001088   Sheikh T;Hemrajani N;Bagaria G;Jangir L (NO, , ) : Overview of computerized toll mechanism. Res Rev: J embedded syst Applic 2014, 2(2), 12-16.

A Computerized Toll Mechanized is utilized for toll gathering without making movement blockage and holding up in long line with help of radio-frequency identification (RFID) strategy. Likewise, by utilizing this system, it will spare time, i.e. by staying away from long line as no need to stop the vehicle and no need of manual transaction. Most critical that, the stolen vehicle will have the capacity to get effortlessly with help of RFID method and nail gathering. The current system for gathering toll is on the premise of manual transaction. In this every vehicle need to stop at the toll square for instalment and there could be an issue of definite transaction. It reasons movement blockage, increase pollution and squandering time of individuals. In Mechanized Toll System no compelling reason to stop vehicle at toll court, it will recognize the RFID label, which is mounted on vehicle. In the wake of recognizing RFID tag, the database on the executives screen will show up and the offset from the client's record will get deducted. So there will not be any issue as said above. A RFID tag is introduced on every vehicle with read/compose memory. An onlooker - 8 - gadget peruses this information when close to toll system from the vehicle and contrasts it and the information in the workstation database, if ID is in defaulter i.e. objection is in police headquarters about lost or something for security reason nail get up with the goal that it will not equipped to go outside and it will get consequently got then permits the right to gain entrance as needs be by opening the door. Anyway, ID is not in the defaulter rundown, toll Accumulation is brought and nails goes down and door get open .The whole system is produced as an installed system utilizing microcontroller and related gadgets. The system is joined with a PC utilizing the RS232C interface within the implanted system. This permits the system to peruse and compose information from/to a database that is from the record.

001087   Rohunen A;Etelapera M;Luikkunen K;Tulppo T; Chan K W (Information Processing Science Dep, Oulu Univ, P.O. Box 3000 90014 Univ of Oulu, Finland) : Implementing and evaluating a smart-M3 platform-based multi-vendor micropayment system pilot in the context of small business. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2014, 12(1), 44-51.

Today, micropayment systems usage is highly topical. For example, applications of mobile micropayment systems are widely used and are well known by the public. The objective of this study was to implement a micropayment system pilot based on an interoperability enabling platform (in this case, Smart-M3) for small businesses with restricted resources, scarce labor force, and a growing number of products and vendors.In these small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) contexts, piloting systems of this kind is usually problematic because of its immediate impact on the core business and monetary transactions that are essential for SMEs. An account-based system was considered an appropriate starting point for the micropayment system pilot. The applicability of the Smart-M3 platform was then validated by the implementation of the system. Lastly, a summative evaluation was carried out by interviewing direct stakeholders, to enrich the observations from the validation. The results of the study show that the implemented system provides small businesses with opportunities to reduce costs and more efficiently use resources, adding new devices and systems, new ways to produce services, andreal-time tracking of the sales process, as well as utilization of the data collected from the system. From the customers' point of view, the efficient use of resources may lead to more competitive prices of the products and services. Micropayment system usage can also be seen as a starting point for improved user experience, includingsafety, efficiency, and ease of use.

2 illus, 21 ref

001086   Gajjar S;Sarkar M;Dasgupta K (NO, , ) : Wireless sensor networks simulation. J Elect Des Technol 2014, 5(2), 1-8.

Formidable growth of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) research has raised challenging issues of examining the micro behaviour of proposed protocol and carrying out its performance evaluation. The methodologies to realize this is: mathematical modelling; experimentation and simulation. For WSNs, experimentation has financial constraints and mathematical modeling at times requires deep expertise in mathematics. Thus simulation has become the first choice for research in WSNs. There are several researchers using simulators but there is limited number of - 7 - simulation studies in the literature. To bridge the gap, this paper discusses the elements of WSN simulation, parameters of an ideal WSN Simulator and briefly describes the most significant simulation frameworks available. The selection of the simulation frameworks is based on their popularity, simulation results published in literature, important characteristics and features.

001085   Chen J (Information and Electron Dep, Yuanpei of College Shaoxing Univ Shaoxing, Shaoxing 312000, China, Email: chengjianjun_2012@163.com) : Sensor graph-optimized linear discriminant analysis. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2014, 12(1), 31-5.

Graph-based Fisher Analysis (GbFA) is proposed recently for dimensionality reduction, which has the powerful discriminant ability. However, GbFA is based on the matrix-to-vector way, which not only costs much but also loses spatial relations of pixels in images. Therefore, Tensor Graph-based Linear Discriminant Analysis (TGbLDA) is proposed in the paper. TGbLDA regards samples as data in tensor space and gets projection matrixes through the iteration way. Besides, TGbLDA inherits merits of GbFA. Experiments on Yale and YaleB face datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

001084   Amit Kumar;Patra R;Mahadevappa M; Mukhopadhyay J;Majumdar A K (NO, Checktronix India Pvt Ltd, Chennai-600 010, Email: mmaha2@smst.iitkgp.ernet.in ) : Embedded system for aiding navigation of visually impaired persons. Curr Sci 2013, 104(3), 302-6.

Visually impaired individuals find navigation difficult as they often lack the much needed information for bypassing obstacles and hazards in their path. In order to help blind people navigate safely and quickly, an obstacle detection system using ultrasonic sensors and USB camera-based visual navigation has been considered. The proposed system detects obstacles up to 300 cm via sonar and sends audio feedback to inform the person about their location. In addition, a USB webcam is connected with eBox 2300^{T Embedded Sys-tem for capturing the field-of-view of the user, for finding the properties of the obstacle in particular, in the context of this work, locating a human being. Identification of human presence is based on face detection and cloth texture analysis. The major constraints for these algorithms to run on the Embedded System are mall age frame (160 x120) having reduced faces, limited memory and very less processing time available to achieve real-time image-processing requirements. Prototype of an electronic travel aid device has been developed and experimentally verified on blind-folded persons to analyse the device performance in a laboratory set-up.}

6 illus, 6 tables, 16 ref

000026   Yahia H;Liouane N;Dhifaoui R (Electrical Engineering Dep, Engineering School of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, National Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Tunis, Tunisia) : Rapid design and implementation of AC-DC converter-based dsPIC blockset using differential evolution algorithm. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 239-47.

Programmed PWM techniques are some of the control methods used in voltage/current source converters. However, challenges are the task - 8 - of defining and solving a set of nonlinear transcendental equations in order to obtain the switching angles. The paper presents an efficient Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm that significantly reduces the computational burden resulting in a fast convergence. The design procedure of a Programmed Pulse Width Modulation (PPWM) rectifier using Matlab/Simulink Blockset and code generation tools for Microchip dsPIC Digital Signal Controller (DSC) is also presented. The proposed approach follows the standard practice to utilize Matlab/ Simulink and related toolboxes as the design framework to develop a rapid prototype system in a reliable procedure. The design procedure uses Simulink model of the AC-DC converter system, drive circuitry, Matlab Real-Time Workshop, and Microchip MPLAB IDE development tools. The generated and self-developed codes on dsPIC 30F4013 are tested with the dsPICDEM 2 Development Board. The output rectifier waveform and spectrum results from simulation and experimental DSC PPWM are presented.

15 illus, 31 ref

000025   Xiao B;Guo X;Zhao C (NO, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing-100 097) : Approach of mocap data-driven animation for virtual plant. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 258-63.

Animation of virtual plant is a hot issue both in computer graphics and virtual reality. In this paper, the motion capture (mocap) is used for plant motion data acquisition, and a motion capture data-driven animation approach is presented. A maize plant is used as an example. First, a scanned data-based virtual model is created. And then, several typical passive motions of the plant such as "swing" and "dragging" are captured by a motion capture device. By means of a proposed mapping and deformation algorithm, the motions are reconstructed and the animation is implemented. The experiments show that the method is an effective and robust approach for animation of plant. Finally, the main contributions and limitations are discussed, and future works are introduced.

8 illus, 28 ref

000024   Vichare A (NO, , C3/701 Kumar Parisar Society, Near Gandhi Bhavan, Kothrud, Pune-411 038, Email: abhijatv@gmail.com) : Algorithms, the λ calculus and programming an intuitive approach. Resonance 2013, 18(4), 345-67.

Developed the intuition behind the A calculus and connect it to computer programming through some basic examples. This fills an often felt gap that teachers and students find between the formal structure of the A calculus, and the principles and practice of functional programming.

000023   Satwant Kaur (NO, , Silicon Valley, USA) : On-chip networks!. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(3), 168.

More and more applications are hungry for more and more computation power and performance. This need plus the technology advancements in the field of electronics are resulting in more and more cores and processors being put on the smaller and smaller System-on-Chip (SoC). In spite of such growth in SoC, due to limitations of current On-chip interconnections solution, the power of SoC remains un-utilized. In this column "Pushing Frontiers with the First Lady of Emerging Technologies", Dr. Satwant Kaur explains how her vision of Networks-on-Chip (NoC) also known as On-chip Networks will fulfill the potential and promise of On-chip systems. She discusses some key emerging technologies used for NoC in areas of topologies, switching, congestion, deadlock recovery, 3D SoC, flow control, and interference control to bring about improvements in data quality, communication, performance, connectivity, power consumption, and scalability of today's SoC.

000022   Sabrigiriraj M;Meenakshi M (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, SVS College of Engineering, Arasampalayam, Coimbatore) : Multihop all-to-all broadcast in WDM optical hypercube and cube-connected cycle. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 249-57.

All-to-all broadcast is to disseminate a unique message from each node to every other node in the network. This is a fundamental problem in multiprocessor systems and telecommunication networks that need to collect information about other nodes in the network regularly in order to manage network resources efficiently. This paper addresses the problem of all-to-all broadcast communication in wavelength-routed optical hypercube and cube-connected cycle networks under multihop routing. In a multihop routed network, a message undergoes multiple Optical-Electrical-Optical conversions before reaching its destination. The multihop intermediate nodes (except the source and destination nodes) of a lightpath convert the optical signal into electrical signal, process the message, and then convert the message back to the optical form to transmit in the next optical hop. An optical hop is a continuous lightpath with no wavelength conversion. An upper bound on the number of wavelengths required to - 7 - establish all-to-all broadcast is derived for hypercube and cube-connected cycle networks under multihop routing.

2 illus, 20 ref

000021   Rad A E;Rahim M S M;Rehman A;Altameem A;Saba T (Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia, Malaysia) : Evaluation of current dental radiographs segmentation approaches in computer-aided applications. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(3), 210-21.

With a wide variety researches on Image segmentation techniques in biomedical and bioinformatics area, it is important to analyze the performance of these approaches in specific problems. Image segmentation is one of the most significant processes of dental X-ray image analysis. Therefore, to obtain the proper result, it is required to perform the accurate and efficient segmentation approach which proved itself in the aspect of X-ray image segmentation. The aim of this review paper is to understand the different image segmentation approaches which have been used for dental X-ray image analysis over the past studies. In this paper, different available approaches of dental X-ray image segmentation, reviewed and their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations are discussed.

11 illus, 2 tables, 66 ref

000020   Nirmala Priya G;Wahida Banu R S D (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Sona College of Technology, Salem-636 005, Email: nirmalaganeshs@yahoo.co.in) : Occlusion invariant face recognition using mean based weight matrix and support vector machine. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 303-15.

In this paper, a novel occlusion invariant face recognition algorithm based on Mean based weight matrix (MBWM) - 6 - technique is proposed. The proposed algorithm is composed of two phases-the occlusion detection phase and the MBWM based face recognition phase. A feature based approach is used to effectively detect partial occlusions for a given input face image. The input face image is first divided into a finite number of disjointed local patches, and features are extracted for each patch, and the occlusion present is detected. Features obtained from the corresponding occlusion-free patches of training images are used for face image recognition. The SVM classifier is used for occlusion detection for each patch. In the recognition phase, the MBWM bases of occlusion-free image patches are used for face recognition. Euclidean nearest neighbour rule is applied for the matching. GTAV face database that includes many occluded face images by sunglasses and hand are used for the experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed local patch-based occlusion detection technique works well and the MBWM based method shows superior performance to other conventional approaches.

9 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

000019   Manipoonchelvi P;Muneeswaran K (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi-626 005, Email: manipoonchelvi@mepcoeng.ac.in) : Multi region based image retrieval system. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 333-4.

Multimedia information retrieval systems continue to be an active research area in the world of huge and voluminous data. The paramount challenge is to translate or convert a visual query from a human and find similar images or videos in large digital collection. In this paper, a technique of region based image retrieval, a branch of Content Based Image Retrieval, is proposed. The proposed model does not need prior knowledge or full semantic understanding of image content. It identifies significant regions in an image based on feature-based attention model which mimic viewer's attention. The Curvelet Transform in combination with colour descriptors are used to represent each significant region in an image. Experimental results are analysed and compared with the state-of-the-art Region Based Image Retrieval Technique.

2 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

000018   Ketcham M;Vongpradhip S (Digital System Engineering Laboratory, Computer Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn Univ, Bangkok 10330, Thailand) : Digital audio watermarking using multi-objective genetic algorithms. Far East J mathl Sci 2013, 77(2), 275-302.

Proposed an evolutionary algorithm for the digital audio watermarking in the discrete wavelet transforms. In order to achieve both perceptual quality and robustness, this becomes a multi-objective optimization problem. Therefore, a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm is applied to the audio watermarking process. This is the first work in audio watermarking that is taken multi-objective problem. The present technique gives the audio watermark which has both high perceptual quality and high robustness to various types of attacks. The experimental results demonstrate that watermark is inaudible and resistant to many, digital signal processing, such as using down sampling, low-pass filtering, random noise, white Gaussian noise, MP3 compression, jitter, and cropping. The authors also compare their experimental results with previous works. Also, the watermark detection process can be performed without using the original audio signal.

7 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

000017   Ganapathy S;Sethukkarasi R;Yogesh P; Vijayakumar P;Kannan A (Information Science and Technology Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: ganapathy.sannasi@gmail.com) : An intelligent temporal pattern classification system using fuzzy temporal rules and particle swarm optimization. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 283-2.

In this paper, we propose a new pattern classification system by combining Temporal features with Fuzzy Min-Max (TFMM) neural network based classifier for effective decision support in medical diagnosis. Moreover, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based rule extractor is also proposed in this work for improving the detection accuracy. Intelligent fuzzy rules are extracted from the temporal - 5 - features with Fuzzy Min-Max neural network based classifier, and then PSO rule extractor is used to minimize the number of features in the extracted rules. We empirically evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed TFMM-PSO system using the UCI Machine Learning Repository Data Set. The results are analysed and compared with other published results. In addition, the detection accuracy is validated by using the ten-fold cross validation.

3 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

024268   Verma V;Verma S;Ella Rani (Extension Education and Communication Management Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Strategies for empowerment of women through adoption of science and technology in rural homes. Ann Agri Bio Res 2013, 18(2), 283-9.

Both science and technology have been an integral part of Indian civilization and culture over the past millennia. Since independence, India has been committed to the task of promoting the spread of science and technology to the masses. Science and technology in its wide meaning denotes the scientific know-how and the practical application. In fact, science is systematic study and technology is body of knowledge, skill and procedures of making the use of scientific principles for the well-being of society. Technology is essential for people's development as this brings ease, comfort, health, pleasure and emancipation. Since the sixth plan onwards there has been a greater emphasis on women as equal partners and participants in the developmental process and thereby the conceptual thinking shifted from development to empowerment of women through scientific and technological means. Science and technology hold immense potential for economic growth and social development. If the country has to move forward with science in the driving seat for economic and industrial revolution in the 21st century the application of science and technology has to be designed to benefit people in general band women in particular. The nation continues to be firm in its resolve to support science and technology in all its facets. It recognizes its central role in raising the quality of life of the people of country, particularly of disadvantaged sections of society. The advent of modern technology has brought change in the lives of upper creamy layer who live in urban areas and have purchasing power. Majority of the rural women are engaged in their daily household chores and fieldwork, which is unending and full of drudgery and hazards without much technological support. There is a need to study the rural situation, find out the penetration of science and technology in rural areas, the adoption accelerators and barriers and the changes being brought out in rural India. The present endeavour focuses on the penetration of science and technology in rural homes in Haryana state, a state that is identified to be on a fast track of development. The study is a humble attempt to provide valuable insights to the use of indigenous and modern technologies, knowledge and adoption behaviour towards various technologies, scientific temper and impact of socio-economic and other factors on adoption behaviour.

9 ref

023228   Sultan T I;Emam O E;Abohany A A (Information Systems Dep, Faculty of Computer Science and Information, Helwan Univ, P.O. Box 11795, Egypt, Email: emam_o_e@yahoo.com ) : Fuzzy approach for solving a three-level large scale linear programming problem. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 19(2), 22-34.

This paper studies a three-level large scale linear programming problem, in which the objective functions at every level are to be maximized. Three-level programming problem can be thought as a static version of the Stackelberg strategy, which is used leader-follower game in which a Stackelberg strategy is used by the leader. This paper proposes a fuzzy approach for solving a three-planner model and a solution method for solving this problem. Each level attempts to optimize its problem separately as a large scale programming problem using a decomposition technique to handle the optimization through a series of sub problems that can be solved easily. This method uses the concept of tolerance membership function to develop a Tchebycheff problem for generating Pareto optimal solution for this problem. Finally, a numerical example is given to clarify the main results developed in this paper.

20 ref

023227   Guerrero J;Mejia-Ospino E;Cabanzo R (Grupo de Optica y Tratamiento de Senales, Escuela de Fisica y Escuela de Quimica, Industrial de Santander Univ, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Colombia, Email: jader@uis.edu.co) : Monitoring foam coarsening using a computer optical mouse as a dynamic laser speckle measurement sensor. Indian J Phys 2013, 81(6), 987-94.

Presents an experimental approach to track coarsening process of foam using a computer optical mouse as a dynamic laser speckle measurement sensor. The dynamics of foam coarsening and rearrangement events cause changes in the intensity of laser speckle backscat-tered from the foam. A strong negative correlation between the average speed of the cursor and the evolution of bubble diameter was found. We used microscopic images to demonstrate that decrease in speed is related to increase in bubble size. The proposed set-up is not very expensive, is highly portable and can be used in laboratory measurements of dynamics in other kinds of opaque materials.

6 illus, 21 ref

022182   Singh G;Mazumder S B A (NO, Naraini Group of Institutions, Karnal, Haryana) : Future prospects of cloud computing in India. Productivity 2014, 54(4), 342-9.

Cloud computing has recently emerged as a new paradigm for hosting and delivering services over the Internet. This article provides brief information on cloud computing and the future prospects of cloud computing in India. Cloud computing is one contemporary technology in which the research community has recently embarked. The main purpose of this article is to know about the future of cloud computing in India which is defined there with the help of SWOT analysis. The aim is to provide a better understanding of the design challenges of cloud computing and identify important research directions in this increasingly important area.

4 illus, 19 ref

022181   Patel N N;Patel H N (NO, CPP Software, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, Email: nnpatel1979@gmail.com) : Computational studies of emotion in speech and feature extraction techniques. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(1), 48-53.

In this paper authors discuss various parameter related to speech emotion. Discussed few systems which approach the goal of recognizing emotion automatically from a speech input. Also described Emotion Attributions and Features of Deafened People's Speech, Distinctions between Emotional and Neutral Passages Found by this system, Measures Concerning Continuous Acoustic Level.

4 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

022180   Karthikeyan B;Vaithiyanathan V;Venkatraman B;Menaka M (NO, School of Computing, SASTRA Univ, Thanjavur-613 401, Email: karthikeyan@it.sastra.edu) : Performance analysis of different scanning paths on lossless image compression for radiographic welding images. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(4), 214-18.

Image compression plays a major role in saving bandwidth and memory space which is the need of hour. In industry various components are tested effectively using NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) and this information is stored in the system. To reduce the - 6 - memory space required for storing, lossless compression is used. This paper focuses on the various scanning paths methods for lossless compression like spiral, cross, raster, snake, peano and zigzag. These methods are compared on the basis of activity measure, average run length and sum of differences and the result of each method is sent to the Run Length Encoding (RLE) and Huffman for compression. Four different methods are used for compression of the images. In the first method, the binary value of the image is taken directly for compression. In the second method, the binary values are converted into corresponding gray values, before compression. In the third method, the binary bit plane is taken for compression. In the fourth method, the gray code bit plane is taken for compression. The above obtained results are compared with the results from calculation of efficiency parameters. Out of the different scanning methods, spiral and peano performed better than the other methods. Thus, the optimal scanning path for welding radiographic images was identified thereby reducing the bandwidth and can be used for lossless compression which achieves more compression ratio.

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

022179   Hafizur Rahman M M;Fukushi M;Inoguchi Y (Computer Science Dep, KICT, IIUM, Jalan Gombak, PO Box 10, 52728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) : Reconfiguration and yield of a hierarchical torus network. IETE Tech Rev 2012, 30(2), 120-8.

This paper presents the reconfiguration and yield of a new interconnection network, Hierarchical Torus Network (HTN). An HTN is a 2D-torus network of multiple basic modules, in which the basic modules are 3D-torus networks that are hierarchically interconnected for higher level networks. The static network performance and dynamic communication performance under dimension-order routing of the HTN have already been studied and network performances are good. However, the fault tolerance performance of the HTN has not yet been evaluated. The goal of this paper is to derive a theoretical estimate of system yield for the HTN as a function of defect density with a reconfiguration approach by hardware redundancy. Yield is the probability of obtaining a fault-free network. Despite the dramatic improvement in fault tolerance in recent years, it is still necessary to provide redundancy and fault circumvention to achieve efficient system yield for large multicomputer systems. Thus, we provide redundant hardware to reconfigure the faulty nodes, switches, and links to healthy nodes, switches, and links. The results indicate that with a 25% redundancy the yield of the HTN is satisfactory. We also discuss the 3D-WSI implementation issue and show that HTN permits efficient VLSI/ULSI/WSI realization due to the fewer numbers of vertical links between the silicon wafers. The longest wire has a length of 4.5 cm, which represents 4.20 times improvement over the planar implementation.

11 illus, 29 ref

022178   Gokce B;Tasgetiren S (Mechatronic Engineering Dep, Faculty of Technology, ANS Campus 03100 Afyonkarahisar/Turkey, Email: barisgokce@hotmail.com) : System development for the design and optimization of metallurgical experiments by using genetic algorithms and taguchi methods. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(4), 219-24.

There are two major types of research in science such qualitative and quantitative research. Experiments are parts of research and used by researchers to define and understand a system or a specific process in science. Time, cost are important elements of any research design. The minimum completion time of experimental design and the evaluation of outcome are important parameters in experimental studies for any researcher. The purpose of this study is to develop a multi objective software tool which will enable researchers to design their experiments at the beginning of their tests and determine the parameters affecting the test results, thereby finding effective levels of these parameters. The experimental results can also be optimized using GA which allows the use of data of an experimental study without considering the experimental design techniques.

2 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

022177   Dhande S S;Bamnote G R (Computer Science & Engineering, Sipna's College of Engg & Tech, Amravati, Maharashtra, Email: sheetaldhandedandge@gmail.com) : Query optimization in OODBMS: decomposition of query and cached for wider query management. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(1), 42-7.

This paper is based on relatively newer approach for query optimization in object databases, which uses query decomposition and cached query results to improve execution a query. Issues that are focused here is fast retrieval and high reuse of cached queries, Decompose Query into Sub query, Decomposition of complex queries into smaller for fast retrieval of result. Here we try to address another open area of query caching like handling wider queries. By using some parts of cached results helpful for answering other queries (wider Queries) and combining many cached queries while producing the result. Multiple experiments were performed to prove the productivity of this newer way of optimizing a query. The limitation of this technique is that it's useful especially in scenarios where data manipulation rate is very low as compared to data retrieval rate.

8 illus, 20 ref

022176   Biradar R L;Kohir V V (NO, G Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad-500 008) : Novel image inpainting technique based on median diffusion. Sadhana 2013, 38(4), 621-44.

Image inpainting is the technique of filling-in the missing regions and removing unwanted objects from an image by diffusing the pixel information from the neighbourhood pixels. Image inpainting techniques are in use over a long time for various applications like removal of scratches, restoring damaged/missing portions or removal of objects from the images, etc. In this study, authors present a simple, yet unexplored (digital) image inpainting technique using median filter, one of the most popular nonlinear (order statistics) filters. The median is maximum likelihood estimate of location for the Laplacian distribution. Hence, the proposed algorithm diffuses median value of pixels from the exterior area into the inner area to be inpainted. The median filter preserves the edge which is an important property needed to inpaint edges. This technique is stable. Experimental results show remarkable improvements and works for homogeneous as well as heterogeneous background. PSNR (quantitative assessment) is used to compare inpainting results.

19 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

021160   Zhu J;Bai N;Wu J (NO, National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast Univ, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China) : Review of sense amplifiers for static random access memory. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(1), 72-81.

Sense amplifier (SA) is being viewed as one of the most critical circuits in the periphery of high-speed, low-power-embedded static random access memory (SRAMs). This paper provides a systematic overview of voltage-mode, charge-transfer, current-mode SAs, and calibration-based SAs for SRAM. Recent advances in developing SAs have paved the way for lower delay, lower energy, and higher reliability. For comparison, all SAs based on 65 nm CMOS technology are simulated under different power supplies, bit-line capacitances, and various process corners. When the bit-line capacitance is 50 fF, charge-transfer and current-mode SAs are about 40% faster than voltage-mode SAs, and the energy consumption of charge-transfer SA is 30% lower than that of other voltage mode SAs. Delay and energy of HCI-trimming SA and multi-sized SA are about equal to that of voltage-mode SAs. Because of low bit-line precharged voltage, the energy of charge-limited sequential SA (CLSSA) is 64% lower than that of charge-transfer SA, while the delay of CLSSA is five times larger than the other SAs.

14 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

021159   Venkatesh Babu S;Kezi Selva Vijila C (Information Technology Dep, Christian College of Engineering and Technology, Oddanchatram, Dindigul, Email: venkateshflower6@gmail.com) : Survey on service discovery architecture in MANETs. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 145-50.

This article reviews the research in service advertising, discovery, and selection t6r mobile ad hoc networks and related issues. The article include various types of service discovery architectures for MANETs and their modes of operation, presenting their merits and drawbacks and also some more details in cross-layer service discovery a special class of efficient service discovery approaches for MANETs. MANETS operates in more vulnerable environment so security is more important and various types of security issues are also discussed. This paper concludes with the summary which guides for future research in this area.

14 ref

021158   Tanna J B;Savani V;Degada A (E.C. Branch Electrical Engineering Dep, Nirma Univ (IT-NU), Ahmedabad, Gujarat-382 481, Email: tanna.jayesh27@gmail.com) : Gujarati text-to-speech (TTS) conversion system using histogram and edge detection method. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 204-7.

Text-To-Speech (TTS) takes raw text as an input and converts it into equivalent sound as output. TTS system quality can be measured by two parameters: naturalness and intelligibility. It is very difficult to achieve both the parameters simultaneously in the single system. Thus, there is a great scope of research in this topic. Scientists are still working to give expression and feelings to this type of system but not successfully achieved the results. Blind and illiterate people can use widely use this TTS system for gaining knowledge from book. Public places like airport, railway stations can use this system for repetitive announcements. Input for this system can be typed or scanned text. We can hear our own voice in the output sound by superimposing our voice frequency over the recorded frequency. This paper begins with the fundamental concepts of speech synthesis, so that nontechnical person can also contribute in research.

6 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

021157   Supriyanto;Hasbullah I H;Murugesan R K; Ramadass S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (UNTIRTA) Univ, Indonesia) : Survey of internet protocol version 6 link local communication security vulnerability and mitigation methods. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(1), 64-71.

IPv6 is a network layer protocol of the OSI reference model. IPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) that works on link local scope of IPv6 network. NDP covers host initialization and address auto configuration that is one of IPv6 advantages and other important functionalities. IPv6 mandates to support Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) for end-to-end communication security. However, this security protocol does not cover the link local communication that uses NDP. It is important to consider the link local security issues as the Internet being an open network is vulnerable to be exploited by attackers from both outside and inside the network. In addition, most of the security mechanisms typically block external threats but are relatively vulnerable to the threats originating from internal network. Thus, understanding the threat and vulnerability in the local network is very important. This paper surveys local network security phenomenon and the current defense methods on the IPv6 link local network security vulnerability mitigations.

1 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

021156   Sunita;Sarwar S (MDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Al-Falah School of Engineering & Technology (AFSET), Faridabad (Haryana), Email: sunitasani89@gmail.com) : Digital image steganography with analogies tools for open sub-system environment. Invertis J renewable Energy 2013, 3(2), 97-105.

Steganography should not be confused with cryptography. Cryptography actually transforms the message that is being transmitted to make it obscure to anyone who may actually intercept the message on the Internet. Unlike cryptography where the message is enciphered Steganography programs actually hide the message within another file, whether it is a text, audio or image file. Before discussing Steganography there are a few basic terms that need to be explained. The term" cover" is used to describe the original message; this could be the original digital image file, audio message or text message. The information that is hidden inside of the original message is called the "embedded" data. The term" steno" is used to describe the original data and the embedded data. Steganography means "covered writing". In steganography, confidential data is hidden in images to protect it from unauthorized users. So basically it means, hiding a secret message within a cover-medium in such a way that others cannot detect the presence of the hidden message. In contemporary terms, steganography has evolved into a digital strategy of hiding a file in some form of multimedia, such as an image, an audio file (like a .wav or mp3) or even a video file. In digital steganography, electronic communications may include Steganography coding inside of a transport layer, such as a document file, image file, program or protocol. Media files are ideal for Skganography transmission because of their large size.

1 illus, 7 ref

021155   Subodh Kumar;Agrawal G S;Sharma S K (NO, Institute of Computer Applications, Mangalayatam Univ, Beswan, Aligarh, Email: subodh.sharma@mangalayatan.edu.in) : Impact of mobility models on MANETs routing protocols. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 142-7.

In the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) the availability of a node is an important issue such as in rescue and military operations etc. In this reference the mobility patterns of a mobile node play an important role. Generally a simulation study is conducted to study the behavior of node mobility in an ad-hoc network. To get the optimum results from simulations several parameters including the mobility models, traffic patterns, pause time and simulation area must be used properly. Random Waypoint, Group Mobility, Freeway, RPGM models is used to evaluate the performance of routing protocols. It has been observed that the protocol performance may change drastically across mobility models and performance rankings of protocols may vary with the mobility models. In this paper, we have done the comparative study of mobility models on MANETs routing protocols. It has been observed that the protocols like AODV, DSDV and HSR perform better with RPGM model in compared to Random Waypoint model. However, the Random Waypoint model is widely accepted due to its simplicity of implementation and analysis.

1 illus, 20 ref

021154   Singh A;Yadav M;Rishiwal V (NO, AIM&ACT Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, Email: er.akanksha19@gmail.com) : Investigation of cluster based adhoc routing protocols. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 115-23.

This paper documents the existing clustering approaches for mobile adhoc network (MANET). Firstly this paper identifies the issues and the challenges in existing clustering approaches of MANETs. Then a brief classification of different clustering schemes is discussed. At last a comparison of various cluster based routing protocols has been done with their merits and demerits. This study is helpful to decide that which protocol should be used to enhance the scalability of the existing clustering based approaches.

1 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

021153   Shukla A;Shukla N (NO, , Computer Application Dep, College of Management Studies, Email: ashutoshshukla1408@gmail.com) : Framework for service categorization and requirement gathering along with discovery and negotiation threads of new services in service oriented architecture (SOA). INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 1-7.

Aim of this paper is to describe SOA in detail with considering all the approaches, concepts and methodologies that surrounds architectural model of SOA. Service based application development, frameworks and other related requirements are discussed in this paper in order to have a complete and accurate figure of SOA and be competent in utilizing service orientation concepts in enterprise application development. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a method for publishing services hosted by computer systems for the use of other computer systems. This method can be used to integrate applications and is therefore called Service-Oriented Integration (SOI). Integration brokers are a traditional method of integrating different kind of systems by sending messages from one system to another. This paper gathers requirements for an integration broker in Service- Oriented Architecture and presents framework that can be used to build SOI architecture.

4 illus, 33 ref

021152   Shubham;Sagar L;Rishiwal V (NO, Ideal Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, Email: shubham71421@gmail.com) : Impact of network size and traffic to adhoc routing protocols over different IDM models in VANETs. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 248-53.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a technology which has taken enormous attention in the recent years. Rapid topology changes and frequent disconnections create the difficulty to design an efficient routing protocol for routing data among vehicles, through vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle to road side infrastructure communication (V2I) mode. The existing routing protocols for VANET are not efficient to meet every traffic scenarios. Thus, it is very necessary to identify the pros and cons of routing protocols which can be used for further improvement or development of any new routing protocol. This paper presents a relative study of two VanetmobiSim models viz Intelligent Driver Model with Intersection Management (IDM-IM) and Intelligent Driver Model with Lane Change (IDM-LC) on the anvil of different performance parameters considering different routing protocols. Performance of the protocols is measured in terms of delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio. The relative study of the protocols is shown by graphical results which help to settle on with an appropriate protocol under dissimilar network scenarios while the network size and traffic varies.

6 illus, 29 ref

021151   Sharma M;Saha S (CSE Dep, JUIT, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, Email: mailtomskaushik@gmail.com) : Efficient round robin minimum spanning tree algorithm in mapreduce framework. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 106-10.

Nowadays, a new form of parallel computing - MapReduce framework is widely used for processing terabytes or petabytes of data. In graph, minimum spanning tree problem is an important and most studied problem of combinatorial optimization. When graph becomes very large then it cannot be easily processed by a single machine. MapReduce provides the better way to handle MST problem as compared to other parallel model like, PRAM and BSP. ButMapReduce framework is not suitable for all type of algorithms, e.g. it cannot be used where there is aninteraction between the reducers and the HDFS (global data structure) in between the round processing. Reducers processed data locally. In Round robin MST algorithm we have to maintain a global priority queue implemented by heap, where reducers have to interact in each round with this globally maintained datastructure. In this paper we are developing the MapReduce MST algorithm based on round robin MST algorithm. In our algorithm reducer memory is limited to O (m^1-∞), for small constant ∞<62>0. It takes O(+10 gn+) rounds to generate a minimum spanning tree betterthan Ω (log n) lower bounds in PRAM model.

4 illus, 20 ref

021150   Satwant Kaur (Master Solutions Architect, HP Enterprise Services, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Palo Alto, USA) : Intelligence in wireless networks with cognitive radio networks!. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(1), 6-11.

Worldwide regulatory agencies have observed that most of the radio frequency spectrum is inefficiently utilized. For example, cellular network frequency bands are over-loaded and paging frequency bands are under-loaded. Hence, there is a great need for intelligence in radio networks that can use spectrum band more efficiently. In this column "Pushing Frontiers with the First Lady of Emerging Technologies", Dr. Satwant Kaur explains how her vision of cognitive wireless networks fulfills that need of additional wireless spectrum. She discusses some key techniques used for efficient networking with cognitive radio communications, which uses cognition to determine areas of improvements in frequency spectrum usage, take actions to actuate that, and hence utilize wireless frequency spectrum more efficiently.

021149   Saravanan M;Thilagaraj R (Ericsson Research India, , Chennai, Email: msdess@yahoo.com) : Cyber crime spatial data analysis. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(2), 447-54.

Crime is an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and punishable by law. A cyber crime is a type of crime which uses computers and networks as target or weapon. Today's necessity is to minimize the cyber crimes occurring in various parts of the world. Cyber crimes in India are increasing at an alarming rate. It will be better if the rate of occurrence of cyber crime patterns is predicted for various parts of the country. Using data mining techniques in crime analysis helps in determining the areas which are more susceptible to cyber crimes. The crime patterns determined were visualized using GIS (Geographical Information Systems). Data mining techniques have been used in our analysis to predict the cyber crime prone regions in India and to identify it's type. A trend in geographic location based occurrence of cyber crimes is also studied.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

021148   Rishiwal V;Gupta A (NO, MJP Rohilkhand Univ, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rishi4u100@gmail.com) : Improved image sharing scheme for colour images. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 266-70.

Secret sharing is a method for distributing a secret amongst a group of participants, each of which is allocated a share of the secret. Many secret image sharing schemes based on visual cryptography and interpolation methods have been proposed in the literature. All the schemes facilitate generating and reconstructing the shares to produce the original image. In this paper, visual cryptography (VC) and Shamir's Lagrange's Interpolation (LIP) based schemes have been discussed and analysed first. Then an improved Shamir's image sharing scheme with Barycentric Interpolation (BIP) method has been proposed for colour images. All three schemes have been compared over different performance parameter like computation time, mean value and standard deviation. Results shows that the proposed scheme is better as compare to others.

6 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

021147   Rana S N;Shah M S;Pandya V (Wireless Communication System and Networks Dep, Dr S. & S.S. Gandhy Government Engineering College, Surat, Gujarat Tec, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: poojeet1221@yahoo.com) : VDTN layered architecture. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 17-21.

This paper provides an introductory overview of Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks and its layer Architecture with function of each layer. First, an introduction of Delay-Tolerant Networks and Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks is given. Where there is no end to end connectivity or network connectivity is sparse or variable density area, at that place Delay-Tolerant schemes and protocol help by providing communication solution for non real time application. Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks (VDTNs) are a new approach for vehicular communications where vehicles cooperate with each other, acting as the communication infrastructure, to provide low-cost asynchronous opportunistic communications. These communication technologies assume variable delays and bandwidth constraints characterized by a non-transmission control protocol/internet protocol architecture but interacting with it at the edge of the network. VDTNs are based on the principle of asynchronous communications, bundleoriented communication from the DTN architecture, employing a store-carry-and-forward routing paradigm. VDTN network provide IP over DTN.

2 illus, 14 ref

021146   Paul A;Bharanitharan K;Wu J (NO, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National Univ, Daegu, South Korea) : Algorithm and architecture for adaptive motion estimation in video processing. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(1), 24-30.

This paper introduces a block-based motion estimation algorithm based on projection with Adaptive Window Size Selection (AWSS) along with its architecture. Motion field of pixel is either horizontal or vertical, this paper assume horizontal and all the processing is done based on it. This projection method is combined with AWSS in which appropriate search window for each block is determined on the basis of motion vectors and prediction errors obtained for the previous block, which makes this novel method several times faster than exhaustive search with negligible performance degradation. Encoding QCIF-size video by the proposed method results in reduction of computational complexity of motion estimation by roughly 45% and overall encoding by 23%, while maintaining image/video quality. A hardware architecture for the adaptive motion estimation algorithm was also done in this paper, which has several features such as low latency less area and more speed which is applicable for 30 frames per sec with frame size of QCIF (176 x 144) which has a small chip area of (3.57 x 3.57 mm²) and operating frequency of 83 MHz 1.8 v, 195 mW power dissipation designed for video coding, with UMC 0.18 μm 1P6M cell library.

8 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

021145   Panigrahi R;Ghose M K (Comp. Sc. & Engineering, SMIT, Majitar, Sikkim, Email: ranjit.panigrahi@gmail.com) : Effect of beacons deployment and beacons radio range on HiRLoc and RAL schemes in wireless sensor network. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 221-4.

In this current decade Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays a crucial role in varieties of communication technologies especially in health care and habitat monitoring. Most of these applications of WSN are location aware, because localization provides a basis for node management and routing. Therefore, physical location of each node must be known during communication. However GPS can be considered as a location identifier of a sensor node but it is worth to mention that GPS is a great failure in terms of energy consumption and availability. To resolve these issues many localization algorithms are proposed so far. This paper evaluates two range free localization algorithms i.e. High-Resolution Robust Localization (HiRLoc) and Restricted Area based Localization (RAL) using factors such as locators' density and locators' radio range with localization error.

4 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

021144   Nigam B;Tokekar S;Jain S (Information Technology Dep, Institute of Engineering & Technoloy, DAVV, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: bhawna_jain80@yahoo.com) : Predicting the next accessed web page using Markov model and pagerank. Int J Data Mining Emerging Technol 2013, 3(2), 73-80.

In this highly competitive world, only a user can decide the future of a web-based business. Success of any web business directly depends on services provided to the users and the level of satisfaction experienced by users. Prediction algorithm can be a dominating factor in web businesses that includes offers to customers on selling items, web site personalization and web recommendations etc. Understanding user's behaviour through Markov model can be a simple approach, but ambiguous prediction of next accessed web page is the main drawback of this approach. Therefore a method is proposed in this paper, in which ambiguous prediction problem can be resolved using Web PageRank along with Markov Model. Experimental result shows reduced number of ambiguous predictions after applying PageRank method.

8 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

021143   Muthukumar P K;Sivasamy D (NO, Christian College of Engg. & Tech., Oddanchatram, Tamilnadu, Email: muthukumarpk87@gmail.com) : Highest Rank Method in Rank Level Fusion of multibiometrics. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 217-22.

Biometric identification system is an automatic identification system that recognizes a person based on the physiological or behavioral characteristics. Multimodal biometric systems overcome some of these limitations. Multimodal biometric system provides more accuracy when compared to unimodal biometric system. This paper presents an effective fusion scheme that combines information existing by multiple domain experts based on the rank-level fusion integration method. The developed multimodal biometric system possesses a number of unique qualities, starting from utilizing linear discriminant analysis and Fisher's linear discriminant methods for individual matchers (face, iris, and finger print) identity confirmation and utilizing the novel rank-level fusion method in order to combine the results obtained from different bio- metric matchers. The ranks of individual matchers are combined using the highest rank method. The results indicate that fusion of individual modalities can improve the overall performance of the biometric system, even in the presence of low quality data. Insights on multibiometric design using rank-level fusion and its performance on a variety of biometric databases are discussed.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

021142   Menaga K;Nagarajan T (Information Technology Dep, SSN Callege of Engineering, Chennai, Email: menaga.ammu@gmail.com) : Development and performance analysis of phoneme and CV-based Tamil unit selection synthesis systems. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 191-5.

A text-to-speech synthesis system is a system that is capable of generating a waveform corresponding to the given text. Two major approaches to speech synthesis are the unit selection approach and the hidden Markov model-based approach. In the current work, unit selection synthesis (USS) systems are developed. These systems concatenate pre-recorded speech units corresponding to the input text, such that a target cost and a concatenation cost are reduced. The main focus is on identifying an appropriate speech unit that would produce natural and intelligible speech, with two hours of training data. The speech units considered are the phoneme and the consonant-vowel (CV) units. The performance of the systems developed is evaluated by the subjective, mean opinion score (MOS). The phoneme-based system performs better than the CV unit-based system with an MOS of 2.55, owing to the large number of examples of each phoneme in the database.

4 illus, 13 ref

021141   Meena R K;Srivastava R;Shekawat S S (Electrical Dep, Sobhasaria Group of Institution, Sikar) : Hand written character recognition & comparisons using VPP, HPP, ZDCT & CCH extraction techniques. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 129-32.

Character recognition covers all types of machine simulation of human reading which forms a part in various application domains. The aim of character recognition is to translate human readable characters to machine readable characters. In this work, an automatic character extraction and recognition system has been developed for extracting the character level information from handwritten application forms and then recognizing them. Proposed automatic character extraction system can provide more practical handwritten character database in an easy, time efficient and automated way and also gives an approach for automatic handwritten document processing considering passport, insurance and banking applications. It utilizes the vertical and horizontal projection profiles (VPP-HPP) and includes binarization, field extraction, skew correction, character extraction and size normalization at various levels for isolated character extraction. An in-house database of isolated handwritten numerals and characters is successfully collected by using this automatic approach. To recognize the extracted characters, isolated numeral and character recognition systems have been built by using VPP-HPP, zonal discrete cosine transform (ZDCT) and chain code histogram (CCH) features. The analysis of experimental results indicate that small amount of misclassification is due to the large shape similarity across the confusing pairs of numerals and characters.

6 illus, 9 ref

021140   Mathur S;Soni A K;Sharma G (NO, Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity Univ, Noida, Email: sandeep2809@gmail.com) : New hybrid model of requirement engineering for a non-fading data warehouse with evaluation. Int J Data Mining Emerging Technol 2013, 3(2), 63-72.

Building a data warehouse (DWH) is a very challenging task. Most of the DWH project fails to meet the business requirements and business goals because of the improper requirement engineering phase. The gap in between the development of requirements evolves due to disparity between users and developers resulting in project devastation and terminations. DWH quality depends on the quality of its requirement engineering models. Agent orientation is emerging as a unique paradigm in requirement engineering for constructing DWH and maintaining the non-fading DWH property. Agent-oriented systems are expected to be more powerful, more flexible and more robust than conventional requirement elicitation models. In this paper, a new conceptual model CAGDI stand for Clustered Agent-Oriented Decision Information Model has been proposed, which has benefits over the Agent Goal Decision Information (AGDI) model and overcome the short comings of AGDI model. The model can be used in early as well as in late requirement elicitation. This model has been illustrated though an application of a banking system. At the end of the paper the proposed model is evaluated by the requirement metrics.

15 illus, 32 ref

021139   Mathews A M;Jose J E (CCET, , Oddanchatram, Email: aswinmariamathews@gmail.com) : 3D password for secure authentication. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 261-7.

Security is the key factor of resolution of computer era. Author can provide the security by means of authentication process. Authentication is nothing but the process of validating who you are to whom you claim to be. The most common approach for authentication is alphanumeric passwords. The textual passwords meets with the two conflicting things a) Passwords should be easy to remember, at the same time (b) Passwords hard to guess. Users tend to choose meaningful words from dictionaries, which make textual passwords easy to break and vulnerable to dictionary or brute force attacks. Many available graphical passwords have a password space that is less than or equal to the textual password space. Nowadays graphical passwords are other alternatives. Our paper reports to the comparison study between the different existing authentication schemes and 3D passwords. The 3-D password is a multifactor authentication scheme. The 3-D password presents a 3-D virtual environment containing various virtual objects. The user navigates through this environment and interacts with the objects. The 3-D password is simply the combination and the sequence of user interactions that occur in the 3-D virtual environment. The 3-D password can combine recognition-, recall-, token-, and biometrics-based systems into one authentication scheme. This can be done by designing a 3-D virtual environment that contains objects that request information to be recalled, information to be recognized, tokens to be presented, and biometrical data to be verified.

3 illus, 15 ref

021138   Mathew J;Vijayan M (CCET, , Oddanchatram, Email: joselindamannil@gmail.com) : Fall detection system using android based smartphone. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 269-75.

Injuries due to falls are among the leading causes of hospitalization in elderly persons, often resulting in a rapid decline in quality of life or death. Rapid response can improve the patients outcome, but this is often lacking when the injured person lives alone and the nature of the injury complicates calling for help. This paper presents an alert system for fall detection using common commercially available electronic devices to both detect the fall and alert authorities. We use an Android based smart phone with an integrated tri-axial accelerometer. Data from the accelerometer is evaluated with several threshold based algorithms and position data to determine a fall. If a fall is suspected a notification is raised requiring the user's response. If the user does not respond, the system alerts pre-specified social contacts with an informational message via SMS. If a contact responds the system commits an audible notification, automatically connects, and enables the speakerphone. If a social contact confirms a fall, an appropriate emergency service is alerted. Our system provides a realizable, cost effective solution to fall detection using a simple graphical interface while not overwhelming the user with uncomfortable sensors.

8 illus, 15 ref

021137   Kolivand H;Sunar M S (Computer Graphics and Multimedia Dep, Teknologi Malaysia Univ, Johor, Malaysia) : Survey of shadow volume algorithms in computer graphics. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(1), 38-46.

This study will provide an overview of popular and famous algorithms and techniques in shadow generation based on shadow volumes. It characterizes well-known techniques, describing each of them in detail, and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of each. Basic ideas, improvements, and future works of the techniques are also comprehensively summarized and analyzed in depth. Often, programmers have difficulty selecting an appropriate shadow generation algorithm based on shadow volumes that is specific to their purpose. We have classified and systemized these techniques. The main goal of this paper is to provide researchers with background on a progress of shadow volume techniques so as to make it easier for researchers to choose the method best suited to their aims. It is also hoped that our analysis will help researchers find solutions to the shortcomings of each technique.

6 illus, 56 ref

021136   Kohli S;Gupta A (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Email: kohli.shruti@gmail.com) : Analysis of regression techniques for improved information extraction from real-time industrial dataset. Int J Data Mining Emerging Technol 2013, 3(2), 51-7.

The popularity of online shopping portals is increasing day by day. As most of the interactions of these companies with their target audience are through online mode, they need to mine the available information for better and effective growth of the business. One of the mining techniques is regression analysis. Although there are many regression techniques available, they are used with minimum number of data instances to propose a suitable business model. This paper uses a very small real-time dataset and analyses the effect of using such regression techniques on this kind of fuzzy data.

2 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref