017002   Mishra S (Anthropology Dep, Sambalpur Univ, Sambalpur-768 019, Email: suchismita44@gmail.com) : Traditional food preservation practices among oraon tribe of Sundargarh district, Orissa. South Asian Anthrop 2007, 7(2), 151-5.

Report the practices of food preservation traditionally followed by Oraon tribe living in Sundargarh district of Orissa. The study is based on both different qualitative data collected from households and key-informants in the community. Forest is a part and parcel of the life of the Oraons and the economy of Oraons depends partly on cultivation and partly on forest collection. Due to poverty and scarcity of food they have to manage their food preservation to coping with the environment and availability of food. The practices related to preservation of various food types, viz. raw food, dry food, cooked food and semi cooked foodshave been documented. Their traditional-knowledge system is required for maintenance of traditional food systems, which are potential for research and public health intervention programmes for tribal populations.

16 ref

017001   Mishra P;Soujanya A;Narendra Kumar B;Kale S R;Bagri S K (NO, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Email: mishraprema868@gmail.com) : Lean manufacturing tools and techniques in the process industry: case study at Grasim industries. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2008, 1(2), 84-93.

Addresses the application of lean manufacturing concepts to the process sector. The purpose of this is to study the effect of lean tools in the process sector with an insight into fiber industry taking Grasim Industries Ltd. (a dominant player in Viscose Staple Fiber segment) as a case study. It illustrates the procedures of implementing lean tools at a process facility with a main emphasis on Just In Time (JIT). Applications of lean manufacturing to the continuous process industry have been far fewer. In part, it has been argued that this is because such industries are inherently more efficient and present relatively less need for such improvement activities. Hypothesizes that there are big opportunities for improvement in the process industries if lean tools are utilized. It systematically demonstrates how lean manufacturing tools when used appropriately can help the process industry to eliminate waste, have better inventory control, better product quality, and better overall financial and operational procedures.

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

017000   Mahagaonkar S B;Brahmankar P K;Seemikeri C Y (Mech Engg Dep, Dr. BATU Lonere, Maharashtra, , Email: sbmaha_rtg@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of shot peening parameters on surface roughness and micro hardness using DOE technique. Mfg Technol Today 2007, 6(2), 10-14.

Engineered shot peened sutiace has potential sutiace applications. Peaks of the shot peening dimiJres helps to lower coefficient of friction and in some applications "valleys" of the peening dimples offer lubricant retentions that are not present in a smooth sutiace. Wear resistance of the component can be increased by controlling sutiace roughness, whereas by controlling sutiace hardness the fatigue life will increase due to the increase in cold work. Depending on the applicability of the component for fatigue or wear condition, the Shot peened textured sutiace can be controlled, by setting the peening parameters based on the effect of individual, as well as interaction effect of the parameters. Full factorial Taguchi's 2^k DOE technique was used to analyze sutiace roughness and micro hardness, on the specimens made of medium carbon steel En8, using air blast type shot peening machine. This investigation examines the respective effects of influencing parameters such as pressure, shot size and the exposure time at their two different levels on sutiace roughness and hardness. After going through confirmation test the analysis reveals the right combination of the parameters for better process control. This technique sets an example for the other applications in the industries to reduce the petiormance variation and to improve quality, petiormance, reliability and profits.

8 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

016999   Houde S;Sonnad J S;Shivashankar K;Banakar B (Agricultural Marketing Dep, Co-operation and Agribusiness Management, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005) : Processing and marketing management of milk and milk products in north Karnataka. Karnataka J agric Sci 2007, 20(2), 218-23.

Study undertaken in Dharwad and Belgaum districts of Karnataka revealed both the co-operative and private sector units marketed their finished products through only one channel i.e., 100 per cent of finished production bothunitsare marketed through (Processor.... Distributor/Dealer....../Retailer Consumer) channel. The installed capacity of private sector unit is higher than co-operative sector unit but the percentage capacity utilization is less in the private sector unit. Therefore, the private sector unit should accelerate their capacity utilization by increasing procurement of raw milk, adequate planning and increased market sales. The number of byproducts in the private sector unit is comparatively less than co-operative sector unit. Therefore, the private unit should increase product mix to increase their sales realization.

9 tables, 5 ref

015997   Zuyu L;Zhizhong W (Chemical Engineering Dep, Taiyan Univ of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China, Email: liuzuyu2005@sina.com) : Synthesis of a new water reducing agent. J Indian Chem Soc 2007, 84(2), 200-3.

The preparation of water reducing agents from phenanthrene waste has been studied by sulfonation, condensation, neutralization and recondensation. Reaction conditions were investigated by orthogonal test, and main technical parameters optimized. The optimum conditions were as follows : molar ratio of phenanthrene to sulfuric acid (1 : 2), sulfonation temperature (160° C), sulfonation time (3 h), molar ratio of phenanthrene to formaldehyde (1 : 1), condensation temperature (80°C), condensation time (3 h), molar ratio of phenanthrene to carbamide (1 : 0.005), recondensation temperature (80 °C). The study showed that the water reducing agent synthesized in the work was high effective.

3 tables, 2 ref

015996   Tanriverdi M;Karakus D;Konak G (Mining Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul Univ, 35100 Bornava, Izmir, Turkey, Email: m.mehmet@deu.edu.tr) : Production of lime from the limestone of Isparta region, Turkey. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(3), 1963-70.

Lime is a material that has been widely used over the ages. The existence of lime has been proven by the fact that the earth crust contains 3.5-4 % limestone and magnesium. Different types of limestone are present in various formations on the earth crust. They vary in their colour, chemical composition, texture, crystal type and hardness. Some special properties are expected from the lime according to the purpose of usage in industry. In this study, the properties of the limestone sample provided from Isparta distinct are examined, in order to study the possibility of lime production.

5 illus, 1 sch, 1 table, 4 ref

015995   Patni S;Bhatia A L (Zool Dep, Univ of Rajasthan, Jaipur-300 004, Email: khushi_jain1711@yahoo.co.in) : Nanotechnology: a double edged sword. Asian J expl Sci 2008, 22(2), 153-66.

Development and use of nanomaterials also involves a great many environmental unknowns. There is a saying that "All good fruits will turn bad", with nanotechnology destructive objects such as atomic bomb grenades, nuclear weapons, robotic killers designed to kill humans etc., can be made which can dump humanity in danger.

52 ref

015994   Narasimha Rao C V;Krishnamurthy V (NO, Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry-533-105) : High-value phytochemicals and value aded tobacco products. Indian Fmg 2007, 57(4), 39-40.

015993   Maiti S K (Indian School of Mines, Centre of Mining Enviroment, Dhanbad-826 004) : Sequencing batch reactor process: simultaneous removal of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Indian J envir Prot 2007, 27(6), 527-33.

Sequential batch reactor (SBR) process is basically a fill-and-draw activated sludge process. Being a very popular technology, SBR was not being frequently used for the treatment of wastewater like activated sludge process (ASP). Reviews two case studies, where SBR was used for capacity expansion of existing and ASP was converted to SBR. Now-a-days development of technology, improvements of operating conditions and enforcement of strict legislation, SBR has tremendous role to play for the treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

015992   Kuila D K;Lahiri S C (NO, , Central Forensic Science Laboratory, 30, Gorachand Road, Kolkata-700 014, Email: kuiladk@rediffmail.com) : Identification of explosives and constituents of fuel oil in ANFO using HPTLC and GC-MS technique. J Indian Chem Soc 2007, 84(1), 74-82.

ANFO (a mixture of NH₄NO₃ + 5-6% fuel oil), the dominant explosive used by the blasting industry can easily be smuggled from the source or can be prepared easily. Most of the blasting incidents in West Bengal were found to be due to low cost explosive ANFO (of NH₄NO₃ + 5-6% fuel oil) as evidenced from chemical analysis. ANFO is a low cost explosive and can be triggered by any modern triggering mechanisms by the criminals. The residues collected from the crime spot and the explosives where subjected to test for ammonium ion, nitrate ion and fuel oils. However, high explosives like TNT, RDX, PETN etc. were absent. HPTLC techniques were adopted with the new efficient solvent system Rosallac thinner and acetone mixture in the ratio (1 : 3) for the separation and identification of heavier hydrocarbons in the fuel oil as a whole. GC/MS technique was also used to confirm the presence of various constituents of fuel oil.

12 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

015991   Kaur M;Sehgal V K;Arora M (Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004) : Optimization of freezing of cauliflower in an air blast freezer using response surface methodology. Int J Trop Agric 2007, 25(4), 1093-1103.

Cauliflower was frozen in an air blast freezer and the effects of size, freezing time and temperature on freezing was analysed using Response Surface Methodology'. Accordingly caiilifloiver florets with size 1 cm x 1 cm, 2 cm .x 2 cm and 3 an x 3 cm were pretrealed and frozen at temperature of -10°C, -15°C and -20°C, for a I/me period of 10 mill, 45 min and 60 min. The freezing process was optimised keeping in view that the frozen product resembles tin jresh counterpart in terms of colour and ascorbic acid content. The recommended parameter values are: size 2cm x 2cm, temperature -20°C and time 35.34 minutes. The microbiological quality evaluation of rani and frozen canliflouri florets indicated that freezing reduced the microbial. load considerably and the frozen cauliflower was microbiologically stable with no pathogens.

4 illus, 7 tables, 22 ref

015990   Dutta S M;Kadam A M;Nemade P D;Oza G H; Shankar H S (Chem Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, Powai, Mumbai-400 076) : Residence time distribution modeling of constructed soil filter. J envir Prot 2007, 27(9), 769-74.

Constructed Soil Filter known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a system for water purification, which makes use of proprietary formulated media, culture of soil micro and macro organisms, additives and plantation to process water and wastewater. The present study is carried out in a laboratory scale SBT. Pulse tracer tests are carried out to determine the residence time distribution (RTD). The two-channel model for the flow behavior in soil filter show good fit to the experimental data indicating Peclet number 6-13 for 100 L bed volume. Results indicate plug flow with less to moderate amount of disperses.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

015989   Dogru M;Aytekin C (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science and Arts, Dicle Univ, Diyarbakir, Turkey, Email: aytekin@dicle.edu.tr) : Dyeing of wool fibres with synthetic dyes and effect of proteolytic enzymes. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(3), 1728-32.

In spite of protein and protein fragments (casein, peptone, etc.) are used widespread as a substrate for the proteolytic enzymes, the substrate prepared from dyes that adsorbed on appropriate material, such as wool and cotton are also used for enzymes activity determination. The object of this work is to develop the substrates which are easily and economically obtainable and also environmental safer, for the frequently used proteolytic enzymes such as subtilisin carlsberg. trypsrn, chymotrypsin and protease type XVI and if it is possible to prepare the specific substrate at least for one of this enzymes. For this aim, wool was dyed with synthetic dyes such as procion yellow, procion red and procion blue. The results indicate that the most appropriate complex was found to be wool-procion yellow and the most unappropriate complex was found to be wool-procion blue complex.

12 illus, 13 ref

015988   Daglioglu O;Tasan M;Gecgel U;Daglioglu F (Food Engineering Dep, Agricultural Faculty, Namik Kemal Univ, Tekirdag-59030, Turkey, Email: odagliglu@tu.tzf.edu.tr) : Changes in oxidative stability and fatty acid composition of commercially produced chips during shelf-life. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(3), 2100-6.

Changes in oxidative stability and fatt acid composition of commercialy produced potato and corn chips during shelf-life were studied. The chips were stored at ambient conditions for four months which was given by the manufacturers. At definite time intervals, the absorbed oil was extracted from the chips and analyzed for free fatty acids, peroxide value, rancimat induction time and fatty acid composition. Sensory analysis for rancid flavour was carried out by an expert panelist group using a hedonic scale. Changes in fatty acid composition throughout shelf-life of potato and corn chips were insignificant (p <62> 0.05). Even though significant differences were determined in free fatty acids, peroxide value and induction time values as well as sensory scores (p Δ 0.05), potato and corn chips maintained their oxidative and hydrolytic stability and rancid flavour was sensorial acceptable at the end of shelf-life.

3 tables, 25 ref

015987   Chowdhury P;Saha B;Singha B;Ghosh S; Basumallic I (Chemistry Dep, , Visva-Bharti, Santiniketan-731 235, Email: pranesh_02@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of acrylic acid doping on the properties of chemically synthesized polyaniline. J Indian Chem Soc 2007, 84(2), 176-80.

Polyaniline (PANI) doped with acrylic acid (AA) was synthesized by chemical method using potassium dichro-mate as oxidant. The AA doped PANI was found to be more soluble in organic solvents (m-crcsol, N-melhyl pyroiidone) than that of HC1 doped PANI. The co-doping of AA and HCI with PANI in a particular mole ratio (IIC1 : AA = 7 : 1) showed higher conductivity than individual dopant. Spectroscopic properties (FTIR, UV-Vis) and thermal stability (TGA) of the doped PANI have been studied. The inhibitory effect of the AA doped PANI on the corrosion of iron rod has been investigated by using open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement and electrochemical polarization method.

6 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

015986   Bhaduri S K;Mukhopadhyaya M K (NO, National Inst of Res on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12, Regent Part Kolkata, West Bengal-700 040) : Innovative post-harvest technology for retting of jute and mesta. Indian Fmg 2007, 57(4), 37-8.

1 table

015985   Arvind Kumar;Sharma A K (National Research Centre on Repeseed-Mustard, , Sewar, Bharatpur, Rajasthan-321 303) : Farm radio for rapid and effective dissemination of rapessed-mustard production technology to the farmers. Indian Fmg 2007, 57(4), 45-6.

Radio is suitable for creating general awareness amongst the people, help change their attitude and reinforce learning. Farm radio programmes enjoy wide popularity and a high credibility in the minds of farmers. Keeping this importance of radio, National Research Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard, Bharatpur made use of All India Radio, for bringing the improved rapeseed-mustard technologies to the door of the farmers.

015984   Amirtha Gowri R;Lakshmi K;Vanitha P (Family and Community Sci Dep, Avinashilingam Univ for Women, Coimbatore-641 043) : Performance of selected biomordants in natural dyeing of cotton material. Res Highlight 2008, 18(2), 64-71.

5 tables, 4 ref

015983   Amaresh Reddy Y;Arivazhagan M;Sivashanmugham P (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapali-620 015) : Decolorization of crystal violet dye and congo red dye using electrocoagulation. Indian J envir Prot 2007, 27(6), 516-26.

In the study, electrocoagulation has been used for the removal of color from solutions containing violet dye and Congo red. The effect of operational parameters, such as current density, initial pH of the solution, inter electrode distance, time of electrolysis, initial dye concentration and solution conductivity were studied in an attempt to reach higher color removal efficiency. A lab scale batch electrochemical reactor was fabricated with aluminum and iron as electrodes with regulated D.C. source for power supply. The findings in this study show 97% for Violet dye and 95% for Congo red removal with an increase in current density up to 120-160 A/m² and the range of pH was determined between 6.5 and 8.5 with the solution conductivity kept constant at 20 mS with inter electrode distance of 1 cm .It was also found that the color removal percent with increasing dye concentration decrease. The absorption spectra showed almost complete removal of color from dye solution by the electrocoagulation process.

10 illus, 22 ref

015982   Afzali M;Darijani N;Amiri A (Shahid Gharani St., Lane No 6, Kerman Research Institute, Chemistry Laboratory of Kerman Research Institute, Kerman, Iran, Email: moslem_afzali@yahoo.com) : Potential of natural zeolites and modified natural zeolites towards the removal of heavy metals from smoke cigarette. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(3), 1723-7.

The potential of natural zeolites and modified natural zeolites for removal of heavy metal cations from main stream smoke cigarette investigated. Different natural zeolites such as clinopeltiolite. analcime. natrolite, perlite, kaolinite and bentonite have been used as filter in the cigarettes for removal of the heavy metal cations, the results have shown these natural zeolites could removed be only 0.5-6.0% the metal cations from mainstream cigarette. Therefore, these zeolites are modified with different substances in solid and solution state and then the potential of the modified zeolites are examined for removal of heavy metal cations from mainstream smoke cigarette. The results were shown that these modifications are suitable and modified zeolites could be removed from 13 to 47% of heavy metal cations from mainstream smoke cigarette.

1 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

014844   Zrira S;Menut C;Bessiere J M;Benjilalii B (Departement des Sciences Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles, Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Morocco, Email: s.zrira@iav.ac.ma) : Chemical composition of the essential oils of moroccan Ormenis mixta (L.) dumort. ssp. Multicaulis. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 375-85.

Air-dried aerial parts of Ormenis mixta (L.) Dumort. ssp. multicaulis collected from two different regions of Morocco (Kenitra and Sale) were hydrodistilled yielding averagely 0.4 % essential oil. The oils were qualitatively similar and characterized by an important percentage of irregular monoterpenic alcohols. The major oil component of Ortnenis mixla whole plants from Kenitra was santolina alcohol (24.1 -47.6%) which is associated with yomogi alcohol (1.3 - 2.2 %), artemesia alcohol (1.2 - 2.4 %) with corresponding acetates, in smaller quantity. While the major oil components of Ormenis mixta whole plants from Sale were santolina alcohol (44.7 - 55.1 %), artemesia alcohol (4.1 - 5.1 %) and yomogi alcohol (1.6 - 3.0 %). In addition, the essential oils contained sesquiterpenes mainly represented by germacrene D (3.2 and 4.9 %), epi-α-Muurolol (5.5 and 5.7 %)and α-cadinol (5.4 and 5.2 %), respectively in samples from Kenitra and Sale. The effect of plant organs on the oil production and its chemical composition were also examined. It was noted that the flower essential oil was rich in santolina alcohol (40.2 %).

2 tables, 19 ref

014843   Zhang J F;Qi C K;Pu H M;Chen X J;Gao J Q;Chen F;Gu H;Fu S Z (NO, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Innovation, Nanjing-210 095, Jiangsu, China) : Inheritance and QTL identification for oleic acid content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Brassica 2006, 8(1-4), 47-54.

A high oleic acid content line APL01 was crossed with a low oleic acid content line M083, and six basic generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, B₁, B₂ and F₂) derived from this cross were used to analyze the genetic model by using major gene and polygene mixed genetic model. The segregation population of (APL01 /M083)BC₁F₁ and 251 molecular markers were used to construct a genetic recombination map of rapeseed, which contained 19 linkage groups, and WinQtlCart 2.0 was used to screen the QTLs linked to oleic acid content in rape-seed. Results showed that oleic acid content was controlled by two additive-dominance-epistasis major genes and additive-dominance-epistasis polygene. The additive effects of the two genes were 14.35 and 9.88, the dominance effects were -2.30 and -0.45, respectively. The additive-additive epistasis effects equaled to 7.63, which was the largest in three kinds of epistasis. The heritabilities of major genes were 78.25%-92.56%, and that of the polygene were 0%-6.42%. Four QTLs, qOAl, qOA8, qOA13-l and qOA13-2, related to oleic acid content in rapeseed were identified. qOAl was located in the region of ml9e21c-A0214Ral42 on linkage group Nl, which could explain 3.29% of the oleic acid content variation in segregation population BC₁F₁ qOA8-was located in the region of mlle37b-A0226Ba267 on N8, and accounted for 9.44% phenotypic variation. qOA13-l was located in the region of A0301Bb398-ml8e46 on linkage group N13, and accounted for 18.92% phenotypic variation. qOA13-2 was located in A0226Ba367-A0226Ra425 on linkage group N13, and accounted for 5.35% phenotypic variation. Among these four QTLs, qOAl, qOA8 and qOA13-l had positive effects, while qOA13-2 had negative effects to the oleic acid content. The effect of qOA8 and qOA 13-1 were large, and could be regarded as major gene loci, but the effects of qOAl and qOA13-2 were relative small, and could be regarded as polygene loci. qOA8 and qOA13-l could be used as molecular markers in high oleic acid rapeseed breeding.

2 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

014842   Schmidt E;Jirovetz L;Wlcek K;Buchbauer G; Gochev V;Girova T;Stoyanova A;Geissler M (NO, , Kurt Kitzing Co., Hinterm Alten Schloss 21, D-86757 Wallerstein, Germany, Email: erich.schmidt@kurtkitzing.de) : Antifungal activity of eugenol and various eugenol-containing essential oils against 38 clinical isolates of Candida albicans. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 421-9.

The antifungal activity of eugenol containing essential oils- pimento oil (Pimento dioica(L.)Mcrr), bay oil (Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore), clove oil (Szygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & M. Perry), and cinnamon oil (Cinnanionwin zeylanicum Blume) was investigated against 38 clinical isolates of Candida albicans (12 orophaiyngeal, 16 vaginal and l0 skin damaging strains). The strains isolated from skin infections were more susceptible to all of the investigated essential oils whereas the oropharyngeal strains were more resistible. The strongest antifungal activity against clinical isolates of oropharyngeal, vagina and skin strains of Candida albicans possesses clove oil. followed by cinnamon oil, pimento oil and bay oil. Anticandidial action of the investigated oils is significantly due to its major component eugenol, but also minor constituents of the essential oils, such as methyleugenol, chavicol and linalool. must have additional and/or synergistic effects to explain the obtained anticandidal data of each essential oil sample.

44 ref

014841   Saharkhiz M J;Omidbaigi R;Sefidkon F (Horticultural Science Dep, College of Agriculture, Shiraz Univ, Shiraz, Iran, Email: jamalsaharkhiz@yahoo.com) : Effect of phosphorus and irrigation treatments on the essential oil content and composition and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) cv. zardband). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 391-8.

Field trials were carried out in a semi-arid climatic area in Iran in the years of 2004 and 2005 to determine the effect of phosphorus fertilizer and irrigation treatments on the essential oil content and composition of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenim L cv. Zardband). Phosphorus fertilizer was band-placed at the rates of 0 (P₀). 50 (P₁), 100 (P₂) and I 50 (P₃) Kg/ha at planting and irrigation treatments were applied at 10 (I₁), 20 (I₂), and 40 (I₃) mm per week. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation from the herb of the plant and then was analysed by using GC and GC-MS. According to the results phosphorus fertilizer and irrigation treatments had important role on the essential oil content and composition of feverfew. Application of phosphorus significantly increased the essential oil content and as well as camphor and chrysamlienyl-aceiaie. I₁ P₃ (10 mm/week irrigation and 150kg/ ha P) treatment produced the highest amount of essential oil and camphor and I₂ P₃ (20 mm/week irrigation and I50kg/ha P) treatment produced the maximum amount of chrysanthenyl acetate. I low-ever, irrigation by itself did not change significantly the essential oil content and the main components.

5 tables, 19 ref

014840   Patel K;Ali S;Sotheeswaran S;Dufour J P (Natural Products Group, School of Biological, Chemical Environmental, South Pacific Univ, Suva, Fiji, Email: sotheeswaran@usp.ac.fj) : Composition of the leaf essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae) from fiji islands. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 374-7.

The leaf essential oils of Cinnamomum verum of the family Lauraceae of Fijian origin have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS. This paper reports the characterization of thirty one components of the Fijian C. verum leaf essential oil, of which eugenol (86.02 %), (E)-caryophyllene (5.70 %) and linalool (2.30 %) were the major constituents. From the Indian C. verumleaf essential oils, only nine components were previously reported.

1 table, 4 ref

014839   Omidbaigi R;Mirzai M;Sedghi Moghadam M (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 16415-381, Tehran, Iran, Email: romidbaigi@yahoo.com ) : Chemical investigation of a new cultivar of purple basil (Ocimum basillcum cv. Opal) from Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(3), 209-14.

Oil isolated by hydro-distillation of the flowering aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum cv. Opal in an all glass Clevenger-type apparatus gave light-yellowish oil with yield of 0.53% (W/W) based on dry weight. Twenty-one compounds were identified in the investigation in the oil of purple basil cv. Opal. The major components were found to be linalool (49.41%), methyl chavicol (19.41%), 1,8-cineole (13.70%), epi-α-cadinol (2.60%) and eugenol (2.20%).

2 tables, 24 ref

014838   Mirza M;Navaei M N;Khoram M T (NO, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran, Email: mirza@rifr-ac.ir) : Chemical composition of the essential oils of Pimpinella deverroides boiss (Boiss,) from Iran. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 386-90.

Hydro-distilled volatile oil from the aerial parts of Pimpinella deverroides Boiss (Boiss.) was obtained at yield of 1.2% w/w based on dry weight. The oil was analyzed by a combination of GC and GC-MS. 29 components were identified constituting 96.7% of the oil. The major constituents in the oil were iso-geijerene (20.3%), dictamnol <60>trans<62>(14.5%), pregeijerene (11.3%) and anethole<60>E<62>(9.l%).

1 table, 19 ref

014837   Koba K;Raynaud C;Millet J;Chaumont J P;Sanda K (Unite de Recherche sur les Materiaux et les Agroressources, Ecole Supe, Universite de Lome, BP. 1515, Lome Togo, Email: danielkkoba@yahoo.fr) : Chemical composition of Hyptis pectinata L., H. lanceolata poit, H. suaveolens (L) Poit and H. spicigera Lam. essential oils from Togo. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 357-64.

Essential oils of Hyptis pectinata L. (leaves and flowers). H. lanceolata Poit,(leaves), H. suaveolens (L) Poit (leaves and flowers) and H. spicigera Lan. (leaves) harvested in Togo were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The main constituents of the essential oils were respectively caryophylene oxide (32.7 %), humulene epoxide (9.3 %) for Hyptis pectinata and germacrene D (27.8 %), beta-caryophyllene (12.6 %) and (beta-elemene (9.5 %) for H. lanceolata oil sample. In the H. spicigera essential oil sample beta-caryophyllene (33.8 %), α-bergamotene (11.3 %) and α-caryophy llene (7.4 %) were found as the major constituents. In the H. suaveolens essential oil, sabinene (28.0 %) and beta-caryophy llene (25.8 %) were mentioned as major constituents of the essential oil.

1 table, 29 ref

014836   Jirovetz L;Wlcek K;Buchbauer G;Gochev V; Girova T;Stoyanova A;Schmidt E;Geissler M (Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics Dep, Vienna Univ, Pharmacy-Center, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Email: vgochev2000@yahoo.com) : Antifungal activities of essential oils of Salvia lavandulifolia, Salvia officinalis and Salvia sclarea against various pathogenic Candida species. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 430-9.

Antifungal activities of essential oils of Salvia lavandulifolia, Salvia officinalis and Salvia sclarea against various pathogenic Candida species were investigated. It was shown that antifungal activity of sage essential oils depends on their chemical composition. The strongest anti-fungal activity possesses the essential oil of S. lavandulifolia, followed by essential oils of S. sclarea and S. officinalis. The Candida albicans strain responsible for oropharyngeal infections was found to be the most resistible, whereas C. albicans ATCC 10231 andC.albicans strains responsible for skin infections were assessed as the most susceptible ones.

4 tables, 20 ref

014835   Jirovetz L;Wlcek K;Buchbauer G;Gochev V; Girova T;Dobreva A;Stoyanova A;Schmidt E (Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics Dep, Vienna Univ, Pharmacy-Center, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria) : Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from various bulgarian Mentha x-piperita L. cultivars against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 412-20.

The antifungal activities of peppermint essential oils obtained from standard cul-tivar, two newly selected Mentha x piperila L. and allopolyploid hybrid of Mentha x piperila L. x Meniha arvensis, growing in Bulgaria, were investigated against 15 clinical isolates of Candida albicans (5 oropharyngeal, 5 vaginal and 5 skin damaging strains) and C albicans ATCC 10231. Furthermore, the chemical composition of these peppermint oils was evaluated by GC and GC-MS. The strains isolated from oropharyngeal infections were more resistible to peppermint oils, while C. albicans ATCC 1023 1 was more susceptible. Antifungal activity of peppermint oils depended mainly on menthol content and strain specific susceptibility. The newly selected and introduced allopolyploid hybrid Mentha x piperila L. x Meniha arvensis, characterized with an increased content of menthol, resulted in especially low MIC (4,5μg/mL) and MFC (4,5μg/mL) against C.albicans ATCC 10231.

3 tables, 21 ref

014834   Huang F H;Zhao J Y;Li W L;Liu C S (NO, Oil Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan-430 062, China, Email: huangth@oilcrops.cn) : Heterogeneous catalyst used in biodiesel production. Brassica 2006, 8(1-4), 37-45.

Research and producing status about biodiesel are briefly presented. Then, heterogeneous catalysts used in biodiesel are described in detail, including solid acid and base catalysts and immobilized lipase or cell catalysts, from research status, patents past, industrial production situation, and their advantages. Finally, the problems and perspective in the further research of heterogeneous catalysts are showed.

57 ref

014833   Huang F H;Guo P M;Huang Q D;Yang M (NO, Oil Crop Research Institute, Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan-430 062, Email: Huangth@oilcrops.cn) : Current situation and tendency of biodiesel in China. Brassica 2006, 8(1-4), 23-8.

Biodiesel advantages and its process are briefly showed at first. Then, the production situation and four main process technologies are depicted. Finally, the development tendency of biodiesel in China is presented.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

014832   El-ghorab A H;El-Massry K F;Shaaban H A (Flavor and Aroma Dep, National Research Center, Egypt, Email: kfarouk@yahoo.com) : Effect of drying on the chemical composition of the egyptian Cupressus macrocarpa (Hartw.ex Gordon) essential oils and their biological characteristics. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 399-11.

The essential oils of Cupressus macrocarpa (gold crest) grown on the north coast of Egypt were subjected to analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC - MS). The chemical compositions of essential oils of fresh and dry leaves were found to contain 43 components. The main compounds in the volatile oils of fresh and dried leaves were neral (3 I - 35%), hydroxy citronelial (12 - 16%). geraniol (3-4%), piperilol (trans) (1 -8%). isobornyl isobutrale (0.7 -6.61 %), linalool (0.6 - 5.2 I %). terpinyl acetate (0.10 - 3.27 %), myrcene (0.22 - 2.60 %), trans- ferrugio! (0.3 -2.25%). abitol (0.4-2.18%) and eugenol dihydro(0.1 - 1.3%). The volatile oils (fresh and dried leaves) and non- volatile extracts (EthOH and DCM) of c. macrocarpa were further investigated for radical scavenging activities using I. l-diphenylpicryl-2-hydruzyl (DPPII) assay Obviously, the volatile oils remarkably reduce DPPH radicals as uell as Eth.OII and DCM extracts, compared with BHA. The antimicrobial efficacy of the c. macrocarpa volatile oils and non-volatile extracts when examined by disc diffusion test showed that the DCM significantly inhibited the growth of all the tested microorganisms. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities could be due to the presence of active compounds as neral, graniol, eugenol dihydro, carvacrol acetate and phenol (2,6-di methoxy). The present study support the view that the characteristic volatile oil and non-volatile extracts of the c. macrocarpa were highly bio available and could be suitable for using as antioxidant, antimicrobial and flavoring agent in the food industry.

2 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

014831   Damyanova S;Stoyanova A (Technology College, Rousse "Angel Kanchev" Univ, Razgrad, Bulgaria, Email: sdamianova@ru.acad.bg) : Antimicrobial activity of aromatic products. 14 extracts from fruits of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. Dulce Mill.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 440-5.

The antimicrobial activity of CO₂ extracts from the fruits of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce Mill.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) was studied. Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 P, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Salmonella abony NCTC 6017, yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and moulds Aspergillus niger were used as test-microorganisms. It was found that the aromatic products under study showed an antimicrobial activity to Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and must moulds. Their effect on Gram-negative bacteria was weaker.

ref

014830   Cole R A;Setzer N (Chemistry Dep, Alabama in Huntsville Univ, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA, Email: wsetzer@chemistry.uah.edu) : Chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Psidium guajava from Monteverde, Costa Rica. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(5), 365-73.

The leaf essential oil of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), from Monteverde, Costa Rica, was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 21 compounds were identified in the leaf oil accounting for 97% of the total composition. The most abundant components of the leaf oil of P. guajava were (2E)-hexenal (28.4%), benzaldehyde (8.2%), 1,8-cineole (15.9%), globulol (10.3%), and nerolidol (6.9%). A cluster analysis comparison with previously published leaf oil compositions of P. guajava revealed at least four chemotypes: a benzaldehyde chemotype, a cineole chemotype, a limonene chemotype, and a monoterpene-poor chemotype.

1 table, 16 ref

014829   Beena Kumari;Rana M K;Kathpal T S (Entomology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: beena@hau.ernet.in) : Aanlytical method for the estimation of multiresidues in fruit jam- a processed food. Pesticide Res J 2007, 19(1), 131-5.

A simple gas liquid gas chromatographic method is reported for the estimation of residues of organochlorine, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in fruit jam - a processed foodstuff. At 0.50,0.25 and 0.10μg g^-1 spiking levels, recoveries were in the range of 75-93%. The validated method was further applied for the estimation of pesticide residues in jam of some popular brands. Although, the contamination observed was 100% due to organochlorines and 25-75% for synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates, respectively, however, the residues of any pesticide did not exceed the MRL values prescribed for fruits.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

014828   Awasthi N P;Tripathi V;Singh R P (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002, Email: neeraj_pa03@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis of erucamide using urea and erucic acid. Brassica 2006, 8(1-4), 117-19.

Fatty acid amides like erucamide are mainly used for lubrication and as a slip agent to decrease friction in polymer and plastic industry. Erucamide is normally prepared by ammonolysis of triglycerides or fatty acids at below 200øC temperature and high pressure (345- 690 kPa.) with the reaction of ammonia. Hence a low pressure or at atmospheric pressure synthesis of erucamide is potentially attractive. Urea can be used in the place of ammonia to reduce the cost of the product. Urea is used at atmospheric pressure for economic synthesis of erucamide by ammonolysis of erucic acid at 195øC. In this ammonolysis reaction, achieved 91.5% pure erucamide after 7 hour reaction with 3% catalyst ( Di- ammonium hydrogen ortho phosphate) and 1:4 molar ratio of acid and urea.

5 tables, 10 ref

014827   Ashtiani F;Sefidkon F;Yamini Y;Khajeh K (Phytochemistry Dep, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Univers, P.O. Box: 19835-389, Evin, Tehran, Iran, Email: frsef@rifr-ac.ir) : Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of volatile components from two Eucalyptus species (E. spathulata and E. microtheca). J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2007, 10(3), 198-208.

Volatile oils from the leaves of E. spathulata and E. microtheca, cultivated in Iran, were obtained by hydro-distillation and supercritical (carbon dioxide) extraction methods. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detections. The compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra (EI, 70eV). The effects of different parameters, such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume and extraction time, on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of E. spathulata and E. microtheca oils were investigated. The results showed that for E. spathulata under a pressure of 100 atm, temperature 45°C, 250 ml methanol and dynamic extraction time of 25 min, extraction was more selective for the 1,8-cineole, while for E. microtheca the pressure of 300 atm, temperature 55°C, 0 μl methanol and dynamic extraction time of 25 min, resulted more selectivity for 1,8-cineole. Thirty-two compounds were identified in the hydro-distilled oils of E. spathulata and E. microtheca. The major components of these oils were 1,8-cineole (44.5% and 14.4%) and α-pinene (20.2% and 10.3%), respectively. However, by using supercritical carbon dioxide under optimum conditions, only 1,8-cineole constituted 73.8% of the oil of E. spathulata and 39.3% of the oil of E. microtheca. The extraction yield, based on hydro-distillation, was 3.77% and 0.79% (w/w) for E. spathulata and E. microtheca, respectively. Extraction yield, based on the SFE, varied in the range of 1.27-8.37% for E. spathulata and 1.23-5.90% (w/w) for E. microtheca, under different conditions.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

013846   Venkatesh S R;Mohan Kumar G C (Industrial and Production Engineering Dep, J.N.N. College of Engineering, Shimoga) : Optimization of manufacturing technique to improve moulding process. Acta Cienc Indica-Phys 2007, 33(4), 475-84.

Numerical simulation and animation is widely used and accepted in manufacturing to reduce hardware prototyping and to improve the parts design and manufacturing processes. Using casting simulation and animation systems it is possible to define the temperature fields in the mould and the cast parts quantitatively. Through the temperature field analyses, the thermal induced stresses and plastic displacements occurring in the material during the cooling process can be analyzed. The manufacturing tolerance can be controlled in the development phase and time necessary for product design can be optimized. ProCAST software is used in the present work to organize around a manager, which calls the four different modules : MeshCAST, PreCAST, DataCAST and ViewCAST. First casting geometry, in the form of CAD model is loaded into MeshCAST, to generate a FEM mesh. Then the calculation is configured in PreCAST, the pre-processor, PreCAST is linked to Thermodynamic Databases for the automatic determination of the material properties form thermodynamic databases. Before the solver ProCAST is launched, a data conditioner named DataCAST is run. Finally, the results are viewed and presented.

10 illus, 9 ref

013845   Sawant V Y;Chauhan D S;Padghan P V;Thombre B M (Animal Husbandry and Dairying Dep, Marathwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani-431 402) : Formulation and evaluation of mango fruit kalakand. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 102-5.

Kalakand was prepared by replacing 10 per cent (T₁) and 20 per cent (T₂) milk by mango pulp. Control (T₀) was taken as without any replacement of milk. The overall acceptability was rated as 8.94, 8.88 and 8.46 in the treatment T₀, T₁ and T₂, respectively. Proximate analysis of the product indicated the increasing trend of total solids content as the proportion of mango pulp increased. Fat content of the kalakand decreased significantly by the addition of mango pulp. Protein content also decreased but there were non-significant differences. However carbohydrate and ash content were increased by the addition of mango pulp. Acidity of the product was lowered down and as proportion of mango pulp was increased. Cost of production of kalakand of T₀ treatment worked out was Rs. 81.53/kg which was dropped by 7 to 8 and 14 to 15 per cent in the treatment T₁ and T₂, respectively.

3 tables, 14 ref

013844   Sarode A R;Khedkar C D;Kalyankar S D;Patil M R;Bajad D N;Sarode T R;Chavan S J (NO, College of Dairy Technology, Warud (Pusad)-445 204) : Microbiological quality of karadkheer: a value-added dairy product of Maharashtra. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 98-101.

Investigation was conducted to know the microbiological quality of laboratory-made Karadkheer. Standard plate count (SPC), coliform counts and yeast and mold counts of the product after 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 h of its preparation. The results obtained during the course of investigation were subjected to statistical analysis. Karadkheer prepared from 60 parts of standardized milk and 40 parts of safflower extract containing 9 % cane sugar showed the lowest SPC and coliform counts among the five treatments. Yeast and molds showed an uninterrupted rate of growth, which could be attributed to their ability to grow in presence of higher sugar content and viscosity.

3 tables, 5 ref

013843   Sakore D B;Dhole P T;Chavan K D;Pawar B K (Animal & Dairy Science Dep, Mahatama Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Role and viability of probiotic cultures in cow milk dahi. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 63-8.

The studies on preparation of cow milk dahi by using probiotic cultures viz., Lactobacillus acidophilus (T₁) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii sub sp. bulgaricus (T₂) alone as well as in combination their of i.e. T₁ ,T₂ and T₃. The control dahi (LF-40) contained on an average total solids 12.75, fat 4.08, protein 3.22 and acidity 0.75 % LA. The dahi prepared by using Lb. acidophilus (T₁) and Lb. delbrueckii sub sp. bulgaricus (T₂) alone, contained total solids 12.82 per cent and 12.80 per cent, fat 4.02 per cent and 0.91 per cent, respectively. Dahi (T₃) made by using Lb. aciobphilus + Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus contained on an average total solids 12.81, fat 4.08, protein 3.27and acidity 0.99 per cent lactic acidity. Dahi (T₃) prepared by using combination of Lb. acidophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus showed higher viable lactobacilli count (77 x 10⁷c f.u./gm) than T₂ (47 x 10⁷c. f. u./gm) and T₁(30 x 10⁷c f.u./gm) samples respectively. The sensory score for aroma of the dahi sample T₃ showed maximum (7.90) and which was at par with control (T₀ dahi and T₁ dahi samples.

5 tables, 18 ref

013842   Parmar J;Sharma H R;Verma R (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, College of Home Science CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavidalya, Palampur-176 062) : Effect of source and coagulants on the physico-chemical and organoleptic evaluation of soy tofu. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 69-74.

The study aimed at evaluating the effect of different milk coagulants on the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of tofu prepared from different soy sources viz. soy dhal, soy flour and germinated soybean. The crude protein and fat content of tofus varied from 44.65 to 57.73 per cent and 20.79 to 32.35 per cent among different tofu respectively. The tofus made from soy dhal and precipitated with calcium sulphate contained significantly higher contents of protein and fat followed by tofu prepared from germinated soybean and soy flour precipitated with calcium sulphate. The tofu obtained from different forms of soybean using citrus juice as a coagulant contained lower protein and fat than the tofu obtained from different sources and using calcium sulphate as a coagulant. The ash content of tofu recovered by using calcium sulphate as a coagulant was higher than that of the tofu prepared by using citrus juice. The total carbohydrates of the tofu obtained from soy flour were higher than thaof tofu prepared by soy dhal and germinated soybean respectively, irrespective of the coagulant used. The tofu precipitated with citrus juice contained higher content of NDF; ADF and available carbohydrates than calcium sulphate for each source of tofu, but the contents of these nutrients were the highest in tofu obtained from soy flour.

4 tables, 12 ref

013841   Khandare N O;Joglekar N V;Padghan P V;Thombre B M (NO, Marathwada Agriculture Univ, Parbhani-431 402) : Preparation of Satori - a traditional Khoa based sweet. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 85-9.

A traditional khoa based wheat flour confection viz. satori was prepared using three types of wheat flour fractions viz. whole wheat flour (WWF), semolina (S) and white flour (WF) for outer layer while khoa (K), seolina (S) and sugar (SR) were used at different proportion as inner material. The overall acceptability of the satori for the combination 14:40:50 (WWF:S:WF) was rated highest being t 7.4 on point hedonic scale. As regarding the score of inner content of Satori, the combination 25:25:50 (K:S:SR) rated highest being at 7.8 on 9 point hedonic scale. The chemical composition of the best treatment combination of Satori were as 19.12, 10.02, 14.02, 55.52 and 1.32 per cent for moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash respectively.

2 tables, 8 ref

013840   Khandare N O;Joglekar N V;Padghan P V;Mankar N A (NO, Shri Shivaji Agriculture College, Amravati) : Effect of packaging material on storage stability of Satori. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 75-9.

Satori a khoa based product was stored at 35°C, 25°C and 5°C temperature for 20, 24 and 42 days, respectively and remained acceptable irrespective of packaging materials 300 guage LDPE pouch (P₁) and glass bottles (P₂). Peroxide value (PV) of safori was 4.26 meq. O/kg which was increased to 6.42 and 6.72 at 35°C and 6.15 and 6.72 meq. O₂/kg at 25°C temperature packed in P₁, and P₂ packaging materials respectively during storage of 24 days. Free fatly acid (FFA) of the samples had significant difference at 35°C and 25°C whereas, samples stored at 5øC did not show significant differences during storage packed in different packaging materials.

3 tables, 12 ref

013839   Hegde S R;Vijayalakshmi D;Theertha Prasad D; Raghotham K (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bangalore-560 030) : Development of tomato products and their nutrient composition. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 94-7.

Tomato in India occupies second position amongst the vegetable crops in terms of production. Another encouraging trend has been that India's production level of processed tomato has risen by 50 per cent. The main objective of processing is to supply wholesome, safe, nutritious and acceptable food to consumers throughout the year. Tomatoes and tomato-based foods are considered healthy for the reason that they are low in calories, but possess a remarkable combination of antioxidant micronutrients. The characteristic deep-red colour of ripe tomatoes and tomato based foods, which serves as a measure of total quality is mainly due to Lycopene. Lycopene is a pigment belonging to carotenoid family. Due to its biological and physicochemical properties, especially related to its effects as a natural antioxidant with major health benefits against several degenerative disorders related to cardiovascular system and epithelial tissue presence of lycopene in the diet is of considerable interest. Hence a study was conducted to develop processed tomato products namely jam, squash, pulp and pickle, to evaluate their sensory characteristics like the appearance colour, flavour, taste, consistency and overall acceptability. The study also included analysis of macro and micronutrients and lycopene in these products. The results indicated that the developed products were best accepted. The lycopene content of Tomato jam was highest (15 mg/ 100 g), followed by pickle (30 mg/ 100 g), squash (15 mg/ 100 g) and pulp (10 mg/ 100 g). The study indicated that the processed forms of tomatoes may be developed which had higher overall acceptability scores with high lycopene content thereby providing nutritious foods to the consumers.

3 tables, 4 ref

013838   Chakraborty R;Bhattacharya P;Saha A K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: rajatchakraborty_ju@rediffmail.com) : Convective freeze drying of foodstuff using LN₂ boil-off and gaseous N₂ as carrier gas. Indian J Cryogenics 2006, 31(1-4), 103-7.

Freeze-drying (FD) is a low temperature-low pressure simultaneous heat and mass transfer operation which is often used in pharmaceutical and food industry to dry materials which suffer degradation or other loss of quality during high temperature drying. LN₂ boil-off and gaseous N₂ at different temperatures were injected onto the foodstuff (i.e. tiger prawn) separately at regular intervals for a definite period of time to cause convective diffusion of moisture instead of molecular diffusion and a significant improvement(compared to non-convective FD) in the primary drying rate was observed under otherwise similar operating conditions. Experiments were conducted over a chamber pressure range from 0.001 mbar to 0.01 mbar and a heater temperature ranging from 25°C to 55°C using cylindrical shaped prawn sample with average diameter and height of 23.5 mm keeping all surfaces exposed excepting the base which was in contact with the conductive heat source The injection interval vis-a-vis overall N₂ injection rate were varied keeping other operating conditions unaltered to determine the highest possible drying rate. Besides, a comparative experimental study was made between the performances of gaseous N₂ (high temperature) and LN₂ boil-off (low temperature) injections under similar operating conditions. Gaseous N₂ as moisture carrier was found to be more effective in enhancing the freeze-drying rate of prawn. The temperature profiles of the surface and core of the foodstuff were measured and maintained within the limitations of scorch point of foodstuff and freezing point of ice respectively.

10 illus, 8 ref

013837   Brahma B;Charan Singh (NO, , LPM, SKUAST-Jammu, Email: jitt77@gmail.com) : Health profile of young calves: influence of genetic and environmental factors. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 90-3.

The investigation was carried out to study the disease incidence pattern among young calves over different seasons, age groups and sexes. Among diseases, diarrhoea showed highest (39.85%) incidence followed by fever (18.92%) and lameness (5.85%). Diarrhoeal incidences were significantly higher (P<60>0.01) in Murrah calves than in Karan Fries, Sahiwal and Tharparkar calves. Age significantly (P<60>0.01) influenced the occurrence of diarrhoea, being highest in the first month of life. Maximum incidence of diarrhoea was recorded in rainy season. Fever incidences were significantly (P<60>0.01) higher in Murrah calves than on Karan Fries calves. Incidence rate of fever was higher during first, second and third months of life and during autumn season. Season also had, significant (P<60>0.01) effect on the incidence of lameness with highest incidence in autumn (9.13%), Age group had significant (P<60>0.01) influence on lameness incidence rate being highest in first age group of 0-30 days and lowest in the age group of 91-180 days.

2 tables, ref

013836   Bagal S G;Chavan K D;Kulkarni M B (Animal & Dairy Science Dep, Mahatama Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Preparation of lassi from high acid cow milk. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2007, 26(2), 80-4.

Investigations were carried to develop an appropriate technique to utilize high acid cow milk (HAM) for preparation of lassi. On the basis of sensory evaluation, it was revealed that 10 per cent water and 15 per cent sugar was found to be the most acceptable using local culture. The acidity of milk was allowed to raise to 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 per cent LA (lactic acidity) and such samples were then utilized for preparation of lassi. Final trials revealed that lassi prepared from HAM with 0.2 per cent LA was significantly (P <60> 0.05) superior to the other treatmenfs and it was at par with lassi prepared from fresh milk. Cost of preparation of lassi from HAM treated with sodium bicarbonate as neutralizer was Rs. 7. 39/L (Litre) which was lower than that (Rs. 16.06) of lassi from fresh milk.

4 tables, 12 ref

012921   Tarsem Chand;Jarnail Singh (Food Science Engineering Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana) : Effect of different physical and chemical treatments on drying behaviour of red chilli. J Res-Punjab Agric Univ 2007, 44(2), 138-44.

The experiments were conducted to study the drying behaviour of red chilli (varieties- CH-1 and CH-3) under different physical and chemical treatments. The raw material was given chemical treatment by dipping in Dipsol solution. The chemically treated material was given physical treatment by slitting and chopping. The product was dried at 50???C, 60???C and 70???C using the Satake Test dryer. Dehydration characteristics revealed that drying took place in falling rate period irrespective of physical and chemical treatment although number of falling rate periods varied. Chopped chilli took the least time for drying followed by slit and whole chilli. Time of drying was reduced significantly only for chemically treated samples under low temperature of drying. Modified exponentional and page models fitted well to the drying data. Quality parameters in terms of colouring matter and capsaicin content (pungency) were reduced insignificantly upto 60???C temperature of drying but after that reduction was sharp. In terms of quality, whole dried chilli were best followed by slit and chopped chilli.

5 tables, 18 ref