041340   MOEZZI M, KHAVARI S, GHANE M (Textile Engineering Dep, Bonab Univ, Bonab 5551761167, Iran, Email: meysammoezzi@ubonab.ac.ir) : Effect of UV degradation and dynamic loading on durability of acrylic carpets using multiple regression method. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2020, 45(1), 26-31.

The effect of dynamic fatigue loading on the carpet samples subjected to long-time UV radiation exposure has been studied. The carpet samples are first subjected to different UV exposure time and then dynamic loading is imposed to the samples. In each case, the thickness loss of the carpets is measured. The results show that the UV exposure time has a slight effect on the thickness loss of the carpets. The number of dynamic impacts, on the other hand, shows a significant effect on the thickness loss with an exponential correlation. Using best curve fitting method based on least square method, a predicting equation is derived for the multiple effect of UV exposure time and number of dynamic loading on the thickness loss. The experimental verification reveals that the proposed predicting equation can be used with an acceptable accuracy.

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

041339   ISHTIAQUE S M, MAWKHLIENG U, YADAV V K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi - 110 016, Email: ishtiaque@iitd.ac.in) : Fabric comfort by modifying yarn structure: Part II—Low-stress mechanical, thermal and transmission characteristics of fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2020, 45(1), 19-25.

The present study aims at investigating the influence of yarn structure, modified through process parameters of ring frame (spindle speed, twist multiplier and ring frame draft), on low-stress mechanical, thermal properties and transmission properties of fabric. It is observed that the structural changes influence thermal, transmission and low-stress mechanical characteristics of fabrics due to change in fabric porosity and thickness. In general, the bending and compression properties increase but shear and surface properties of the fabrics decrease with the increase in spindle speed, twist multiplier and draft. The study further reveals that air permeability, thermal absorptivity, thermal diffusivity, heat conductivity and moisture transmission properties increase but thermal resistance decreases with the increase in spinning process parameters.

5 tables, 22 ref

041338   BADBADE P R, RAJA E D, HEGAJE A K (D.K.T.E. Society’s Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji - 416 115, Email: pbadbade@gmail.com) : Effect of elastane-cotton core-spun yarn liveliness on woven modified mock leno fabric properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2020, 45(1), 14-8.

The present study is aimed at accessing the impact of elastane core liveliness on physical and mechanical properties of elastane-cotton core-spun yarn fabric. The yarn liveliness is altered by changing draw ratio on ring frame and thus the elastane core % in the yarn. The 4 samples of 30s Ne elastane core-spun cotton yarn have been produced using 40 den elastane having 5, 7, 9 and 11 % elastane core adjusted by using suitable draw ratio on ring frame. These elastane core-spun cotton yarns are used in weft direction to produce fabric sample. These fabric samples are tested for various physical and mechanical properties as per ASTM standards. The findings reveal that the yarn core liveliness has significant effect on various physical and mechanical properties of fabric.

5 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

041337   BALDUA R K, RENGASAMY R S, KOTHARI V K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi - 110 016, Email: iitkothari@gmail.com) : Effect of some feed filament parameters and weave on compressional properties of air-jet textured yarn fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2020, 45(1), 9-13.

The influence of some feed filament parameters and weave on compression and recovery behaviour of air-jet textured yarn fabrics has been studied and compared with their corresponding parent yarn fabrics. Fabric low load compression-recovery behaviour has been analysed by defining initial thickness, compression parameter, recovery parameter and resiliency. Fabrics made from coarser yarn (larger total yarn dtex) have higher initial thickness and compression parameter while lower recovery parameter and resiliency, as compared to fabrics made from finer yarn. Fabrics are woven with two woven structures, namely plain and twill weave to assess the effect of fabric structure on compression and recovery behaviour of the fabrics. Twill woven fabrics exhibit a higher value of all compressional parameters compared to their equivalent plain woven fabrics. Parent yarn fabrics exhibit a low value of all compressional properties, irrespective of change in any feed yarn characteristics as compared to their equivalent textured yarn fabrics.

7 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

040046   SHANMUGAM N, SHAKYAWAR D B, JOSE S, KUMAR A, KADAM V (Textile Manufacture and Textile Chemistry Div, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar- 304 501, Rajasthan, Email: dr.shanmugam@gmail.com) : Blending of comber noil and raw wool and its effect on blanket properties. Indian J Small Rumin 2020, 26(1), 112-6.

An exploratory research was carried out to examine the effects of blending comber noil with raw wool on the properties of woollen blanket. Four types of blankets were prepared by keeping comber noil levels at 10, 20, 30 and 40 % with Bharat Merino and Chokla raw wool in the blends. Yarn realization and yarn breaking load decreased (P<0.05) with increasing in noil in blends. Thickness of blanket and bending length of warp and weft increased significantly (P<0.05) with the addition of noil. Increase in noil in the blend ratio did not affect the abrasion loss. Dynamic friction coefficient got reduced (P<0.05) with the addition of noil in the blend ratio. Thermal resistance progressively increased with increase in noil in blend ratio and the maximum smoothness was observed on maximum noil percentage. The sensation of coldness and warmth (qmax) was improved with addition of noil. It was concluded that 30 % comber noil can be added with fine and medium wool to get good thermal and smoothness properties of woollen blanket.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

007499   VERMA H, RANI A, GAHLOT M, GOEL A, SHARMA A K (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, Email: verma.himani017@gmail.com) : Sustainable dyeing of wool fabric with Talaromyces purpurogenus. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(4), 796-801.

Natural dyes had been used by human being since ancient times for colouring of various materials including textiles. These were replaced completely by synthetic dyes, continu-ous use of which created the problem of pollution and environmental degradation. With the development of green technology and increased awareness of sustainability, the use of non-allergic, non-toxic and eco-friendly natural dyes on textiles has become a matter of significant importance. Among the natural sources of colourants, microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi have gained interest in the field of textile coloration. In the present study, the pigment solution yielded from growth of Talaromyces purpurogenus sp. on organic waste was used for dyeing of wool fabric. Under the dyeing conditions i.e. 1:30 M:L ratio, pH 5, 80º C temperature and 45 minutes dyeing time, the percent absorption could reach 57 %, 32%, 36% and 49% respectively. The wool fabric samples dyed with the fungal dye exhibited very good to excellent washing and rubbing fastness properties. The colour pigment obtained from fungal thus offered an opportunity to reduce impact on plant resources for dye source exploration. So it can be concluded from the study that a natural fungal dye could help to sustain the environment and to minimize the over exploitation of natural resources.

8 tables, 35 ref

007497   MURALIDHAR P, SATYANARAYANA G, RAO G N (Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Visakhapatnam- 530 031, Email: satya.bic@gmail.com) : Morphological changes occurred during long time atmospheric corrosion process of mild steel and their effect on mechanical properties. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(11), 2492-6.

The present work, involves the analysis of a long time corroded steel channel (MC 150 having dimensions 150 cm × 75 cm × 5.7 cm, a nominal weight of 16.8 kg/m, which was rolled from a fully killed continuous cast steel blooms) meant for constructing huge steel structures was performed. The analysis of this typical corrosion was done in a different direction to know the morphological changes occurred during the long time atmospheric corrosion periods of wet dry conditions. The extent of deterioration of mechanical properties in these structural components may reduce the life span of particular component. The focus of this present study is to analyze the reasons for the splitting of corrosion product layers during the long time atmospheric corrosion conditions, which resulted in the drastic deterioration of mechanical properties. The XRD analysis of delaminated layers was also performed. The physico-chemical changes occurred in the process of long time atmospheric corrosion were also investigate. It is found that pitting is the major contributor for the formation, growth, delamination of corrosion product layers during the long time atmospheric corrosion process, which resulted in the drastic reduction of mechanical properties.

5 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

007498   ROY S, GHOSH S, BHOWMICK N (Textile Technology Dep, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar- 144 011, Email: sukumar.textile@gmail.com) : Scientific design of potable water filter for the rural masses by using textile fibrous media. Appl Innov Res 2019, 1(3&4), 178-83.

One of the possible approaches to remove the Pseudomonas bacteria from surface water by using textile fibrous media has been studied in this article. The attachment of Pseudomonas bacteria inside textile fibrous media was studied using laboratory column experiment. Physicochemical parameters i.e. pH, salt concentration, type of fiber and fiber orientation are taken into account to optimize the amount of fiber mass in a given volume (porosity) and then designed a standard filter bed for long column experiment. After that life cycle and reusability of the filter media are determined on long column experiment by using optimized physicochemical data. It is found that the design filter bed can also achieve 94 % removal efficiency up to 10 litres of water. Same media material can be reused after hot washing and shows nearly same removal efficiency when compared with the virgin media. Furthermore, different source of surface water (pond and lake) also treated in designed filter media and it is observed that water quality like turbidity, colour, pH and total dissolved solid are coming within the permissible limit recommended for drinking water after the treatment. The bacteria removal efficiency for pond water is 85 % and for the lake water is 72 % this because of the slightly higher alkaline pH of the surface water resulted in lower removal efficiency. But when the pH of the lake water brings down to 6 then the removal efficiency increased up to 92 % which is very close to the IS standard value of drinking water. This filter media may provide safe water for drinking, cooking and other emergency needs on a sustainable basis and meet minimum water quality standards and be readily and conveniently accessible at all times and in all situations.

5 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

004986   JAYARAJ L, RANJITH P M, NINGSHEN S, RAMANATHAN S (Corrosion Science and Technology Div, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam- 603 102, Email: jrajb4u@gmail.com) : Studies on corrosion of titanium and air-oxidized titanium in fluorinated nitric acid. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1917-26.

Titanium (Ti) is a lustrous transition metal which possesses excellent corrosion resistance in several aggressive environments but is attacked by acidic fluoride media. In this work, the addition of fluoride ion to nitric acid on the corrosion behavior of Ti and air-oxidized Ti was studied. Air oxidation of Ti at 800 °C for 5 h resulted in the formation of an intact rutile TiO₂ layer with a thickness of about 35 μm. The corrosion resistance was investigated from the polarization resistance (RPRP) values which were obtained from linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. A decrease in the RPRP value of Ti with the addition of fluoride ion in nitric acid was observed, and this indicated the formation of an unstable layer, which resulted in accelerated dissolution. The several order increase in the RPRP value of air-oxidized Ti in nitric acid containing fluoride ions pointed the improved resistance to corrosion. The diffusivity of species through the air-oxidized TiO₂ layer was estimated from the electrochemical equivalent circuit (EEC) analysis of EIS data. Even though the diffusivity increased by several orders with the addition of fluoride ions, air-oxidized Ti provided better protection against nitric acid containing fluoride ions than Ti. The corrosion rates of Ti and air-oxidized Ti in boiling nitric acid containing fluoride ions were also estimated from weight loss experiments. Even in boiling fluorinated nitric acid, air-oxidized Ti provided better corrosion protection, with corrosion rates of about 1000 times less than that of Ti.

8 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

004982   BLESSTO B, SIVAPRASAD K, MUTHUPANDI V, SENTHIL P, ARUMUGAM M (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli- 620 015, Email: ksp@nitt.edu) : Analysis of heat treatment response for cryorolled AA2219 alloy. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1881-1900.

AA2219 sheets used in space applications need a combination of properties as strength and ductility for its enhanced usage. For this purpose, the heat treatment parameters were optimized to bring out the better strength in these alloys. AA2219 sheets were rolled at a cryogenic liquid nitrogen temperature at − 196 °C and room temperature for 50% and 75% reduction. DSC analysis was done to relate the effect of the precipitation kinetics to the strength of the material. The rolled samples were subjected to annealing at different temperatures for shorter periods. The annealing parameter was optimized by using mean results from the full factorial design based on the microhardness values obtained. Using the optimized annealing parameter, artificial ageing was performed at temperatures ranging from 75 to 125 °C for 30 h. The uni-directional rolled samples showed maximum strength after ageing at 125 °C for 24 h and cross-rolled sample at 100 °C for 18 h. A predictive model using regression and ANFIS were designed to determine the responses for the various input parameter settings for both the annealing and ageing and was validated. Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of the ageing process parameters proving reduction percentage and ageing time having more effect on the heat treatment process.

14 illus, 10 tables, 43 ref

004992   MIMOUNI O, BADJI R, KOUADRI-DAVID A, GASSAA R, CHEKROUN N, HADJI M (Research Centre in Industrial Technologies CRTI, Cheraga, Algeria, Email: r.badji@crti.dz) : Microstructure and mechanical behavior of friction-stir-welded 2017A-T451 aluminum alloy. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1853-68.

In this work, friction stir welding of 2017A-T451 aluminum alloy has been investigated using different tool rotational speeds varying from 950 to 1250 rpm. The study revealed remarkable effect of the rotational speed on both the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the weld joint. Significant grain growth was noticed in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), whereas the grain size of the nugget zone (NZ) was insensitive to the rotational speed variation. Increasing the tool rotational speed from 950 to 1250 rpm improved the stirring of the material and shifted the fracture location from the NZ to the HAZ. Local tensile characterization highlighted the heterogeneity of the mechanical behavior that was related to microstructural heterogeneity across the weld joint. Brittle behavior was observed in the NZ, whereas a typical elastic–plastic behavior was detected in the HAZ.

14 illus, 6 tables, 43 ref

004988   KUMAR N N, RAM G D J, BHATTACHARYA S S (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu- 600 036, Email: jram@iitm.ac.in) : Spark plasma sintering of graded dissimilar metals. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1837-52.

An attempt was made to produce graded stainless steel (SS)/commercially pure titanium (Ti) samples using spark plasma sintering. A cylindrical sample of 20 mm diameter and 38 mm height, consisting of six layers with decreasing amounts of Ti (in steps of ~ 20 vol.%) from layer L₁ (100 vol.% Ti) to layer L₆ (100 vol.% SS), was targeted. After process optimization, fully dense, graded SS/Ti samples were successfully produced. However, the samples showed several different intermetallics such as FeTi, NiTi, Fe₂Ti, and Cr₂Ti. The intermetallic formation was found to be most severe in layer L₅ (80 vol.% SS + 20 vol.% Ti). These graded SS/Ti samples exhibited a tensile strength of 280 ± 9 MPa and were found to suffer brittle fractures in layer L₅. In subsequent experiments, attempts were made to overcome this problem using temperature gradient sintering and/or ball-milled SS powder. While the combined use of temperature gradient sintering and ball-milled SS powder was helpful in improving the tensile strength of graded SS/Ti samples to 320 ± 12 MPa, undesirable intermetallic formation and brittle fractures in layer L₅ could not be avoided.

21 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

004996   YE T, HANGUANG F, JIAN L, XINGYE G, YONGPING L (Beijing Univ of Technology, Beijing- 100 124, Email: hgfu@bjut.edu.cn) : Microstructure and properties of casting Fe–Cr–B alloy after quenching treatment. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1823-35.

The as-cast microstructure of Fe–4Cr–B alloy has been systematically investigated, which contains 1 wt%B, 4 wt%Cr, 0.35 wt%C, 0.8 wt%Si and 0.8 wt%Mn. The investigation was carried out by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (EDS/SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), hardness tester and wear tester, and the quenching temperature effect on its microstructure and mechanical property was studied. The results showed that ferrite, pearlite, martensite and borocarbides were the main composition of the solidification microstructure of casting Fe–4Cr–B alloy. After water quenching at 950–1150 °C, the matrix transformed to martensite, and the secondary borocarbides M₂₃ (C, B)₆ precipitated from the matrix, and then the continuous distribution of M₂ (B, C) (M = Fe, Cr, Mn) among dendrites began to break. As the water quenching temperature increased, the phenomenon of disconnection became more clearly. When the water quenching temperature was 1100 °C, the network borocarbides fractured and formed an isolated distribution. The hardness of the alloy increased first and then decreased. At water quenching temperature of 1100 °C, the hardness reached the maximum of 62.8 HRC. The abrasive resistance and hardness of casting Fe–4Cr–B alloy changed at the same trend.

15 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

004983   DHANDHA K H, BADHEKA V J (Uka Tarsadia Univ, Gujarat- 394 350, Email: kamaldhandha@gmail.com) : Comparison of mechanical and metallurgical properties of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel for conventional TIG and A-TIG welds. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1809-21.

This work attempts to investigate the effect of flux activation on mechanical and metallurgical properties of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel during activated TIG (A-TIG) welding. Composition-based oxide flux MnO₂ was identified to produce a 6-mm-thick square-groove butt weld joint in P91 steel plates considering the satisfactory bead penetration during “bead-on-plate” experiment. During the experiment, it was found that using MnO₂, the process of “A-TIG” can increase the penetration of the joint and depth-to-width ratio (D/W) of the weld for welding P91 steel up to 231% and 0.93 respectively. The base metal and the multipass GTA weld joint’s mechanical properties have been compared with the modified 9Cr–1Mo steel A-TIG weld joint. To study other metallurgical aspects of the TIG and A-TIG process, tests such as microhardness, tensile, bend, impact test and chemical analysis were performed. Optical microscopy was used to conduct the characterization of microstructure.

13 illus, 8 tables, 38 ref

004984   DUAN S, WANG T, ZOU Y (Shandong Univ, Jinan- 250 061, Email: yzou@sdu.edu.cn) : Double-Side friction stir welded cast 2297 Al–Cu–Li alloy at various parameters. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1733-41.

In this study, a novel cast 2297 Al–Cu–Li alloy was welded through double-side friction stir welding using different process parameters. The formation quality, mechanical properties and microstructures of joints were evaluated. Results showed that the well-formed joints were obtained under appropriate welding parameters with relatively good performance, indicating that this joint form can be applied to structural design. The optimum parameters in this welding condition were obtained. The weakest region of the mechanical properties of joint was found in the heat-affected zone on the retreating side of the first weld side. During the welding process, most strengthening phases were dissolved, whereas the δ′/β′ and Ω phases were formed again in the stir zone. The re-dissolution of the strengthening phases and grain coarsening in the welding process were the main reasons accounted for the decrease in the mechanical properties of the joints.

10 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

004991   MA Z, LI Q, MA L, HU W, XU B (Shenyang Aerospace Univ, Shenyang- 110 136, Email: mlin128@163.com) : Process parameters optimization of friction stir welding of 6005a-t6 aluminum alloy using Taguchi technique. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1721-31.

The control factors including rotating speed, welding speed and plunge depth of 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy friction stir welding were optimized by Taguchi method, and the combined effects of these factors were comprehensively investigated. Statistical results were analyzed by the analysis of variances and signal-to-noise ratios. The results show that the rotating speed is the most dominant factor in determining the joint tensile strength; and the plunge depth and welding speed are the second and third effective parameters, respectively. Under the optimum process parameters, the joint maximum tensile strength reaches 239.6 MPa which is 84% of that of the base material. The relationships between the main control factors, thermal cycle, formation, microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture characteristics were investigated.

8 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

004994   SHANMUGARAJAN B, SATHIYA P, BUVANASHEKARAN G (Welding Research Institute, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, Email: bsrajan@bhel.in) : Effect of shielding gases in autogenous laser welding of p92 material. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1707-20.

Shielding gases are used in laser welding mainly for protecting the weldment from contamination during welding and solidification. However, the change in shielding gas composition has shown to alter the properties of the laser welds. In the present work, the effect of shielding gases in CO₂ laser welding on metallurgical, hardness and indentation creep properties of P92 material was studied. Experiments were carried out in bead on plate mode using three different shielding gases, viz., Ar, He and Ar + 20% N₂. Defect-free welding could be achieved with a wide range of parameters with all the three shielding gases used for experimentation. With respect to bead geometry characteristics, He resulted in good penetration with narrow width followed by Ar + 20% N₂ and then Ar. The microstructural analyses indicated that welds had tempered martensitic structure after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) with no deleterious δ-ferrite phase for a wide range of heat inputs. δ-ferrite phase could be observed at very high heat inputs (> 360 J/mm). The amount of δ-ferrite is dependent on the shielding gas composition. High heat input welds made with Ar + N₂ gas mixture had very low δ-ferrite content compared to welds made with He. Hardness values were comparatively higher for welds made with Ar + N₂ mixture in both as-welded and PWHT conditions. Indentation creep properties of welds were better than the base material. Among the three shielding gases experimented, welds made with Ar + N₂ mixture had superior indentation creep properties followed by welds made with Ar and finally He.

15 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

004995   VAZIRI H S, SHOKUHFAR A (K N Toosi Univ of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: hsalehi@mail.kntu.ac.ir) : Synthesis of nanoalumina/graphene oxide hybrid for improvement tribological property of aluminum. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(7), 1687-95.

In this research, an efficient, facile and low-cost chemical method was the developed for preparation of Al₂O_3/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid nanoparticle (Al₂O₃Nps/GO), through in situ synthesis of Al₂O₃Nps in the presence of GO. Al₂O₃Nps/GO hybrid nanoparticles added to aluminum powder and nanocomposites were fabricated by powder metallurgy processing and consolidated via the spark plasma sintering. Structure, morphology and composition of the hybrid particle were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. The results confirmed successful incorporation of alumina over GO surface and formation of pure and homogenized γ-Al₂O₃Nps/GO hybrid particle. Physical and tribological properties of hybrid nanocomposite were investigated by using density, hardness and wear analyses. High relative density was obtained for Al 1 wt% γ-Al₂O₃Nps/GO. Tribological property was studied by pin-on-disk tribometer and showed that the friction coefficient significantly decreased with increasing γ-Al₂O₃Nps/GO content.

11 illus, 37 ref

004993   RANI L, BRAR K (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, CCS Haryana Agricutlural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: lalitarani.tadhau31@gmail.com) : Constructional and physical properties of handloom union fabrics from plant waste material : China rose plant stems (Hibiscus rosa sinesis). J Cotton Res Dev 2019, 33(2), 344-9.

The naturalism trend has led to establishment of sectors in the textile and fashion industry. Non conventional fibres have considerable potential to assist in the emerging “green” economy based on energy efficiency, industrial processes that reduce carbon emissions and recyclable materials that minimize waste. Natural fibres are a kind of renewable and carbon neutral resources; they absorb the equal amount of carbon dioxide, they produce. The china rose blended union fabrics were developed and their properties were studied. The results showed that the H₂ china rose/cotton 50:50 blended yarn exhibited higher count of 2.89 s than 100 per cent china rose H₁ (0.73 s).Thread count of H₁ and H₂ fabrics was 165×52 and 171×66/ sq inch, respectively. Higher weftwise breaking strength was observed in case of H₁ fabric (206 g) as compared to H₂ , whereas 14.99 ± 0.46 per cent elongation at break was higher in H₂ union fabric than H₁ , i.e. 4.89 ± 0.33 per cent. Thickness (2.81 mm) of H₁ fabric was more compared to 0.82 mm thickness of H₂ union fabric. The stiffness (3.50 mm) in case of H₁ union fabric was found higher than H₂ , i.e. 1.76 mm in weftwise. Drape co efficient of H₁ (66.23 %) was higher than H₂ union fabric. Both union fabrics were found suitable for apparel as well as home textiles.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

004989   KUMARI R, GREWAL S, BAINS S (Apparel and Textile Science Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sumeetgrewal@pau.edu) : Development of flame retradant finish for cotton casement fabric. J Cotton Res Dev 2019, 33(2), 335-43.

The present study was conducted to develop a flame retardant finish for cotton casement fabric and to develop textile products for household use using the finished fabric. The flame retardant finish was developed by using the chemical tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phophonium chloride (THPC) along with citric acid as binder and sodium hypophosphite as catalyst. The optimisation of pH, concentration of binder, concentration of catalyst and concentration of THPC was done by testing the effect of the finish at different variables on physical properties- tensile strength, flexural rigidity, thickness, GSM and whiteness index. The flammability was tested using Vertical Flammability tester. The results showed that pH 7, binder concentration of 10 and 0.75 per cent of catalyst and 30 per cent concentration of THPC were considered optimum for preparation of finish. At these conditions tensile strength decreased and flexural rigidity increased but in permissible limits. It was found that the developed finish was semi durable and would last for 15-20 washing cycles. The optimised laundry procedure suggested that the flame retardant casement and poplin fabrics should be washed with non ionic detergent with 2g/l concentration at 25 ^oC temperature to maintain its durability till 15-20 home launderings. The flame retardant fabric can be utilised for making textile products for use in kitchen and home furnishings.

2 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

004985   HOSEINZADEH A R, JAVADPOUR S (Materials Science and Engineering Dep, Shiraz Univ, Shiraz, Iran, Email: javadpor@shirazu.ac.ir) : Electrochemical, thermodynamic and theoretical study on anticorrosion performance of a novel organic corrosion inhibitor in 3.5 % NaCl solution for carbon steel. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(4), 188.

The theoretical and electrochemical performance of a novel organic corrosion inhibitor 3,4 -dihydro-3-[2 - mercaptothiazolidine]indol-2-one (DMI), for API 5L Grade B carbon steel in 3.5 % NaCl, was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and density functional theory (DFT) for quantum chemical studies. Potentiodynamic studies confirmed that DMI was a mixed organic corrosion inhibitor type which specially affects the cathodic branch. The inhibition efficiencies of reactants, DMI and acetylcysteine followed the following order at 25^◦C and 200 ppm: DMI (87 %) > isatin (71 %) > 2-thiazoline-2-thiol (62 %) > acetylcysteine (54 %). EIS measurements illustrated the charge transfer controlled corrosion process. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model of DMI was adopted. Surface studies were performed using scanning electron microscopy. Activation and adsorption thermodynamic parameters of DMI were computed. The magnitude of G^◦ _ads and the sign of H^◦ _ads concluded that the adsorption occurred through chemisorption. Quantum chemical calculations of four corrosion inhibitors were used for investigating the molecular structure effect on inhibition efficiency.

11 illus, 10 tables, 59 ref

004990   LAVANYA R, NATCHIMUTHU N (Rubber and Plastics Technology Dep, Anna Univ, Chromepet, Chennai - 600 044, Email: nmuthu@mitindia.edu) : Decrystallization of cellulose under the influence of elastomer-assisted mechanical and mechanochemical shear. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(4), 168.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was subjected to mechanical and mechanochemical shear in a rubber mixing milling. Nitrile rubber (NBR) and ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) rubber were used to induce shear on cellulose during treatment. Solid-state interactions between N,N'-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) and cellulose particles were facilitated during mechanochemical shear. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and swelling studies were carried out on MCC, DMAc/LiCl-treated MCC, MCC subjected to mechanical shear and DMAc/LiCl-treated MCC subjected to mechanochemical shear. Crystallinity and swelling behaviour of the untreated and merely DMAc/LiCl-treated MCC samples, in the absence of any shear, were found to be similar. However, when MCC was subjected to mechanical shear assisted by NBR and DMAc/LiCl-treated MCC subjected to mechanochemical shear assisted by EPDM, the resultant MCC samples exhibited significant reduction in their crystalline index with increased swelling. When DMAc/LiCl-treated MCC was subjected to mechanochemical shear assisted by NBR and mechanical shear alone on MCC, assisted by EPDM, did not exhibit any appreciable change in the crystalline index and swelling behaviour of the resultant MCC samples. While NBR-assisted mechanical shear was found to reduce crystallinity in untreated MCC, crystallinity in DMAc/LiCl-treated MCC was found to be reduced significantly with EPDM rubber-assisted mechanochemical shear.

9 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

004987   KIAHOSSEINI S R, AMINIAN A (Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Damghan 3671639998, Iran, Email: rkiahoseyni@yahoo.com) : Mechanical and corrosion performance of multilayer ceramic coatings deposited on an austenitic stainless steel using plasma spray. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(4), 160.

This research investigated consecutive multilayer thermal barrier coatings, including Ni₃Al–Al₂O₃– Al₂O₃/MgO, produced by plasma spray with outer layer thicknesses of 50, 100 and 150 μm deposited on an AISI 316 stainless steel. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Rockwell-B hardness measurements, pin-on-disk wear test and potentiodynamic polarization test were performed to evaluate the specimens. The results revealed that the structure of the produced coatings was completely crystalline. An increase in the coating thickness formed a smooth surface and a low degree of roughness and promoted grain growth. According to the Hall–Petch equation, the degree of hardness decreased from 99 to 92 HRB, and the friction coefficient decreased from 1.25 to 0.6 because of low surface roughness. An adherence test performed with a Brinell hardness test showed that an increase in the layer thickness improved the coating adherence coefficient (dp/dr) from 0.083 to 0.118 kgμm⁻¹. The corrosion test results indicated that the increase in the coating thickness caused a decrease in corrosion current density from 1.1 to 0.008 mA cm⁻².

8 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

003743   ONAR V, ÖZEN F, KEKIK M, ASLANLAR Y S, ÖZDERIN Y, ASLAN H, ASLANLAR S (Pamukkale Univ, Denizli, Turkey, Email: fatihozen@sakarya.edu.tr) : Effect of current and welding time on tensile-peel strength of resistance spot welded TWIP 1000 and martensitic steels. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(3), 248-51.

Recently, to reduce car weight for saving fuel, reducing gas emissions, and to raise car safety by selecting the optimum material that meets desired mechanical properties, Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) have been continuously in development. TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels, that have high tensile strength with high elongation, and Martensitic steels, which tensile strengths can be raised up to 1700 Mpa, are among the most significant members of AHSS. However, strength of joints as important as the material itself. In an automotive body, the most practiced joining method is resistance spot welding. Tensile-peel test in resistance spot welding is of high importance, because its behavior akin to the breaking action of the sheet metal at the time of the accidents. In this study, tensile-peel strengths are investigated in terms of current and weld time using resistance spot welding. The weld time range is selected between 5-30 periods (a period 0,02 sec) with 5 period increments.

4 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

003745   SATHIYAPRIYA T, RATHIKA G (Chemistry Dep, PSG Coll of Arts and Science, Coimbatore- 641 014, Email: sathiyachallenge87@gmail.com) : Corrosion inhibition efficiency of human black hair extract on mild steel in 1 M H₂SO₄ media. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(3), 216-23.

The use of human black hair (HBH) extract as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in 1 M H₂SO₄ medium has been studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show the corrosion inhibition efficiency increased on increasing the concentration of the inhibitor. The extract is s a mixed type inhibitor with optimum concentration of 0.040% v/v in potentiodynamic polarization. The adsorption characteristics of the inhibitors have been determined from the results. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study confirm that the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel is through adsorption of the extract molecules on surface of metal.

11 illus, 7 tables, 29 ref

003744   ONUKWULI O D, OBIORA-OKAFO I A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univ, Awka, Nigeria, Email: onukwuliod@yahoo.com) : Performance of polymer coagulants for colour removal from dye simulated medium: Polymer adsorption studies. Indian J Chem Technol 2019, 26(3), 205-15.

Evaluation of natural coagulants for colour removal from dye simulated wastewater has been studied. The proximate compositions and surface morphologies of the organic polymers are investigated. The effects of operational parameters including pH, coagulant dosage, dye concentration, settling time and temperature are tested and their optimum operating ranges determined. Acidic solution pH increased the colour removal efficiency. Accurate control of coagulant dosages is required for optimum destabilization of charged particles. Dye concentration is a driving force that shows the extent of particle transfer. Polymer performances on the flocculation process are measured through time-dependent decrease in particle concentrations and consequently, promoting flocs growth. Charge neutralization, polymer adsorption, inter-particle bridging and sweep-flocculation are the active mechanisms in the removal process. Adsorption of particles on the polymer surfaces occur mostly as a monomolecular layer and according to chemisorption mechanism. The agreement of pseudo-second order and Elovich model with high correlation (R²>0.926) confirms the coagulation-flocculation/adsorption kinetics behaving more as a second-order rate process.

20 illus, 6 tables, 36 ref

003742   NARAYANA S J, KARIYAJJANAVAR P (P.G. Studies & Research in Environmental Science Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shankaraghatta, 577 451, Karnataka) : Studies on degradation of pulp and paper mill industrial dye fast red by indirect electrochemical method. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2019, 18(2), 657-62.

The indirect electrochemical degradation of industrial effluents has become an attractive method in recent years. This paper deals with the electrochemical degradation of pulp and paper mill industrial dye, Fast Red from aqueous solution using graphite carbon electrodes. The experimental results indicated that initial pH, supporting electrolyte and current density played an important role in the degradation of dye. During electrochemical degradation, the chromophoric groups and aromatic rings were destroyed. The decolourisation and degradation of the dye was followed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, LCMS, TOC and COD measurements. The maximum colour removal efficiency of 96% could be achieved for dye at 2.5 g.L^-1 of NaCl concentration. The results revealed the suitability of the present process for the effective degradation of dye effluents.

6 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

003746   UPADHAYAY H, GOEL A (Clothing and Textiles Dep, G.B.P.U.A. & T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Eco-parameter analysis of printed textiles produced in small scale printing units. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1084-7.

In the present study printed fabric samples collected from various small scale printing units were tested for some Eco parameters like formaldehyde, heavy metals, pH, and pentachlorophenol and banned amines. Results obtained showed that these fabric samples were not detected for banned amines, pentachlorophenol and some of the heavy metals like Cd, Hg and Ni whereas the level of Ph, formaldehyde and heavy metals like zinc and chromium in all tested printed fabric samples were also within the permissible limit. However the concentration of copper and lead were found higher than the permissible limits as per Oeko-Tex standard.

1 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

002500   SRIDEVI A, NARASIMHA G, DEVI P S (Applied Microbiology Dep, Sri Padmavati Mahila Univ, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, Email: gollasridevi@gmail.com) : Production of xylanase by Penicillium sp. and its biobleaching efficiency in paper and pulp industry. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1307-11.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of production of xylanase by a fungal strain Penicillium sp. isolated from decaying wood. Xylanases are hydrolytic enzymes produced by many microorganisms which catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan polymer to xylose monomer. The xylanase production was carried out under submerged fermentation xylose as the main substrate, and the enzyme yield was regularly monitored. Maximum xylanase production was observed on the 4^th day of incubation with 123.1 U/ml. The protein secretion was high on the 6^th day with 787 μg/ml; total sugar was on the 7^th day of incubation (982 μg/ml). Among natural substrates used in this study, corn cobs amended medium had yielded more xylanase production by Penicillium sp. after 6 days of incubation (167.2 U/ml) followed by sawdust and rice bran (128.1 and 120.8). The crude enzyme was used in bleaching of paper pulp and in biobleaching sample kappa number was reduced from 23.1 to 20.8 and brightness was increased to 40.1 from 39.2. It was also observed that chromophores and hydrophobic compounds were removed in xylanase treated pulp samples. Thus by this study, it is highlighted that xylanase by present fungus Penicillium sp. would be useful as a promising biobleaching agent in paper and pulp industry.

3 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

001241   VIVEK P, KARUPPAIYA M, KUMAR S T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, Email: viveksncet2011@gmail.com) : Utilization of novel plant bio-sorbents for the effective treatment of textile dye effluents. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 165-75.

With the emerging inflation in the production of fabrics with the use of automated machines there is also an increase in the production of textile wastewater from these textile plants. Consequently, the increase in environmental pollution created due to discharge of these untreated effluents is inevitable. On the other hand, use of plant source as a biosorbent may provide a solution to the existing textile dye treatment problems. The main aim of study is to utilize three flower extracts namely Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea nouchali and Musa paradisiaca as potent biosorbent for the effective treatment of textile dye waste water. The process includes identification, selection and characterization of different plant sources for the use of biosorbent samples. Three different anaerobic sequential batch reactors are used for the study to identify the most effective biosorbent samples. The resulting treated effluent from the bioreactor is characterized and compared with the characterization result of the untreated textile dye wastewater. CETP standards are taken as the reference value and a data analysis is plotted between the standard with the treated and untreated effluents to ensure that the treated effluent follows the regulatory parameters of the Pollution Control Board of India. Among these flower extracts, Nymphaea nouchali is found to be more effective than other two flower extracts. This can be evident that development of such waste water plant to treat the effluent from textile industry can lead to sustainable protection over environment.

8 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

001240   NDINCHOUT A S, CHATTOPADHYAY D P, PAUL M F, ASCENSION N M, KAUR V, KAUR S (Textile Chemistry Dep, The Maharaja Sayajirao Univ of Baroda, Vadodara - 390 001, Email: dpchat6@gmail.com) : Studies on dyeing and bacterial resistance of Dacryodes macrophylla extract on woollen fabric. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 205-10.

The dyeing of wool fabric using a natural dye extracted from Dacryodes macrophylla has been studied using both conventional as well as ultrasonic dyeing methods. Natural dye was extracted using water as solvent by Soxhlet extraction method. The extracted color was characterized by spectroscopic studies like UV/Visible and further tested for antimicrobial activity (against Vibrio cholerae (MTCC3906), Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MTCC733), Shigella flexneri (MTCC1457), Escherichia coli (MTCC119), Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC657) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96). It was observed that the water extract of D. macrophylla showed antimicrobial activities against S. enterica. The effect of mordants on the dyeing outcome in terms of colour depth as well as fastness properties of the dyeing was investigated. It has been found that employing all the three techniques of dyeing i.e., conventional dyeing at 100 oC and 80 oC as well as ultrasonicated dyeings conducted at 80 oC, the mordanted samples were deeper in depth than their unmordanted counterparts. The results of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were fair to good. Depths of the shade and fastness properties in case of ultrasonic dyeing were found to be better compared to conventional dyeing. Dacryodes macrophyllaextract was found to enhance microbial resistance of wool as well as was itself as a good source of coloration. These textiles dyed with the natural dyes can be very useful in developing clothing for infants, elderly and infirm people to protect them against common infections.

3 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

001239   KANNAN D, DEVI R, MURUGESAN A G, RAJAN S (M.R. Government Arts and Science Coll, Mannarkudi, Tamil Nadu, Email: ksrajan99@gmail.com) : Studies on decolorization of textile dye by using Pseudomonas and Bacillus sp from the contaminated effluent soil samples of Kovilpatti, Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 134-7.

Textile industries releasing large amount of effluent which contains textile dyes and toxic chemicals and it is one of the major source of pollution also contaminating water bodies. To remove that, bacteria have been of great attention because of their ability to treat effluent. The present study was undertaken to exploit the ability of Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp from dye contaminated soil samples for bioremediation for dye effluent. Among the bacterial strains used in the study. Pseudomonas sp emerged out to be most potent decolorizer in comparison to Bacillus sp with the degree of decolorization of 90.0 %. Thus, it was concluded that the Pseudomonas sp had highest color removing capacity from contaminated effluent soil samples. 

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

028655   AWALIYAH R P, KHAIRUL U (Politeknik STTT Bandung, Indonesia, Email: kaum_81@yahoo.com) : Utilization of sericin on modification of cotton dyeing using acid dyes. Res J Chem Environ 2018, 22(2), 260-6.

Silk fabrics are high quality commodities of woven (traditional and modern) fibers from silkworm cocoons. The research development has changed the paradigm of silk. Silkworm cocoons are no longer just used as fabrics; recently some studies have tried to develop their further usage using fibroin and sericin in many fields. Fibroin is a protein fiber (silk) while sericin is the adhesive. Sericin protein consists of 18 kinds of amino acids which mostly consist of a group of strong polar compounds such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino. Cotton fabrics will be slightly dyed with acid dyes because it cannot bind to the cotton and also because the negatively charged acid dyes will repel the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. It provoked a thought that sericin can be used as the agents to modify the cotton dye characteristics with acid dyes. In this research, the utilization of sericin in the textile fields is examined by trapping sericin with a polymer network using the pad-dry-cure method. Sericin on the cotton surface will be dyed by the acid dyes. This experiment was performed using several sericin concentration (0, 10, 20 and 30 g/L). Adherence of sericin on cotton fabrics has been successfully performed by trapping it with a melamine formaldehyde polymer network, which is further confirmed by the morphology test results with the presence of coarse particles on the fiber surface and the content of amides. Sericin finishing process on a cotton fabrics has succeeded to increase absorption of acid dyes with sericin at an optimum concentration of 30 g/L and it has a low value color fastness to washing.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

028657   GUPTA T B, LATAYE D H (Civil Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur - 440 010, Email: diliplataye@rediffmail.com) : Adsorption of indigo carmine and methylene blue dye: Taguchi's design of experiment to optimize removal efficiency. Sadhana 2018, 43(10), 170.

In the present study, Taguchi’s experimental methodology has been applied to find optimum level (value) of adsorption parameters (factors) for the removal of indigo carmine dye (ICD) and methylene blue dye (MBD) using activated carbon derived from Acacia nilotica sawdust (ACSA). The effect of significant adsorption parameters, viz. adsorbent dose (m), initial concentration (C₀), temperature (T) and contact time (t), on the adsorption capacity (q_t) of ACSA for each dye has been discussed. Average values and S/N ratio for each parameter at three different levels have been estimated using L₉ orthogonal array (OA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to identify the significant parameters and the most favourable optimal conditions for both raw data and S/N data. The study revealed that, for ICD, initial dye concentration is found to be the most significant parameter with 55.8 % contribution followed by ACSA dose, temperature and contact time with 35.7 %, 5% and 3.4 % contribution, respectively. For MBD, the ACSA dose (m) is found to be the most significant parameter with 46.4 % contribution followed by initial dye concentration, temperature and contact time with 44 %, 5.3 % and 4.4 % contribution, respectively. The contact time (t) is found to be the least significant parameter in the overall sorption process for both ICD and MBD. The optimized levels of parameters for both dyes are found to be A₁, B₃, C₃ and D₃. The predicted and average confirmatory values of total dye adsorbed (q_t) on ACSA at optimized levels were found to be 31.02 and 31.01 mg/g, respectively, for ICD and 57.35 and 57.36 mg/g, respectively, for MBD. The percentage removal of ICD and MBD at optimized levels was found to be 77.5 % and 95.4 %, respectively.

5 illus, 10 tables, 32 ref

028663   NGUYEN V N, NGUYEN Q M, THI H T D, HUANG S-C (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Kaohsiung Applied Sciences Univ, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Email: shuang@cc.kuas.edu.tw) : Investigation on lap-joint friction stir welding between AA6351 alloys and DP800 steel sheets. Sadhana 2018, 43(10), 160.

With continuous growth and stringent demand for weight reduction in automotive structures, the automotive industry has shown an increasing interest in dissimilar aluminium–steel welding. Dissimilar lap joint between AA6351 alloys of 2 mm thickness and DP800 advanced high-strength dual-phase steel of 1 mm thickness has been attempted and joined successfully by friction stir welding with different combinations of parameters. The experimental results of this research work clearly indicate that joining of advanced highstrength steel and aluminium in lap-joint configuration is quite feasible with friction stir welding. Microstructural characterization has been performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An intermetallic compounds layer was found in the interface of steel and aluminium with thickness of less than 7 lm and it was identified as Al₂Fe and Al₃Fe by XRD method. Thermal cycle has been measured and correlated with the microstructure. Shear tensile test has been performed for determining the maximum failure load for different combinations of parameters. Finally, mechanical properties and microstructural observation are correlated with each other.

9 illus, 26 ref

028660   MEI F, CHEN P (Science and Technology Beijing Univ, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China, Email: fengmei@ustb.edu.cn) : VAR analysis of the factors influencing overcapacity in the iron and steel industry. J Sci Ind Res 2018, 77(10), 566-9.

This paper selects fixed asset investment, the growth rate of real estate construction area, steel export rate, the concentration of the iron and steel industry, iron ore prices and local government investment growth indexes in a vector auto-regression (VAR) analysis of the factors influencing Chinese iron and steel overcapacity. The paper concludes that the six indicators are important factors influencing excess capacity and provides relevant future policy suggestions.

2 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

028659   MANOHARM V N S, RAO Y S R, SANDILYA N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, G V P College of Engineering (A), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh - 530 048, Email: srujanmanohar@gvpce.ac.in) : Material characterization on dissimilar weldments of Aisi 316l/317l austenitic stainless steels with Inconel 825 alloy. J Sci Ind Res 2018, 77(9), 533-6.

The micro structure and mechanical properties of AISI 316L/317L austenitic stainless steels with in conel 825 alloy were investigated in this work. Two types of filler materials 316L and ERNiCrMo-3 were used to obtain dissimilar weldments using TIG welding. The comparative evaluation initially studied on cutting parameters using unconventional machining process (hereby Water jet machining is considered for cutting process) and impact test is carried on all machined specimens. The impact test results for all specimens exhibits ductile fracture. A detailed micro structural observation was made on all dissimilar joints using SEM analysis. At last it was concluded that ERNiCrMo-3 filler material was the best choice for the joint AISI 317L austenitic stainless steel and Inconel 825 alloy.

4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

028656   AZEEZ T O, ONUKWULI D O (Biomedical Technology Dep, Federal Technology Univ, P M B 1526, Owerri, Nrgeria, Email: taofikoladimeji@gmail.com) : Properties of white roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) fibers. J Sci Ind Res 2018, 77(9), 525-32.

The chemical composition, physical (aspect ratio, density and water absorption) and tensile properties are determinant factors of fibers quality, effectiveness and dictate its usefulness in composite applications. Fiber physical and tensile properties of white Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdariffa) fibers modified with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was aimed to be investigated for effective and quality use in polymer composite applications. The chemical compositions of white H. sabdariffa bast and fibers were analyzed using gravimetric method after retting extraction. Tensile properties, aspect ratio, density, water absorption behaviour using Peleg’s model and Power law expression, scanning electron microscope (SEM) with X-Ray energy dispersive microscope (EDS) analysis were determined and studied. NaOH and SLS treatments, respectively, improved the tensile strength and modulus of H. sabdariffa fibers by 282.31 and 182.07 %, and 49.38 and 2448.28 % with increased aspect ratio at reduced density and water absorption. SEM with EDS results corroborate the improvement in tensile properties. The water absorption of H. sabdariffa fibers exhibit less Fickian behaviour. Properties of white H. sabdariffa fibers modified with NaOH and SLS can be used in polymer composite applications.

3 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

028662   MEWADA M, PANDYA B, ALBERT S (Botany Dep, The Maharaja Sayajirao Baroda Univ, Vadodara - 390 002, Email: drsusyalbert@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of potential compatible co-partner for lignin degrader Irpex lacteus. Indian J Exp Biol 2018, 56(10), 764-8.

Biological agents are important alternative to chemical agents in pulping and bleaching process of paper industry. Irpex lacteus, a white rot fungus with a great biotechnological potential, is currently considered the most important lignocellulose degrading organism because of its potential to degrade lignin and bio-remediate other lignin related pollutants. Experimental evidences of mixed cultures/co-cultures of fungal isolates suggest improved ligninolytic activity compared to monocultures. Here, we explored potential compatible fungal co-partner for Irpex lacteus to produce enhanced ligninolytic enzymes. Results of paired interaction test showed that among the eleven fungal isolates evaluated, I. lacteus was compatible with three species of Pleurotus, Phellinus and Daedaleopsis confragosa. The results suggest the above three fungal isolates to be potential fungal partner for I. lacteus in co-culturing for efficient lignin degradation and biobleaching in pulp and paper industries.

3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

028665   PRAKASH J, GADE M, PAUL B, DASGUPTA K (Mechanical Metallurgy Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai- 400 085, Email: jprakash@barc.gov.in) : A facile route for graded conversion of carbon fabric to silicon carbide fabric and its oxidation kinetics study in atmospheric high-temperature environment. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 108.

Silicon carbide fabric converted from carbon fabric was prepared by a facile halide-activated pack cementation method. The XRD, SEM and EDS analyses confirm the formation of SiC fibres with graded conversion of carbon to SiC from surface to core of individual carbon fibres of carbon fabric. The graded conversion of carbon fibre to SiC was uniform and homogeneous throughout the fabric dimension. The thermokinetics of oxidation in atmospheric environment was studied by TGA analysis. The reaction kinetics and governing mechanism for oxidation of bare carbon fabric and silicon carbide fabric were calculated using Kissinger and Ozawa methods. It was observed that the activation energy for bare carbon fabric and silicon carbide fabric converted from carbon fabric are 62 and 174 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Further, it was observed that the silicon carbide fabric converted from carbon fabric follows the second-order surface reaction oxidation mechanism.

4 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

028661   MESHRAM P, ABHILASH, PANDEY B D, MANKHAND T R, DEVECI H (CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, Email: pmeshram@gmail.com) : Extraction of metals from spent lithium ion batteries- Role of acid, reductant and process intensification in recycling. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 368-75.

A comparison of various approaches evaluated to process spent lithium ion batteries to extract metals has been carried out. The leaching is carried out with sulphuric acid in the presence and absence of reductant, thus defining the role of reducing agent (NaHSO₃ and H₂O₂) in assisting dissolution of all metals, especially Co and Mn. As the direct process incurs all metals in solution and employs high concentration of acid, a two-step process (acid baking and leaching) has been attempted to lower acid consumption indicating benefits in the selective dissolution of metals viz., Co and Li (in 1^st stage) over other metals (Ni and Mn in 2^nd stage).

5 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

028658   JIAN Z (Southwest Univ of Science and Technology, Mianyang- 621 010, Email: zhoujian@swust.edu.cn) : Release of chrome in leather production with less chrome tannage and less chrome retannage. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 361-7.

High chrome concentration in wastewater of traditional chrome tannage has attracted increasing attentions, and the distribution of chrome in wastewater in the processes of less chrome tanning and less chrome retanning has investigated. The results indicate that the residual chrome in chrome tanning and chrome retanning wastewater is still the main origin of chrome in effluent, but the decrease of chrome concentration in wastewater is found to be significant. It is interesting that the properties of leathers including shrinkage temperature and mechanical properties do not decrease sharply along with the decrease of chrome offer. This fact demonstrates that the chromes that effectively react with collagen have not been decreased although reducing the chrome offer. Therefore, the development of technologies of less chrome tannage and less chrome retannage that can reduce chrome offer might be an important direction in alleviation of chrome discharge in tannery.

6 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

028664   PARMAR N D, SHUKLA S R (Fibres & Textile Processing Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai- 400 019, Email: srshukla19@gmail.com) : Decolourization of dye wastewater by microbial methods- A review. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 315-23.

Waste water originating from textile processing and dyestuff manufacturing industries contain varying amounts of dyes, metals/metalloids, salts and organic pollutants out of which dyes are the visible toxic contaminants. Presence of dyes in water bodies causes several problems including decreased photosynthesis and higher BOD and COD load, apart from their displeasing appearance. Dyestuffs are organic molecules, which may be toxic or mutagenic. In the last few years, environmental legislation about the presence of colour in discharges, coupled with the increasing cost of water for the industrial sector, has made the treatment and reuse of dyeing wastewaters increasingly important to the industry. A variety of approaches are available for treatment, out of which the biological treatment is the genuinely ecofriendly and cost effective method. The decolourization efficiencies of different biological methods are discussed in this review along with the detailed discussion on bacterial treatment and their relative merits and drawbacks.

2 illus,10 tables, 93 ref

026169   SIVASAKTHI E, ARORA C (Leather Design Dep, National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi) : Developing a scientific approach towards design and manufacture of Indian men's work place casual footwear. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2018, 5(4), 203-8.

Due to the lack of Indian sizing surveys, footwear manufacturers are forced to use the size charts of other countries where the anthropometric make of the population is very different from that of India. This results in manufacturing of a product which might not fit the Indian feet types. A research proposal has been submitted wherein parameters of lasts of five styles of existing Indian men's work place casual footwear would be measured and compared against the appropriate Bureau of Indian Standards guidelines. Thereafter, identified anthropometric measurements of feet of Indian office going men would be measured, computed and based on analysis of the results, requirement of unique lasts for different ethnic groups in the population would be ascertained. Based on the parameters proposed through the report submitted to UNIDO, lasts for mode sizes would be constructed for five styles of Indian men's work place casual footwear and pairs of shoes would be constructed on the redesigned lasts and SATRA Footwear Comfort Index would be computed along with assessment of long term comfort using EMED pressure measuring insole checking for even pressure distribution at the plantar surface of the foot while walking on treadmill at a specified speed, using peak pressure, pressure - time integral and maximal area and other variables in data analysis, as well as SATRA dynamic shock absorption. Thus the core objective of the proposal is to improve the satisfaction of Indian men while wearing work place casual footwear. The findings would lead to a scientific approach towards design and manufacture of work place casual men's footwear in India, which in turn would contribute to better fit, comfort and consumer satisfaction.

1 illus, 25 ref

026168   ISLAM R M S (Leather Technology Dep, Bangladesh Coll of Leather Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : History of leather business and future perspective in Bangladesh. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2018, 5(3), 24-7.

The study aims at to known the history of leather business and future perspective in Bangladesh. The leather industrial sector of Bangladesh has been almost entirely supported by local raw material resources while 1.0 million live cattle are imported every year from neighbouring countries to meet our protein demand adding extra number of raw hides and skins. Bangladesh process 85,000 tons’ raw hides and skins per year. Among those 40 % are done during the Qaurbani time (75 days) at 450 tons’/day rate and rests are processed in 225 days at 230 tons’/day production rate. Value addition of leather and leather goods and footwear exports on averages 85 % local and 15 % foreign. About 40-100 tannery units among 206 are now in operation in the sector. To prosper in the future, our tanneries must remain at the forefront of technological development.

4 tables, 14 ref

024907   SHASHIDHAR A, ARZA S, DAS A, BHATTACHARYA S, SHIVAKUMAR S (Microbiology Dep, Jain Univ, Bangalore 560011, Email: sk.srividya@jainuniversity.ac.in) : Neutral avicelase from Serratia marcescens with denim biofinishing potential. J Sci Ind Res 2018, 77(2), 120-4.

Screening of 13 avicelase positive bacterial isolates obtained from soil and leaf litter proved isolate L4 to be a potent avicelase producer with highest zone of clearance (25 mm) and Enzymatic index of 1.8. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed its closeness to Serratia marcescens WW4 and was designated as Serratia marcescens L4. Maximum avicelase (8.2 IU) production by S. marcescens was supported at pH 7.0, 30°C with CMC (5 g/L). Avicelase production was repressed by sugars and showed non-dependence on metal ions. Among agrowastes, potato peel supported the highest activity (6.4 IU). The enzyme showed pH and temperature optima of 7.0 and 55°C and retained almost 72% activity at 55°C up to 2 h. Enzymatic biofinishing at pH 7.0, 55°C and 2 h incubation revealed some amount of weight loss, indigo dye and reducing sugar release from the denim fabric. Thus the neutral avicelase of S. marcescens may find application in denim biofinishing with reduced backstaining.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

024906   ALAGARSAMY V A V, ANDIYAPPAN K, AVULIYA S A K, ABUBACKER T A (Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore- 641 046, Email: vishmikrish@gmail.com) : Retarding of preliminary chemical pollutants from dye industry effluents by metal nano particles, synthesized using flower extract of Catharanthus roseus. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 381-93.

The present research discussed usage of 3 inorganic nano-substances in order to retard chemical pollutants from coloured effluents of dye industry and tanneries. These 3 inorganic Nano metal particles synthesized from MgSO₄, CuSO₄.5H₂O and FeSO₄.7H₂O with rose petals extract Catharanthus roseus. To assess the feasibility of using these nano particles as low-cost adsorbents for suppressing preliminary chemical pollutants in coloured effluents. Also compared and investigated the ability of these 3 nano materials due to using flower extract of Catharanthus roseus petals, in order to retard preliminary chemical pollutants quantity such as pH, Alkalinity, hardness, TDS, BOD, COD, Sulphide, Sulphate, Nitrate, Ca, Mg, Phosphate, Na and K. These synthesized 3 nano materials characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis, FT-IR Spectroscopic analysis and, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies.

9 illus, 7 tabels, 11 ref

024905   ABOLTAKHTY H, RASHIDI A, YAZDANSHENAS M E, SHAHIDI S (Textile, Science and Research Branch Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Iran, Email: rashidi50@yahoo.com) : Effect of nitrogen plasma treatment and direct dye on zeta potential of cotton fabric. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 301-13.

In this paper, cotton fabrics were washed, bleached and then treated with low-temperature plasma of nitrogen then dyed with direct dyes. Some properties of the samples such as zeta potential, weight loss, crystal intensity, dyeability and washing fastness were investigated. The relative color strength and reflection properties of dyed samples were measured by using reflective spectrophotometry. The morphological changes of cotton samples after nitrogen plasma were studied by scanning electron microscope. Also chemical changes and zeta potential of samples have been investigated by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and zeta sizer respectively. The results show that zeta potential of cotton fabrics influenced by plasma treatment and also dye, plasma treatment cause to improve color strength near 20%.

11 illus, 6 tables, 66 ref

024904   PARGAI D, JAHAN S (Clothing and Textiles Dep, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, Email: pargai.deepti16@gmail.com) : Utilization of Citrus limetta peels waste to incorporate UV protective properties into cotton fabric : A sustainable approach for preventing UV induced skin problems. Environ Ecol 2018, 36(1), 75-9.

Various renowned organizations has warned about the harmful effect of UV radiation and advised to take precaution against these UV rays. Hence there is need to search out a preventive measure which can prevent these harmful effect of UV radiation from the Sun. Clothing which covers the most of the part of the skin can also act as a protective measure but not all clothing available in the market can provide protection form these UV rays. There is need to incorporate the UV protection properties in to the fabric. In the present study Citrus limetta were utilized to incorporate UV protection properties into the fabric. It was found in the present study that the extract of Citrus limetta peels can be utilized to incorporate UV protection properties in to the fabric and further helpful to prevent UV induced skin problems.

6 tables, 10 ref

024903   BHANDARI B, RANI A (Clothing and Textiles Dep, G.B.Pant Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145, Email: babita.bhandari55555@gmail.com) : Dyeing of protein fabrics exploring locally available weed plant. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(1), 475-8.

In the present study weed plants i.e. Lantana camara, Solanum nigrum, Eupatorium adenophorum, Tridax procumbens, Parthenium histerophorus, Sida acuta, Ipomea cairica, Rumex nepalensis, Eclipta prostrate, Girardinia diversifolia, Erigeron bellidioides, Bidens pilosa and Athatoda vasica available in hilly as well as Tarai regions of Uttarakhand were collected, dried and powdered. The powdered dye materials were extracted in distilled water. Subsequently dyeing of wool and silk fabrics was carried out. It was found that various plants like E. adenophorum, R. nepalensis and B. pilosa gave acceptable colour on silk and wool fabric. Therefore some weed plants can be used for textile dyeing which will provide a scope for management of weed plants as well as safety of other useful indigenous plants.

2 tables, 21 ref