells. The levels of N-cadherin, Vimentin, E-cadherin and SOX4 protein were determined by western blot. SOX4 protein expression in EC tissues was also determined by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) experiment. Transwell assay was used to analyze cell migration and invasion abilities. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were performed to confirm the targeted interaction between miR-195 and SOX4. Our data supported that miR-195 was downregulated and SOX4 was upregulated in EC tissues and cell lines. Upregulation of miR-195 inhibited migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of EC cells. Moreover, SOX4 was a direct target of miR-195. MiR-195 overexpression-mediated anti-migration, anti-invasion and anti-EMT effects were antagonized by SOX4 restoration in EC cells. In conclusion, our study suggested that miR-195 inhibited the migration, invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of EC cells at least partly by targeting SOX4. Our study provided a novel underlying mechanism for EC metastasis and a promising therapeutic target for EC management

5 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

006564   BOSE A, SUDEVAN S, RAO V J, SHIMA H, TRIVEDI A K, IGARASHI K, KUNDU T K (Biochemistry Dep, Tohoku Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, Email: tapas@jncasr.ac.in) : Haploinsufficient tumor suppressor Tip60 negatively regulates oncogenic Aurora B kinase. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 147.

The Aurora kinases represent a group of serine/threonine kinases which are crucial regulators of mitosis. Dysregulated Aurora kinase B (AurkB) expression, stemming from genomic amplification, increased gene transcription or overexpression of its allosteric activators, is capable of initiating and sustaining malignant phenotypes. Although AurkB level in cells is well-orchestrated, studies that relate to its stability or activity, independent of mitosis, are lacking. We report that AurkB undergoes acetylation in vitro by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) belonging to different families, namely by p300 and Tip60. The haploinsufficient tumor suppressor Tip60 acetylates two highly conserved lysine residues within the kinase domain of AurkB which not only impinges the protein stability but also its kinase activity. These results signify a probable outcome on the increase in ‘‘overall activity’’ of AurkB upon Tip60 downregulation, as observed under cancerous conditions. The present work, therefore, uncovers an important functional interplay between AurkB and Tip60, frailty of which may be an initial event in carcinogenesis.

6 illus, 32 ref

006595   HE Y, XIE X, LI X, RONG S, LI Y, LU Z (Hepatobiliary Surgery Dep, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical Univ, Yinchuan- 750 004, Ningxia, Email: zaimo571@163.com) : Effect of FIGF overexpression on liver cells transforming to insulin-producing cells. J Biosci 2019, 44(6), 149.

Limitation in the number of insulin-producing pancreatic $\mathrm{\beta }$-cells is a typical feature of diabetes. It has been indicated that activating pancreatic transcription factors can promote the transformation of hepatocytes into insulin-secreting $\mathrm{\beta }$-like cells, indicating that direct hepatocyte differentiation seems promising as a treatment for diabetes. Nevertheless, the reprogramming efficiency still remains low. Our previous study found that the expression of c-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF) was increased in the pancreatic tissues in partial pancreatectomy mice compared to that in normal mice. Here, we observed that treatment with Ad-FIGF was found to enhance MafA and Ngn3-induced reprogramming of BNL CL.2 cells to $\mathrm{\beta }$-like cells with the ability of secreting insulin. And FIGF overexpression increased the levels of histone H3/H4 acetylation at MafA and Ngn3 promoter regions in BNL CL.2 cells. Importantly, in vivo study further confirmed that forced expression of FIGF facilitated the insulin expression and decreased the blood glucose levels in STZ mice. These results strengthen the possibility of developing cell-based therapies for diabetes through utilizing $\mathrm{\beta }$-like cells derived from non-insulin-secreting cells.

4 illus, 24 ref

006619   NASIRI M, SANI A M, HAKIMZADEH V, SHAHIDI M (Islamic Azad Univ, Quchan, Iran, Email: mohamadisani@yahoo.com) : Antimicrobial effects of edible nano-composite based on bean pod shell gum, nano-TiO₂, and Mentha pulegium essential oil. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(6), 75-8.

Natural antioxidants in edible coatings can modify the structure and improves the functionality and applicability of the film in food industries. This study was done to determine the antimicrobial effect of nano-composite based on bean pod shell gum (4% w/v), TiO₂ nano-particles (NPs) (1%–2% w/v) and Mentha pulegium essential oil (EO) (2%–4% v/v) on five food-borne pathogens in two categories, including Gram positives and three Gram-negatives bacteria. The antimicrobial activity was tested using disk diffusion test. According to the results, Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria. Increasing M. pulegium EO and TiO₂ NPs content increased the antimicrobial activity of the edible film based on bean pod shell gum, so that the treatment containing 4% v/v M. pulegium EO and 2% w/v TiO₂ NPs led to the highest inhibition zone (11.8–15.2 mm) compared to treatment containing 2% v/v M. pulegium EO and 1% w/v TiO₂ NPs with inhibition zone range of 9.8–11.5 mm. In general, TiO₂ NPs and M. pulegium EO improved the functional properties, including antimicrobial activity of the edible film based on bean pod shell gum which increases the potential of films to be used for fresh products.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

006651   TUMANGGOR L, BINTANG M, PRIOSOERYANTO B P (Biochemistry Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor, Indonesia., Email: maria_bintang@yahoo.com) : Assessing cytotoxicity and antiproliferation effects of Sida rhombifolia against MCA-B1 and A549 cancer cells. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(6), 63-8.

This research aims to determine the cytotoxicity and antiproliferation activities of Sida rhombifolia leaves extract against cancer cells MCA-B1, A549, and normal Vero cells. Sida rhombifolia leaves were extracted with ethanol using ultrasonication method and fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The tested samples were ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction based on the results of cytotoxicity using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The antiproliferation activity test by using Trypan Blue Dye method and the cells harvested after confluence on the third or fourth day and the total cells were calculated by using the Neubauer Hemocytometer. The result showed that the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract at a concentration of 500 ppm is 69.44% with IC₅₀ 202.556 ppm on MCA-B1 cancer cells and 69.44% with IC₅₀ 276.836 ppm on A549 cancer cells, while the n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 1,000 ppm was 64.13% with IC₅₀ 425.969 ppm in MCA-B1 cancer cells and 57.18% with IC₅₀ 786.617 ppm on A549 cancer cells. After being tested on normal Vero cells, the inhibition of normal Vero cells proliferation is not more than 1%. This indicates that ethanol extracts and n-hexane fraction are safe for normal cells and analysis by using LC-MS/MS showed a benzazepine compound in the ethanol extract of S. rhombifolia is known for its role as antiproliferation. These results indicate that S. rhombifolia leaves extract has the potential to be developed as anticancer compounds..

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

006640   SANTAL A R, SINGH N P, SINGHA T K (Microbiology Dep, Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak, Haryana, Email: anita.gangotra@gmail.com) : Characterization of extracellular polymeric substance producing isolates from wastewaters and their antibacterial prospective. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(6), 56-62.

Bacteria have the ability of biofilm formation, in which the cells attach to each other within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The aim of the present research work was to isolate EPS-producing bacteria from wastewater. Total 21 bacterial isolates were screened for EPS production based on mucoid and slimy colonies. Out of 21 isolates, nine efficient isolates were selected for the production of EPS. These efficient bacterial strains were also checked for their antimicrobial potential against Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella sp. The isolates ASA3, H2E7, H2F8, and ASB4 inhibited the growth of Salmonella sp., E. coli, and Klebsiella sp, while isolate ASB5, H2C6, and H2E9 only showed inhibitory effects against Salmonella sp. The maximum concentration of EPS (i.e., 17.2 g/l) was produced by strain ASB4 within 3 days of incubation.

3 illus, 4 tables, 44 ref

006638   ROY D, ULLAH M S S, BASAK B, HASAN M M, TANZIM M, HAQUE A (Rajshahi Univ, Rajshahi, Bangladesh) : Identification of TNF-α-308G/A (rsl800629) polymorphism in Bangladeshi population related to type-2 diabetes. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(6), 25-30.

This study was designed to inspect the association between tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-308G/A (rsl800629) polymorphism with diabetes mellitus type-2 (DMT2) in Bangladeshi population. Besides, the role of TNF-α-308G/A in early proliferation of DMT2 has been investigated. The allelic frequency of TNF-α-308G/A and their association with DMT2 was studied using high resolution melting (HRM) analysis and confirmed using sequencing. A few demographic risk factors associated with DMT2 were also investigated routinely. The significance of these risk factors was analyzed statistically. We have analyzed 657 individuals who were distributed into two groups: 330 non-diabetic controls and 327 DMT2 individuals. HRM analysis shows that 11 individuals bare G/A and 2 bare A/A genotype in DMT2 patients. Within non-diabetic individual, we found only one with G/A genotype. The frequency of TNF-α-308G>A are within the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (0.00482) at 95% confidence level. TNF-α-308G>A frequency in two age group based on first time diagnosed, we found association with early proliferation of DMT2 with a p-value of 0.008965 in Fisher’s test at 95% confidence level. Our result suggested that the single nucleotide polymorphisms TNF-α-308G>A is closely associated with DMT2 patients in Bangladeshi population. Besides, presence of TNF-α-308G>A polymorphism increases the risk of early proliferation of DMT2.

1 illus, 3 tables, 54 ref

006599   JAKHAR R, GILL R, GAKHAR S K (Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak, Haryana, Email: surengak@gmail.com) : Genome-wide analysis of various paralogs of aminopeptidase N (APN) gene in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(6), 15-24.

Malaria continues to be a life threatening infectious disease throughout the tropical region of the world. aminopeptidase N1 (APN1) is one of the best choices for developing new Malaria Transmission-blocking vaccines. In this study an attempt has been made to overview genome-wide identification of APN genes in Anopheles gambiae. A total of eighteen A. gambiae APN sequences were found that contain conserved HEXXH and GAMEN signature sequences, indicate that large numbers of APN isomers present in mosquitoes. Multiple APN paralogs exist as a gene cluster may propose that huge synthesis of APNs is required for rapid digestion of peptides over a brief period. Gene structure study shows high sequence variations among them. Protein–protein interactions show that APN1 is highly connected protein, supporting their role as hub with other five types of APNs involved in glutathione metabolism, act as hub protein and disruption of one of these proteins may affect the whole pathway.

5 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

006601   JANGRA S, SHARMA M, CHAKRAVARTI A, CHATTOPADHYA D (Microbiology Dep, SGT Univ, Gurugram, Haryana, Email: dchattopadhya27@gmail.com) : Carriage rate of coagulase negative staphylococci in a rural human population with or without companion livestock. J Commun Dis 2019, 51(4), 1-9.

The emergence of antibiotic resistance in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in both humans and companion livestock has been recognized to be an issue of public health concern. There are limited studies reported to evaluate the risk of transmission of antibiotic resistant CoNS from companion livestock to their human owners.  A random of 200 households, 100 each with or without companion livestock were included in the study (sub-grouped as Sgr Ia and Sgr Ib resp.). All the selected subjects were sampled from different anatomical sites, CoNS were identified by standard procedures and subjected to AST. Out of a total 400 and 440 samples from Sgr Ia and Sgr Ib, 232 (58%) and 162 (37%) resp. showed positive isolation for CoNS with S.epidermidis as the most common isolated species. Two species of CoNS viz. S.scuiri and S.warneri were also isolated from Sgr Ia subjects alone. Methicillin resistance was found to be high among all the CoNS isolates. Resistance rates towards non -β lactam antibiotics were found to be significantly higher among Sgr Ia compared to Sgr Ib. The  present  study  suggests  that  transmission  of  various  species as well as resistance genes can be possible from companion livestock to their owners. Hence human population in rural community with companion livestock should be routinely monitored for acquisition of antimicrobial resistance so as to prevent the further spread to human community.

4 tables, 40 ref

006627   PANDE A (Microbiology Dep, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Coll, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: pandeas06@gmail.com) : A comparative study of total antioxidant capacity & total fat content in various brands & sources of milk available in India. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 212-5.

The purpose of this study is to determine Total antioxidant Capacity & Total lipid content in various brands & sources of milk  available  in  India.  The  antioxidant  capacity  of  milk  samples  was  analyzed  by  using  Fe³⁺ reducing  power  (ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, FRAP). Total lipid content was assayed by Phosphovanillin method. Buffalomilk has high  lipid  content  as  well  as  antioxidants. Cow milk  has almost  50%  and  25-40%  lipid  and  antioxidant  capacity respectively  lower  than  that  of  buffalo  milk.  Goat  milk  shows  with  a  lower  lipid  content  and  high  antioxidant  capacity and hence ideal source.The result of this study helps in identifyingthe milk appropriate for daily consumption such that it has high antioxidant capacity but at the same time low lipid content.

3 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

006588   GHOSH P, TALUKDAR P, TALAPATRA S N (Bio-Science Dep, Seacom Skills Univ, Birbhum, West Bengal, Email: soumendrat@gmail.com) : The leaf alkaloid of Catharanthus roseus linn. as antidiabetic potential: In silico approach through quantitative structure activity relationship modelling and molecular docking. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 186-91.

The medicinal herb,Catharanthus roseus Linn. is commonly known as Nayantara in Bengali and the extract of leaf is used for the prevention of type 2  diabetes(T2D)  traditionally. The aim of study was  to  detect  acute  oral  toxicity  of  rat  by quantitative  structure  activity relationship  (QSAR)  modelling  and  identification  of  lead  small  molecule  by  molecular docking   for   antidiabetic   phytocompounds(alkaloids). In silicostudy  to  detect rat  oral acute toxicity of 12 phytocompounds and 2 common synthetic medicines by using ProTox-II webserver and receptor-ligand binding energy and interaction through molecular docking for phytocompounds present in C. roseuson tyrosine phosphatase 1B or TP1B(PDB ID: 2BGD) as causative agent for T2D. The molecular docking was performed by using PyRx tool (Version 0.8) to know favorable binding  affinity  and  energy.The  molecular  interaction  was  visualized  through molecular  graphics laboratory  (MGL)  tool  (Version  1.5.6).  Present predictive study revealed  that  Yohimbine  (40mg/Kg)  obtained  high acute toxicity value (LD₅₀) as class II and Glibenclamide (3250mg/Kg) as class V among 14 compounds. The molecular docking  showed  favorable  binding  energy  in  Ibogaine  (-8.1Kcal/mol)  followed  by  Yohimbine  (-7.9Kcal/mol)  when compared to synthetic medicines viz. Glibenclamide (-7.9 Kcal/mol) and Metformine (-5.0Kcal/mol) were obtained on TP1B  receptor.  In  conclusion,  the  predictions  showed  Ibogaine could  be  a  suitable  lead  candidate,which  can  prevent T2D.  The  binding was  obtained at  the active  site and this  phytoligand  can  be  used  for  suitable  inhibition  of  TP1B.  It  is suggested to validate the present prediction with experimental toxicology and pharmacological assay in future.

3 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

006646   SUDHA N, VANISREE A J (Biochemistry Dep, Madras Univ, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Email: sudhaudhay2010@gmail.com) : Gestational exposure to the aquacontaminant, nickel chloride in female zebra fish, Danio rerio culminates in behavioral and neurochemical changes in progeny. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 123-9.

The prenatal period is essential period for neurodevelopment during which a range of exposures can exert long-term changes in the brain. The water-soluble salts of nickel, a heavy metal toxicant, are crucial contaminants in the environment including drinking water that can cause neurological damage. To assess the impact of gestational exposure to nickel chloride on the nervous system of the adult female fish. In the current study, Nickel chloride (3 μl of 1 M NiCl2) was injected intramuscularly in adult female Zebrafish for 30, 40 and 50 days. The time-dependent changes were assessed in the juvenile fish by performing histopathology, behavioral analysis, oxidant and antioxidant status and also the levels of neurotransmitters were examined. The results revealed that the Chronic stress due to NiCl2 was affected the Purkinje layer, increased anxiety and decreased the memory as evident from the tank diving and maze test in a duration-dependent manner. The oxidative stress as assessed by the level of lipid peroxidation showed increased in comparison to the control (p < 0.001)). The response of tissue antioxidants as assessed by the activities of SOD,GST, catalase and the content of reduced glutathione were found to be affected at 50thday of induction. The activity of acetylcholine esterase and the level of nor adrenaline were significantly increased (p < 0.001) on 50th day whereas the levels of serotonin and dopamine showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001). Collectively the study suggests that the nickel chloride can alter the neuronal morphology, affect the behavior and neurotransmission, owing to possible developmental defects in the brain of the juvenile zebrafish.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

006626   PAL A D (Food science & Nutrition Management Dep, J.D. Birla Institute, Lower Rawdon Street, Kolkata, Email: deb_anindita@yahoo.com) : Clostridium difficile: A growing health concern. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 16-23.

Clostridium difficile is a potent nosocomial pathogen being one of the major causes of Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea. Excessive utilization of broad spectrum antibiotics destabilizes the gut microflora and compromises immunity thereby facilitating the growth and proliferation of this bacterium culminating in the disease. Infection is usually transmitted through transfer of spores via the fecal oral route. Toxin A and B are the predominant toxins responsible for the disease that disseminate intestinal barrier and initiate Rho GTPases activated Interleukin mediated inflammatory pathway. Improper sanitary conditions, contaminated food, animal manure and unclean medical setups are the primary sources of infection. This microorganism is generally diagnosed on taurocholate enrichment agar in combination with advanced techniques including Real Time PCR, enzyme immunoassays and restriction endonuclease analysis. Although Vancomycin and Metronidazole are the first lines of treatment, their efficacy has been found to be compromised mainly because of emergence of novel strains with increased virulence as well as resistance. New drugs including Fidaxomicin and Ribaxamase and advanced techniques like Fecal Microbiota Transplantation are now often used in combination with the former in order to curtail the above. Microbial replacement and utilization of outer membrane of the pathogen are recent breakthroughs towards containment of the disease. Since Clostridium difficile has now become one of the major health concerns, knowledge of pathogenesis, minimization of risk factor and development of alternative therapeutics may reduce the negative health consequences inferred by this infectious pathogen.

59 ref

006576   CHOUDHARY O P, KALITA P C, RAJKHOWA T K, ARYA R S, KALITA A, DOLEY P J (Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dep, Central Agricultural Univ, Aizawl- 796 015, Email: dr.om.choudhary@gmail.com) : Gross morphological studies on the sternum of crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela). Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(11), 1459-61.

The present study was designed to elucidate the morphological characteristics of sternum of crested serpent eagle. The sternum was a thin, flat bone with a body, rostrum and keel. The body was quadrilateral plate with concave dorsal and convex ventral surfaces and four borders. Numerous pneumatic foramina were present on the dorsal surface. The ventral surface presented a large, boat shaped keel along its median line. The cranial border was convex and thick and two pneumatic foramina were present behind the cranial border on the ventral surface of sternum. The facets for coracoid bones were located just below the cranial border. The lateral border on either side presented six articular facets for sternal ribs. The triangular pointed cranio-lateral process was observed at the junction of cranial and lateral border on either side. The caudal border was convex and caudo-lateral processes were absent. Two distinct oval foramina were seen near the caudal border. The rostrum or sternal spine was smaller and located just below the cranial border of the body of the sternum. The sternum presented a well-developed triangular keel located along the midline of the ventral surface of the body of sternum.

12 ref

006641   SASIKUMAR S, HEMALATHA S, NAGARAJAN K, SHAFIUZAMA M (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Madras Veterinary Coll, Chennai – 7, Email: hemacul@yahoo.com) : Progressive histopathological changes in experimental skin carcinogenesis in rats. Indian J Vet Pathol 2019, 43(4), 291-3.

The present study was aimed to access the progressive histopathological changes in experimentally induced skin carcinogenesis in rats. Skin carcinogenesis was induced in male Wistar rats with repeated low dosage topical application of dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) at 1.28 mg/0.128 ml acetone thrice weekly for a period of 20 weeks. The rats were sacrifi ced periodically at 4 weeks interval up to 20 weeks. Histologically, the progression of precancerous lesions like hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ to benign papilloma and early invasive squamous cell carcinoma were recorded. A repeated low cumulative dosage of topical DMBA for 20 weeks enhanced the early onset of precancerous and cancerous lesions, and evaluation of histopathogenesis could be useful in therapeutic assessment of drugs or natural compounds for their chemopreventive efficacy.

1 illus, 6 ref

006631   PAWAIYA R V S, RAMKUMAR (Pathology Dep, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar – 243 122, Email: rvspawaiya@gmail.com) : Multistep carcinogenesis of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin tumours in rats: An immunohistochemical study. Indian J Vet Pathol 2019, 43(4), 247-65.

The present study was aimed to induce skin tumours in rats by chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethybenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), to ascertain the diff erent stages of tumorigenesis with molecular markers and application of these markers in diagnosis of neoplasms. DMBA solution (5 µmol in 0.25 ml acetone per dose) was applied fortnightly on the skin of 35 rats in one group (Group A) for a maximum of 20 doses. In another group of 35 rats (Group B), DMBA was applied initially for three consecutive weeks as initiator followed by weekly croton oil (1 % w/v in acetone) applications as promoter for 60 weeks. Control groups (10 rats each) were also taken for both the treatment groups. Skin tumours were induced in only DMBA treated rats after latent period of 22 weeks, comprising of papillomas (47 %), squamous cell carcinomas (43 %) and fi brosarcomas (13 %). Adnexal tumours consisted only two cases, one each of sebaceous basal cell carcinoma and sweat gland adenocarcinoma. Tumours arose as soft sessile/pedunculated, multicentric growths which became large caulifl ower like and multiple confl uencing lesions to become bigger masses. Histopathologically, sequential alterations seen were epidermal hyperplasia, severe epidermal hyperplasia, papilloma, papillary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and its metastasis in lungs. The indices for proliferation markers (mitoses, AgNORs and PCNA) were signifi cantly higher for squamous cell carcinoma (9.14, 15.44 and 181.63) and papillary carcinoma (3.09, 6.40 and 79.13) compared to mild epidermal hyperplasia (1.03, 4.17 and 0.53). Immunohistochemically, epidermal cells revealed p53, c-Myc and PCNA positive nuclear labelling for initiation and proliferation; strongly positive labelling for pre-malignant lesions, and strong p53, c-Myc, PCNA and hTERT labelling for malignant transformation, and additional abnormal cadherin and fi bronectin for invasion and metastasis. c-Myc oncoprotein was demonstrated in nucleus and cytoplasm of cancer cells by immuno-electron microscopy. In conclusion, diff erent stages of tumour development and progression was ascertained by using molecular markers: early detection of p53 and c-Myc for cell initiation and transformation; PCNA for cell proliferative activity; p53, c-Myc and PCNA overexpression in many cells for pre-malignant lesions; excessively increased p53, c-Myc and PCNA with additional expression of hTERT and abnormal cadherin and fi bronectin for invasiveness, and additional loss of cadherin and fi bronectin for metastasis. Mitotic index, AgNOR counts and PCNA index were independent cell proliferation markers, each being equally capable of ranking neoplastic lesions as benign and/or malignant tumours. Overall, PCNA index had high sensitivity and reliability for diff erentiating borderline tumours (papillary carcinomas) from benign (papilloma). Further studies are needed to elucidate the functional diff erences of excessively expressed, stabilized normal p53 protein and/or mutant p53 protein vis-a-vis their ultimate impact in the oncogenesis. Role of cytoplasmic accumulation of c-Myc in malignant tumours, particularly in malignant diff erentiated cells with the possibility of exploitation of this property of c-Myc oncoprotein for diagnosis of cancers needs further investigation.

6 illus, 2 tables, 80 ref

006664   ÖZCAN M M, USLU N, FIGUEREDO G, JUHAIMI F A, GHAFOOR K, BABIKER E E, ALSAWMAHI O N, ÖZCAN M M, ISAM A, AHMED M (Food Engineering Dep, Selçuk Univ, Konya- 42031, Email: mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr) : The effect of fermentation process on bioactive properties, essential oil composition and phenolic constituents of raw fresh and fermented sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) leaves. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 800-4.

The influence of fermentation on antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoid and phenolic compounds of sea fennel and also volatile compounds of sea fennel essential oil was investigated and compared with fresh samples. Antioxidant activity, total fenolic and flavonoid contents decresed from 89.79 to 63.13 %; from 259.58 to 77.92 mg/100 g; from 2114.67 to 390.50 mg/100 g, respectively. Twenty-six and thirty-three components of sea fennel oils were identified in raw and fermented sea fennel, accounting to about 99.99 % and 99.44 % of the total oil, respectively. The raw and fermented sea fennel leaves contained 22.31 and 1.32 % sabinene, 12.08 % and 7.45 % limonene, 10.30 % and 11.61 % β-phellandrene, 8.59 % and 9.17 % (Z)-β-ocimene, 7.08 % and 3.55 % α-pinene, 28.36 % and 42.05 % γ-terpinene, 2.57 % and 8.64 % terpinene4-ol, respectively. Dominant phenolic compounds were (+)-catechin, gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid. Generally, all of the phenolic compounds reduced the effect of microorganisms during,. However, essential oil contents of sea fennel were not effected from fermentation process.

3 tables, 28 ref

006647   SUKENTI K, HAKIM L, INDRIYANI S, PURWANTO Y (Biology Dep, Mataram Univ, Indonesia, Email: kurniasihsukenti@yahoo.com) : Ethnobotany of Sasak traditional beverages as functional foods. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 775-80.

Sasak is a native tribe of Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Like other tribes in the world, Sasak tribe has a variety of traditional cuisines that can also function as functional foods, including the beverages or drinks. The purpose of this study was to explore the Sasak traditional drinks that function as functional foods, from ethnobotany aspects. This study used the etnosains method, namely purposive sampling method which includes observation, interview, documentation and literature review. There were 8 types of Sasak traditional drinks that are commonly consumed by the public as functional drinks, which can provide positive benefits for the human body. There was also an observation on plants used in the preparation of the drinks. Sasak traditional drinks basically have the potential as functional drinks, and further multidisciplinary studies are needed. This study is one form of preservation efforts on culture, plant resources and traditional botanical knowledge related to its use in human health.

7 illus, 19 ref

006620   NATH N, GHOSH S, RAHAMAN L, KAIPENG D L, SHARMA B K (Microbiology Dep, Tripura Univ, Suryamaninagar- 799 022, Email: bipinkumarsharma77@gmail.com) : An overview of traditional rice beer of North-East India: Ethnic preparation, challenges and prospects. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 744-57.

Fermented drinks are always found to be connected with the culture and existence of the ethnic tribes throughout the world. Traditional rice beer of North-east India is an indispensible part of tribal life style attached culturally and religiously with them. There are more than 150 major tribes in Northeast India and almost all are having a traditional way of preparing rice beer from time immemorial. The present paper is a comparative review on the methods of preparing rice beer by some popular tribes of Northeastern India. The methodology they use is found to be unique in many senses from rest of the world. The uniqueness not only lies in the starter culture preparation, which is the prime source of yeast but also in the other ingredients like indigenous plant species and rice varieties used as substrate resulting variation in taste and aroma. Almost all the traditional rice beer has unique soothing taste, aroma, colour and nutritional as well as therapeutic values having significant role in their socio cultural lives. In the present scenario the tradition is fading and facing lots of challenges. But, still the traditional rice beer has got lots of scope for its scientific up-gradation and commercialization.

1 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

006613   MIANDASHTI N, SAFARALIZADEH R, HOSSEINPOURFEIZI M A, MAHDAVI M (Animal Biology Dep, Tabriz Univ, Tabriz- 5166616471, Email: safaralizadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir) : Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol on NTF-3 and IGF-1 genes expression. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 739-43.

Cannabidiol is a herbal compound that has been found to be effective in improvement of inflammatory demyelinating diseases and could be useful to increase supportive factors in remyelination. It is derived from Cannabis sativa known as Marijuana. The aim of this research was to investigate the changes in the expression of neuroprotective NTF-3 and IGF-1 genes with focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) disease after treating U373-MG glial cells with cannabidiol. In this regard U373-MG astrocyte cells were treated at timescales of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h with doses of cannabidiol, the total cellular RNA was extracted and converted into cDNA. Eventually, changes in NTF-3 and IGF-1 gene expressions were evaluated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results supported the theory that very low doses of the drug are neuroprotective for glial cells and CNS. Probably cannabidiol fulfills it by stimulating the growth and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to become mature oligodendrocytes. However, further research work and application of complementary techniques are necessary to ensure trust worthy in vivo and in vitro results.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

006605   KHANDIA R, SINGH C, MEHRA R, DHAMA K, MUNJAL A (Genetics Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal- 462 026, Email: ak.munjal@bubhopal.ac.in) : Ethnomedicines’ effects on the process of vascularisation in embryonated chicken eggs. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 731-8.

Angiogenesis (vascularisation) is a vivacious progression during embryonic development, which is required for the growth, development, wound healing and maintenance. However, the process may turn into pathological conditions; excessive angiogenesis occurs in diseases such as cancer, diabetic blindness, age related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, etc., whereas insufficient angiogenesis occurs in diseases like coronary artery disease and chronic wounds. Since ancient times, the human population has been dependent on plants for deriving medicines to cure diseases. In the present study, aqueous extract of 04 ethnomedicinal plants parts, Butea monosperma (Kamarkas), Dioscorea hispida (Beychandi), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Mesua ferrea (Nagkesar), were evaluated for modulation of angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs. Out of these 04, B. monosperma revealed mild inhibitory effects on angiogenesis. M. fragrans and D. hispida inhibited angiogenesis, but also showed detrimental effect on growth of normal CAM with irregular outgrowths in form of projections and uneven thickness. The M. ferrea revealed its potential as antiangiogenic material by inhibiting the vascularisation by reducing the number of blood vessels without effecting normal morphology of CAM tissue. The study paves way to screen ethnomedicinal wealth for screening of plant produce for therapeutic purposes in ameliorating angiogenic disorders.

3 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

006643   SFAR M, HFAIEDH K B, BEN-MAHREZ K, SKHIRI H A, RAYANA C B, CHEMLI R, MAMI F B, SLAMA F B (de Tunis El Manar Univ, Tunis- 2092, Email: myriam.sfar@fst.utm.tn) : Effect of cinnamon supplementation on resistin and ghrelin in obese diabetic men. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 694-701.

The object of this study was to determine the effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) on glycemic/lipid balance, resistin and ghrelin. 84 obese Type 2 diabetic patients were assigned in 2 groups which consumed 8 g and 4 g of cinnamon powder. Anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical parameters were measured before and after 10 weeks of treatment. We found that cinnamon decrease BMI and waist circumference respectively of -5.52±1.47 kg/m² and -10.72±6.12 cm for group 2 of and a decrease of -4.45±1.46 kg/m² and -6.86±5.5 cm in group 1. Our results also showed a decrease of the glucose level of -1,173±0, 75 mmol/L in group 2 and -0, 8932±0, 72 mmol/L in group 1 and a decrease of insulin levels of -3.24±2.85 μUI/L in group 2 and -2.54±2.8 μUI/L in group 1. The assays showed that resistin secretion decreased by -2.08±1.09 ng/mL for the 8 g dose and -1.59±0.926 ng/mL for the 4 g dose, and there was an increase in ghrelin secretion of +1.55±2.21 μg/mL for the 8 g dose and + 2.49±1.13 μg/mL for the 4 g dose. The results confirmed the anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of cinnamon opening a new approach to studying how the compounds derived from certain spices regulate the endogenous release of hormones such as ghrelin and resistin for therapeutic intervention.

8 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

006578   DEY S, GHOSH M (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi- 835 215, Email: manik@bitmesra.ac.in) : Bioactivity-guided isolation of laccaic acid-A: A potent anti-cancer agent from Laccifer lacca (Kerr). Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 677-85.

Laccifer lacca (Kerr) (LL) has widely been used as pigmenting, dying and coloring agent in chemical industry. Although, it has wide range of industrial applications, but unfortunately, due to lesser availability of data, it has been ignored. Keeping in mind, the broad application of Laccifer lacca (Kerr), we tried to report the in vitro anti-cancer effects along with its chemical characterization. This work is divided into two sections, first section to assess the anti-cancer activity of dye of Laccifer lacca (Kerr) employing SRB assay. In second section, the active fraction was processed to isolate the active chemical entities using preparative gradient HPLC-UV. The detector was set at 275 nm and 360 nm as reference wavelength. Results of ethyl acetate fraction (EA) showed promising anti-cancer spectrum for MDA-MB-231 (<10 µg/mL) and SiHa (<10 µg/mL) cell lines. Furthermore, laccaic acid-A was identified from EA of Laccifer lacca. In conclusion, our results suggested being the first report for isolation of laccaic acid-A from Laccifer lacca. We characterized the isolated compound be UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectrometry. We also propose that this is the first report for isolation of laccaic acidA using preparative HPLC with a good yield and purity.

12 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

006649   TANWAR A, ZAIDI A A, KAUR H, RANA N, CHAWLA R, BASU M, ARORA R, KHAN H A (Cell Biology Dep, Albert Einstein Coll of Medicine, NY - 10461, USA, Email: tanwar.ankit9@gmail.com) : In silico bioprospection analysis for identification of herbal compound targeting Clostridium difficile. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 655-61.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), the occurrence has been increasing in the community as well as hospital-care facilities, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality rate. C. difficile, anaerobic pathogen greatly associated with antibiotic resistance and majorly linked to the irrational antibiotic use, which accelerate the alarming situation causing endemic as well epidemic globally. It is the budding menace and one of the major sources of nosocomial infection, i.e., hospital-acquired infection. The prevailing risk to public health by the antibiotics and their resistance majorly has driven the urge for utilizing the traditional herbal medicine into a sophisticated approach as a Modern/Ayurvedic Medicinal System (AMS). The current study aims to find out the promising herbals to combat the threat caused by C. difficile by applying herbal informatics as a holistic approach. Total 44 plants were elucidated against the virulence factors of the bacterium using the systematic bioprospection approach, out of which 5 plants were optimized that may be futher validated at the preclinical level.

3 tables, 19 ref

006583   FAKEEH M I, SHANAWAZ M, AZEEZ F K, ARAR I A (Health Education and Promotion Dep, Jazan Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: mmohd@jazanu.edu.sa) : Overweight and obesity among the boys of primary public schools of Baish City in Jazan province, Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study. Indian J Public Health 2019, 63(4), 330-3.

Overweight and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for various noncommunicable diseases. The link between obesity, poor health outcomes, and all‑cause mortality is well established. Overweight and obesity during childhood increases the likelihood of diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, obstructive sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis more early in younger age groups. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and some correlates of overweight and obesity in the study population. The present study was a cross‑sectional study conducted during October 2017 among 300 boys of primary public schools from Baish City of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. A semi‑structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Weight and height were measured using standard tools. The WHO Z‑score reference values of body mass index‑for‑age were used for the screening of overweight and obesity. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS version 19.0).  The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 10.1 % and 12.4 %, respectively, among the study participants. There was a significant difference in the overweight and obesity between urban and rural study population. Overweight and obesity was found higher among children who took frequently junk food. Overweight and obesity was substantially prevalent among primary schoolboys with a significant rural–urban difference.

3 tables, 20 ref

006628   PANDEY S, PANDEY S K, SHAH V (APS Univ, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh) : Role of TfR2-Y250X and TfR1- rs3817672 single nucleotide polymorphism on pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia. J Assoc Physicians India 2019, 67(11), 36-9.

Transferrin receptor (TFR) is a carrier protein for transferrin. It is regulated in response to intracellular iron concentration and plays a role for the import of iron into the cell. The transferring receptor 2 (TFR2) gene showed homology to transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) gene and encodes a transmembrane protein with a large extracellular domain, which is able to bind transferrin. Mutations in transferrin receptors (TfR2 and TfR1) may alter the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia. Alteration in genes encoding transferring receptor cause change in iron homeostatsis and provides a tool for investigating the excess iron absorption and abnormal iron distribution in iron related disorders. However the clinical significance of the interaction of transferring mutations with iron deficiency anemia remains unclear. Thus, the objective of my study was to investigate the effect of TFR1 and TFR2 genotypes on pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia. Study subjects were 460 iron deficiency anemia patients and 500 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Transferrin receptor, ferritin and CRP analysis was done by ELISA method while ESR analysis was done according to Wintrobes's method. CBC analysis was done by auto analyzer. TFR1-rs3817672 SNP and TFR2 (Y250X) mutation was analyzed by using PCR RFLP method. Amongst the iron deficiency anemia patients, 13 were heterozygous and five were homozygous for rs3817672 SNP. TFR2 (Y250X) mutation was detected in 6 patients with heterozygous conditions. None of the patients were presenting homozygous condition while four controls were presenting heterozygous and one with homozygous condition. Controls were presenting 3% and 0.6% of TFR1 rs3817672 SNP heterozygosity respectively. TfR2 -Y250X and TfR1-rs3817672 SNP showed clinical association with iron deficiency anemia and screening for mutations of TFR2 is a new diagnostic tool that can be offered to patients who do not have HFE mutations or who have incomplete HFE genotypes. This results may have practical implications for the molecular diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Genotyping the TFR gene should be included in the disease diagnostic protocols.

3 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

006629   PARADHIPTA DHV, JOO Y H, LEE H J, LEE S S, KIM D H, KIM J D, KIM S C (Applied Life Science Div, Gyeongsang National Univ, Jinju 660-701, South Korea, Email: kimsc@gnu.ac.kr) : Effects of inoculant application on fermentation quality and rumen digestibility of high moisture sorghum-sudangrass silage. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 486-91.

This study estimated the effects of a new inoculant producing antifungal and esterase activity on quality of high moisture sorghum-sudangrass (SS) silage with two different hybrids (SX-17 and Speed-up). The SS hybrids were chopped, treated without an inoculant (CON) and with an inoculant containing Lactobacillus plantarum R48-27 and Lactobacillus buchineri R4-26 at ratio 1:1 (INO), then ensiled into 20- L mini silo in quadruplicate for 60 days. After ensiling, silage was placed under aerobic condition for 8 days to estimate yeast and mold. The INO silages had higher (P < 0.05) dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre than those of CON silages. The INO silages also had higher (P < 0.05) pH and acetate, but lower (P < 0.05) ammonia-N, butyrate, and lactate to acetate ratio than those of CON silages. Applied INO in both hybrids had lower (P < 0.05) yeast after 4–8 days of aerobic exposure than CON. In rumen, INO silages had higher (P < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility, pH, ammonia-N, and acetate than those of CON silages. In conclusion, the new inoculant application improved not only fermentation quality, but also rumen digestibility of high moisture SS silage.

5 tables, 36 ref

006591   GULIZIA J P, DOWNS K M, CUI S (Middle Tennessee State Univ, Murfreesboro, USA, Email: jpg3y@mtmail.mtsu.edu) : Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) age variability effects on total and nutrient-specific in situ rumen degradation. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 433-9.

Early and late season kudzu leaves were collected to analyse dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in situ rumen disappearance to assess kudzu quality. Four studies were conducted during different growing periods [2 repeated early season (ES); 2 repeated late season (LS)] to determine age variability effects. Kudzu was incubated in the rumen between 0.25 and 72 h to determine total rumen degradation (%) and the rate of disappearance (% h⁻¹ ). Data were analysed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with repeated measures. Regression analysis was used to determine the degradation rate. Overall season effects (across incubation times) for dry matter disappearance (DMD) were significantly different (P < .0001). There were also significant season by incubation time interactions for DMD. Rumen degradation rate was determined to be 2.41% h⁻¹ across both seasons, with no significant seasonal difference (P = .3396). Results from this study are indicative that ES kudzu is more degradable than LS. Although there are significant seasonal effects on kudzu DMD during certain incubation times, DMD overall for ES and LS is still indicative of high rumen degradability.

4 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

006585   FARTHING A L, SCHWERTNER T W, GASPER D J, MATHEWSON H A, GUAY K A (Wildlife, Sustainability, and Ecosystem Sciences Dep, Tarleton State Univ, TX 76402, USA, Email: amyokichich@gmail.com) : Acute toxicity of gossypol in northern bobwhites. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 326-32.

Gossypol, a secondary metabolite found in cotton (Gossypium spp.), is known to be toxic to a variety of animals, particularly monogastric mammals and commercial poultry (Gallus domesticus). Gossypol toxicosis in poultry include reduced weight, decreased egg production, and egg yolk discolouration. However, there is limited published data regarding gossypol toxicity in northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), which may encounter cottonseed products in the environment and subsequently ingest gossypol. We determined the oral LD₅₀ of gossypol in northern bobwhites following the Environmental Protection Agency’s OCSPP 850.2100 Guideline: Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test. Through a range-finding test, we estimated that the LD₅₀ was between 200 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Following the range-finding test, we administered a single oral dose of refined gossypol to quail at 262, 342, 447, 585, and 765 mg/kg BW. We observed quail daily for mortality and any signs of intoxication throughout a 14-day observation period. We performed gross necropsies and had histopathology done on select organ tissues from experimental animals. Using the probit analysis, we determined that the oral LD₅₀ of gossypol in northern bobwhites is 651 mg/kg BW (95 % CI 579–731). Hepatocellular pigment accumulation and pancreatic necrosis were important lesions interpreted as evidence of gossypol toxicity.

4 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

006582   ESCOBAR F M, MAGNOLI A, SABINI M C, CARIDDI L N, BAGNIS G, SOLTERMANN A, CAVAGLIERI L (Microbiología e Inmunología Dep, Nacional de Río Cuarto Univ, Córdoba, Argentina, Email: fescobar@exa.unrc.edu.ar) : Minthostachys verticillata essential oils as potential phytogenic additives and chemoprotective strategy on aflatoxin B₁ toxicity. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 217-2.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effects of Minthostachys verticillata essential oil (Mv-EO) against aflatoxin B₁-induced toxicity in Vero cells in vitro and in male rats. The cytotoxicity of AFB₁ (0-30 µg/mL) and Mv-EO (0-500 µg/mL) was determined on Vero cells using the Neutral Red assays. The tested Mv-EO did not cause genotoxicity or cytotoxicity in vivo and was able to attenuate AFB₁-caused cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Animals were divided into four groups consisting of 5 (five) rats in each group: T1 basal feed (BF – negative control), T2 BF + Mv-EO [0.04%], T3 BF + AFB₁ [100 µg/kg], T4 BF + food with AFB₁ [100 µg/kg] + Mv-EO [0.04%]. Tissue samples were collected at the end of treatment period for genotoxic study and histological examination. Treatment with Mv-EO alone and even combined with AFB₁ showed a significant improvement in the histomorphometry of intestinal villi, without alteration of productive parameters. Also, the micronucleus test demonstrated that Mv-EO reduced AFB₁-induced DNA damage on bone marrow cells of male Wistar rats. This study demonstrated that Mv-EO could be used as protective against AFB₁-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, and as phytogenic feed additive.

4 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

006551   ABDEL-AZIEM S H, EL-KADAR H A M A, ALAM S S, EL-MONEIM O M A, OTHMAN O E (Cell Biology Dep, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt, Email: othmanmah@yahoo.com) : Nucleotide structure of prion protein gene in Egyptian camels. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 123-8.

The prion protein is coded by the PRP gene which is active in the brain and several other tissues. The functions of normal PrPs are related to energy production, protein degradation and DNA replication. Prions are the essential factor for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in different mammalian species. The present study aimed to identify the nucleotide characterization of the PRP gene in six camel breeds reared in Egypt. Genomic DNA which was extracted from 80 camels belonging to six breeds reared in Egypt was used to amplify fragments at 725-bp using a specific primer for PRP gene. Alignment of Egyptian camel PRP nucleotide sequences with those of other mammalian species declared the similarity 100% between PRP sequences of Egyptian and Iranian camels and 99.7% similarity with English, German and Chinese camel populations. The nucleotide sequence of Egyptian camel was submitted to GenBank under the accession no.: MF685344. The comparison between PRP amino acids of Camelus species with other mammalian species showed two missing amino acids in Camelus and Lama glama species; Glycine at position 83 and Leucine at position 229 whereas there is a unique amino acid addition – Glycine at position 89 – in Camelus species.

5 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

006557   ALI M, CHAND N, KHAN R U, NAZ S, GUL S (Regional Investment Funds for Agriculture, Kabul, Afghanistan, Email: rukhhan@gmail.com) : Anticoccidial effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 79-84.

The present study was designed to find the effect of ginger and garlic on the performance and integrity of gut in experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens. A total of two hundred and forty day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were divided into six equal groups as following: T1, Control (basal diet only); T2, Infected–untreated (positive control); T3, Infected and supplemented with garlic at 15 g/kg feed; T4, Infected and supplemented with gingers at 5 g/kg feed; T5, Infected and treated with amprolium hydrochloride at 1.25 g/liter drinking water; T6, Infected and supplemented with mixture of garlic and ginger at the rate of 2.5 and 7.5 g/kg feed. The results showed that feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P < .05) high in ginger and garlic supplemented birds compared to the positive control. Similarly, oocysts shedding, lesion score and histopathology of the small intestines improved in ginger and garlic supplemented birds after induced-infection in broiler. The findings of the present study showed that ginger and garlic produced encouraging results in comparison to amprolium in broiler chickens infected with experimental coccidiosis.

1 illus, 7 tables, 15 ref

006567   CARRASCOSA C, SANJUAN E, MILLAN R, MARTIN S, SAAVEDRA P, RAPOSO A, ROSARIO-QUINTANA C, JABER J R (Management of Science and Technology Development Dep, Ton Duc Thang Univ, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Email: iconantonio.raposo@tdtu.edu.vn) : Is the use of supermarket trolleys microbiologically safe? Study of microbiological contamination. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 17-23.

Microbial contamination in shopping trolleys (eighty five) by considering different supermarkets (seven) from three major food companies in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) was determined. The two sampled areas were trolley handles and food trolley baskets-child seats. Samples were analyzed by selective and differential microbiological culture media. E. coli four (2.4%) indicative of faecal contamination, Klebsiella pneumoniae twelve (6.5%) and Citrobacter freundii, six (5.1%), which have been isolated from human faecal samples, were isolated from trolleys; Pseudomonas rhodesiae, five (4.25%), and Pseudomonas fluorescens, three (2.55%), which both evidenced environmental contamination. Significant differences among the companies were found for the Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms. Regarding location, these differences (p < 0.003) were observed only for the coliform rates, which were higher in trolleys located outside. The results of this study suggest the implementation of cleaning and disinfection programmes to improve trolley sanitation, and to reduce exposure to both potential pathogenic and transmitting bacterial infections.

1 illus, 3 tables, 61 ref

006621   NOOR H D, TRI U, HARYADI W M, WIDYA A, KOICHI A (Ehime Univ, Matsuyama, Japan, Email: akiyama.koichi.mu@ehime-u.ac.jp) : DNA sequence variability analysis of the gD and the UL36 genes of Bovine herpesvirus1 isolated from field cases in Indonesia. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 206-11.

To investigate the genotype of Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) isolated in Indonesia (n = 10), the DNA sequences of fragments of two genes, including the middle third of the gD gene and the downstream end of UL36, were determined using nested PCR. All the samples were classified as BHV-1.2 according to the deduced amino acid sequence of gD. On the other hand, analysis of the nucleotide sequence of UL36 indicated the presence of insertions or deletions (indels) compared to reference sequences and each other, which indels made more diverse than in gD sequence, and the classification of BHV-1 subtype based on the deduced amino acid sequence of UL36 differed from that obtained using the gD protein sequence. These results suggested that while the gD sequence analysis was suited for rough classification of BHV-1 subtype, the UL36 sequence permitted detection of BHV-1 subtype polymorphisms.

3 illus, 32 ref

006589   GREESHMA B C, MAHESH M (Azyme Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore- 560 069, Email: mahesh@azymebio.com) : Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Bacillus species and its applications. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(4), 810-5.

Selenium nanoparticles have been widely used in the various areas especially in medical field for its anticancer and immune modulatory properties. To reduce the toxic chemicals released by chemical process, the present work was aimed at synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by microbes. In this study, microbes were isolated from soil samples from different areas of Bangalore and screened for the antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. The organism with highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ value = 11.6 μg/mL) was identified as Bacillusspecies. Under experimental conditions, this microbe along with sodium selenite synthesised selenium nanoparticle indicated by the colour change of the medium to reddish orange. The synthesised selenium nanoparticles were further characterised. From UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the maximum peak was obtained at 266.5 nm. The FT-IR analysis showed peaks at different wavelengths with the maximum of 3200 cm-1showing the presence of alcoholic group. The shape and size of the selenium nanoparticles was also calibrated by SEM analysis as oval and 209 nm-748 nm respectively. The nanoparticles were further analysed for antimicrobial assays by well diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, St. mutans and antifungal assay against the strains of C. albicans, A. niger and A. flavus. The highest zone of inhibition was observed against E.coli (1.7 cm) at a concentration of 400 μg and maximum for C. albicans (2.5 cm) at a concentration of 400 μg. Microbial synthesized nanoparticles emerges as a promising medicine in curing different disorders because of its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

8 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

006618   MURADOV P Z, SHIRINOVA G F, ASGERLI L X, ALLAHVERDIYEV E I, GASIMOV C F (Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan, Email: article_1@mail.ru) : Species composition of fungi causing diseases in agricultural plants in agrarian sector of Azerbaijan. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(4), 785-90.

The purpose of the presented work was dedicated to assess the spread of fungal diseases and the species composition of its creators on the plants used for food purposes in the agraraian sector of Azerbaijan. In the research conducted for this purpose, we studied mycobiota of 20 sorts belonging to the 10 species of plants and it was indicated that in the formation of mycobiota of those plants, there was involvement of 57 species of fungi and fungi-like organisms. It was determined that the frequency of occurrence of registered fungi, as well as the prevalence of diseases caused by fungi depending on the plants, are characterized by the different quantitative indicators. Thus, the total frequency of occurrence fungi varies between 0.02 -21.2 %. Phytosanitary status was assessed according to the degree of spread of diseases caused by fungi. It became clear that the situation today is potentially dangerous. This is also made as a necessary task to develop serious prophylactic measures.

2 tables, 14 ref

006642   SEVINDIK M, AKATA I (Food Processing Dep, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Univ, Osmaniye, Turkey, Email: sevindik27@gmail.com) : Antioxidant, oxidant potentials and element content of edible wild mushroom Helvella leucopus. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2019, 10(4), 266-71.

This study aims to determine the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), DPPH free radical scavenging activity and element levels of the mushroom Helvella leucopus Pers. Ethanol, methanol and dichloromethane extracts of the mushroom samples were obtained using a Soxhlet device. TAS, TOS and OSI values were determined using Rel Assay kits. Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn contents were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Consequently, this study has demonstrated that H. leucopus has antioxidant potential. As a result of the studies, TAS value of the mushroom was found as 2.181±0.069 mmol/L, TOS value was 14.389±0.170 μmol/L and OSI value was 0.661±0.022. DPPH free radical activity was determined as EtOH extract 49.80±0.71, MeOH extract 44.98±2.18 and DCM extract 23.68±1.37 in 1 mg/mL extract concentration of mushroom. In addition, it was found that the mushroom contains high levels of Pb and Mn. In conclusion, it was found that H. leucopus could be used as a natural agent in pharmacological designs due to its antioxidant activity.

3 tables, 48 ref

006568   CHANDRASEKAR R, JAYANTH P C, NIRANJAN BABU M (Pharmacognosy Dep, Seven Hills Coll of Pharmacy, Chitoor- 517 561, Email: chandrumnrcop@gmail.com) : Protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Alphonsea sclerocarpa against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2019, 10(4), 252-8.

Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites belonging to the family Annonaceae is a small tree, which grows up to 10-15 m tall the leaves are simple and alternate. Despite its medicinal properties the plant seems to be less explored and hence this research aims at exploring the antiurolithiatic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of A. sclerocarpa on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. A. sclerocarpa leaf powder was extracted using ethanol. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of A. sclerocarpa (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) was studied in experimentally induced renal stone in rats by in vivo model. Ethylene glycol model (0.75 % in drinking water, for 28 days) was used for renal stone induction. The blood, urine and kidney samples were used for various parameters. The concentration of calcium, oxalate, phosphorus, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was observed in each group. The phytochemical analysis was carried out to detect the presence of secondary metabolites like saponins and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf extract. In ethylene glycol (0.75 % v/v) treated animal model ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf extract showed significant results on stone promoters (calcium oxalate, inorganic phosphate and sodium), kidney function parameters (uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine). On the basis of biochemical parameters and histopathological study it was confirmed that A. sclerocarpa leaf extract protected the renal cells from oxidative stress and injury induce by calcium oxalate crystals. The investigation of ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf has shown promising antiurolithiatic activity and support folklore claims of these plants as antiurolithiatic. The mechanism of action of these plants for antiurolithiatic is apparently related to increased diuresis and lowering of urinary concentrations of stone-forming constituents, though it should be confirmed by the extensive exploratory studies.

3 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

006655   VANI M, RAHAMAN S A, RANI A P (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu- 521 108, Email: vanimamillapalli@yahoo.co.in) : Hepatoprotective studies of floral extracts of Gomphrena serrata L. and piperic acid on CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2019, 10(4), 238-51.

The present investigation aims to isolate, characterise and evaluate the phytoconstituents of Gomphrena serrata L. responsible for hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity models both in vitro and in vivo. The plant species has not been explored for various therapeutic activities. HPLC analysis of subfraction of plant extract showed the presence of piperine, which was isolated and further hydrolysed to piperic acid. The results of the study indicate that the plant hydroalcoholic, acetone extracts at 500 mg/kg and compound piperic acid at 0.5 mg/kg exhibited better results in the regeneration of damaged hepatocytes and reduction of biochemical marker enzymes. The hepatoprotective activity might be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E induced ER and oxidative stress. The present study reveals that the hepatoprotective activity of floral extracts might be due to in situ conversion of piperine into piperic acid. As piperic acid showed the equipotent potential to standard drug silymarin, it can be further developed as a hepatoprotective drug.

8 illus, 3 tables, 58 ref

006577   DERTLIOGLU S B, EDGÜNLÜ T G, SEN D E, SÜZEK T O (Dermatology Dep, Firat Univ, Elazig, Turkey, Email: selmadertlioglu@hotmail.com) : Extracellular matrix protein 1 gene mutation in Turkish patients with lipoid proteinosis. Indian J Dermatol 2019, 64(6), 436-40.

Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by mucocutaneous lesions and hoarseness of voice that develop in early childhood. LP is caused by mutation in the extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) gene, which is located on 1q21.2. This study aimed to present the profile of ECM1 gene mutations and to identify possible novel mutations specific to Turkey. The ECM1 gene mutations of 19 LP patients from five families were evaluated using DNA isolated from peripheral blood samples. All ten exons in the ECM1 gene region were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were analyzed using a DNA sequencing analyzer. The results of DNA sequencing were analyzed with bioinformatics methods. Of the 19 LP patients evaluated in our study, we detected defects in exon 6 (c.507delT, 658T>G), exon 9 (157C>T, 727C>T), and exon 10 (c.93_94delGCinsTT) of the ECM1 gene.  Our results indicate that defects in exons 6, 9, and 10 of the ECM1 gene were responsible for LP in our country. The identification of these pathogenic mutations is valuable because it facilitates early diagnosis and genetic counseling.

5 illus, 1 table, 11 ref