012389   Zhu Z;Chen X;Wang M;Lin J (College of Textiles and Graments, Jiangnan Univ, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P R China, Email: zhuzhifengwu@sina.com.cn) : Toughened cyanoethyl starch by blending with poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid-co-acrylonitrile) latex for warp sizing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 100-6.

The effect of an emulsion-copolymerized poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid-co-acrylonitrile) latex on the toughening of cyanoethyl starch (CES) has been studied through blending to reduce the brittleness of CES film for warp sizing. The toughening has been accessed in terms of breaking elongation, tensile strength, work-at-break, and bending endurance of CES film. Also, the influences of the latex on the adhesion-to-fibre, desizability, and aerobic biodegradation of CES have been examined. The results show that the latex is able to toughen CES film and this ac

3 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

012388   Yilmaz N D;Sulak M;Yilmaz K;Arifuzzaman Khan G M (Textile Engineering Dep, Pamukkale Univ, Denizli 20020, Turkey, Email: naziredyilmaz@gmail.com) : Effect of chemical treatments on physico-chemical properties of fibres from banana fruit and bunch stems. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 111-17.

Fibres have been extracted from fruit and bunch stems of banana plant by water retting and evaluated in terms of their performance characteristics. Banana bunch stem fibres have been found to be superior in terms of fineness, initial modulus and breaking strength, whereas elongation ratio shows an inverse trend. Thus, they have been further treated by bleaching and alkalization. Among the treated fibres, the bleached fibres show the highest initial modulus, breaking tenacity, and the lowest elongation. Alkalization results in increased breaking elongation and decreased initial modulus, whiteness and water absorption. The bunch stem fibres present higher water absorptive capacity and lower whiteness compared to that of fruit stem fibres. The characteristics of these unconventional fibres have been found to be comparable to natural fibres traditionally used in textiles. The ranges for properties of the studied banana fruit and bunch stem fibres in general can be given as: linear density 12.71-20.38 tex, initial moduli 168 -326 cN/tex, breaking tenacity 9.89-13.3 cN/tex, breaking elongation 4.42-16.4%, and moisture content 11.6-15.8%.

^ssc4 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

012387   Song J;Wen W;Cui H (Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing Univ of Aeronautics a, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China, Email: dfsongjian2006@126.com) : Finite element analysis of mechanical properties of 2.5D angle-interlock woven composites: Part 1- full-cell model and its validation. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1) , 17-24.

A new parameterized micro-structural model of 2.5D angle-interlock woven composites, named 'full-cell model', has been established. In order to verify the validation of finite element model (FEM) based on the full-cell model, the effective elastic properties and the mechanical response of 2.5D woven composites are presented. Additionally, the effects of fibre aggregation density and thickness on the mechanical properties are also investigated in detail. The experimental results are compared with the values of FEM based on the full-cell model and inner-cell model.

8 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

012386   Murugan R;Karthik T;Dasardan B S;Subramanian V;Shanmugavadivu K (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: muruganavd@gmail.com) : Effect of lateral crushing on tensile property of bamboo, modal and tencel fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 107-110.

The effect of lateral crushing on the tensile properties of bamboo, modal and tencel fibres has been investigated. A fibre crushing apparatus has been used for the purpose of lateral crushing of fibres. The influence of transverse compression on the axial mechanical properties of these fibres has been analysed. The study reveals that modal fibre sustained a higher loss in tensile properties compared to bamboo and tencel. The general phenomenon obtained from the study is that the percentage loss of strength and breaking extension varies from one fibre to another based on the fibre type and morphology.

^ssc4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

012385   Merati A A;Moazeni N (Textile Engineering Dep, Advanced Textile Materials and Technology Research Institute, Amirkabir Univ of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: merati@aut.ac.ir) : New technique of producing silver of estabragh fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 72-6.

In order to produce a 100% Estabragh sliver, an experimental apparatus has been designed and assembled. The sliver of Estabragh fibres has been produced and the arrangement of fibres in the sliver is studied. The results show that the fibres are arranged approximately parallel in the sliver. The angle of 70% of fibres to the sliver axis is found to be less than 10°. The mean angle of Estabragh fibres is about 10.69° while that of viscose fibres on a traditional sliver is about 18.84°.

4 illus, 12 ref

012384   Liu X;Liu X (Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan Univ, Wuxi 214122, P R China, Email: liuxinin2006@163.com) : Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow field in three-line rollers and four-line rollers compact spinning systems using finite element method. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 77-82.

In this investigation, the airflow velocity principle in the condensing zone of three-line rollers and four-line rollers compact spinning systems has been studied and the relationship between the flow distribution in velocity component and the yarn properties is discussed. The important effect is the accurate description of the yarn track in the condensing zone.The yarns of 9.72tex, 14.58tex and 29.15 texfineness have been spun on three-line rollers and four-line rollers compact spinning systems respectively. The hairiness, the breaking force and the evenness of the spun yarnsare tested respectively. With the help of a high-speed video camera, a periodic movement of the fibres in bundle in the condensing zone has been detected firstly and the yarn tracks are described. Numerical simulations are investigated using ANSYS software. The yarn tracks are different. The flow velocity component on transverse condensing direction of fibres in bundle has the direct condensing effect, which is beneficial for ameliorating evenness. The flow velocity component on output and thickness direction of fibres in bundle has the assistant condensing effect and can improve spun yarn strength and reduceyarn hairiness.

6 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

012383   Li Q;Li Q (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile Univ, Wuhan 430073, China, Email: whclare@163.com) : Regenerated cellulose/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films with enhanced mechanical peoperties prepared in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 51-6.

Regenerated cellulose (RC)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) composite films have been successfully prepared in NaOH/urea aqueous solution by coagulation with H₂SO₄ solution. The structure and properties of the RC/MWCNTs composite films are investigated by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile testing. The results reveal that the MWCNTs disperse well in the cellulose matrix when the content of the MWCNTs is less than 1wt%. MWCNTs in the cellulose matrix maintain the original nanocrystalline structure and properties, weaken the hydrogen-bond formed between the cellulose, decrease the crystallinity of the composite films, but do not apparently reduce the thermal stability of the composite films. Compared to regenerated cellulose films, the mechanical properties of the composite films have been improved to some extent. The tensile strength of the composite films is bound to be 108 MPa, when the amount of MWCNTs is just 0.2 wt%.

7 illus, 30 ref

012382   Koyuncu M (Textile Dep, Van Vocational Higher School, Yuzuncu Yil Univ, Van, Turkey, Email: mendereskoyuncu@gmail.com) : Effect of alkaline treatment on mechanical properties of voile gabric reinforced epoxy composites. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 89-93.

Effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of epoxy composites reinforced with alkali-treated voile fabric has been studied. The voile fabric is treated with different concentrations of NaOH solution (1% and 3% ) for 1 h at 20 ± 2 °C. The epoxy-based composite obtained by reinforcing the alkali-treated fabric is evaluated for its tensile strength, and dynamic mechanical properties. Composite reinforced with 3% NaOH solution treated fabric shows significant improvement in tensile strength (<126>32.72%). This implies that the concentration of NaOH treatment greatly influences the interfacial adhesion between the voile fabric and the epoxy. Results of dynamic mechanical analysis show an increase in the storage moduli of the composites reinforced with 1% and 3% NaOH treated fabric as compared to untreated composites at 20 -100 °C. However, for all the composites, the storage modulus decreases with the increase in temperature with a significant fall in the temperature range 25 - 100 °C, indicating that the incorporation of voile fabric in epoxy matrix unconcluded reinforcing effects appreciably at higher temperatures. The loss moduli of untreated and treated composites decrease with the increase in temperature. The glass transition temperatures of the untreated and treated (1% and 3% NaOH) composites are found to be 35.36 °C, 35.81 °C, and 30.55 °C respectively. For all the composites, the value of tan d decreases with the increase in temperature which indicates the level of interactions between the polymer matrix and the reinforced fabric. The fractured surface of composites is observed using SEM, which indicates the surface modification of the voile fabrics with alkali treatment and subsequent improvement in fibre-matrix adhesion.

5 illus, 27 ref

012381   Karthik T;Murugan R;Sakthivel J C (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: muruganavd@gmail.com) : Comfort properties and dyeing behaviour of cotton/milkweed blended rotor yarn fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 25-30.

Milkweed (M) fibres have been blended with cotton (C) fibres at three different proportions and the rotor-spun yarn fabrics are produced. The comfort properties of 100% cotton and C/M blended fabrics are analysed. The fabrics have been dyed with two types of reactive dyes, namely CI Reactive Yellow 3RS and CI Reactive Red 120, and the colour strength and other calorimetric parameters of the dyeing are analysed. From the comfort properties of the fabrics, it is noticed that the air and water vapour permeabilities of C/M blended fabrics are lower than the 100% cotton fabric and decrease with the increase in milkweed proportion. The thermal conductivity of C/M blended fabrics is lower than 100% cotton fabric and decreases with the increase in milkweed proportion. The reduction in inter-yarn space and higher yarn hairiness leads to reduction in air, water and thermal conductivity values with the increase in milkweed proportion. The wickability of C/M blended fabrics increases with milkweed proportion due to the open yarn structure and hollowness of milkweed fibres. From the dyeing behaviour of fibres, it is observed that the colour strength of C/M 80/20 is higher than 100% cotton and it decreases with the further increase in milkweed blend proportion. The low cellulose percentage, higher crystalline orientation index of milkweed fibres compared to cotton results in lower colour strength values with milkweed percentage greater than 20%.

4 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

012380   Kakvan A;Najar S S;Psikuta A;Sharifnejad F ( Textile Engineering Dep, Amritkabir Univ of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran, Email: saeed@aut.ac.ir) : Comfort limit and heat protection properties of single layer cotton/nylon-kermel blended fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 57-63.

Fire and heat protection and thermal comfort properties of cotton/nylon-Kermel blended fabrics have been studied to predict thermal comfort and protection limit of this fabric structure. The results indicate that the cotton/nylon blended with Kermel fabrics, particularly with 30% Kermel fibres, exhibits the highest upper thermal comfort limit and also the widest range of fabric metabolic activity level. The obtained result indicates that all the sample fabrics consisting of 50% cotton fibres have close drying times. The result also shows that the increase in Kermel fibres ratio in blended fabrics has a pronounced effect on prevention of fire diffusion. An increase of Kermel fibres have significant effect on radiant protective performance of fabric samples. The results of vertical wicking and MMT tests show that the addition of Kermel fibres up to 10% significantly detracts these thermal comfort properties. However, the increase of Kermel fibres ratio from 10% to 100% have no significant effect on wicking as well as moisture management properties. The study shows that the blending of Kermel fibre at 30% blend ratio with cotton and nylon enhances thermal comfort limit and heat protection of blended fabrics.

5 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

012379   Hasani H;Avinc O;Khoddami A (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-8311, Iran, Email: h_hasani@cc.iut.ac.ir) : Effects of different production processing stages on mechanical and surface characteristics of polylactic acid and PET fibre fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 31-7.

This paper reports study on the polylactic acid (PLA) and polyester (PET) knitted fabrics mechanical and surface characteristics at low-stress and the influence of typical commercially applied different production processing stages on the properties. The KES-FB is used for the investigation of low-stress bending, compression, tensile, shear and surface characteristics. The results show remarkable changes after each processing stage, such as scouring, drying, dyeing, heat setting and softening, in mechanical and surface characteristics of PLA and PET fibre knitted fabrics. PLA knitted fabrics represent higher values in bending, shear and surface properties after different processing stages as compared to PET knitted fabrics. The values of bending rigidity (B), bending hysteresis (2HB), shear stiffness (G), and shear hysteresis (2HG and 2HG3) have been significantly decreased after the scouring treatment. There is a considerable decrease in B, 2HB, G, 2HG and 2HG3 values and an improvement in tensile elongation (EMT) after dyeing of PET and PLA fabrics. A slight reduction in shear and bending properties of polylactic acid fibre fabricsshows that softening treatment decreases the inter fibre and inter yarn friction. LT (linearity of load-extension curve), RT (recovery from tensile deformation), LC (linearity of compression curve) and RC (recovery from compression deformation) properties are not found quite sensitive for different production processing stages in case of both the fabrics.

2 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

012378   Gupta M K;Srivastava R K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211 004, Email: mkgupta@mnnit.ac.in) : Mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis of jute fibre reinforced epoxy composite . Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 64-71.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties, and to perform dynamic mechanical analysis of jute fibre reinforced epoxy composite. The mechanical properties of the jute composites such as tensile, flexural and impact are investigated in this study. The dynamic mechanical analysis has been done in terms of storage modulus, loss modulus and damping parameter within the temperature range 30° - 200° C. The thermogravimetric analysis is used to measure the weight loss as a function of temperature. Thermal properties such as glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, decomposition temperature, and enthalpy are obtained from differential scanning calorimetry studies. It is observed that the addition of jute fibre up to 30 wt. % in epoxy matrix increases the mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties.

6 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

012377   Gorji M;Jeddi A A A;Gharehaghaji A A; Haghpanahi M (Textile Engineering Dep, Engineering Faculty, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: mgorji@aut.ac.ir) : Finite element modeling of electrospun nanofibre mesh using microstructure architecture analysis. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 83-8 .

This investigation is aimed at modeling the tensile behavior of electrospun polyurethane (PU) membrane. The PU web is produced with different morphologies and the structural parameters are studied through SEM images. Three-dimensional network is simulated using ABAQUS software. Each fibre is modeled as hyperelastic material and each crosslink is modeled as multi point constrain tie. The stress-strain behavior of PU mat is modeled by finite element method, and the effect of fibre diameter, fibre orientation and thickness of web is investigated. The stress-strain curves of networks at three different morphologies are compared with modeling measurements. The model by using third order reduced polynominal as fibre hyperelastic potential energy function shows good agreement with experimental findings which confirm that the tensile behavior of PU web can be explained entirely by microstructure of the network.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

012376   Ezashahabi N;Tahran M A;Latifi M;Madanipour K (Textile Engineering Dep, Textile Excellence and Research Centers, Amirkabir Univ of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: ezazshahabi@aut.ac.ir) : Modelling of surface roughness based on geomatrical parameters of woven fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 43-50.

A novel model has been developed for the surface roughness evaluation of woven fabrics, based on fabric geometrical parameters. The model is developed based on the properties of twenty five groups of woven fabrics consisting of five various weave structures and five different weft densities. The output of the model is validated through a set of subjective roughness pair-comparison tests. The model output is found to be in accordance with the roughness scale value which is obtained from subjective tests, to a reasonable extent. The statistical analysis of roughness results shows that the effect of fabric structural parameters such as weave structure and weft density is significant in the confidence range of 95%. This model can be utilized for the prediction of the roughness behavior of various types of woven fabrics. Bearing in mind the influence of fabric surface roughness on the comfort and aesthetic properties of cloths, the usage of the model is a guide for selecting the suitable fabric for various end uses.

5 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

012375   Chakraborty S;Kothari V K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: iitkothari@gmail.com) : Effect of moisture and water on thermal protective performance of multilayered fabric assemblies for firefighters. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 94-9.

Multilayered protective fabric assemblies comprising a Nomex III woven outer layer, Nomex nonwoven thermal liners and a modacrylic/cotton woven inner layer have been studied for heat protective performance. Effect of conditioning and presence of water on the outer layer fabric has been studied on heat protective performance, against radiant heat flux. It is observed that the radiative heat protective performance of firefighters' protective clothing assembly can be improved in presence of a water tight barrier layer used just after the outer layer when the outer layer fabric is wet. Conditioning of the assembly in a particular environment can also significantly affect thermal protective performance.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

012374   Bedeloglu A C;Bhullar S K;Borazan I;Cin Z I; Demir A (Fiber and Polymer Engineering Dep, Bursa Technical Univ, Bursa, Turkey, Email: ayse.bedeloglu@gmail.com) : Manufacturing and morphology of poly(ε=caprolactone) based microfibre webs for biomedical applications through airbrush technique. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 38-42.

The objective of this study is to fabricate poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL)-based micro/nano fibrous structures by using different types of solvents and nozzle sizes and to investigate the morphology of fabricated airbrushed structures for future biomedical applications. It is observed from the morphology and diameter of micro/nanofibres structures based on nozzle size, concentration of PCL and solvents, that these airbrushed biocompatible and biodegradable webs offer a potential in the medical field requiring direct, rapid and conformable applications.

5 illus, 30 ref

012373   Baldua R K;Rengasamy R S;Kothari V K ( Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, Email: iitkothari@gmail.com) : Effect of linear density of feed yarn filaments and air-jet texturing process variables on compressional properties of fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2017, 42(1), 9-16.

Effect of filament fineness and process parameters employed in the production of air-jet textured yarns has been studied on the compression and recovery of union fabrics made from air-jet textured yarns as weft and twisted filament yarns as warp. Filament linear density and process parameters such as overfeed, air pressure and texturing speed affect the textured yarn structure and hence fabric properties. The individual effect of filament fineness and process variables in the production of air-jet textured yarn has been studied in terms of potential contribution and normalized regression coefficient on fabric low load compression behavior. Fabric low load compression-recovery behavior has been analyzed in terms of compression parameter, recovery parameter and resiliency. Analysis shows that most dominating factor to explain the low load compression properties of air-jet textured yarn fabric is overfeed percentage, while linear density per filament is most dominating factor affecting fabric resiliency.

5 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

012372   Ajay Kumar;Pareek P K;Shakyawar D B;Kadam V V (Textile Manufacture and Textile Chemistry Dep, ICAR-Cental Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501, Email: kumarajay817@gmail.com) : Colourless natural antimoth agents for woollens. Indian J Small Rumin 2017, 23(1), 73-6.

Woollen products are quickly infested with moth under favourable conditions. Some of the natural dyes have antimoth efficacy, but they reproduce limited colour shades. To identify a colourless natural source for antimoth properties, Datura stramonium L. (Datura) was taken. On a weight basis, 43.56% colourless extract yield of datura seeds was obtained. The woollen fabric was treated with extract to study antimoth efficacy by standard method and compared with synthetic antimoth agent 'Eulon'. The antimoth efficacy was found to be poor in datura seed extract alone as well as with alum and ferrous sulphate. Treatment of the seed extract with stannous chloride showed excellent antimoth efficacy (0.19%), equivalent to commercial antimoth agent "Eulon" (0.17%). The natural antimoth extract obtained from datura seeds avert moth attack on woollen fabrics and can be used for industrial application.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

011393   Vastrad J V;Walmiki L N;Goudar G (All India Coordinated Research Project on Home Science (Clothing and T, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005, Email: jyotivastrad@gmail.com) : Dyeing of cotton yarn with marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals: an emphasis on pre-treatments and mordants. IPPTA Jl 2017, 9(2), 1282-6.

Natural dyes and eco-friendly finishing of textile fabrics is gaining popularity because of the consciousness of people in saving the ecology. Widely available resources in India have encouraged researchers in experimenting on extraction and application of dyes for textile colouration. The aim of the present experiment was to standardize a protocol for optimization of pre-treatment, mordanting and dyeing of cotton yarn with African marigold flower petals. Myrobolan, pomegranate rind and tamarind hull were utilized in different concentrations for pre-treatment. Effect of different mordants and pre-treatment concentrations on colour strength (K/S, L, a* and b*) parameters of the cotton yarn is was studied. Op

5 tables, 19 ref

011392   Vadivel M;Sathiakeerthi S;Rajaiah K;Rai A K; Jha M K (NO, , ) : Technological advancement in stiffness improvement for duplex board making industries in India. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 147-59.

Increasing want of paper in the country which is growing at a rate of 6 - 7 % annually demands for increased requirements of raw material which is expected be almost double in next decades. Due to the shortage of paper making raw materials the usage of agro, recycled and other raw materials is inevitable. All over the world for duplex board making mills by using a recycled waste paper have a bright future due to heavy demand raised by packaging and printing Industries. In duplex board all customers needs stiffness rather than coating related properties such as gloss, brightness. To achieve better stiffness in the duplex board, the mill might expand its operational issues from raw material feeding to finishing. The use of recycled paper like ONP, corrugated, coated boards severely affect the drainage and other functional properties of board. In this case study the plant trial was taken in a board making mill having a cylinder mould operation, with catioinc starch, catioinc starch + catioigc DSR, Polyethyleneimine(PEI), cationic polyacrylamide copolymers cPAM, anionic polyacrylamide copolymers aPAM, to save the fiber, reduce cost of production and get improved board stiffness with the application of colloidal chemistry.

12 illus, 8 table, 18 ref

011391   Suresh T;Dhingra R K;Chandra N (NO, , ) : Technological advancements in CPP by using Agro residue in bio-methanation process for producing compressed methane gas as alternative fuel of LPG. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 41-6.

In Century Pulp and paper Effluent generated from bagasse wash contains high COD in the range of 4000-5000 PPM.This cannot be treated in conventional effluent treatment plant. We have installed Bio-Methanation plant to treat bagasse wash effluent and create wealth to waste by generating Methane gas and used as a fuel. CPP installed state of art Bio methanation plant with the capacity 8.4 MLD and generating gas @10000cm3/day. Methane gas carries certain impurities like H₂S,CO₂ and etc which cannot be used directly in gas burner inplace of LPG. The Effective utilization of this gas we have installed 500cm3/hr gas scrubbing plant. ln this Plant H₂S is removed by caustic scrubbing and CO₂ is removed by high Pressure water Scrubbing. After removing of impurities in the Methane gas the calorific value of CMC is approx 1110OK cal/kg which is equals to 1.1 times of LPG. In CPP We are using LPG gas in Tissue plant for drying of Paper in Wetend and dryend burners effectively by replacing the LPG. On every day 4.0Mt of LPG is replaced by the CMC and running the plant Successfully since Jan'1 6. In Future we have a plan to replace the LPG gas with CMC in coating drying area. Presently the cost savings by using CMC is approx 7.0 Crores/Annum.

3 table

011390   Sheoran M;Chandra A;Bhunia H;Bajpal P K;Pant H J;Rao S M (NO, , ) : Investigation the flow behaviour of continuous pulping digester using radiotracer technique to optimise the operating conditions. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 35-40.

The modern pulp and paper mills are shifting from wood based raw material to alternate cellulose rich raw material such as agro-residues like, wheat straw, bagasse, etc. It is due to rapidly shrinking forest fields and other environmental concern. This shift made the pulping process as continuous process rather than the traditional batch operation, hence, it is facing new technological challenges. In the continuous process, the raw material is being digested in horizontal continuous pulping digester to obtain pulp. The output quality of the produced pulp is highly influenced by the time spent by the raw material inside the digester in the presence of white liquor at high temperature and pressure. In this regard, an industrial scale three tube continuous pulp digester has been analyzed using latest non-destructive radiotracer residence time distribution (RTD) technique. The radioisotope ⁸²Br ( γ energy source) has been used as radiotracer to trace the liquid phase of the pulp digester. The biomass flow rate and white liquor flow rate are considered as the process variables for the experiments. The obtained RTD data was treated and used to explain malfunctioning and flow abnormalities in the pulp digester. Flow channeling was observed in the first tube of the digester. The mean residence time (MRT) of pulp digester is also estimated for various sets of conditions. The - 394 - influence of MRT on the pulp quality has been correlated with Kappa number (k) and residual alkali. Based on the obtained results and analysis, the optimum operating conditions have been recommended for the digester.

2 illua, 2 table, 16 ref

011389   Sharma A K;Sharma S;Thapar S K;Sharma S (NO, , ) : Influence of anthraquione on alkaline pulping. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 122-4.

The search for increased production and improvement of the cooking process is continuous and has shown tremendous progress in the recent past. It is a common practice throughout the world to use some cooking additives during the pulping process. The main purpose of using cooking additives generally consists of the following : use of Cooking Additives results in reducing the cooking cycle, it results in reducing the chemical consumption and it can result in improving the pulping yield. All the pulp and paper technical persons are well aware of the mechanism of pulping and the various steps involved during the cooking process. However for a quick review it can be said that the penetration of the cooking chemicals, the dosage of the chemical employed for cooking and the cooking cycle are the most important parameters during the cooking process and they govern the cooking process to a major extent in all cooking processes whether acidic cooking or alkaline cooking i.e. Soda/Sulfate cooking of the raw material. These parameters play the most significant role irrespective of the nature of raw material and pulping process Various kinds of chemicals have been advocated for achieving the above mentioned parameters at a faster rate. In the recent years the raw material costs have increased significantly specially in countries like India where there is a shortage of the fibrous materials and the paper makers have started using alternate sources of fibre apart from wood such as bagasse, wheat straw,rice straw etc. Under these circumstances the overall pulp yield froma particular raw material has started playing a major role in the selection of digester cooking additives. The additive which result in increasing the pulp yield in addition to improving the pulping parameters as detailed above have started playing a major role.

011388   Sharma A;Dixit A K;Jain R K (NO, , ) : Innovative approach to Debottleneck pulp mill and chemical recovery in agro based paper mill. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 187-91.

Indian pulp and paper industry is growing steadily through capacity expansion and technology modernization to improve quality of the paper and to address environmental issues. A number of mills have gone for marginal expansion of the pulp mill adopting oxygen delignification (ODL). These mills result with generation of additional black liquor. Many mills due to limited capacity of chemical recovery system could not process this additional black liquor in existing chemical recovery system thereby overloading it which leads to lower thermal and chemical recovery efficiency. In order to address this problem of processing of additional black liquor a process has been developed. The proposed process involves removal of lignin ricb organic part from a portion of black liquor partially by carbonation followed by acidification. The lignin separated spent liquor after separation of lignin rich biomass is mixed with remaining black liquor and processed in chemical recovery system. The studies have shown improved rheological, combustion and physico- chemical properties of the total black liquor. The separated lignin rich biomass has been utilized for production of value added by products which finds applications in rubber and ply-wood industry. The developed process also helps in improving economic and environmental status of the paper industry.

1 illus, 4 table, 3 ref

011387   Sengupta A;Thapliyal B P (NO, , ) : Challenges and achievements of perform, achieve & trade (PAT) scheme in Indian pulp and paper sector- way ahead for energy efficiency improvement in PAT Phase-2. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 125-31.

The pulp and paper sector has been identified as one of the energy intensive sectors under Perform Achieve & Trade (PAT) scheme by Ministry of Power, Govt. of India. Out of eight energy intensive sectors, 31 pulp and paper mills consuming 30,000 metric tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) per annum and above were notified as Designated Consumers (DCs) and assigned 1.84% of the total National energy saving target (equivalent to 0.123 million TOE) in the first PAT cycle from 1 April 2012 to 31 March 201 5. These 31 pulp and paper DCs have used the PAT-1 scheme as an opportunity to implement measures to improve energy efficiency in order to achieve the assigned specific energy reduction targets. Benefit of Compliance under PAT scheme is issuance of tradable ESCerts (Energy Saving Certificates) per TOE energy saving achieved above the target set for each DC. In PAT-1, 25 pulp and paper DC's achieved savings of around 0.289 MTOEagainstthe target of 0.119 MTOE. After completion of PAT-1, the energy saving targets for PAT phase-2 were notified for 31 DCs during March 2016. During PAT cycle- II, target of 0.1 5 MTOE has been assigned to these pulp and paper DC's for the period from April 2016 to March 2019. In present article, achievements of PAT-1 cycle by the pulp and paper DC's along with the challenges ahead for the industry are discussed to achieve the notified national energy savings targets in the PAT-2 cycle.

3 table, 6 ref

011386   Saikumar T;Shankarshan S;Narendra A (NO, , ) : Improving the fiber-pith separartion of bagasse through vbrating screen - a case study. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 73-7.

AtYash Papers, both Dry depithing system and Wet depithing system are used for Bagasse fiber - pith separation. Fiber - pith separation is the most important aspect of the process, as pith carryover to the Wet wash ing system will increase load on ETP and Increase Cooking liquor & Steam consumption in Digestor. This study is directed to improve the fibre - pith separation through Vibrating screen. This paper contains results & analysis of fibre - pith separation through vibrating screen installed at plant. Encouraging results from lab scale trails has led the decision to install vibrating screen at plant scale.This study was conducted in order to achieve best possible separation of pith and fiber in moist condition. So, we have tried fiber and pith - 392 - separation through vibrating screen in lab scale.

6 ref

011385   Ravindran P;Ganapathy K;Sharma P;Subramanian T R (NO, , ) : Process re-engineering for meeting the challenges in waste paper procurement, recycling and contributing to sustainable environment. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 168-73.

The upward trend in literacy rate and increase in industrial development have led to an increase in demand for paper every year. The consumption of paper and paper boards in India is estimated to be almost 13 million tons/annum at present. Almost all types of paper mills in the country are increasing their production capacity and renovating their plants. It has been estimated thatthe demand for paper in the country by 2025 would be close to 20 million metric tons, which is actually not a very easily achievable task to meet for the Indian paper industry. The reason for this is a continuous decrease of indigenous raw materials over the years. Considering the ill-effects of deforestation and pollution, it has become very necessary to find out ways of producing and saving paper. Recycled paper based products are becoming more popular by the day. In lndia,there are more than 500 Paper and Paper Board mills manufacturing paper and paper boards with recycled paper as raw material. A part of the waste paper is collected locally, while the majority is imported from US,Europe and the Middle East. The recycle paper recovery in India is around 2.5 million tons which accounts to 25% of the total, compared to a contribution of more than 70% from US and Europe. The recovery level in India is very less giving rise to the need of importing waste paper for meeting the demand. This impacts the import bill and is nota good sign for the Indian Economy. There is a need to focus on improving the recovery of waste paper in India and have infrastructure to process it. This paper presents an insight to ITC Ltd PSPD's approach towards waste paper procurement,processingand its contribution to environmental sustainability.

1 ref

011384   Mehra A;Pandit A B;Naithani A K (NO, , ) : Hydrodynamic cavitation: a novel method for water and waste water treatment using green mega efficient reactors. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 97-104.

Effluent treatment/Water Treatment has always been a challenge in every industry, especially the Pulp and Paper industry. With the ever increasing stringency of effluent norms by the regulators, pressures from surrounding social inhabitants and as a conscious effort to be continually reduce environment footprint, it has become mandatory for Paper industries to keep the discharges in check. Of course, the treatment comes as a cost which the Paper mill has to incur but the cost has a multi-faceted concept to it. Most existing technologies require- large footprint, usage of chemicals, require dedicated equipment and cannot be added to existing system and have a heavy CapEx component attached. HyCator^® Reactor - 391 - System is an equipment based solution which disrupts the status quo by making mega efficient, environment friendly process reactors for fluid applications. These are easy to use and cost effective than existing solutions. Based on a technology which converts the kinetic energy of fluid into millions of targeted micro bubbles which are packed with extreme heat, pressure and turbulence and delivers it where it is needed keeping ambient conditions unchanged. HyCator^® Reactors are custom designed and can be retrofitted into existing plants withminorpipelinemodifications.

7 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

011383   Kumari P;Rose N M;Singh S S J (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: minkusmile@gmail.com) : Development of fragrant microcapsules for women cotton fabric. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(2), 1017-21.

A consumer-oriented twenty first century challenges garment and fabric producers to come up with innovations which result from the technological advancements to not only help in strengthening the existing product line but also to diversify and flourish in new areas. Many fragrant fabrics have been developed nowadays due to the reason of enjoying a healthy life style, and these novel products often possess additional functionalities which are good for human health. Not only does plant essential oil give off a pleasant smell but also the functions of antiseptic, antiphlogistic and emotional calming. In the present study, microencapsulation of geranium oil was carried out on cotton woven fabric. Geranium oil was selected as the core material and gum acacia as wall material for encapsulation using complex coacervation technique and ratio of 1:4:4 of oil, gum and gelatin, at a temperature of 50øC with initial and final pH 4.5 and 9.0 respectively was optimized for microencapsulation process. Microencapsulation helped in controlling the release rate of aroma and imparted durable fragrance finish on textiles.

5 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

011382   Kishore V (NO, , ) : Improvement in pulp and paper quality with reduced pollution load - a new innovative conceptin bleaching. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 55-60.

Bindals Papers creates a new light by reducing the effluent load at source with improvement in quality of pulp by changing Bleaching sequences. The use of environment friendly process is becoming more popular in the Pulp and Paper industry now-a-days. The focus has shifted towards cleaner production option followed by reduction of pollutants discharged from the bleach plant. The principal goal of chemical pulp bleaching is to remove residual lignin and decolourize the pulp without adversely damaging the cellulosic matrix. The Pulp and Paper industry has invested enormous amount of time and money to abandon at least elemental chlorine and to develop more environment friendly bleaching process. Oxygen based chemicals such as Oxygen and Ozone can be employed for bleaching of High Bright Pulp. The increasing number of environmental and marketing constraints are leading the Pulp Mill to change their bleaching sequences in order to reduce the chlorinated organics - 390 - produced in the bleach plant effluent. Most of the bleach pulp is produced by conventional and ECF bleaching technologies. It is therefore reasonable and relevant to optimize and develop further the existing ECF bleaching process. At BINDALS PAPERS MILLS LTD, Pulp was bleached by D₀-E_OP-D₁ bleaching sequence (where D represents chlorine Di oxide and E_OP represents Hydrogen Peroxide reinforced alkaline extraction) using "Bagasse and Wheat straw" as raw material. As an early bird BINDALS PAPERS MILLS LTD, took initiative for correction of pollution load at the source itself. In this connection Laboratory and Plant scale trials were conducted by replacing Extraction stage reinforced with Hydrogen Peroxide with "Oxidative chemical" which has resulted in reduction of COD, BOD & COLOUR of the discharged effluents from Bleaching plant and improving the desired pulp characteristics of Agro residue. The Paper is focused on systematic approach in our lab trial as well as plant trial and finally adopted Oxidative chemical in place of H₂O₂ Extarction stage. Plant is in operation since more than Six months.

8 table, 1 ref

011381   Habets H A;Driessen W (NO, , ) : Best practice in paper industry-scaling up by anaerobic pretreatment, scaling down operational cost and effluent figures. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 105-13.

In the course of 20 years the anaerobic effluent treatment has found a widespread application in the pulp and paper industry. Over 200 installations are treating a large variety of pulp and paper industry effluents (recycle mills, mechanical pulping, sulphite condensates, kraft mill condensates etc). Therefore anaerobic treatment can be considered to be a proven and well-established technology. The advantages of anaerobic pre-treatment are: (1) Net energy production, (2) Minimized bio-solids production, (3) Minimal footprint (4) Reduced emissions of greenhouse gasses, and production of renewable energy. Via application of anaerobic treatment in closed circuits (Kidney technology) further savings on cost for fresh water intake and effluent discharge are generated. Among the various anaerobic reactor systems the BIOPAQ UASB and BIOPAQ 1C reactor are the most applied reactor systems. Previously being considered as a method for treating only concentrated effluent streams, the development of high-tower reactor systems (especially theBIOPAQ 1C) has enabled the economic treatment of more qilute effluents and is therefore also suitable for applications on the combined effluent of integrated pulp and paper mills. Greenhouse gas reductions for application of anaerobic- aerobic treatment areiestimated at 26 kg CO₂/ADT in comparison to aerobic treatment alone.

9 illus, 4 table, 14 ref

011380   Goel P K;Kishore V (NO, , ) : Introducing post bleaching enzymes in agro pulp bleaching in m/s BPML. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 174-8.

As global trends and customer preferences are switching towards cleaner and greener products, a key challenge faced by the pulp and paper industry nowadays is the adoption of elemental chlorine-free (ECF) and totally chlorine free (TCP) bleaching technologies, which reduce the toxic chemical usage and the pollution load with potential for better product quality. The main aim of these technologies is to reduce or to phase out the use of elemental chlorine and chlorine-based chemicals from the bleaching sequences. Paper mill are moving in this direction by adopting Eco-friendly - 389 - technologies such as oxygen delignification and enzymatic prebleaching. Bindals Papers Mills Ltd. has moved ahead in the direction of more cleaner and greener technology by adopting Oxidative chemicals instead of Extraction stage and Post Bleaching Enzyme. Thus Bindals Papers Mills Ltd has become the first User of Post Bleaching Enzyme Globaly. This paper is focused on a systematic approach of using " Post Bleaching Enzyme" after Bleaching Stage. The technical benefits derived in terms of saving in Bleaching Chemicals, with the same level of final pulp Brightness and reduction in pollution load of discharged effluentfrom bleaching section. The experience were highlighted with laboratory trial studies & Plant scale studies.

2 illus, 3 table, 3 ref

011379   Elangovan P;Vasan S R;Rajendran K;Ramaswamy T;Sudarsan C N (NO, , ) : Opportunities for reduction in fresh water consumption, recovery and reuse. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 61-4.

Water plays a major role in paper making in paper industry. Pulp mill consumes a major portion of the water in paper making. With depleting water resources & failure of monsoons water has become a rare commodity for consumption. It is imperative to reduce the water consumption, so that water can be conserved for our future generation. Efforts were taken in TNPL to reduce water consumption by reduce reuse and recycling methods. This paper highlights on CB ECF bleach plant filtrates recycling coming close to ZLD (Zero Liquid Discharge).

4 illus, 1 table

011378   Deepak Kumar;Bhardwaj S;Sharma A;Chauhan V S; Bhardwaj N K;Varadhan R (NO, , ) : Effect of optical whitening agents in wet end and surface sizing on recycled fibre based paper with different fillers. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 78-88.

The use of fluorescent/ optical whitening/ brightening agent (FWA/OWA/OBA) as shading colorant has become a main tool to eliminate the yellowish hue of bleached pulp and to improve the quality in terms of appearance i.e. brightness, whiteness, fluorescence and tint. Different types of OWAs with different sulphonic groups namely di-sulphonic (DS), tetra-sulphonic (TS) and hexa-sulphonic (HS) were evaluated in the present study using recyclec pulp having brightness 83.1 % along with two fillers (GCC and Talc). The optical properties of nand sheets using di-sulphonic (DS) OWAs in wet end showed the best result for both fillers, The highest value of brightness, whiteness and fluorescence attained by wet end addition of di-sulphonic (DS) OWAs with GCC and talc filler are 91.3%, 142.8, 24.38 and 88.2%, 1 37.6 and 23.32, respectively. Addition of different OWAs was done by adding the slightly lower doses of OWAs at wet end and the rest amount in surface sizing. Moreover in surface sizing, the most promising results were attained in the combinations having hexa-sulphonic (HS) OWAs. Recycled pulp with GCC filler showed the best result with di-sulphonic (DS) OWAs in wet end and hexa-sulphonic (HS) in surface sizing whereas with Talc filler di-sulphonic (DS) OWAs in wet end and tetra-sulphonic (TS) in surface sizing showed the best result. The addition of OWAs in wet end and surface sizing resulted in modified optical properties such that they were improved in some combinations. The range of cost reduction with addition of OWAs in wet end and surface sizing was between 25-33% with GCC and 22-30% with Talc.

14 table, 6 ref

011377   Bharathi G;Malik S P (NO, , ) : Performance enhancement in agri-residue paper making by new generation forming fabric - case studies. IPPTA Jl 2016, 28(3), 140-6.

The Indian paper industry plays a significant role in the nation's economy with a turnover of more than 50,000 crores of Rupees-: It ranks sixth among the energy intensive industries and occupies 16th position among the top global paper producers. Acute shortage of raw materials and issues concerning environment and high cost of basic inputs has resulted in lowering of the operational capacities. Our paper industry has a highly fragmented structure consisting of small, medium and large sized papers miIIs having capacities range from 10 to 1 500 tpd processing wood, agro residues and recycled waste paper as major raw materials. Theoretically, any fibrous plant can be pulped to provide cellulosic fibers for paper manufacture, but technical and, more often, economic constraints limit the number of species of usable plants. The most important agricultural residues used in the paper industry are straw and bagasse. The raw material consumption pattern has changed drastically over the last four decades due to availability, cost and environmental factors. While on one side the cost of wood and waste paper has increased in India, there is an availability of agricultural residue with limitations of proper collection and handling. The agri residue had favorable low lignin content driving better formation, but also has challenges of lesser strength due to short fiber, more fluffing/Iinting due to less retention and presence of abrasive silica/ash. The innovation in forming fabric design has helped in addressing this opportunity and deliver improvements in quality and performance. In this paper, through a few case studies we would share the performance enhancement achieved in Agri-residue Papermaking through New Generation Forming Fabric.

9 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

010364   Lal N;Chand S (Chemistry Dep, V.S.S.D. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drnandlal71@rediffmail.com) : Decolorization of sulphonated azodye metanil yellow by newly isolated bacterial strain: Bacillus -3330. J envir Sci Engng 2014, 56(3), 341-6.

Newly isolated Bacillus sp. MTCC-3330 was screened for the decolorization of a sulphonated azodye metanil yellow under aerobic conditions. 100% decolorization was observed of Metanil Yellow at O.OlmM, 0.02mM O.OSmM concentrations within 30h, 35h and 45h respectively. Decolorization was confirmed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The initial dye solution showed highest peak at the wavelength of 437 nm (Amax of the Metanil Yellow). The decolorized dye showed disappearance of peak, which indicated that the decolorization is due to dye degradation. The bacterium sp. also decolorized the another azodye Methyl Orange.

5 illus, 37 ref

010363   David O O;Akinniyi O A;Olabode G G (Kecturer II, Chemical Sciences Dep, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's Univ. PMB 3005 Redemption Camp, Mowe-Ogun State, Nigeria, Email: olukanni_olumide@yahoo.com) : Decolorizing kinetics of reactive blue 13 azo dye by Proteus mirabilis. J envir Sci Engng 2014, 56(4), 453-8.

A dye decolorizing bacterium, Proteus mirabilis, isolated from soil was used in batch experiments for decolorization of the sulphonated dye, Reactive blue 13. Effects of initial substrate (dye) and bacterial cell mass concentrations on the specific decolorization rate and extent of dye decolorization were investigated. Aeration as against agitation increased the decolorization rate by 4-fold. The dependence of the decolorization rate on initial dye concentration essentially followed Monod-type kinetics and the maximal rate occurred with the dye concentration 382.98 mg/L. The decolorization rate by Proteus mirabilis was found to follow half (0.5498) and first (1.0977) order kinetics with respect to dye concentration and cell mass concentrations respectively. The specific decolorization rate estimated from the experimental data was 37.03 mg/L/h/g dry cell mass (DCM), and the value of the apparent K_m was 284.76 mg/L. This study showed that the strain of Proteus mirabilis has potential in wastewater color removal.

5 illus, 21 ref

007231   Bhandari B;Singh S S J;Rose N M (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Use of sericulture by-product i.e. Sericin in ecofriendly treatment of cotton fabric. Envir Conserv J 2016, 17(1-2), 37-40.

Sericulture in India provides employment to rural youth and women engaged in its various activities. During raw silk processing, a compound known as sericin is released into the environment which causes water pollution if not recovered from discharged water. A study was carried out to utilize the waste product i.e. sericin for the treatment of cotton fabric and see its effect on the properties of fabric. Treatment was given using cross linking agent and catalyst, fabric was later dyed with natural dye manjistha. The treated fabric was tested for crease recovery, wettability, air permeability and UV protection properties. The results revealed that application of silk protein enhances properties of cotton fabric.

3 tables, 35 ref

006186   Yang Z;Wang F (College of Textiles, Donghua Univ, Shanghai-201 620, China, Email: wfumei@dhu.edu.cn) : Dyeing and finishing performance of different PTT/PET bi-component filament fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2016, 41(4), 411-7.

The dyeing and finishing performance of different bi-component polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate (PTT/PET) filament fabrics along with the elasticity of end-productshave been studied. Three kinds of PTT/PET side-by-side bi-componentfilamentshave beenselected as weft yarnalong with the polyester filament as warp yarn. Fabrics arethenwoven, dyed and finished under the same conditions. The weight reduction rate, widthwise shrinkage, elastic elongationand elastic recovery percentage of the above fabrics areobservedto characterize the changes involved during the process. The results indicate that asdenier per filament(DPF) increases, the weight reduction rate decreases but the widthwise shrinkageincreases. The weight reduction rate decreases as the weft density increases. The elastic recovery decreases as the elastic elongation increases. Optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, different scanning calorimetry examinations show that due to the finer DPF and larger specific surface area, PTT/PET filament exhibits separation of the two components, due to thecaustic corrosion during dyeing and finishing,and hence the high elasticity inherent in bi-component filaments is lost.

6 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

006185   Rogina Car B;Pusic T;Dekanic T (Faculty of Textile Technology, Univ of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Email: tpusic@ttf.hr) : Impact of washing and sterilization on properties of fabrics used for medical applications. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2016, 41(4), 426-31.

This paper reports a study on the characterization of cellulosic, polyester/cotton (PES/cotton) and Tencel® fabrics as well as PES/PU/PES laminate used for medical applications, before and after frequent washing and sterilization. The impact of washing and sterilization is analysed by tensile properties, spectral changes and surface characterization. The results indicate that, during washing and sterilization, cellulosic fabrics show prominent changes of all studied properties when compared to PES/PU/PES laminate.

4 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

006184   Rathinamoorthy R;Ayswarriya N;Kadambari R; Sreelatha R;Janani K G (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: r.rathinamoorthy@gmail.com) : Optimization of dye transfer inhibition properties of polyvinyl pyrolidine for reactive dye on cotton fabric. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2016, 41(4), 432-9.

This study focuses on the optimization of the amount of dye transfer inhibition (DTI) agent in the in-wash liquor using response surface methodology. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, one of the DTI polymers, has been used to analyse its dye transfer inhibition properties on reactive dyed cotton fabric against the commercial detergent. The box and Benkhen experimental design has been adapted to study the optimum concentration of DTI and washing condition for the better dye transfer inhibition. The CIELAB color difference (ΔE) and color strength (K/S) values are studied for the cotton fabric used in the in-wash liquor. The result shows that the higher the DTI polymer concentration the better is the dye transfer inhibition property. The performance of the DTI agent is majorly influenced by the surfactant present in the detergent powder due to its ionic nature. The influence of washing pH on the efficacy of the DTI is observed as minimal. The developed model shows higher values of R<^>2 for the selected parameters, around 0.82 for color difference and 0.91 for color strength. The optimum values of process parameters for the improved performance of DTI polymer with minimum quantity are found to be DTI polymer concentration 0.24 g/l, detergent concentration 2.9 g/l, alkaline pH level in one liter of water, and 3% (owm) of reactive dye. The washing efficiency analysis shows that the stain removal percentage of detergent remains the same in presence of DTI polymer. The water hardness property has a major influence on the DTI performance. The environmental impact of the DTI polymer is found negligible, except the chemical oxygen demand.

6 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

006183   Patil P D;Rao L C R;Wasif A I;Anekar S V (Technology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Email: pdpchem@gmail.com) : Spathodea campanulata Beauv. flower dye extraction: Mass transfer enhancement through process optimization. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(4), 302-7.

The natural dyes are re-gaining importance because of ecological issues of most of the synthetic dyes. Mass transfer enhancement has been carried out in the study using the optimized extraction conditions to obtain maximum dye yield from flower petals of `African Tulip tree'. Taguchi design has been implemented to investigate the optimum extraction conditions. The overall effort is to meet the challenges to reintroduce natural dyes. The investigated optimum parameters for extraction include: `150 micron particle size', `1:20 solid-solvent ratio', `one hour extraction' and `enzyme addition as an assistance for extraction'. The absorbance values, mass transfer rates and subsequent dye yields obtained from optimized extraction have been compared against control extraction. It is seen that using optimized extraction conditions; the mass transfer rate is enhanced triply as compared to control extraction. It ultimately result in increased dye yield to the tune of about 10.75%.

5 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

006182   Pargai D;Gahlot M;Rani A (Clothing and Textiles Dep, G.B. Pant Univ Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: pargai.deepti16@gmail.com) : Ultraviolet protection of nettle fabric dyed with natural dyes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2016, 41(4), 418-25.

This paper reports study on the UV protection properties of nettle fabric dyed with natural dyes cutch (Acacia catechu) and madder (Rubia cardifolia). Dyeing with cutch and madder dyes provides excellent UV protection to the woven nettle fabric even without mordanting. FeSO4 and myrobalan mordant concentrations have no significant effect on UPF of the nettle fabric.

6 tables, 19 ref

006181   Nachane R P (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai-400 019, Email: drrpnachane@hotmail.com) : Yarn hairiness-theory about total number of fibre hair. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2016, 41(4), 440-3.

Yarn hairiness is determined using projection of hairs perpendicular to the yarn axis. Measurement is done using photo cell which receives light from a small area above the yarn surface. The hairs that project beyond the specific adjusted distance - which is generally 3 mm - intercept the beam of light that falls on the photo cell, causing photo cell to generate a signal. Using this signal, number of hairs in a given length of yarn can be determined. However, the measurement does not cover full circumference of the yarn. A theory is developed in the present work to overcome this problem.

^ssc3 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

006180   Lakhotia M;Pahadiya H R;Gandhi R;Choudhary A; Purohit R C;Choudhary S (Medicine Dep, Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur-342 001, Email: drhans05sms@gmail.com) : Isolated bone marrow carcinomatosis: A rare presentation of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach in a young male. Indian J med Paediat oncol 2016, 37(1), 67.

1 illus