002728   OULADSAAD S, ALLAOUI O, DAAS A (Laghouat Univ, Laghouat, Algerie, Email: sofianesdm@yahoo.fr) : Boro-aluminizing of XC38 steel. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(3), 239-43.

In this work, the effects of boroaluminizing thermochemical treatments in solid medium on the microstructure and the surface properties of XC38 steel have been studied. The obtained layers have been characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Vickers microhardness. The comparative study of boroaluminized layers obtained by simultaneous and consecutive processing steps of treatment show that the much thicker diffusion layer (with 114 µm) is obtained after a boriding followed by aluminizing treatment with a significant improvement of microhardness value which reach 1020 HV.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

002678   ADEBAYO G B, SALIU O D, ORIMOLADE B O, NASIRU W T (Industrial Chemistry Dep, Iiorin Univ, Ilorin, Nigeria, Email: adebayaochem@gmail.com) : Orange II removal from aqueous solution by a cellulose acetate biopolymer incorporated with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(3), 228-34.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles and cellulose acetate composite have been synthesized using the in-situ co-precipitation technique and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. The nanocomposite has been used as the adsorbent for the removal of Orange II dye from aqueous solution through adsorptive mechanism. The effect of concentration, pH, time contact, adsorbent dosage and temperature are investigated, and maximum percentage removal of the dye is calculated to be 83%. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model gave a positive result with the adsorption experimental data with value of b and n equal to 0.075 and 1.197 respectively while regression coefficient R² equal to 0.839 and 0.859 in each case. The thermodynamics studies of the adsorption show that the adsorption reaction is exothermic and the process follows a pseudo second order kinetic model.

12 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

002768   XINXIN T, WUSHENG Z, PENGPENG L, JING T (Xihua Univ, Chengdu- 610 039, China, Email: zhawusheng684@hotmail.com) : Effects of oxidation temperature on the microstructure and photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ coating. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(3), 224-7.

Titanium coatings have been prepared on the surface of 1mm ZrO₂ balls by mechanical ball mill, then the coatings are oxidized to photocatalyst TiO₂ films at 400~600°C. XRD, SEM, EDS and OM were used to analyze the microstructure of the films. The photocatalytic activity of the samples is also evaluated. After that the effects of oxidation temperature on the microstructure and photocatalytic activity of the films has been discussed. Result shows that, oxygen elements are imported into the inner coatings by the gaps existed in the Ti coatings, which makes the Ti particles oxidized from surface to core, finally the films with TiO₂+Ti composite microstructure are obtained. The films have the best photocatalytic performance with degradation rate of methyl orange solution 79.08% by oxidation at 500°C, this owing to the existence of anatase and the composite microstructure.

7 illus, 14 ref

002685   ASSAL M E, SHAIK M R, KUNIYIL M, KHAN M, AL-WARTHAN A, SIDDIQUI M R H, LABIS J P, VARALA R, ADIL S F (Chemistry Dep, King Saud Univ, Riyadh- 114 51, Email: sfadil@ksu.edu.sa) : Synthesis, characterization and relative catalytic study of ZrO_x-MnCO₃, – MnO₂or –MN₂O₃ deposited on highly reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for aerobic oxidation of secondary alcohols. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(3), 189-204.

Zirconia nanoparticles doped MnCO₃ have been successfully immobilized on various percentages of highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG)[(X%)HRG/MnCO₃–(1%)ZrO_x](where, X=0–7)],via a facile and straight forward co-precipitation method. Upon calcination, the as-obtained materials have yielded different types of HRG/manganese oxide nanocomposites at different temperatures i.e.[(X%)HRG/MnO₂–(1%)ZrO_x] and [(X%)HRG/Mn₂O₃–(1%)ZrO_x]. A detail investigation was carried out to compare the catalytic performance of carbonates and oxides based nanocomposites for the selective oxidation of secondary alcohols.  For this purpose, molecular oxygen was employed as an environmentally benign oxidant under base-free conditions. The reaction conditions were optimized with different weight percentages of HRG, reaction times, calcination temperatures, catalyst dosages, and reaction temperatures using 1-phenylethanol as a substrate model. The catalytic performance of the nanocomposites was enhanced significantly due to the presence of HRG as a support material. The catalyst with (1%)HRG/MnCO₃–(1%)ZrO_x exhibited outstanding performance as well as excellent selectivity in the aerobic oxidation of 1-phenylethanol. In this case, 100% conversion in 4 min with more than 99% selectivity was achieved with excellent specific activity of 60.0 mmol.g⁻¹.h⁻¹. Moreover, catalyst can be efficiently reused 5 times without discernible decrease in its activity and selectivity. Apart from this, various other alcohols were also selectively oxidized to their corresponding carbonyls with complete conversion in short reaction times under optimal conditions without over-oxidation to the carboxylic acids.

10 illus, 7 tables, 86 ref

002701   HUANG C, QIU M, BAO L, ZHANG H (Shaoxing Univ, Shaoxing-312 000, P.R. China) : Adsorption of dye C.I. Reactive Red 15 onto montmorillonite: Kinetics and adsorption isotherms. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2019, 18(2), 613-8.

The adsorption of dye C.I. Reactive Red 15 in aqueous solution onto montmorillonite was carried out in detail. The operation parameters influencing the adsorption process of dye C.I. Reactive Red 15 such as contact time and initial dye concentration were studied. Physicochemical characterizations including microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of the surface of montmorillonite were carried out. The kinetic study was performed by the pseudo first order and the pseudo second order reactions. According to the experimental data, the pseudo second order model better described the adsorption of dye onto montmorillonite. It implies that the predominant process is chemisorption, which involves a sharing of electrons between the adsorbate and the surface of the adsorbent. The adsorption isotherms were studied by Langmuir model and Freundlich model. The results indicated that the adsorption followed the Langmuir model. The dye C.I. Reactive Red 15 adsorption onto montmorillonite was monolayer adsorption.

7 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

002771   YE Y, JIN J, FANG L, YE S, WANG Y, HUANG J, YE X, ZHU Y (Shaoxing Univ, Zhejiang-312 000, China) : Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater by Lysinibacillus sp. immobilized magnetite. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2019, 18(2), 605-11.

In order to prolong the usage life of magnetite in the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), a novel magnetiteLysinibacillus sp. system was proposed in the study. The optimal condition of the combination system was optimized. The highest Cr(VI) removal rate was obtained with glucose of 8 g/L, yeast powder of 10 g/L and pH in a range of 8-10. As compared with the reaction of magnetite and Lysinibacillus sp. respectively, enhanced effect of biological-chemical system on Cr(VI) removal was observed, contributing to the synergetic effects between magnetite and the microorganism. With cyclic immobilization method, Lysinibacillus sp. was immobilized on the surface of magnetite successfully. The column experiment showed that the engineered system could remove 400 mg/L Cr(VI) from the solution for 24 h, which indicated that the immobilized magnetite is applicable for the practical treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater.

8 illus, 21 ref

002766   WANG W, KHAN A A, LI G (North China Univ of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou- 450 011, China) : Adsorption thermodynamics of adsorptive removal of tetracycline on lanthanum modified magnetic composite. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2019, 18(2), 497-501.

Lanthanum is one of the rare earth elements, which exhibits potential high adsorption capacity for a series of organic and inorganic pollutants. In this research, a lanthanum modified magnetic adsorbent La-modified Fe₃O₄ was prepared by chemical co-precipitation and used for adsorptive removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solution. At the adsorbent dosage of 5 mg in 50 mL solution, the uptake of TC achieved as much as 83.29 mg/g. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, RedlichPeterson and Koble-Corrigan models. The R² values of Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Koble-Corrigan models were higher than those of Langmuir and Temkin models. This indicates the chemisorption occurring on heterogeneous adsorbent surface. At 298, 308 and 318 K, the q_max values by Langmuir model were of 110.4, 145.9 and 176.0 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that ΔH° and ΔS° were 29.83 KJ/mol and 124 J·mol^-1·K^-1, respectively. This demonstrates that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

002731   PATEL N, JAT R, DESAI C (JJT Univ, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan) : Stability indicating HPTLC method development and validation for estimation of Methocarbamol and diclofenac sodium in combined dosage form. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 260-3.

A specific, accurate, precise and robust HPTLC method was developed and validated for estimation of Methocarbamol and Diclofenac sodium in combined dosage form. For HPTLC, Hamilton microlitre syringe (Linomat syringe 659.0014, Hamilton-Bonaduz Schweiz, Camag, Switzerland) was used. The solid phase containing cylinder specifications are given bellow here. UV chamber (Camag, Switzerland), Twin trough chamber (20 × 10 cm; Camag, Switzerland), Linomat 5 sample applicator (Camag, Switzerland) and TLC scanner 4 (Camag, Switzerland) operated by win CATS version 1.4.6 software (Camag, Switzerland) were used in the study. All drugs and chemicals were weighed on an electronic balance (AUW 220, Shimadzu Corp., Japan). All data calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 software (Microsoft Corporation, USA).

14 illus, 1 tables, 5 ref

002741   SAKHARE ABHAYKUMAR D, BIYANI KAILASH R, SUDKE SURESH G (Pharmaceutics Dep, Anuradha Coll of Pharmacy, Chikhali, Maharashtra) : Design and optimization of reservoir type transdermal patches of carvedilol. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 149-57.

The objective of present research work was to design and optimize reservoir type transdermal patches of carvedilol. These patches were prepared by solvent casting technique using hydrophilic polymers and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (rate controlling membrane). The patches were characterized for physicochemical properties and were found within acceptable limits. The in-vitro drug release was performed using Franz diffusion cell for the selection of optimized formulation from all prepared formulations. Formulation R7 was selected as optimized formulation since it shows highest flux for 24 hr and the drug release from all formulations follows zero order release kinetics. Formulation R7 shows excellent correlationship between in- vitro diffusion profile and ex-vivo permeation profile with regression coefficient (r² = 0.999). Formulation R7 was found to be stable for short term stability studies as per International Council of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The study demonstrated that the present system has a potential of delivering active across skin in controlled manner with desired systemic activity.

4 illus, 8 tables, 26 ref

002696   DUBEY R, PENDHARKAR T, JANA U, SONI A, SATPATHY M, HAIT M, PANDA S R (MATS Univ, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets containing hydro alcoholic dried leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 89-92.

Medicinal plants are widely used as a source of life saving drugs over the world. They play an important role in drug discovery process and are exclusively used to develop a meaningful therapeutic agent. These natural medicinal agents have enormous benefits and can be used as an alternative to synthetic one and are being used to develop the drugs. The present study is aimed to develop a fast dissolving tablets containing hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis to treat inflammation associated with arthritis. Nyctanthes arbortristis is commonly known as Night-flower Jasmine, Coral Jasmine and Parijat. Arthritis is a disorder which affect joint and cause joint pain and stiffness. The fast dissolving tablets are prepared by direct compression method using other excipients. The prepared tablets are evaluated for in vitro. The results showed good compressibility of the powdered extract with the fast release of constituents from the tablets.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

002756   SUTHAR A K, MEHTA M, BISHNOI H K, KUMAR A, KUMARI B (Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa, Haryana,) : Formulation development and evaluation of fast disintegrating tablet of lornoxicam by using co-processed super disintegrants. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 55-61.

The concept of fast dissolving drug delivery system emerged from the desire to provide patient with more convenient means of taking their medication. It is difficult for many patients to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules. The main objective of the study is to develop reproducible formulation of fast dissolving tablets of Lornoxicam already used therapeutic molecule to enhance effectiveness, and to avoid side effects (gastric irritation) of the drug. Different batches of tablets were prepared by direct compression method using different concentration of superdisintegrants like Cross povidone, Cross carmellose sodium, Sodium starch glycollate. Superdisintegrants were used by three means i.e. by direct addition of superdisintegrants, by using physical mixture of superdisintegrants and by using co-processed mixture of superdisintegrants. In this study total four formulations were formulated by direct addition of superdisintegrants, eighteen formulations were formulated by addition of physical mixture of superdisintegrants in different ratios and eighteen formulations were formulated by addition of coprocessed mixture of superdisintegrants in different ratios. Before compression preformulation studies were done which includes characterization of blend and physical compatibility studies with excipients. Effect of change in superdisintegrant and their concentration on the formulation was studied. Final batches were compared for superiority of superdisintegrants in the formulation of FDT of Lornoxicam.

20 tables, 33 ref

002730   PATEL N (JJT Univ, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan) : Stability indicating HPLC method for methocarbamol and diclofenac sodium in combined dosage form. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 48-51.

High performance liquid chromatography is the most accurate method widely used for the quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of drug product and is used for determining drug product stability. Stability indicating HPLC method is used to separate various drug related impurities that are formed during the synthesis or manufacture of drug product. In this article, we will discuss the strategies and issues regarding the development of stability indicating HPLC system for drug substance. Many key chromatographic factors were evaluated in order to optimize the detection of all potentially relevant degradants. The method should be carefully examined for its ability to distinguish the primary drug components from its impurities. Newer chemical entities and drug products rely to undergo forced degradation studies which may be helpful in developing and demonstrating the specificity of such stability indicating methods. At every stage of drug development, practical recommendations are provided which will help to avoid failuresms.

2 illus, 8 tables, 5 ref

002697   DULARA B K, GODARA P, BARWER N (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : In-vivo and In-vitro phytochemical GC-MS analysis of volatile constituents of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 255-61.

The present study aims at identifying and comparative analysis of various active phytochemicals from plant parts (leaf and stem) and in-vitro callus sample of Andrographis paniculata using Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extracts through GC-MS technique. Andrographis paniculata leaf, stem and callus (obtained from leaf explant) samples were dried at room temperature, powdered and then sequentially extracted in Methanol and Petroleum Ether as solvents using soxhlet apparatus. Total five extracts were prepared viz: Methanolic Leaf Extract (MLE), Methanolic Stem Extract (MSE), Methanolic Callus Extract (MCE), Petroleum Ether Leaf Extract (PELE) and Petroleum Ether Stem Extract (PESE). Further, these five extracts obtained were analyzed for the presence of various volatile phytochemical compounds using GC-MS technique. The GC–MS analysis of the five extracts revealed the presence of 34 different high and low molecular weight phytochemicals with varying quantities. Some of the phytochemicals detected in A. paniculata are 1-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadeconoate, Eicosane, à-D-Glucose, 3-Nitrobenzyl iodide,2- Pentadecanone 6,10,14-trimethyl, 6-Tetradecanesulfonic acid, butyl ester, Phytol,1-Hexyl-2- nitrocyclohexane, N-'Methy-l-N-'phenyl-N-tosylformohydrazide etc. These phytochemicals are considered biologically active and pharmacologically important. The results obtained from the comparative GC-MS analysis of different samples of A. paniculata shows the presence of various bioactive compounds with some newly identified compounds. Therefore, A. paniculata is recommended as a phytopharamaceutically important plant.

1 illus, 3 tables, 56 ref

002700   GIRGIS S, FAHEEM A, ELKORDY A (Sunderland Univ, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, Uttarakhand) : Preparation of poly ɛ: caprolactone nanoparticles containing bovine serum albumin by emulsification technique. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 238-43.

Bovine serum albumin poly ɛ-caprolactone nanoparticles were prepared by the double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The effect of some preparative variables like the molecular weight of the polyester and theortical loading of the protein on the size, zeta poetntial and loading efficiency were investigated. Size wss characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy technique using Malvern zetasizer. Zeta potential is characterized by laser anemomerty technique using Malvern zetasizer. Protein loading efficiency and release rate were characterized by bicinchoninic acid assay using plate reader spectrophotometer. Morphology and size of the particles were shown by scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that increasing the molecular weight of the poly ɛ-caprolactone at each bovine serum loading could increase loading efficiency which in turn augmented the nanoparticle size and release rate.

5 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

002735   RAJAREDDY A, MURTHY M S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Mall Reddy Pharmacy Coll, Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana) : Design, synthesis and characterization of novel benzothiazole derivatives containing thiazolidine-2, 4- dione for anti-cancer screening. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 175-80.

A novel synthetic methodology for preparation of Novel benzothiazole derivatives containing thiazolidine-2, 4-dione were prepared by knoevenagel condensation reaction, Schiff’s base and manich base reaction. The newly synthesized compound was characterized using 1H-NMR, FT-IR and MASS spectrometry. The anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated by tube dilution method. All the synthesised compounds were carried out the in vitro Anti-cancer activity by MTT Assay. The compounds 4a, 4f and 4h exhibited good anticancer activity against breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines at a concentration of 0.5 mg / mL^-1 .

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

002753   SUJESH M, HARINDRAN J (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, CPAS, Kottayam, Kerala) : Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS profiling of the various extract of Cyclea peltata Root (Hooks and Thom.). Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 161-5.

Plants have been an important source of medicine since the beginning of human civilization and it still continues as one of the major source of drugs in modern as well as traditional medicine throughout the world. Despite the major advances in the modern medicine, the development of new drug from natural products is still considered important. Cyclea peltata of Menispermaceae family is commonly known as “Patha” and is herb which in mentioned in all ancient scriptures of Ayurveda. The great sage Charaka has categorized patha as “Sadhaniya”-means a healing herb. The roots have great medicinal value and are used both internally and externally. Externally it is used to treat infected wounds, sinuses, skin diseases and pruritus. Internally it is used as an anti-inflammatory, gastro-protective, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, antiseptic etc. The present study deals with the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and GC-MS profiling of the ethyl acetate (CPEA) and petroleum ether extract (CPPE) of the root of Cyclea peltata. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence alkaloids, steroid, terpenoid, tannins in ethyl acetate extract (CPEA) and alkaloid and saponins in pet. ether extract (CPPE). The GC-MS chromatogram shows the presence of hexadecanoic acid, ethyl-9-octadecenoate for ethyl acetate extract (CPEA) and n-decanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid, cis-9-hexadecinal etc. for pet. ether extract (CPPE).

11 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

002720   MAJUMDER T, HASAN R, ROY P, PRAMANIK R, HASAN N (Primeasia Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Method development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of luliconazole in marketed formulation (Cream). Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 103-8.

A simple, specific, accurate, precise, rapid, robust and selective stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for assay and validated for quantification of antifungal drug with its excipients in its topical dosage form. The mobile phase has been used for separation consisting of Water: Acetonitrile (60:40). Column used was C₁₈ (4.6 X150 mm, 5 µm) with flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Detection wavelength for Luliconazole was 294 nm. The method has been linear at 60-140% range with r2 0.999. Luliconazole has showed 97-103% recovery. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.38 µg/ml and 1.06 µg/ml respectively. Methanol was used as solvent. The method have been robust under various variation with flow rate, detection wavelength and column oven temperature. Developed method can be used routinely for estimation of drug Luliconazole with its excipients in dosage form and stability sample. The validation of method was carried out as per ICH Guidelines.

2 illus, 8 tables, 13 ref

002694   DEEPTHI B V P, KARTHESWARI K, AKHILA G, HUMA H, BASHARATH U R, SHARMA J V C (Joginapally B.R.Pharmacy Coll, Moinabad, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Formulation and evaluation of Ivabradine buccal tablets. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 95-102.

In the present study, an attempt was made to prepare buccal tablets of Ivabradine HCL (an anti-anginal drug), in order to overcome bioavailability problems, to reduce dose dependent side effects and frequency of administration. Buccal tablets containing the drug were prepared by direct compression method using combinations of polymers (such as sodium CMC, HPMC K200M and karaya gum). Estimation of Ivabradine HCL was carried out spectrophotometrically at 292 nm. The Buccal tablets were evaluated for various physical and biological parameters, drug content uniformity, in-vitro drug release, drug- excipient interactions (FTIR). IR spectroscopic studies indicated that there are no drugexcipient interactions. The formulations F9 (containing 30mg of HPMC K200M) were found to be promising, which showed maximum drug release within 8 h. These formulations have displayed good bioadhesion strength (4.66 gm respectively).

11 illus, 9 tables, 18 ref

002752   SPYRYDONOVA N V, SILIN A V, LEBEDYNETS V A, ZAVADA O A, KALINENKO O S (Quality Management Dep, National Univ of Pharmacy, Kharkov, Ukraine) : Development of specification for substance 7-azepan-1- il-1-ethil-6-ftor-3- (4-phenyl-1, 3-tiazol-2-il) - Quinoline4 (1h)-one. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 54-6.

The paper presents the results of the development of specifications for a new first-synthesized chemical compound exhibiting antibacterial activity and positioned as a perspective drug substance. According to the recommendations of the European Pharmacopoeia quality control procedures have been developed for standardization the substance of 7-azepan-1-yl-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-3-(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl))- quinoline-4(1H)-one - a modified derivative of the fluoroquinolone series.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

002681   ALZAHRANI N H, EL-GENDY M M A A (Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dep, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt, Email: m_morsy_70@yahoo.com) : Tolerance and removal of Zinc (II) and Mercury (II) by dead biomass of Aspergillus tubingensis Merv4. J Ind Pollut Control 2019, 35(1), 2251-7.

Zinc and mercury are causing a problem worldwide owing to highly toxicity and this problem will intensify if obligatory actions not taken. In present study searching about bioactive fungal strain can. We screened ten endophytic fungal species derived from different plants grow in polluted sites for tolerating and removing both zinc and mercury efficiently from aqueous solutions. Among these isolates Aspergillus. tubingensis Merv4 showed the highest resistant toward mercury (Hg²⁺) with the highest tolerance against zinc (Zn²⁺). Moreover, simultaneously it was tolerant to different other toxic metals like Pb²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺ with varied degree of resistant. Dead biomass of A. tubingensis Merv4 strain showed capable of totally removing (100%) of both zinc and mercury, respectively from aqueous solution under optimized conditions. In real industrial disposal water the maximum removal values of zinc and mercury were (96% and 91%, respectively) by dead biomass of A. tubingensis Merv4 under optimized conditions. In near future these promising fungi can be used in bioremediation of mercury, zinc and other metal contaminates from industrial wastewaters onto microbial dead biomass.

7 tables, 19 ref

002687   BAKR R O, AMER R I, FAYED M A A, RAGAB T I M (Pharmacognosy Dep, October Univ for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, 11787, Egypt, Email: romar@msa.eun.eg) : A completely polyherbal conditioning and antioxidant shampoo: A phytochemical study and pharmaceutical evaluation. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2019, 11(2), 105-15.

A recent approach in shampoo research has been to find a natural alternative for synthetic detergents that have deteriorative effects on hair follicles. This study aimed at the formulation of a completely herbal shampoo containing a natural foaming agent, in addition to having conditioning, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. The leaves of Salix babylonica L., Ziziphus spina-christi L. (Willd), and Glycyrrhiza glabra rhizomes were extracted with 70% methanol then quantified for their phenolic and flavonoid contents using colorimetric assays that were qualitatively identified by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). The mineral content was also estimated. The radical scavenging activity was estimated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was determined. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity was tested using agar diffusion assay and compared to vancomycin and ketoconazole. Four formulations, consisting of the different plant extracts and a combination of the extracts, were prepared and evaluated for several physicochemical properties. The best formula was evaluated for its conditioning effects using scanning electron microscope and blind touch tests by asking volunteers for grading the formulations. UPLC-MS-MS analysis of S. babylonica and Z. spina-christi allowed tentative identification of 12 phytoconstituents in each. Z. spina-christi showed the highest phenolic content and a high copper, zinc, and manganese content beside the best antioxidant activity, whereas G. glabra had a high potency against Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans. The polyherbal shampoo formulation (F4) was selected as an optimized formulation because of a high foam stability after 4 min, low wetting time (2 s), surface tension reduction, and comparable results for percent solid content. F4 showed good conditioning effect and consumer contentment. The formulated polyherbal shampoo is chemical free, extra-nourishing shampoo with excellent conditioning, cleansing, and antimicrobial effects.

1 illus, 10 table, 56 ref

002707   JALUTHRIYA V, BEDARKAR P, PATGIRI B J, HARISHA C R (Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Dep, Gujarat Ayurved Univ, Jamnagar, Gujarat, Email: 14vasu87@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical evaluation of poly herbal formulation: Agastyaharitaki Avaleha. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(3), 104-10.

In the era of increasing demand for indigenous medicines, maintaining quality standards is the need of the hour. Agastyaharitaki Avaleha is a poly herbal formulation used for the management of various diseases like kasa, Shwasa, and urdvaroga etc. It containing Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.), 20 kwatha dravya, Pippali, Guda, Tila taila, Go-ghrita, Madhu. The nomenclature of Agastyaharitaki Avaleha is based on its one main ingredient is Haritaki. It has told by Mahrishai Agastya. Therefore the first time this is explained as Agastyaharitaki Rasayana in Charaka samhita and Ashtangahridayama. Hence, the present study was undertaken to standardize the compound Ayurvedic formulation through Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical evaluation. The sample was subjected for various phytochemical parameters like water soluble extractive (66.4%w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (8.31 % w/w), ash value (30 % w/w), loss on drying (31.16 % w/w), pH (6.4), Total sugar (21.1%) and Reducing sugar (18.2%). The HPTLC, solvent system was showed the presence of 7 spots at 254 nm and 3 spots at 366 nm. Thus, the physiochemical and microscopic characters achieved may provide guidelines for standardization of Agastyaharitaki Avaleha formulation.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

002751   SINGH N V, CHAUHAN R, SUSHIL, YADAV G S, KUMARI B (Entomology Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar 125004, Haryana, Email: reenavansh82@gmail.com) : Dissipation pattern and effect of washing on reduction of dimethoate residues on sweet orange, Citrus sinensis L. Pestic Res J 2019, 31(1), 96-101.

Dissipation pattern of dimethoate residues on fruits of sweet orange (Musambi) and reduction of residues by washing is reported. Residues were determined by gas liquid chromatography (GC) equipped with flame thermionic detector (FTD). The residues of dimethoate in rind dissipated with time regularly showing 85.00 and 88.24 per cent dissipation by 10th d after spray at the recommended (468.7 g a.i. ha^-1) and double (937.4 g a.i. ha^-1) doses respectively. In pulp, the residues reached below detectable level (BDL) of 0.01 mg kg^-1 by 7th d in recommended dose and 10th d in double dose. No residues were found on 0 d within detectable level of 0.01 mg kg^-1 in recommended dose after washing whereas in double dose, 80.39 per cent reduction was observed.

2 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

002683   ANITA, MADAN V K, CHAUHAN R (CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar 125004, Haryana, Email: anita.tanwar51@gmail.com) : Dissipation kinetics of novaluron–indoxacarb combiproduct in soil under tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Pestic Res J 2019, 31(1), 87-91.

Dissipation of novaluron–indoxacarb combi-product sprayed @ 43.31 + 37.13 g a. i. ha^-1 (normal dose) and 86.62 + 74.26 g a. i. ha^-1 (double the normal dose) at 50 per cent fruiting stage on tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is reported in sandy loam soil under the crop. Soil samples collected periodically at 0 (1h after application), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 d after application and eluted with 125 mL of hexane : acetone (9:1, v/v) in plexi glass column (90 cm × 22 mm i.d.) and finally made upto 2 mL in hexane were estimated using GC-ECD system equipped with capillary column. Average recoveries of novaluron and indoxacarb in soil fortified at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg kg^-1 ranged from 91.10 to 94.00 per cent. LOD and LOQ were calculated as 0.005 and 0.01 mg kg^-1 for the two molecules respectively. The initial deposits of novaluron were 0.03 and 0.08 mg kg^-1 and that of indoxacarb 0.43 and 0.57 mg kg^-1 at the single and the double doses respectively. The dissipation of novaluron and indoxacarb followed first order kinetics with half-life ranging from 0.63 to 0.71 d in novaluron and 1.87 to 2.17 d in indoxacarb at the two doses.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

002761   THAKUR N, SHARMA N, GULATI A, SUNIDHI (Chemistry and Biochemistry Dep, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur 176062, Himachal Pradesh, Email: sharma_neelam29@rediffmail.com) : Effect of metsulfuron methyl on acetolactate synthase activity and protein content of wheat. Pestic Res J 2019, 31(1), 81-6.

Results of field studies laid out during Rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15 in randomized block design to study the effect of metsulfuron methyl applied at 2, 4, 8 g ha^-1 on biochemical attributes viz. acetolactate synthase activity and total soluble protein content of wheat crop are reported. Wheat plant samples were collected at 0 (2 h), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 , 30, 45 ,60, 75 and 90 d after herbicide application and at harvest for biochemical analysis. A significant decrease was observed in acetolactate synthase activity and total soluble protein upto 10 d after herbicide application. Quality indices i.e. protein and gluten content of wheat grain increased significantly with the metsulfuron methyl treatments. It has been concluded that the herbicide has a non-significant effect on the biochemical attributes of wheat.

3 tables, 18 ref

002708   KAUR G, SHARMA S, KAUR P, GABA J (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, Email: sunita_sharma@pau.edu) : Synthesis of some Schiff bases of o-phenylenediamine and their antimicrobial activity. Pestic Res J 2019, 31(1), 74-80.

Two series of Schiff bases viz. N- substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines (1a-e) and N, N’ -bis substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines (2a-e) were synthesized using o-phenylenediamine and various substituted aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. Physical data of all the synthesized compounds is reported. The compounds were characterized by their IR and 1H NMR spectra and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Burkholderia sp. and Fusarium oxysporum. The compounds containing halogen group showed better activity as compared to the others. Out of the halogenated compounds, the bromo substituted compounds exhibited more activity. The other halogenated compounds followed the order Br > Cl > F. None of the compounds gave better results as compared to the standard ampicillin and bavistin.

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

002714   KUCHIPUDI A, ANGAPPAN S, KAITHAMALAI B (Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, Email: suganthi.a@tnau.ac.in) : Method validation, dissipation and decontamination of flubendiamide residues in lettuce using LC/MS/MS. Pestic Res J 2019, 31(1), 34-41.

A method for determining flubendiamide residues in lettuce using LCMS/MS with negative electron spray ionization was developed and used for its residue analysis. Samples were extracted in acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid phase extraction with recovery of 70 to 120 per cent at RSD < 20 per cent. The residues dissipated on 25 and 30 d of application of flubendiamide at 24 and 48 g a.i. ha^-1 respectively on lettuce. Tamarind water washing was found very effective for decontamination of flubendiamide residues from iceberg lettuce. It removed 91.62 and 82.11 per cent of residues at the recommended and double the recommended doses.

6 tables, 35 ref

002739   SAHOO S K, SINGH B (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, Email: sksahoo_2006@rediffmail.com) : Simultaneous determination of imidacloprid and its metabolites in cotton and soil. Pestic Res J 2019, 31(1), 4-12.

An easy, simple and efficient analytical method for the estimation of residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites like 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA), nitroguanidine, olefin, nitrosamine, urea and 5-hydroxy, in different fractions of cotton comprising cotton leaves, lint, oil, seed cake and soil is reported. Sample preparation consisted of extraction of residues from matrices using acetonitrile followed by clean up by dispersive solid phase tube. The residues were estimated using high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with PDA detector system, C18 column and confirmed by Liquid Chromatograph Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). HPLC grade acetonitrile : water (30:70) was used as mobile phase @ 0.3 mL min^-1. The recoveries of imidacloprid and its metabolites spiked at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 µg g^-1 levels were in the range of 80 to 94 per cent. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was worked out to be 0.01 mg kg^-1. The analytical method was validated in terms of parameters including selectivity, linearity, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy

3 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

002682   AMNA ALAMELDEEN H, ELMUGDAD AHMED A S, ALI M S (Chemistry Dep, Sudan Univ of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan) : Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of some Schiff bases derived from Dimedone. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 126-33.

The synthesis, characterization of three Schiff bases 3,3- dimethyl-5(phenylimino) cyclohexan-1-one [L1], [(4-chlorophenyl) imino]-3,3- dimethyl-5(phenylimino) cyclohexan-1-one [L2], and 3,3- dimethyl-5-[(4-nitrophenyl) imino]-3,3- dimethyl-5(phenylimino) cyclohexan-1-one [L3], derived by condensation of an equimolar amounts of dimedone with different amine such as aniline, 4- Chloroaniline and 4-nitroaniline in ethanol were reported . Spectroscopic techniques, including NMR (¹H and ¹³C), UV- vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, MS, and melting point were used to identify the products.

17 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

006426   DESHMUKH P K, THAKARE A P, MANDLIK P R (Chemistry Dep, Shri Shivaji Science Coll, Amravati, Maharashtra, Email: pratikdeshmukh212@gmail.com) : Synthesis, spectral characterization, thermal and biological studies of Cu(II), Co(II), Th(IV) and Zr(IV) complexes with symmetric thiocarbohydrazone ligand. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 53-9.

The thiocarbohydrazone Schiff base ligand (LH2 ) was synthesized by the condensation of thiocarbohydrazide and 1-(5- bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone. Such Schiff base ligand with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur as donor atoms have unique tendency to conjugate with metal ion for the formation of metal complexes. By knowing this fact, a series of Cu(II), Co(II), Th(IV), and Zr(IV) metal complexes were synthesized from (H₂L) Schiff base ligand and characterized by using spectroscopic techniques. IR spectra reveal that co-ordination of the ligand with metal ion resulting into mononuclear complexes. The ligand mainly coordinates through the hydroxyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen to give five membered rings in some cases. Molar conductance values of synthesized metal complexes in DMF indicate the nonelectrolytic nature of the complexes. From the observed magnetic moment and electronic spectral data, probable structures for the complexes have been proposed. The thermal behavior of ligand and metal complexes shows the presence of lattice and the co-ordinate water around their co-ordination sphere. The synthesized Schiff base ligand and its complexes were also tested for their antimicrobial activity against E. Coli, S. aureus, S. epidermis, and K. pneumoniae.

6 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

006504   TAMBADE P J, SHELKE B N, KUSHARE S S, GAWARE M R (Research Centre of Chemistry, Sinnar, Nashik, Email: pawan.tambade@gmail.com) : A simple, green and expeditious synthesis of salen of 2-hydroxy 1- napthaldehyde with ethylene diamine in water and its complexation with various transition metals (Cu, Co, Fe AND Ni) exploring ultrasound waves. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 48-52.

A salen type ligand of 2-hydroxy 1- napthaldehyde with ethylene diamine was synthesized by sonochemical process. The synthetic process is simple yet efficient using environmentally benign water as a solvent. The synthesized salen ligand was characterized by physical constant, 1H NMR, FT-IR, HRMS, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The ligand was then coupled with various transition metals (Cu, Co, Ni, and Fe) under sonication and metal complexes were prepared. The metal complexes are obtained in excellent yield under sonication within short period of time. The metal complexes are identified by FT-IR, HRMS and UV-visible spectroscopic analysis.The developed protocol is simple, clean, high yielding, green, and with reduced reaction times by application of sonication. The products are purified by simple filtration followed by washing with water/alcohol and drying processes.

1 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

002729   PALPANDIAN P, SHANMUGAM H , RANI E A, PRABU GTV (Horticultural Coll & Research Institute, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Email: pppreethifruitscience@gmail.com) : Determination of fruit quality of calcium carbide induced ripening in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Alphonso) by physiological, biochemical, bio-enzymatic and elemental composition analysis (EDX). Indian J Biochem Biophys 2019, 56(3), 205-13.

The aim of the study was to determine the postharvest fruit quality of mango cv. Alphonso treated with the laboratory grade (LG) and commercial grade (CG) Calcium Carbide (CaC₂ ) at the reported highest acceptable dose, and elemental composition analysis (EDX) results to support the statements for traceability of hazardous trace elements in CaC₂ , which can serve as a basis towards developing sensors for identifying CaC₂ treated mangoes through detection of trace elements. Physical, physiological, biochemical and EDX of mango cv. Alphonso harvested from farmers‘ field of Santur village in Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu, India were used for the study. All studied physical characteristics except fruit firmness of CG CaC₂ treated fruits did not correlate to desirable fruit characteristics like total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titrable acidity, total sugars and ascorbic acid. Besides, these parameters were desirable only in control fruits, though a number of days taken to reach fruit consumption stage was relatively more compared to CaC₂ treatment. In vitro, free radical scavenging potential of DPPH was comparatively higher in control fruits than CaC₂ treated fruits of both grades. Lab grade (LG) CaC₂ treated fruits were non-significant in modifying physical, physiological and biochemical properties of mango cv. Alphonso except for TSS. However, at the end of the experimental period, CG CaC₂ treated fruits recorded higher TSS than LG CaC₂ treated fruits. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) results confirmed traceability of health hazardous chemical substances of arsenic (As) and phosphorous (P) in both LG and CG CaC₂ lumps. Calcium carbide when used as an artificial ripening agent was not in contact with the fruit surface, the presence of arsenic and phosphorus were not detected in the EDX spectrum, a novel finding of our study.

4 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

002733   RAGUNATHAN V, PANDURANGAN J, RAMAKRISHNAN T (Bio-Engineering Dep, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai- 600117, Tamil Nadu, Email: thiruchelvi.se@velsuniv.ac.in) : Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of methanol extracts from marine red seaweed Gracilaria corticata. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 547-54.

The objective of the work is to analyse the methanol extract of marine red macro algae species Gracilaria corticata using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to reveal the presence of various secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds present in the algae and study its diverse properties. Gracilaria corticata was collected along the shore of Mandapam and was identified and authenticated. The methanol extract of the algae was prepared and analysed using GC-MS Perkin-Elmer, Clarus 680 model to reveal the various bioactive present in the algae. The analysis revealed several bioactive compounds:undecane; 2-decyloxirane (2.023 %); Methy n-tridecanoate;n-hexadecanoic acid (74.198 %); eicosanoic acid (2.262 %); nonanoic acid (2.084 %); oleic acid (6.609 %); oleic acid (4.156 %); pentadecanoic acid (2.176 %); bicycle [3.2.1] oct-3-en-2-one,3,8-dihydroxy1-1methoxy-7-(7-methoxy-1, 3 benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-methyl-5 (2.901 %);N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl) dodecanamide (2.048 %); and cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol,4-methyl (1.542 %). The bioactive compounds from methanol extract of algae after GC-MS analysis and their essential medicinal properties were studied in this research work. Gracilaria corticata has potential against bacteria, fungi, free radical scavenging, etc and can used in the drug discovery and development sector.

15 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

002743   SARMANOVNA T Z (Pharmacy Dep, Kabardino-Balkaria State Univ, Russia- 360 004, Email: hanuman.mag@yandex.ru) : Phytochemical study of odorous celery root (Apium graveolens L.) grown in the North Caucasus. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 527-30.

Flavoring celery (Apium graveolens L.) from the umbrella family (Apiaceae) is a common food plant, its use as a spice has been known since Ancient Greece. Stems, leaves and root are widely used in cooking in various dishes: soups, salads and side dishes. Celery fragrant has mild laxative, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, enveloping and wound healing properties. The aim of our research was the phytochemical study of celery root odorous, quantitative definition of flavonoid, carotenoid, polysaccharides, tannin, free organic acids, essential oils and lipid. The research material was dried and chopped celery fragrant root passing through a 3 mm sieve. We carried out quantitative determination of biologically active substances in the celery root odorous by the following methods: flavonoids (In terms of rutin) by the spectrophotometric method; carotenoids by the photocolorimetric method;  essential oil, polysaccharides, lipophilic substances by the gravimetric method; free organic acids and tannins by the titrimetric method. The results of the studies are given in the table. Statistical data processing was performed according to the method “Statistical processing of the results of a chemical experiment and biological tests” presented in State Pharmacopoeia XI [1]. The sample size (n) is 6, the confidence level (P) is 95 %, the student criterion (t (P, f) is 2.57). For the first time, we carried out a quantitative assessment of the content of seven groups of biologically active compounds of celery root odorous, grown in the North Caucasus: essential oil - 2.04 ± 0.01 %, flavonoids - 1.44 ± 0.01 %, lipophilic substances - 4, 05 ± 0.01 %, carotenoids - 3.03 ± 0.02 %, free organic acids - 2.38 ± 0.02 %, tannins - 8.06 ± 0.01 %, water-soluble polysaccharides - 8, 33 ± 0.01 %, pectin substances - 3.45 ± 0.01 %, hemicellulose A - 1.54 ± 0.01 %, hemicellulose B - 1.47 ± 0.01 %. Celery root odorous grown in the North Caucasus is a source of biologically active compounds.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

002748   SIHAM F, RACHID B, MOHAMMED A-Z (Biochemistry Dep, Ferhat Abbas Univ, Setif-119000 Setif, Algeria, Email: ferdjioui_89@yahoo.fr) : Chemical composition and antioxidant effect of Mentha rotundifolia extracts. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 521-6.

This report was aimed to investigate both the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of two extracts from Mentha rotundifolia aerial parts. Aqueous and acetonic extracts were obtained by decoction and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Total polyphenols contents were determined using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent whereas flavonoids were evaluated by AlCl₃ method. LC-MS/MS method was carried out to reveal the phytochemical composition of extracts. Some tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS⁺ radical cation decolorization assay, OH* radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion chelating, reducing power and β-caroten/linoleic acid bleaching assay. The results showed that the aqueous extract was richer on polyphenols and flavonoids comparing to the acetonic extract. The analysis by LC-MS/MS allowed to identify many phenolic compounds in extracts, predominated by rosmarinic acid. In addition, the extracts were found to possess a significant antioxidant activity. Accordingly, it can be concluded that M. rotundifolia is quite rich in phenolic compounds and has a good antioxidant activity.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

002688   BHAWSAR R, PASWAN S K, SONI P K, SAINI T R (Pharmacy Dep, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore (M.P.), Email: skpaswan@yahoo.com) : Development and optimization of mucoadhesive microspheres of miconazole nitrate. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6296-319.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal thrush) is common fungal infection caused by candida albicans in vaginal canal. The physiology mechanism of vaginal cavity offers problem of draining out of formulations with vaginal irrigation. The currently available formulation also shows problem of shorter resident time in the vaginal lumen and have feeling of uncomfort and uneasiness due to size and shape of dosage forms. Miconazole nitrate is choice of drug for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. The objective of present research work was to formulate controlled release mucoadhesive microspheres of miconazole nitrate by spray drying technique and compressing it to tablet dosage form which should disintegrate into microspheres at the site and adhere to the vaginal lumen, hence releasing the drug for longer duration of time. Formulation variables were optimized using three factor, three level BoxBehnken design composed of HPMC K100M (X1), Eudragit RSPO (X2), Ethyl cellulose 100CP (X3) as independent variables. The response surface methodology was employed and was optimized for the response variables, viz., entrapment efficiency and cumulative % drug release at different time intervals. The % mucoadhesion of optimized microspheres formulation was found to be 90 % after 8 hours of microspheres application. The tablet will disperse after contacted with vaginal fluid in the form of mucoadhesive microspheres and adhere with mucosal surface and consistently release the drug upto 12 hr.

15 illus, 8 tables, 21 ref

002725   NAGAR R, PATEL R (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Univ, Indore, (M. P.)) : Development of HPTLC fingerprinting method for estimation of gallic acid in polyherbal capsule. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6292-5.

The aim of present study is to develop a simple, specific, accurate and reproducible HPTLC method for the quantitative estimation of gallic acid in raw and poly-herbal capsule dosage form The fingerprinting method was developed for raw materials Eugenia jambolana (bark), Phyllanthus niruri (whole plant) and laboratory batch polyherbal capsule via estimation of gallic acid by using HPTLC methods. The results indicate the presence of optimum level of gallic acid in raw as well as laboratory batch of prepared polyherbal capule.

1 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

002716   KUMAR V, GAUTAM G, KUMAR A, DASGUPTA S (Bhagwant Institute of Pharmacy, Muzaffarnagar, (U.P.), Email: gk100781@gmail.com) : Design development and evaluation of bi-layered tablet of divalproex sodium. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6280-8.

Divalproex sodium is considered as the most important antiepileptic drug and widely used for treatment of epilepsy and bi-polar disorders and prophylaxis of migraine. The formulation of bi-layered tablet of Divalproex sodium containing immediate release layer and sustained release layer by HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M polymer used to retard the drug release from sustained release layer in different proportion and combination and evaluated for physical parameter along with in vitro drug release studies.. In vitro drug release studies were performed using USP type II apparatus (paddle method) in 900 ml of phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 100 rpm.. The FTIR study revealed that there was no interaction between drug and polymer and combination can be safely prepared. Both layers were prepared by wet granulation technique as poor flow property exhibited by pure drug. The immediate release layer was formulated by using sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium as superdisintegrants and evaluated for physical parameters, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The optimized immediate release layer (IF6) with highest in vitro release of 98.11 was selected for bi-layered tablet formulation. Finally Bi-layered tablets were prepared by double compression of selected sustained release layer and immediate release layer of Divalproex sodium.

4 illus, 8 tables, 31 ref

002737   RATHORE R, KHAN M F, BHARDWAJ R, VISHWKARMA S, GUPTA R A (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Univ, Indore, (M. P.)) : Preparation and evaluation of powdered herbal shampoo using bhirngraj. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6275-9.

Hair is an important part of the overall appeal of the human body. Hair is one of the external barometers of internal body conditions. Shampooing is the most common form of hair treatment, Hair cleansers or shampoos are used not only for cleansing purpose but also for imparting gloss to hair and to maintain their manageability and oiliness for hairs, As the time has passed synthetic agents have taken a large share but today people are getting aware of their harmful effects on hairs skin and eyes. These regions attracted to community towards the herbal products, which are less expensive and have negligible side effects, Herbs have long been associated with hair care and are often ingredients of conditioners shampoos and rinses. Hair are the integral part of human body, people are using herbs for cleaning, beautifying and managing hair since the ancient era, , this research is designed to developed herbal power which may be beneficial as compare to chemical shampoo. Herbal power shampoo do not cause side effect as compare to the shampoo which contain chemicals.this herbal shampoo prepared by using bhringraj, amla, shikakai, henna, ritha in different composition of crude drugs its prepared mixing in ascending order by weight, the formulation and no. of evaluation parameters was done to ensure its safety and efficacy.

1 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

002715   KUMAR D , GAUTAM G , KUMAR A , DASGUPTA S (Bhagwant Institute of Pharmacy, Muzaffarnagar, (U.P.), Email: gk100781@gmail.com) : Design, development and evaluation of fast release bilayer tablets of antihypertensive drug (Amlodipine besylate and losartan potassium). Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6252-62.

Amlodipine besylate and Losartan Potassium is Cardio vascular agent, calcium channel blocker Amlodipine belongs to the dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), the most widely used class of CCBs. There are at least five different types of calcium channels in Homo sapiens: L-, N-, P/Q-, R- and T-type. And Losartan is a selective, competitive angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, reducing the end organ responses to angiotensin II. Losartan administration results in a decrease in total peripheral resistance (afterload) and cardiac venous return (preload) All of the physiological effects of angiotensin II, including stimulation of release of aldosterone, are antagonized in the presence of losartan. Fast dissolving tablets are solid dosage form that contains medicinal substances and that disintegrate and dissolve rapidly without water (within seconds) when placed on the tongue. Fast dissolving tablets of Amlodipins and Losartan Potassium were prepared by direct compression method using Sodium Starch Glycolate, Ac-Di-Sol, as a super disintegrants, and controlled tablets without any super disintegrant and evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution time, water absorption ratio and content uniformity. All tablets containing super disintegrates shows release of drug more than 95 % within 10 minutes.

5 illus, 10 tables, 25 ref

002732   PATYAL P, THAKUR N (Bahra Univ, Waknaghat, Solan (H.P.), Email: patyalpriya777@gmail.com) : Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of controlled polyherbal microemulsion for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6236-51.

Aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate microemulsion for oral drug delivery of Tinospora cordifolia, Momordica charantia and Trigonella foenum graecum to enhance bioavailability of extracts. Oil–in-water microemulsions were prepared by high mixer homogenizer method. Microemulsion was formulated using Liquid paraffin oil as oil phase; Tween 80 and Span 20 were used as surfactant and cosurfactant respectively, on the basis of solubility studies. Aqueous phase titration method was used to construct phase diagrams. Formulations were selected from phase diagrams. Prepared microemulsions were subjected to various parameters like: thermodynamic stability tests, drug content, viscosity, percent transmittance, electroconductivity, droplet size and in-vitro release studies. Results showed that all the formulations had good stability. Viscosity of F1 optimized formulation was found to be 4.86cPs, percent transmittance was found to be 98.32% and drug content was found to be 89.62 %, 97.78 % and 99.75 % of Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Tinospora cordifolia respectively. Particle Size through SEM was found to be 861nm-1.18µm. Optimized formulations were successful in control release for 18 hours. Formulation F1 showed 89.28 %, 92.31 %, 99.03 % drugs release of Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Tinospora cordifolia respectively.

17 illus, 7 tables, 39 ref

002749   SINGH A, DHAMI A, PALARIYA D, PRAKASH O, KUMAR R, KUMAR R, PANT A K (Chemistry Dep, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Methyl nonyl ketone and linalool rich essential oils from three accessions of Zanthoxylum armatum (DC.) and their biological activities. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 20-8.

Methyl nonyl ketone also known as 2-undecanone (6.7 - 61.2 %) and linalool (1.8 – 48.3 %) were identified as major constituents, analyzed in the essential oils of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. an important medicinal plant from three different ecological niches of Uttarakhand Himalayas in India. The other major constituents in the essential oils were sylvestrene, monomethyl cinnamate, 2- tridecanone, Ecaryophyllene, vinyl decanoate, phytol, caryophyllene oxide, etc. The essential oils exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 13.68 ± 0.35 to 29.67 ± 0.95 µL. The in-vitro antiinflammatory activity with observed IB50 values ranging from 21.56 ± 0.08 to 27.64 ± 0.03 µL has also been found in the essentials, besides moderate anti-bacterial activity. The observed biological potential and diversified chemical makeup of essential oils besides the commercially and biologically important major compounds, it can be inferred that this medicinally important indigenous shrub may be a good source of important phytochemicals like methyl nonyl ketone, cosmetically important linalool for the development of herbal nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

4 tables, 60 ref

002704   JADHAV A S, BHUSE V M (Chemistry Dep, Government Rajaram Coll, Kolhapur - 416 004, Email: ashataijadhav15@gmail.com) : Effect of electrolytes on photoelectrochemical performance of a CuS–CdS heterojunction. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 125.

CdS–CuS heterojunction films have been grown successfully on a copper substrate using a chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The obtained films are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical absorption, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) analysis and the photo-electrochemical (PEC) properties of the CdS–CuS heterojunction have been studied using different electrolytes. The XRD pattern of CuS–CdS shows peaks corresponding to CuS (hexagonal) and CdS (cubic) structures, while the optical absorption studies revealed the presence of an absorption edge corresponding to CuS–CdS (band gap of 1.85 eV). The Raman spectra of the CuS, CdS and CuS–CdS heterojunctions were recorded and are in good agreement with the results reported in the literature. TEM and cross-sectional SEM images show an overlap between CuS rods and CdS flasks. The charge transfer across the layers was studied by using PL spectra. The measurement of the photo-electrochemical properties using a conventional two electrode system for an iodine electrolyte showed the highest conversion efficiency of 1.40% as against for potassium ferro–ferricyanide (0.38%) and polysulphide electrolytes (0.02%).

8 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

002764   VERMA V, KAUR M, SHARMA S (Chemistry Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana 141 004, Email: rana.vibz22@gmail.com) : Superoxide dismutase mimic activity of spinel ferrite MFe₂O₄ (M = Mn, Co and Cu) nanoparticles. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 120.

In the present study, superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic activity of ferrite nanoparticles (NPs), having a formula MFe₂O₄ (M = Mn, Co and Cu) was investigated. Spinel ferrite NPs were synthesized by employing sol–gel methodology and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, BET analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. BET analysis revealed that the surface area of ferrite NPs ranged from 0.43−23.49 m²g⁻¹. Enzyme mimic activity was compared using SOD as a model enzyme. CuFe₂O₄ NPs exhibited a maximum activity followed by CoFe₂O₄ and MnFe₂O₄ NPs. The results were correlated with a facile interconversion of the oxidation state leading to a stable electronic configuration in CuFe₂O₄ NPs. Optimum pH and contact time was 1 and 3 min respectively. Kinetic studies were performed under optimum conditions and data were analysed using the Michaelis Menten equation. The values of V_max (0.77 s⁻¹) and K_m (4.20 mM) proved CuFe₂O₄ NPs as potential SOD mimic for a wide range of applications.

6 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

002692   BOUTTIER-FIGUEROA D C, GARCÍA-VALENZUELA J A, CABRERA-GERMAN D, COTA-LEAL M, QUEVEDO-LÓPEZ M A, ROSAS-DURAZO A, SOTELO-LERMA M (De Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales Dep, De Sonora Univ, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, Email: msotelo@guaymas.uson.mx) : Characterization of the antibacterial galactomannan/ Zn(OH)₂–ZnO composite material prepared in situ from a green process using mesquite seeds as a biopolymer source. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 116.

In this work, the preparation of an antibacterial galactomannan/Zn(OH)₂–ZnO composite material by a green process is proposed and demonstrated. The galactomannan polysaccharide was extracted from the arid-native mesquite (Prosopis spp.) seeds through a hydrothermal technique, and it was used as an organic polymeric matrix for the in situ chemical precipitation of the Zn(OH)₂–ZnO inorganic particles from simple reactions between Zn²⁺ and NaOH. The preparation was performed under standard conditions in aqueous solutions. The composite material, which was obtained by centrifugation of the previous preparation, was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. By means of these techniques, it was deduced that the composite material is highly crystalline (about 94 %), composed of about 92 % inorganic and 8 % organic portion, and has a predominant size of 760 nm and a mean size of 800 nm. The antibacterial activity of the composite material was also studied, which resulted better against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacterium) than against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterium), which was calculated in a difference of about 30 %. This work presents the high potential of galactomannans to form functional composite materials with inorganic particles.

9 illus, 2 tables, 61 ref

002723   MOSZCZYNSKA D, ADAMCZYK-CIESLAK B, OSIAK B, LIPIEC R, KULCZYK M, MIZERA J (Warsaw Univ of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland, Email: badamczyk@inmat.pw.edu.pl) : Microstructure and texture development in a polycrystal and different aluminium single crystals subjected to hydrostatic extrusion. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 110.

A hydrostatic extrusion (HE) process was applied to commercial pure polycrystalline aluminium (99.9 %) and two aluminium single crystals 111 and 110. On comparison, the results obtained from single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates are unique. Microstructure and crystallographic texture investigations were performed by transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Significant differences in grain refinement and texture formation were noticed depending on the starting orientation. The deformed single crystal with 110 starting orientation features an average grain size value of 150 % higher than the second investigated single crystal (0.5 μm for the 111 single crystal and 1.3 μm for the second crystal). In turn, the average grain size obtained for polycrystalline aluminium is 0.9 μm. The deformation process causes a difference in the grain sizes, while a fraction of the high angle grain boundaries have a comparable volume percentage in all the deformed microstructures—reached about 35 %. The qualitative and quantitative XRD texture results proved that the HE process leads to the formation of a characteristic fibrous texture.

6 illus, 35 ref

002717   LAKSHMI R, CHOUDHARY R, PONNAMMA D, SADASIVUNI K K, SWAMIAPPAN S (Chemistry Dep, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu - 632 014, Email: ssasikumar@vit.ac.in) : Wollastonite/forsterite composite scaffolds offer better surface for hydroxyapatite formation. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 107.

The present work deals with a comparative study of ceramic/ceramic composites for the development of scaffolds for biomedical applications. Wollastonite and forsterite were synthesized by a sol–gel combustion method. The influence of constituents and composition on apatite deposition was studied by fabricating wollastonite/forsterite composites. The X-ray diffraction pattern explains the bone like-apatite deposition within early stages of immersion. The atomic force microscopy micrographs revealed that with an increase in wollastonite content in the composites the roughness was enhanced. Dissolution studies further confirmed the rapid consumption of Ca and P ions from the simulated body fluid. Hence, apatite formation was observed to be more on the surface of a composite containing a higher amount of wollastonite. The results suggest that composites have more influence on the biomineralization activity when compared with pure bioceramics.

6 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

002759   TEMIZKAN K, KAYA I (Chemistry Dep, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey, Email: kayaismet@hotmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical band gaps of green poly(azomethine-ester)s containing oxalyl and succinyl units. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 106.

A new series of poly(azomethine-ester)s (PAZ-E)s with different (turning ortho, meta and para) positions were synthesized by condensation polymerization. The chemical structure of polymers was verified by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FTIR and UV–Vis measurements. Electrochemical characteristics of the corresponding polymers were obtained with cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis. Thermal characteristics of the obtained polymers were analysed by TG-DTA, DMA and DSC measurements. The first degradation temperature values of PAZ-E compounds were found between 198 and 250^◦C from TGA measurements. Photophysical characteristics of the obtained polymers were explained with photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Molecular weight distributions of (PAZ-E)s were obtained by gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis. Two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) properties and images of the synthesized (PAZ-E)s were analysed by SEM and AFM surface analysis techniques, respectively. Electrochemical band gap (E_g') values of (PAZ-E)s P-9, P-10, P-11, P-12, P-13 and P-14 were calculated as 2.58, 2.14, 1.90, 2.06, 1.89 and 1.69 eV, respectively. The E_g' values of the (PAZ-E)s were found to be quite low.

11 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

002727   NARWAL P, DAHIYA M S, KUNDU P, YADAV A, HOODA A, KHASA S (Physics Dep, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Univ of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, Email: skhasa.phy@dcrustm.org) : Compositional dependence of properties in calcium substituted sodium borophosphate glasses containing VO²⁺ ions. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 105.

Synthesis of calcium-substituted sodium borophosphate glasses with compositions xCaO − (30 − x)Na₂O − 35B₂O₃ −35P₂O₅ (x = 0, 2, 5, 7 and 10 mol%, abbreviated as CNVx) containing additional 1.0 mol% of V₂O₅ following a melt-quench method has been carried out. Different analytical techniques viz. wide angle X-ray diffraction (to confirm noncrystalline nature), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (for optical band gap analysis), infrared absorption spectroscopy (for structural analysis) and differential thermal analysis (to evaluate characteristic temperatures) were employed to characterize the synthesized compositions. The optical band gap is calculated for both indirect allowed and indirect forbidden transitions. The values of the band gap decrease with increasing concentration of CaO (from 5 to 10 mol%) at the cost of Na₂O. The cut-off wavelength and Urbach’s energy are determined from the optical absorption spectra and were related to the structural changes occurring in these glasses with an increase in CaO content. The results obtained from Fourier-transform infrared studies confirm that V₂O₅ and CaO play the role of network modifier oxides. Also, the significant shifting in IR bands with an increase in CaO content in the glass matrix suggests the formation of a new boron–oxygen ring. From differential scanning calorimetry measurements it is observed that substitution leads to the increase in natural bond orbitals, high degree cross-linking and thus strengthens the glass network. Glass transition temperature (Tg) is found to increase from 483 to 522◦C. Electrical and dielectric properties are analysed using dc conductivity and impedance spectroscopy. Using impedance spectroscopy, different dielectric parameters i.e. dielectric loss (ε'), electrical modulus (M^∗) and ac conductivity (σ_ac) etc. are evaluated as a function of frequency, temperature and composition. The frequency dependence of impedance exhibits the non-Debye relaxation behaviour and the total conductivity obeys Jonscher’s power law.

10 illus, 3 tables, 69 ref

002740   SAIKIA J, SARMAH S, BORA J J, DAS B, GOSWAMEE R L (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Jorhat Campus, Jorhat 785006, Email: goswamirl@neist.res.in) : Preparation and characterization of low cost flat ceramic membranes from easily available potters’ clay for dye separation. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(3), 104.

In the present day scenario, the crisis of safe drinking water is an extremely serious issue across many parts of the globe and needs efficient methods to overcome this problem. The effort made in this study is to develop a method to prepare a ceramic membrane with locally available cheap compositions such as potters’ clay, stone dust and tea waste materials for efficient adsorptive dye removal from water. The preparation of ceramic membrane was carried out by a paste pressing method and sintered at an optimized temperature of 900^◦C to obtain flat ceramic membranes of 42 mm in diameter and 3 ± 0.5 mm thickness with good thermal and chemical stabilities with 52.51% porosity and average pore size of 0.49 μm. The membrane was capable of decolouring methylene blue and congo red from water with good efficiency and the used membrane was regenerated by calcining at 400^◦C for 30 min without much loss of its efficiency. Development of newer advanced products with the available local resources may be another way to sustain the small scale industry and livelihood of the people around.

11 illus, 5 tables, 65 ref