002096   Rodge J R;Sarambekar H L;Bellurkar C M (Coll of Home Sci, M.A.U., Parbhani) : Comparative study of janata refrigerator and electric refrigerator in terms of temperature humidity and keeping quality of selected vegetables. J Soil Crop 2004, 14(2), 397-9.

A study was undertaken to compare the keeping quality of selected vegetables in Janata refrigerator with electric refrigerator. The results indicated that considering temperature, humidity and keeping quality model 'B' (improved, model of Janata refrigerator) is better to store cluster beans and brinjal. For storage 100 gauge polythene bag with 0.5% perforation is found satisfactory in all models. Weight loss was also found minimum in 100 gauge polythene bag as compared to plastic box with lid of net in all the models.

3 tables, 5 ref

002095   Ray H S (Cent Glass & Ceram Res Inst, , Kolkata-700 032, Email: hs_ray@yahoo.com) : A method of relating laboratory test data with performance of actual reactor. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2005, 58(1), 35-40.

Presents a null-type approach which can be useful in correlation of laboratory test data with performance of actual plant data. The method is of relvence in comparative studies of raw materials in terms of productivity and energy consumption. Two example are given. The first relates to iron ore reduction and kinetic data on two sets of raw materials. The second example relates to assessment of relative productivities and energy needs during glass melting using two different batches. The central concept outlined in this paper may be applicable in many other instances provided one can assume a plug flow type situation for the reactor, vertical or horizontal.

9 illus, 8 ref

002094   Rakkiyappan P;Thangavelu S;Shanthi R M; Alarmelu S;Radhamani R (Sugarcane Breed Inst, , Coimbatore-641 007, Email: kpgrakki@rediffmail.com) : Uptake of major nutrients in above ground parts of promising mid late maturing sugarcane clones. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 67-70.

Ten mid late maturing promising sugarcane clones including three standards were evaluated for major nutrient uptake and use efficiency in ratoon crop grown in a clay soil (Typic Haplustert). Concentration of N, P and K in dry leaves, green tops and stem were determined and their uptake in the individual plant parts, total above ground parts and uptake of nutrients (kg) per tonne of cane produced were computed. Clones differed significantly in N, P and K uptake in dry leaves, green tops, stem and total above ground parts and kg nutrients to produce a tonne of cane. Total N uptake ranged from 50.19 kg/ha in Co 7219 to 84.24 kg/ha in Co 93014. The lowest uptake of N per tonne of cane was 0.812 kg in Co 93009 and the highest was 1.135 kg in Co 93016. Total P uptake varied from 16.09 kg/ha in Co 7219 to 32.01 kg/ha in Co 93009. Uptake of P per tonne of cane varied from 0.297 kg in Co 86032 to 0.449 kg in Co 93016. Total K uptake ranged form 94.80 kg/ha in Co 93010 to 240.03 kg/ha in Co 6304. The lowest and the highest K uptake to produce a tonne of cane were 1.50 kg in Co 93010 and 3.10 kg in Co 6304 respectively. Clones CoG 93076, Co 93010 and Co 93009 were identified for better NPK use efficiency.

3 tables, 8 ref

002093   Rajan Sharma;Darshan Lal (Dairy Chem Div, Natn Dairy Res Inst, Karnal-132 001, Email: rajansharma21@rediffmail.com) : Fortification of milk with microencapsulated vitamin C and its thermal stability. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 191-4.

Stability of microencapsulated vitamin C in fortified-buffalo milk during pasteurization and sterilization was studied. Liposomes containing encapsulated ascorbic acid were prepared by dehydration/rehydration process using egg phosphatidylcholine together with cholesterol and DL-α-tocopherol. The diameter of these liposomes was found to be in the range of 200-1000 nm and the efficiency of vitamin C encapsulation was found to be 59±4.89%. The average total vitamin C contents in unfortified raw, pasteurized and sterilized buffalo milk samples were 23.47, 20.09 and 11.34 mg/l, while....

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

002092   Raghvendara Singh;Jha Y K (Dep of Fd Sci and Technol, Coll of Agric G B Pant Univ of Agric and Technol, Pantnagar, U S Nagar-263 145, Email: jha_ykl@rediffmail.com) : Effect of sugar replacers on sensory attributes, biochemical changes and shelf-life of shrikhand. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 199-202.

Combination of different amounts of raftilose (3, 4 and 5%) and sugar (8, 10, 12.5 and 25%) were used in shrikhand made by separated buffalo milk using YH culture (Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus delbruckii sub. bulgaricus. Samples were analyzed for sensory characteristics using 9-point Hedonic scale, biochemical and microbiological attributes, to evaluate its storage ability at 7±1°C. Sugar and raftilose exhibited significant effect (p <60> 0.01) on flavour, body and texture and overall acceptability and non-significant (p <60> 0.01) with respect to colour and appearance. Among the various combinations tried, shrikhand prepared with raftilose (4%) and sugar (12.5%) was rated as most acceptable by sensory panels.

3 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

002091   Pratape V M;Narasimha H V (Dep of Grain Sci and Technol, Cent Fd Technological Res Inst, Mysore-570 020) : Influence of pretreatment and grinding machine on suitability of bengalgram flour (Besan) for preparation of sev. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 127-80.

Influence of pre-milling treatment and type of grinding system on particle size distribution in besan (chickpea flour) has been studied. Two types of treatments, wet and dry, were given to Bengalgram prior to milling and dhal obtained was pulverized in 4 different types of mills to prepare besan. Sieve analysis of besan has shown that wet pre-milling treatment (WPT) gave lower amounts of fine flour than dry pre-milling treatment (DPT) irrespective of grinding machine. Water absorption and extrudability studies have shown substantial variations among WPT and DPT flour samples indicating the easy extrudability of plate/Burr mill flour. WPT besan, made in Burr/plate mill (having a particle size range of 250-100 microns) gave good quality sev (a traditional deep fried snack product) indicating the influence of above inter-related parameters on quality of sev as related to the quality of besan.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

002090   Partiban F;Sankar T V;Anandan R (Cent Inst of Fish Technol, , Cochin-682 029) : Changes in the functional properties of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) protein during storage in Ice. Fish Technol 2005, 42(2), 155-62.

The effect of iced storage on the functional properties namely solubility, emulsion activity index (EAI), foaming, water holding capacity (WHC) and gel forming ability of tilapia protein was evaluated. The K-value of tilapia meat increased from 0.47% to 89% during the storage in ice for 14 days. The solubility of total salt soluble protein (TSP) decreased by 8% in 2 days, remained almost constant up to 7 days and then decreased further during the storage period. EAI (124 m²/g) increased by 2.3 times during the storage of fish in ice up to 7 days. Only marginal increase in WHC and foaming efficiency were noted. There was a 70% decrease in the gel strength of tilapia meat during the 14 days storage in ice. Even though tilapia is acceptable for 10 days as far as sensory attributes are concerned, the functional properties of tilapia protein started decreasing after 7 days of ice storage.

1 table, 41 ref

002089   Pal R K;Behera T K;Nita Sen;Manoj Singh (Div of Post-harvest Technol, Indian Agric Res Inst, New Delhi-110 012) : Influence of harvest maturity of respiration, ethylene evolution, texture and nutritional properties of bitter gourd. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 197-9.

Bitter gourd (Memordica charantia Linn.) fruits var. 'Pusa Hybrid-1' and 'Pusa Vishesh' were harvested at 8 (green stage) and 12 (mature stage) days after fruit set. Pusa Hybrid-1' had increased fruit length while 'Pusa Vishesh' had increased fruit diameter when harvesting delayed from 8 to 12 days after fruit set. 'Pusa Vishesh' showed a low rate of respiration and ethylene evolution as compared to 'Pusa Hybrid-1' at both stages. 'Pusa Hybrid-1' showed better physical quality due to high values of compression and rupture forces at 8 days after fruit set. 'Pusa Vishesh' showed higher contents of ascorbic acid (81.87 mg/100 g) and chlorophyll (9.31 mg/100 g) at early stage of harvest. Nutritive value of 'Pusa Vishesh' was better than 'Pusa Hybrid-1' and it should be harvested at 8 days after fruit set while harvesting of 'Pusa Hybrid-1' can be extended upto 12 days after fruit set for better nutritional quality and marketability.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

002088   Padmavathy A;Siddhu A;Sundararaj P (Dep of Foods and Nutr, Lady Irwin Coll, New Delhi) : Effect of blending edible grade crude palm oil with refined groundnut or sunflower oils on storage stability and sensory attributes. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(3), 93-103.

The possibility of blending edible grade crude palm oil (CPO) with refined groundnut oil (GNO) or sunflower oil (SFO) was explored in order to increase its organoleptic acceptability and to obtain a more desirable fatty acid composition. The CPO based blends were compared with their constituent oils for physico-chemical properties and sensory attributes. Effect of storage for 4, 8 and 12 weeks at refrigeration temperature, room temperature, 38±1°C and 42±1°C in transparent white PET bottles was also assessed. Blending had resulted in improved fatty acid profile which was closer to the desirable levels. Paranthas prepared in CPO blends were significantly better accepted than in CPO alone, though preference was distinct for conventional oils. On storage, all oils showed increase in FFA, PV and RI. Changes in these parameters were higher as storage temperature and time increased, but were observed to a lesser extent in CPO and its blends as compared to refined GNO and SFO. On storage, organoleptic acceptability of the refined oils and the two blends in paranthas declined at all temperatures except 7°C. CPO showed increase in its acceptability in paranthas when stored at higher temperatures due to loss of its orangish red colour and unacceptable volatile flavour components. Blending is a promising strategy to introduce inexpensive, nutritious CPO into Indian dietaries.

9 tables, 17 ref

002087   Nkama I;Drame D;Uga C O;Ndoya A;Kaka S;Manful J (Dep of Fd Sci and Technol, Univ of Maiduguri, P M B-1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria) : Physical, chemical and dehulling characteristics of pearl millet cultivars grown in West African sub-region. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 188-91.

Twenty six pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucam L.) cultivars from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal comprising of popular and new varieties were evaluated for their physical chemical and dehulling characterized Wide variations were observed in their physical, chemical and dehulling properties. The variations observed were: one thousand grain weight 6.86 - 16.10 g, one thousand grain volume 5.0 - 13.3 ml, density 0.98 - 1.38 g/ml, visual hardness 3.5 - 4.17 and per cent floaters 13.0 - 68.67%. The dehulling yield varied from 50.0 - 82.50%. Protein content varied from 7.19 to 12.05%, fat 3.92 - 7.74%, ash 1.20 - 1.90%, and carbohydrate 72.76 - 78.42%. Grain density was significantly correlated with dehulling yield (r = + 0.42, p <60> 0.05) and visual hardness was significantly correlated with per cent floaters (r = - 0.4373, p <60> 0.05). Protein content was significantly correlated with fat (r = 0.42, p <60> 0.05) and carbohydrate (r = 0.45, p <60> 0.05). 'SOSAT- C88' from Senegal exhibited different chemical composition (protein and fat) compared to 'SOSAT-C88' from Nigeria.

2 tables, 16 ref

002086   Nagi H P S;Jagbir Rehal;Sharma S (Dep of Fd Sci and Technol, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana-141 004) : Evaluation of physico-chemical and processing characteristics of Punjab maize varieties. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 169-72.

Five varieties of maize grown extensively in Punjab and one commercial sample were assessed for physico-chemical characteristics. 'Paras' had highest grain weight, hectolitre weight, protein content and pigments. 'Parbhat' had highest concentration of crude fibre and ash. 'Sartaj' had highest popping volume. Products (chapati, cornflakes and extruded snacks) prepared from 'Paras' and 'Sartaj' had higher overall acceptability score. 'Parbhat' gave the highest starch recovery and had highest gelatinization temperature and time and lowest peak viscosity. Oil from 'Paras' and 'Sartaj' showed lesser deterioration and had higher degree of unsaturation.

2 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

002085   Mohanty O N;Gope N (Dept of Metall and Mater Engng, IIT, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: onm@meta.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Advanced steels for the auto body: developments at tata steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2004, 57(4), 367-80.

First the ULSAB and then the ULSAB - AVC steel makers consortia showed that a concept auto with appreciable weight saving along with superior rigidity, noise resistance, crash resistance as well as high fuel efficiency with lower CO₂ emission is possible with a steel solution. This is based on the auto body using advanced high strength formable steels (such as DP and TRIP) and laser welded tailored blanks along with hydro-forming of tubes/roof sheet. The cost evaluation revealed no penalty, making the developments attractive for the car makers. Examines the structure - property correlation in the Interstitial Free ( IF ) high formable, low strength and higher strength steels that represent an important segment of the auto body grade steels. The commercial development of these steels starting with laboratory scale work is described. Thereafter, the introduction of the versatile, higher strength, hot rolled Dual Phase (DP) sheets at Tata Steel is analysed in the light of processing parameters, microstructure and properties. It is observed that the property achieved meets the requirement of superior wheels for cars. The work highlights the fact that Tata Steel is now poised for the status of a quality steel supplier for the new generation car body.

10 illus, 9 tables, 68 ref

002084   Levites E V;Svirshchevskaya A M;Kirikovich S S;Milko L V (Inst of Cytol and Genet Siberian Dep of Russian Acad of Sci, , Lavrentieva Av., 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia, Email: levites@ngs.ru) : Variation at isozyme loci in cultured in vitro sugar beet regenerants of gynogenetic origin. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 71-5.

Assessment of alcohol dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase genes expression has been conducted in cultured in vitro sugar beet vegetative shoots of gynogenetic origin characterized by different level of mixoploidy (x+xx). It was shown that in all 12 originally haploid lines under investigation at alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHI) locus only homozygous phenotypes were observed. At the same time, some of cultured gynogenetic lines demonstrated polymorphism at isocitrate dehydrogenase) (IDH1) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD1) loci. The conclusion has been done that such a variation in mixoploid tissues of regenerants is associated with spontaneous polyploidization caused by their prolonged culturing under in vitro conditions. Instability of Idh1 and Pgd1 loci, encoding IDH1 and PGD1, together with stability of Adh1 locus, encoding ADH1, testifies that change in ploidy level observed in somatic cells of cultured sugar beet regenerants is unlikely the only factor determining different gene expression during in vitro culturing.

4 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

002083   Lee T S G;Bressan E A (Dept of Pl Biotechnology, Agric Sci Cent Fedl Univ of Sao Carlos, Campus of Araras C.P. 153, CEP: 13600-970-Araras, SP-Brazil, Email: leetseng@cca.ufscar.br) : Clean cane with nitrogen fixing bacteria. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 11-6.

A clean cane sugarcane is free from all known sugarcane diseases. The importance of using disease-free clean cane as the planting material in commercial production of sugarcane is well-known. The productivity increase could be more than 50 depending on the disease and variety involved. An efficient way of producing clean cane involving the combination of hot water treatment (HWT), thermotherapy and meristem tip culture is mentioned here. This method is well accepted in Brazil. The importance of the nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) to the growth of plants is also well-known and the inoculation of Rhizobium, the soybean's NFB is a common practice in the soybean culture in Brazil, dispensing totally the need of application of N-fertilizers during the production cycle. In the case of sugarcane, 3 NFBs have been isolated by Dr. Dobereiner's group and were found to be quite common in Brazilian sugarcane varieties. These are the Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Acetobacter diazotrophicus. All of them are endophytic and exist in high amount in stem, leaf and root of sugarcane. HWT is believed not to have an effect on the NFB in sugarcane, while meristem tip culture could clean the NFB as well as other microorganisms. However, NFB is very easy to be re-inoculated into sugarcane. Spraying NFB on cuttings during planting before covering was found possible for this purpose, and clean cane was found to be infected more easily than non-treated cane. Thus, clean cane with NFB could be used as an efficient material for sugarcane commercial production under biological nitrogen fixation conditions.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

002082   Lakshmi Devi N;Khader V;Rao M (Dep of Foods and Nutr, Post Grad and Res Cent Acharya N G Ranga Agric Univ, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030) : Development and acceptability of ready-to-eat snack for the institutionalised elderly. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 176-9.

Extruded ready-to-eat (RTE) sweet and savory snacks were developed using maize, green gram dhal and roasted Bengalgram dhal in addition to enrichment with vitamins and iron. The RTE snack was subjected to acceptability studies both at laboratory level by a panel of judges and consumer level by institutionalised elderly and material staff. The products were assessed for their nutritive value and cost compared with commercially available market sample. Results of acceptability studies indicated that snacks were liked by all the inmates as well as managerial staff.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

002081   Jamuna M;Mahadeva Naika;Jeevaratnam K;Bawa A S (Def Fd Res Lab, , Siddharthanagar, Mysore-560 011) : Detection and determination of various fungicides in fruits and vegetables using thin layer chromatography. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 205-8.

A simple thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method for separation and simultaneous detection of the fungicides, including carbendazim, thiram, thiophenate methyl, captan and folpet commonly used for post-harvest preservation of fruits and vegetables and their determination by spectrophotometric method has been described. A clear separation of all the 5 fungicides could be achieved on silica gel GF₂₅₄ using the solvent system, hexane:tetrahydrofuran:ethylacetate:chloroform:::28;6: 1/4:1/4 acidified with 2% acetic acid and detection by UV light at 254 nm. An extraction procedure using chloroform to simultaneously extract, carbendazim and thiram, quantitatively from fruits and vegetables and isolate them through liquid-liquid partitioning for quanafication purpose has also been described.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

002080   Hasan Togrul;Nurhan Arslan (Dep of Chem Engng Fac of Engng, Firat Univ, 23279 Elazig, Turkey) : Carboxymethyl cellulose from sugar beet pulp cellulose as a hydrophilic polymer in coating of apples. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 139-44.

Paraffin wax (PW), bees wax (BW) and soybean oil, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, degree of substitution: 0.6670) from sugar beet pulp cellulose; Emulgin PE, triethanolamine, oleic acid and sodium oleate (SO) were used as hydrophobic phases, hydrophilic polymer and emulsifying agents (EA), respectively, in the coating of apples to extend storage life. Apples coated with different emulsions were stored at 25°C and RH of 75 %. Fruits were evaluated for water loss, pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), weight loss, and ascorbic acid. The modified drying models describing the storage time dependence of weight loss were fitted to the experimental data and the model parameters in equations were....

7 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

002079   Guruswamy S;Mungsantisuk P;Corson R; Srisukhumbowornchai N (Dep of Metall Engng, Univ of Utah, 135, south 1460 East RM 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA, Email: sguruswa@mines.utah.edu) : Rare-earth free Fe-Ga based Magnetostrictive alloys for actuator and sensors. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2004, 57(4), 315-23.

An overview of highly magnetostrictive materials that are of interest in a wide range of actuation and sensing applications, and the current research efforts in developing a new class of low-cost magnetostrictive alloys based on Fe is presented. Giant magnetostrictive (Dy_0.7 Tb_0.3)Fe₂ alloys ((Terfenol-D alloys) are currently in widespread use in magnetostrictive sensor and actuator applications. Discoveres rare-earth free bcc Fe-Ga based alloys that have large low-field room temperature Joule magnetostriction, good mechanical strength, large ductility, and minimal hysteresis. Due to their excellent combination of properties, these alloys provide a low-cost and high-performance alternative to rare-earth based Terfenol-D alloys in engineering applications such as acoustic sensors and generators, linear motors, actuators, damping devices, torque sensors, positioning devices, speakers and microphones. The work has also shown the feasibility of obtaining [001] texture in these alloys using low-cost thermomechanical processing. Results from more recent work show that partial substitution of Ga with Al can be made in FeGa alloys in certain composition ranges without a substantial reduction in magnetostriction.

10 illus, 18 ref

002078   Gopal T K S;Ravi Shankar C N (Cent Inst of Fish Technol, , Matsyapuri P O, Cochin-682 029) : Modified atmosphere packaging of fish. Fish Technol 2005, 42(2), 91-110.

Shelf life and quality of fresh fish can be extended by the application of modified atmosphere packaging using high barrier packaging film and refrigerated storage. Modified atmosphere with high concentration of CO₂ inhibits or slows down the growth of various aerobic spoilage bacteria of fish products by extending the lag phase. It provides conditions for the growth of gram positive bacteria and food pathogens within the package. Major qualiy hazard is the risk of foodborne botulism. Paper reviews the literature relating to the scientific basis of these claims.

^iia3 tables, 162 ref

002077   Gomathi R;Thandapani T V (Dep of Pl Physiol, Sugarcane Breed Inst, Coimbatore-7, Email: gomathi_sbi@yahoo.co.in) : Salt stress in relation to nutrient accumulation and quality of sugarcane Genotypes. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 39-47.

Results of the pot culture experiment revealed that, major and micro nutrients uptake and partitioning of the essential nutrients viz., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, were significantly affected due to salt stress, while salt induced accumulation of toxic elements viz., Na, Cl, Al, Mo, and Cu was enhanced particularly in Si 94050 and Co 85036 (susceptible genotypes). The resistant genotypes, C 92038 and Co 85004 performed better by maintaining higher N, P, K, Ca, Mg and higher K/Na ratio. Sodium induced Ca deficiency were also observed in Co 85036 under salt stress. The important quality parameters, viz., juice brix %, purity %, CCS % and sucrose % juice decreased by due to salinity, 10.60, 12.22, 23.71 and 22.82 percent, respectively. While juice EC, pH and reducing sugar were considerably increased 38.11 due to salt stress. However, the reduction in brix %, purity %, CCS % and sucrose % as well as increase in juice pH, EC and reducing sugar were less in C 92038 and Co 85004, while it was vice-versa for susceptible genotypes, which lead to poor economic yield. Irrespective of the genotypes, supplementing GA₃ (150 ppm) as sett treatment and foliar application play role on imparting salt tolerance in terms of enhancing nutrient uptake as well as quality aspects.

5 tables, 38 ref

002076   Ghosh M K;Das R P;Biswas A K (Regional Res Lab, , Bhubaneswar-751 013, Email: mkghosh@rrlbhu.res.in) : Simulation of a continuous stirred tank reactor under pressure leaching conditions. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2005, 58(1), 29-34.

Pressure oxidation of sulphide materials is exothermic in nature hence heat balance consideration is very important for such operations. A model has been developed for sphalerite pressure oxidation in ammonia solution considering feed particle size distribution, residence time distribution in the continuous leaching reactor i.e. continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and heat balance. The required kinetic rate equations and other parameters were taken from the laboratory scale studies on mono-size particles. Adiabatic operation of the single stage CSTR was simulated by simultaneously solving mass balance and heat balance equations. Simulation results for adiabatic CSTR are shown for 5 and 10 wt% slurry densities varying retention times and feed temperatures in order to scan stable operating temperature. For low slurry density (5 wt%) stable operating temperature of 145°C is achieved with 50°C slurry preheating and 2 hour retention time leading to Zn recovery <126> 80%.

3 tables, 15 ref

002075   Elangovan S;Hartvigsen J;Lashway R;Balagopal S;Bay I (Ceramatec Inc, , 2425 South 900 West, Salt Lake city, UT 84119-1517, USA, Email: elango@ceramatec.com) : Metal interconnect development for solid oxide fuel cells. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2004, 57(4), 311-13.

Intermediate temperature (750 - 800°C) operation of solid oxide fuel cells allows the use of metallic interconnects. Ferritic stainless steels have attracted considerable attention because of their close thermal expansion match with that of zirconia electrolyte. Continued growth of resistive oxide and evaporation-condensation of chromium that could poison the cathode are the primary challenges in metal interconnect development. These challenges must be addressed in order to achieve the desired long term stability of fuel cells. stainless steel was evaluated for high temperature oxidation properties. Controlled pre-oxidation was found to provide an adherent and conductive oxide scale. Low interfacial resistance of 10 - 20 milliohm-cm² was measured in air at 850°C.

002074   Divekar S P;Pawar S N;Kokate B K;Goswami T K (NO, , 823, Subhash Peth, Pension Pura, Cantonment, Aurangabad=431 002) : Effect of moisture content of wheat starch and heating rate on gelatinization temperature studied by differential scanning calorimetry. J Soil Crop 2004, 14(2), 421-6.

To determine the effect of moisture content on starch gelatinization, wheat starch was tested, with different moisture content (M.C.) levels from 15 to 85% with 5 % interval. It was observed that starch with 30% M.C. gave the highest peak gelatinization temperature of 72°C, followed by 15% M.C. and then 55% M.C. While the starch with other moisture contents had gelatinization temperature near to 65°C. It was interesting to note that the peak gelatinization temperature decreased with increase in moisture content upto 40%. However, it was reverse for M.C. rise beyond 40%. The starch was also subjected to from 5 K to 15 K min^-1 for bringing about the gelatinization and it was found that with different heating rates the highest heating rate (15 K min^-1) gave the highest peak gelatinization temperature (103° C), while the lowest heating rate (5 K min^-1) gave the lowest peak gelatinization temperature (60°C).

1 table, 8 illus, 1 ref

002073   Das S (Metal Composite Grp, Regional Res laboratory (CSIR), Bhopal-462 026, Email: sdas@rrlbpl.org) : Development of aluminium alloy composites for engineering applications. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2004, 57(4), 325-34.

Describes the wear behaviour such as sliding wear, abrasive wear, erosion-corrosion etc. of Al alloy SiC composite. Attempts have been made to make prototype components out of Al-SiC composites for automobile and mineral processing industries such as brake drum, cylinder block, refrax apex insert etc. The performance evaluation of the prototype components in actual field condition showed encouraging results.

8 illus, 27 ref

002072   Chaughule R;Ishida N;Naito S;Kano H (Tata Inst of Fundamental Res, , Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400 005, Email: rsctifr yahoo.com) : Changes of physical state of water, and sugars and oils compositions in growing sapota fruits studied by NMR imaging and spectroscopy. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 162-6.

¹H-NMR images, localized spectral images, T₁, maps and ¹³C-NMR spectra were used to determine water behaviour, and composition of sugars and oils in growing sapota fruit (Manilkara achras L.). ¹H-NMR images showed that during the early growth of the fruit, both locular regions with seeds and young seeds had more water than locules without seeds and fleshy tissue. Water declined in seeds and locules but increased in fleshy tissues after 5 months. The localized spectral images detected sugars in fleshy tissues and oils in seeds at 5 months. Sugars and oils were detected in seeds at 6 months. The appearance of sugars corresponded to the increase of water in fleshy tissues and oils increased with the loss of water in seeds. During the early growth of the fruits, the seeds and locular tissues were differentiated from the reminder of the fruit on NMR relaxation images. However, as the fruit continued to develop the distinction was lost. The seeds of the sapota fruit are somewhat unique in that they contain large amounts of sugars until the fruit is mature.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

002071   Bora L;Joglekar M V (Jayant Industrial & Scientific Res, , Plot No. C-12, Road No.16, Wagle Estate, MIDC, Thane-400 604) : Analysis of castor, non-hydroxy oils and the blends by HPLC. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(3), 86-8.

Castor oil and normal fatty oils give distinctly separate sets of peaks in HPLC analysis under the conditions tried; and in their blends, presence of even 1% of the latter can be detected, and also quantified.

4 tables, 2 ref

002070   Bokhtiar S M;Sakurai K (Bangladesh Sugarcane Res Inst, , Ishurdi-6620, Pabna, Bangladesh, Email: bokhtiarsm@yahoo.com) : Effect of application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 33-7.

An experiment was carried out at under the High Ganges River floodplain soils to examine the effects of organic manure viz. press mud and farmyard manure (FYM) in combination with inorganic fertilizer on productivity of sugarcane. Application of organic manure along with chemical fertilizer increased leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), chlorophyll contents and N, P, K and S concentrations in leaf tissues as compared with inorganic fertilizer alone. The maximum cane yield and sugar yield of 119.14 and 10.99 t ha^-1, respectively were recorded in the treatment that received press mud @ 15 t ha^-1 accompanied with 25% less of recommended inorganic fertilizer i.e., N113, P39, K68, S26 and Zn2.3 kg ha^-1. Result also revealed that the effects of press mud were significantly alike with the other treatments that received recommended inorganic fertilizer only and 25 % less of inorganic fertilizer with FYM @ 15 t ha^-1. The organic carbon, total N and available P, K and S contents of soil increased slightly due to incorporation of organic manure in soils. It is indicated that 25 chemical fertilizer could be saved by use of press mud or FYM @ 15 tha^-1 for obtaining higher yield of sugarcane without deterioration of soil fertility.

4 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

002069   Biswas A K;Keshri R C;Chidanandaiah (Div of Livestock Products Technol, Indian Vet Res Inst, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: drashim78@rediffmail.com) : Effect of different cooking methods on quality of enrobed pork patties. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 173-5.

The effect of four cooking methods on physico-chemical and sensory qualities of enrobed pork patties was investigated. Ground pork patties were (i) broiled, battered and then deep-fat fried (DFF); (ii) broiled, predusted, battered and then DFF; (iii)DFF, battered and again DFF; (iv) DFF, predusted, battered and again DFF. Cooking yield was highest and shrinkage and W-B shear values were lowest for patties cooked by (iv) method. pH was almost equal in all patties. The sensory scores for appearance and colour, coating adhesion, flavour, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability were rated as very good to good for patties cooked by the four methods. However, deep-fat frying, predusting, battering and again deep-fat frying (iv) showed some beneficial effect on product quality over the other cooking methods.

1 table, 18 ref

002068   Bijwe J;Nidhi;Satapathy B K (Industrial Tribolgy, Machine Dynamics and Maintenance Engng Cent (ITMMEC) Indian Inst of Te, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: jbijwe@indiatimes.com) : Influence of amount of resin on fade and recovery behaviour of non asbestos organic (NAO) friction materials. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2004, 57(4), 335-44.

Resin (generally phenolic resin) is one of the most important ingredients in friction materials. It binds the multiple ingredients (generally more than ten) in friction materials firmly so that each can contribute to the performance of the composite most effectively without any significant deterioration in its contribution when operated under diverse operating conditions. However, the type and amount of resin in the composite is very critical in this respect. Right amount of resin imparts adequate integrity to the composite without sacrificing other important properties. However, hardly any research papers are available on the optimization of amount of resin for the best possible combination of desired performance properties. Focuses on this aspect, in particular on fade and recovery behaviour. Three friction composites containing ten ingredients along with straight phenolic resin as a binder in three different concentrations viz. 10, 12.5 and 15% (by weight) were formulated and evaluated for physical, mechanical and tribological performance properties. Fade and recovery studies on these three composites were done according to ECE R-90 regulation. The μperformance, μ-fade and μ-recovery, wear and mechanical properties were significantly influenced by the amount of resin. With increase in percentage of resin, performance μ and fade μ decreased while extent of fade increased. Wear was highest for intermediate phenolic resin contents. Worn surface analysis by SEM was helpful in understanding wear behaviour of the composites.

10 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

002067   Bhardwaj R L;Sen N L;Mukherjee S (Hort Dep, Raj Coll of Agric, Udaipur-313 001) : Effect of benzyladenine on physico-chemical characteristics of shelf-life of mandarin cv Nagpur Santra. Indian J Hort 2005, 62(2), 181-3.

^ssc1 table, 10 ref

002066   Barwal V S;Sharma R;Singh T K (Dep of Post harvest and Technol, Dr Y S Parmar Univ of Hort and For, Nauni-Solan-173 230) : Development and evaluation of dietetic bitter gourd redy-to-serve drink. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 202-05.

A refreshing drink from bitter gourd (Memordica charantia L.) with sorbitol was prepared for diabetics. The calorie value of the developed beverage has been reduced by 80% per serving at 100% sweetness level of sorbitol, During storage for 6 months, total soluble solids, and reducing sugar increased and titratable acidity, total sugars and ascorbic acid, decreased. The sensory quality of the dietetic ready-to-serve (RTS) drink was ranked above acceptable range by the panel of judges during the storage.

4 tables, 15 ref

002065   Bajwa U;Jaspreet Kaur;Sandhu K S (Dep of Fd Sci and Technol, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana-141 004) : Changes occurring during storage of vegetable impregnated paneer. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 152-7.

Paneer samples were prepared incorporating 10% coriander (Coriandrum sativum) or mint (Mentha piperita) leaves. Salted and unsalted paneer samples were stored at room and refrigeration temperatures for shelf-life studies. The acidity increased significantly (p<60>0.01) with advancement in storage period; the rate of increase was lower in samples containing coriander or mint leaves and was further reduced on incorporation of salt. The standard plate count and yeast and mould count also increased significantly (p<60>0.01) at both the temperatures. The effect of both vegetable impregnation and salt incorporation on acid content and microbial counts was found to be highly significant (p<60>0.01). The overall acceptability scores were lowered with increase in storage period. However, all the samples were acceptable for one and 10 days, respectively, at room and refrigeration temperatures. The values of correlation coefficient between acid content and microbial counts and overall acceptability scores were found to be highly significant.

4 illus, 6 tables, 89 ref

002064   Bajwa U;Jaspreet Kaur;Sandhu K S (Dep of food Sci and Technol, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana-141 004) : Effect of processing parameters and vegetables on the quality characteristics of vegetable fortified paneer. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 145-50.

Buffalo milk standardized to 5.0% fat was used. The yield and total solids recovery improved with increase in heating temperature (80-90°C) of milk. However, moisture content declined and body became hard and dry. Augmenting coagulation temperature (67-77°C) also had a similar effect. Delay in straining time from 2 to 12 min. caused undesirable softness in paneer texture. A heating temperature of 85°C, coagulation temperature of 72°C and immediate straining were found to yield paneer with best overall acceptability scores. Augmenting the level of incorporation of coriander or mint leaves from 5 to 30% significantly (p<60>0.01) increased the yield, ash, crude fiber, ascorbic acid, Fe and Ca contents and decreased fat content of paneer samples. The score for sensory attributes were lowered slightly. However, the samples were acceptable at all the levels of vegetable impregnation and the overall acceptability scores were found to be highest with 10% incorporation of coriander and mint leaves.

1 illus, 8 tables, 27 ref

002063   Bajwa U;Gupta M;Sandhu K S;Ahluwalia P;Sahota P P (Dep of Fd Sci and Technol, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana-141 004) : Changes in physico-chemical sensory and microbiological characteristics during storage of carrot-milk cake in various packages. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 119-26.

Physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological changes occurring in carrot-milk cake packed in cardboard box, plastic box, laminated pouch and polyethylene pouch and stored at 30 and 4°C were investigated. The moisture content and a_w of samples decreased significantly whereas titratable acidity, reducing sugars, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), hardness of texture, standard plate count and yeast and mould count increased with the advancement of storage at both the temperatures. The number of psychrophiles also increased continuously at 4°C. The rate of physico-chemical changes at 4°C was found to be slower than at 30°C. The extent of physico-chemical and microbiological changes was minimum in laminated pouch and maximum in cardboard box. The overall acceptability scores were reduced significantly with advancement in storage period and the drop varied with type of package. The shelf-life of carrot-milk cake was found to be 2 days at 30°C in all the 4 types of packages. The shelf-life at 4°C was 21 days in all the packages except in cardboard box where it was 14 days. The correlation coefficient estimates of storage with moisture, a_w, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, NPN, hardness and overall acceptability scores were found to be significant. The correlation coefficients between physico-chemical properties, sensory scores and microbial counts have also been reported.

7 illus, 7 tables, 34 ref

002062   Arora S;Bharti S (Dep of Processing and Fd Engng, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana-141 004) : Effect of mechanical drying on quality of chilli varieties. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 179-82.

Mechanical drying of 'Punjab Lal', 'Punjab Surkh', 'Punjab Guchhedar', 'CH-1 Hybrid' chilli varieties was done at 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65°C. One lot of chillies was pricked manually and the other was kept unpricked; both the lots were given chemical treatment. After drying to a moisture content of 8% (d.b.), the chillies were tested for capsaicin content, colouring matter and germination rate. The variety 'Punjab Lai' in pricked form was found to be of the best quality when dried at 55°C.

10 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

002061   Alam M S;Sharma S R;Gupta S (Dep of Processing and Fd Engng, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana) : Studies on storage behaviour of dehydrated aonla powder. J Res-Punjab Agric Univ 2004, 41(2), 256-60.

4 tables, 8 ref

002060   Aigbodion A I;Okieimen F E (End Use Div, Rubb Res Inst of Nigeria, P M B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria) : Kinetic studies of the preparation of alkyd resins using melon seed oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(3), 104-7.

The kinetics of the preparation of melon seed oil-modified alkyd resins were studied at temperatures between 230°C and 250°C. Three samples of alkyds having oil content of 27%(I), 50%(II) and 60%(III) were prepared with phthalic anhydride, glycerol and melon seed oil using alcoholysis method. Progress of reaction was monitored by measurement of acid value of the aliquots of the reaction mixture withdrawn at regular time intervals. Rate of decrease in acid value is faster at the early stages of the reaction than at the later stages and depended on the amount of oil and other ingredients used. Kinetic analyses of the results show that the reaction progressed as second order reaction at the initial stages up to a point and thereafter deviations were observed except for sample II. Extents of reaction at point of deviation from second order kinetic are respectively 45.1%, and 44.4% for samples I and III indicating low rate of conversion. The corresponding average degree of polyesterification (DP) is approximately 2 suggesting branching at relatively short intervals along the alkyd chains. The second order rate constants, k, calculated for the linear portion were found to be of the order of l0^-5 g (mg KOH)^-1 min^-1.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

000998   Zhang H;Lite L i;Tatsumi E (Fd Processing Laboratory, Natn Fd Res Inst 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba Sci City, Ibaraki-305-8642, Japan) : Influence of high pressure treatment on ovalbumin and its mixture with polysaccharide. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(1), 40-3.

The effects of high pressure treatment on ovalbumin and its mixture with polysaccharide have been investigated by spectrofluorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD). Results indicated that pressure treatment causes the denaturation of ovalumin. Spectrofluorimetry studies have shown that the ovalbumin surface hydrophobicity increases significantly after high pressure treatment. The random coil content of high pressure treated ovalbumin increases with the decrease of the ordered structures of α- helix and β- structure. The presence of polysaccharide appears to protect the ovalbumin against pressure-induced denaturation.

6 illus, 20 ref

000997   Yadav S;Sharma D P (Dep of Anim Products Technol, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004) : Selection of suitable level of whey protein concentrate, guar gum and starch for use as fat replacers in goat meat rolls. Indian Fd Packer 2005, 59(3), 69-74.

An investigation was carried out to select a suitable level of whey protein concentrate (WPC), guar gum and starch for use as fat replacer in goat meat. WPC at 2, 4 and 6% levels, guar gum at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3% levels and starch at 2, 3, 4 and 5% levels were used individually. Selection was done on the basis of emulsion stability and organoleptic evaluation of the products. Increasing the level of WPC increased emulsion stability. Overall acceptability was found to be the best in WPC (4%) samples. There was a significant increase in the gumminess as the level of guar gum increased, which had a negative effect on overall acceptability. Guar gum at 0.5% level was somewhat acceptable for use as fat replacer. Maximum overall acceptability scores were noted in chevon meat rolls with starch at 4% level among different levels of starch used as fat replacer. Emulsion stability increased with increasing level of starch with maximum emulsion stability noted in samples containing starch at 4% and 6% levels.

3 tables, 19 ref

000996   Wisniak J (Dep of Chem Engng, Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel-84105, Email: wisniak@bgumail.bgu.ac.il) : Catalytic Hydrogenation. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(2), 232-43.

Development of catalytic hydrogenation is one of the most significant chapters in theoretical and applied chemistry, which led to the opening of a whole series of new industries, particularly in the petrochemical area. The mechanism for a catalytic reaction involving the presence of an intermediate complex formed by the catalysts and one of the reagents, which eventually led to our present understanding of the phenomenon was suggested by Paul Sabatier.

59 ref

000995   Tamil S A;Kannappan S;Jeyachandran P;Indra Jasmine G;Shanmugam SA (Dep of Fish Processing Technol, Fish Coll and Res Inst, Tuticorin-628 008, Email: selviala@yahoo.com) : Quality indices variation in salt cured potassium sorbate treated shark fish (Carcharhinus sorrah) During storage. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(1), 72-6.

Fresh wholesome shark (Carcharhinus sorrah) was dressed and analyzed for proximate composition. The control shark sample was iced for 48 h and salted at 3:1 ratio (shark:salt), stored at room temperature for 48h and sun dried for 72 h. In the treated sample, the shark was iced for 48 h and salted at 3:1 ratio with 0.1% potassium sorbate and sun dried for 72 h. Both the salt cured samples were packed in HDP woven sacks and stored at room temperature(32°C) for 120 days. Biochemical and sensory characteristics were studied on samples drawn at regular intervals of 30 days. The results showed that samples kept well throughout the storage period and the quality indices were found within the acceptable limits. Overall acceptability of the samples was tested by organoleptic evaluation.

5 tables, 24 ref

000994   Singh S K;Agrawal U S (Dep of Process and Fd Engng, Coll of Technol, G.B. Pant Univ of Agric and Technol, Pantnagar-263-145) : Optimization of grain and machine conditions for milling of green gram (Phaseolus aureus). J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(1), 11-16.

The grain and machine parameters (moisture content, outlet opening, roller speed, roller length, and roller inclination) were optimized for the milling of green gram (Phaseolus aureus) in a continuous emery roller machine. Response surface methodology was used in the experimentation. The milled product was separated into split, dehusked grain (goto), unhusked grain, brokens, powder and husk. The data were analysed to develop models for milling responses (coefficient of hulling, coefficient of wholeness, and hulling efficiency) and optimization of parameters was carried out using multiple response software package. A common compromise point was found for maximum coefficient of hulling, coefficient of wholeness and hulling efficiency. The range of optimum operating conditions for milling were moisture content 10-12% (db), outlet opening 140-182 mm², roller speed 13 m/s, roller length 25-32 cm and roller inclination 5°.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

000993   Singh G;Pandey D K (Chem Dep, DDU Gorkhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: gsingh4us@yahoo.com) : Studies on energetic compounds Part 43: Effect of some BEMP complexes on the combustion and condensed phase thermolysis of HTPB-AP composite solid propellants. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(2), 175-80.

Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite solid propellants (CSPs) have been prepared by incorporating five (ethylenediamine) metal perchlorate (BEMP) complexes like [M(en)₂](ClO₄)₂ (where, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and en =ethylenediamine) as ballistic modifiers. The steady burning rate of the propellants was increased considerably by the additives, [Fe(en)₂](ClO₄)₂ being the most efficient one. The condensed phase thermolysis of un-modified and modified propellants was studied using simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG)-differential thermal analysis (DTA) in nitrogen atmosphere. Thermolysis of propellants is affected when these energetic additives are used as burning rate modifiers in small percentage (2% by wt.). Ignition delay (t_id) measurements on propellants have been conducted to examine the effect of these additives under the condition of rapid heating. The role of these additives on thermal decomposition of oxidizer (AP) is also investigated using simultaneous TG-DTA in N₂. Also rapid thermolysis of pure AP as well as AP + additive mixtures was assessed by t_id measurement technique. The complexes of Fe and Cu show considerable effect on both slow and rapid thermolysis of propellants and AP.

2 illus, 5 tables,34 ref

000992   Sharma S K;Lal Kaushal B B;Sharma P C (Dep of Hort, G.B Pant Univ of Agric and Technol Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttaranchal-249 199) : Technology refinement for preparation of foam mat dried hill lemon juice powder. Indian Fd Packer 2005, 59(1), 75-82.

The existing technology for the preparation of foam mat dried Hill Lemon juice powder was refined by evaluating the effect of various foaming agents and the folds of concentration of lemon juice on the foaming, drying and quality characteristics of juice powder. The effect of cation exchange resin on the reduction of browning of lemon juice powders was also evaluated. It was observed that lemon juice concentrate of 60° Brix can be used successfully for the preparation of foam with 2 to 2.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) but beyond this level the concentrates become difficult to work in a mixer due to high viscosity. Among various foamming agents evaluated, 2% CMC was found better to all the tried concentrations. The removal of about 97% amino acids from the lemon juice by cation exchange resin treatment was also helpful in reducing the non-enzymatic browning and accumulation of hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) and furfural in prepared powders by about 3,34 and 5.5 folds respectively, while the retention of ascorbic acid and total sugars was more by about 38.42 and 7.58 percent respectively in the powders prepared from the treated juice as compared to the untreated counterpart. The technology thus developed can be of great significance to the industry in preparation of lemon juice powders with better quality and reduction of browning in similar products.

1 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

000991   Sharma D P;Panda P C;Ahlawat S S (Dep of Anim Products Technol, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004) : Effect of additives and microwave cooking on quality of spent chicken meat patties. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(1), 35-9.

Spent chicken meat patties were prepared from thigh and breast separately using additives (tetra sodium pyro-phosphiate, sodium nitrite, ascorbic acid) and spice mix by conventional oven (CO) and microwave oven (MWO) cooking. These were stored at 4±1°C for 15 days. Studies revealed that MWO cooked patties had lower moisture content than CO cooked patties. Treatments with salt+additives (SA), salt+spices (SS) and salt+additives+spices (SAS) were effective in the retention of moisture both in CO and MWO cooking. Thigh meat patties showed significantly higher lipid and lower protein and ash contents as compared to breast meat patties. SA, SS and SAS treatments of thigh and breast meat resulted in higher ash lower lipid content than bland cooked patties. CO cooked patties were more tender, juicy and overall more acceptable than MWO cooked patteis. Microbial count did not differ singnificantly either in MWO and CO cooking or in high and breast meat patteis. It is concluded that microwave cooking is equally effective in prolonging the shelf-life of patties. However, MW products tend to be harder, less acceptable than CO cooking due to more moisture loss.

7 tables, 21 ref

000990   Sharma A K (Dep of Civ Engng, Maulana Azad Natn Instiute of Technol, Bhopal-462 007) : Lanthanum Cobalt oxide catalyst: Synthesis and characterization. Pollut Res 2005, 24(1), 19-22.

The active ingredients currently being used as catalysts in the catalytic converters in developed countries are noble metals such as Pt, Pb, Rh. The search for substitute to noble metals has led to the study of mixed oxides. Method of preparation has major effect on the exhaust purification performance of these mixed oxide catalysts. In the work lanthanum cobalt oxide catalyst was synthesized using co-precipitation method and specific heating cycle. Synthesized catalyst was characterized using X -ray diffraction patterns. Lattice parameters of the catalyst synthesized at 600°C - 24 hrs was comparable with the work of other researchers.

1 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

000989   Seal A K;Chakraborti P;Roy N R;Mukherjee S; Mitra M K;Das G C (Metall and Mater Engng Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: gopesdas@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of phase separation on the fracture toughness of SiO₂-B₂O₃-Na₂O glass. Bull Mater Sci 2005, 28(5), 457-60.

Fracture toughness of glass is usually poor, due to the absence of grain boundaries and discontinuties. The compositions of the glass studied are in the phase separated region of SiO₂-B₂O₃-Na₂O system. The interface between the glass in glass separation enhances the fracture toughness. The increase in the connectivity of phase separated regions cases increase of fracture toughness from 0.98 through 1.43 to 1.54 MPam^1/2.

3 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

000988   Sayeed M;Ganguly U P (Dep of Chem Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, Kharagpur-721 302) : Linear and nonlinear regression analysis for a relationship between the apparent viscosity of a slurry and its solids concentration. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(1), 47-9.

For the suspension of solids in water, the apparent viscosities have been determined by a specially designed coaxial, cylindrical, rotational viscometer, which has been used earlier [1]. In the study, binary mixtures of coarse and fine solids - both of same density - have been tried. The volume fraction of the solids, (φ, at which the apparent viscosity of the slurry, μ_sl, tends to be infinity, is represented by the term (φ_m. Sand, lime stone, and hematite of different sizes have been used besides spherical glass beads which are of two sizes. The value of (φ_m has been determined from the conventional plot of 1/<206>μ_r versus φ as the value of the intercept on the φ axis. By the method of linear regression, a simple relationship has been obtained between φ/φ_m and μ₄ which satisfactorily fits the experimental data.

2 illus, 11 ref

000987   Sangani V P;Patel N C;Golakia B A (Dep of Agric Chem and Soil Sci, Coll of Agric Engng and Technol, Coll of Agric, Junagadh Agric Univ, Junagadh-362 001) : Studies on extraction of essential oil from cumin. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(1), 92-5.

Water distillation method was followed for the extraction of essential oil from cumin variety 'GJ-2'. The effect of distillation time and different particle sizes of cumin were studied. The treatments consisted of 6 levels of particle size, i.e. whole cumin, -14+20 mesh, -20+28 mesh, -28+35 mesh, -35+48 mesh, -48+65 mesh of cumin with 6 replications. The particle size -35+48 mesh was recommended for higher recovery and good quality of essential oil.

1 illis, 5 tables, 9 ref

000986   Saito M;Rai D R (Fd Packaging Laboratory, Post-harvest Technol Div, Natn Fd Res Inst 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan, Email: d_r_rai@yahoo.com) : Qualitative changes in radish (Raphanus spp.) sprouts under modified atmosphere packaging in micro-perforated films. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(1), 70-2.

Gas concentrations, weight loss, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, β-carotene and smell rating were evaluated for radish (Raphanus spp.) sprouts, packaged in 4 different highly permeable micro-perforated film packages and stored for 6 days at 15°C in order to determine the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on different qualitative parameters. O₂ and CO₂ concentrations inside different film packages during entire storage period varied between 0.2 and 15% and 5 and 16%, respectively. Results indicated that a combination of 9-13% O₂ and 8-11% CO₂ generated inside 2 types of film packages used in the study was a suitable gaseous combination to maintain most of the qualitative parameters as well as simultaneously avoiding the development of off-flavours, till 6 days of storage.

6 illus, 19 ref