005358   Lakshmi U K;Radha Priya D (Fd Sci and Nutri Dep, Avinashilingam Deemed Univ, Coimbatore-641 043) : Incorporation of dehydrated plantain and drumstick flowers into recipes and their acceptability. Indian J Nutr Diet 2005, 42(7), 300-7.

Aimed at analysing the nutritive value of sun dried, shade dried and oven dried drumstick flowers and plantain flowers and incorporate them into recipes and evaluate the acceptability. The findings revealed that oven dried samples were highly nutritious. Content of antinutritional factors namely phytate, tannin an doxalates were found to be very negligible. Incorporation of dired flowers into many recipes and chutney powders at five and ten per cent level were highly acceptable. The findings of the present study revealed the fact that the dehydrated vegetable flowers which are underutilized but nutrient dense in terms of fibre, vitamins and minerals can be incorporated into recipes to make them value added to overcome several nutritional problems.

5 tables, 14 ref

005357   Ladaniya M S;Singh S;Mahalle B (National Research Centre for Citrus, , P B No 464, Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 010, Email: ladaniyams@yahoo.com) : Sub-optimum low temperature storage of `Nagpur' mandarin as influenced by wax coating and intermittent warming. Indian J Hort 2005, 62(1), 1-7.

Effects of wax coating (Sta-fresh 921) and intermittent warming at sub-optimum low temperature (3-4 °C) were evaluated during long term storage (75 days) of 'Nagpur' mandarin fruits packed in vented polyethylene lined CFB boxes. Fruits were also evaluated after one week of shelf-life at 20 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% RH at each cool storage interval. There was no chilling injury in fruits stored with intermittent warming {(3-4° C) 2 wk + (20° C) 1 wk cycle} in either waxed or non-waxed fruits upto 75 days. At 3-4 °C (continuous) waxed and non-waxed fruits recorded higher chilling injury. However, wax coated fruits had less chilling injury as compared with non-coated fruits. Decay was higher in fruits stored at 3-4 °C followed by fruits stored at 6-7 °C (continuous). There was no significant difference in physiological weight loss between waxed and non-waxed fruit. Intermittent warming treatment resulted in very good colour development. Fruit firmness was higher in wax coated fruit than non-coated fruit under all storage conditions. Appearance and flavour score were maximum in fruits stored with intermittent warming. Acceptability was maximum in wax coated fruits stored at 3-4°C (2 wk) + 20° C (1 wk) cycle. Findings indicated that intermittent warming and wax coating are useful for extending the storage life of 'Nagpur' mandarin up to 75 days with 1-wk shelf life at ambient conditions.

4 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

005356   Jayachandran K S;Srihari D;Narayana Reddy Y (Division of Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Email: mailtojc@rediffmail.com) : Pre-harvest sprays of different sources of calcium to improve the shelf-life of guava. Indian J Hort 2005, 62(1), 68-70.

Pre-harvest spray of calcium compounds reduced physiological loss in weight and titratable acidity, while they increased TSS, reducing sugars and pectin contents. However, higher concentration of calcium nitrate was more effective than other treatments. The fruit firmness increased as the concentration of calcium increased in the fruits. Calcium nitrate delayed softening and enhanced the shelf-life of fruits.

3 tables, 15 ref

005355   Dhanasekar R;Viruthagiri T (Department of Chemical Engineering, Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Email: rdhansekar28@rediffmail.com) : Batch kinetics and modeling of poly-β-hydroxy butyrate synthesis from Azotobacter vinelandii using different carbon sources. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(3), 322-6.

Mathematical model is presented for the batch production of poly-beta-hydroxy butyrate, a well known biopolymer. from Azotobacter vinelandii utilizing different carbon sources, sucrose and cheese whey. The effect of substrate concentrations and inoculum concentrations on cell mass and P(3HB) production are studied in a batch experiment Substrate utilization kinetics is also studied. Set of differential equations for cell mass rate, product formation rate, and substrate utilization rate as functions of initial cell concentration, cell concentration at any time and stationary cell concentrations, are used to predict the system behaviour. The kinetic pattern obtained from the batch experiments are used to simulate the models.

4 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

005354   Dewani P P;Shinde V;Jhala A S;Jhala Y S; Vijayvergiya N (Department of Dairy and Food Technology, College of Dairy and Food Science Technology, MPUAT, Udaipur-313 001) : Effect of admixture of sweet cream, butter milk and whey protein concentrate on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of Khoa and Peda. Indian J appl pure Biol 2004, 19(2), 197-205.

Whey protein concentrate and sweet cream butter milk standardized to 5.0 per cent and 8.5 per cent SNF and blended in various proportions such as 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 and subjected to a heat treatment of 90°C/10 min. The heat-treated blends were concentrated by RO to 30 per cent TS and further to 40 percent TS by vacuum evaporation. The resultant concentrates were used separately for khoa preparation. Further peda and gulab jamoon were prepared by the standard method. With the increase in the levels of WPC in the admixture, yield, acidity, HMF and penetration values increased correspondingly whereas, fat, protein, lactose and ash content decreased proportionately with the increase in the moisture content. Color and appearance, body and texture and overall acceptability scores of peda increased up to 30 percent WPC level, whereas, flavour scores increased even up to 50 per cent WPC levels.

3 tables, 24 ref

005353   Deka B C;Sethi V;Saikia A (Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785 013) : Changes in quality of mango-pineapple spiced beverage during storage. Indian J Hort 2005, 62(1), 71-5.

Mango-pineapple spiced beverages were prepared from 'Dashehari' mango and 'Kew' pineapple. Fifteen per cent blended juices (85:15) were used for preparation of ready-to-serve (RTS) beverages having 10° Brix, 0.2% acidity and 0.006% cardamom spice drops. The RTS beverages stored in white and amber coloured bottles for 6 months under 3 different storage environment viz., ambient temperature (12.5-36°C), cool chamber (10-29.6°C) and low temperature (4 ± 1°C) showed a gradual decrease in sensory quality, acidity, ascorbic acid and tannins. Retention of ascorbic acid was more in beverages stored in amber coloured bottles under low temperature. An increasing trend was found in total soluble solids, reducing sugars, total sugars and NEB. The hunter colour values 'L and a' got decreased over 6 months. The major volatile flavouring compound found in mango-pineapple spiced beverage was Terpenyl acetate that got decreased during storage.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

005352   Alkadasi N A N;Hundiwale D G;Kapadi U R (Department of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, P O Box 80, Jalgaon-425 001) : Studies on effect of titanate coupling agents on the mechanical properties of clay and talc filled styrene butadiene rubber. J scient ind Res 2005, 64(9), 679-83.

Effect of titanate coupling agent on clay and talc has been studied with polybutadiene as a matrix. Tensile properties were measured on a computerized UTM using ASTM procedure. Comparison of properties of composites filled with treated and untreated fillers established that treatment of fillers imparts better reinforcing properties. The properties under consideration were tensile strength, modulus (100% & 400%), Young's modulus, hardness, etc. Improvement in properties for clay and talc respectively were as follows: Tensile strength, 14, 19; Modulus (400%), 140, 90%; and Young's modulus, 275, 25%.

6 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

005351   Ali N;Chaudhary B L;Khandelwal S K (Department of Renewal Energy, College of Technology and Engineering Udaipur-313 001, , Email: alinafis@rediffmail.com) : Microbial and chemical pretreatment of maize cob heart to enhance the rate of biomethanation. Indian J appl pure Biol 2004, 19(2), 239-48.

Maize cob heart is an agricultural residue obtained after the threshing of grains as byproduct. It is available abundantly in most of the parts of country. The status of utilization of the residue is very poor. The treatment of maize cob heart with lignolytic fungi and chemical i.e. Volvariella diplasia and pyrogallol red respectively tor biogas production under laboratory condition have been dealt with. It was observed that pretreatment increases the biodegradability of maize cob neart for sufficient biogas production. The total biogas production from maize cob heart was about 319.85 liter/kg.d.m. when treated with V. diplasia and 210.96, 200,51 liter/kg.d.m., when treated with pyrogallol red having 1.0 ppm and 2.0 ppm concentration respectively. While the gas obtained from untreated maize cob heart was about 36.54 liter/kg.d.m. Accordingly considerable decrease in total solid, volatile solid, C/N ratio, protein, cellulose, lignin and volatile fatty acid concentration was observed with the increased gas production within 60 days of retention period.

3 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

005350   Ajit Kumar;Gaur M K;Gaur R;Singh S K (Department of Microbiology, Dr R M L Avadh University, Faizabad-224 001) : Ethanol production by thermotolerant Saccharomyces spp. isolated from molasses pits. Indian J appl pure Biol 2004, 19(2), 179-82.

The ethanol production by thermotolerant yeast was studied in laboratory at different Temperature form 30 to 45°C. The yeast showed high ethanol concentration at 40°C. further increase (45°C) decreased the ethanol production. The strain was optimized for ethanol production pH and sugar concentration. The optimism pH 4.5 and 5.0 were found suitable at 16% sugar concentration for maximum ethanol production at 40°C.

3 tables, 8 ref

005349   Ahmad M S;Thakur K S;Lal Kaushal B B (Division of Post Harvest Technology, IARI, New Delhi-110 012) : Post-harvest treatments to retain kinnow storage quality. Indian J Hort 2005, 62(1), 63-7.

A continuous increase in PLW of fruits during storage was observed in all treatments and storage conditions. However, application of Bavistin (0.05%) + PE packing of four fruits in a unit proved to be an efficient treatment in reducing weight loss followed by Sta-Fresh 960 (100%). The ascorbic acid contents registered a gradual decline with the advancement in storage period in all treatments and storage systems. Packaging of four fruits in one PE bag after 0.05% Bavistin treatment followed by 100% wax emulsion recorded maximum retention of ascorbic acid content as compared to other treatments at the end of storage. Maximum spoilage due to fruit rotting was observed in response to T₄ (6% rice starch + 2% gum + 0.05% Bavistin). On the other hand, minimum spoilage was observed in fruits treated with Sta-Fresh 960 (100%) and Bavistin (0.05%) + PE packing of four fruits in a unit. In general, fruits from the treatments T₄ (Sta-Fresh 960, 100%) and T₁₀ (0.05% Bavistin dip + PE packing of four fruits in a unit) were found to be superior from the rest of treatments.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

005348   Agrawal R K;Pandey P K (Steel Authority of India Limited, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai-491 001, Email: bitdurg@sancharnet.ac.in) : Productive recycling of basic oxygen furnace sludge in integrated steel plant. J scient ind Res 2005, 64(9), 702-6.

The study described techniques of recycling the gas cleaning plant (GCP) sludge generated during basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel making process. Two different experiments were conducted to gainfully utilize converter sludge in iron making and steel making. The experiments resulted in two different products namely lime sludge briquette (LSB) and dolomite sludge mix (DSM). While LSB is used as a coolant in steel making, DSM is used for sinter production. Each one is having cost effective advantages on one hand and substantially reduced dumping of waste on the other.

4 illus, 5 ref

004288   Subbarao C V;Manasa M;Madhuri V (Department of Chemical Engineering, M V G R College of Engineering, Vizianagaram-535 005) : Study of long acting fertilizer through water soluble polymer. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2005, 4(2), 273-5.

Slow release is one of the ways of minimizing fertilizer loss. This can be achieved by providing various coatings like plaster of paris, resins, waxes and sulfur etc. The work is aimed at long acting capacity of potassium chloride fertilizer through water soluble urea-formaldehyde polymer. The experiments are carried out for various weights of potassium chloride.

^ssc5 illus, 1 ref

004287   Schmidt L D;Subramanian R;Salge J R;Deluga G A (Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA) : Hydrogen and chemical from renewable fuels by autothermal reforming. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 100-5.

The Hydrogen Economy and biorefining require new methods to convert biological products into hydrogen and chemicals with high efficiency and low cost. Authors have demonstrated that fossil fuels from natural gas to diesel can be converted into hydrogen or olefins with <62>90<37> efficiency by partial oxidation in autothermal chemical reactors operating with residence times of approximately five milliseconds. Here authors extend these experiments to the production of' hydrogen from com-derived ethanol and olefins from soybean-derived biodlesel by partial oxidation. The former operates with ethanol-water mixtures to attain at least 4 H2 molecules for each ethanol molecule, while the latter converts <62>80<37> of the carbon atoms in soy biodiesel into ethylene, propylene. and higher olefins and olefinic esters. These processes capture up to 80<37> of the energy in biomass and convert it into electricity or chemicals.

2 illus, 9 ref

004286   Sahoo A;Roy G K (Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008, Email: gkroy@nitrkl.ac.in) : Bed expansion of a squared gas-solid promoted fluidized bed by modified Godard - Richardson equation. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 95-8.

Gas-solid fluidized bed is characterized by the formation of bubbles and slugs. The expansion beyond the point of incipient Huidization is primarily due to the gas bubbles. Based on Godard and Richardson's correlation for the bed expansion in a bubbling two-inch (5cm) cylindrical bed, the modified correlations for a bubbling 8.3 cm squared cross section fluidized bed have been developed for both promoted and un-promoted beds considering the effect of material and the fluid properties, the column geometry and the presence of the promoter. The bed expansion ratios calculated with the developed correlations have been compared with the experimental ones and a fairly good agreement has been observed. The correlations for the correlation factor 'm' have also been obtained for both the promoted and un-promoted bed to predict the bed expansion ratio.

5 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

004285   Pramanik K (Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506 004, Email: kpr@nitw.ernet.in) : A study on ethanol production from the mixture of waste pineapple and banana peel in slurry fermenter. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 115-18.

Production of ethanol from the mixture of banana peels and pineapple wastes using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast extracted from toddy has been investigated in batch-slurry fermentation. The influence of various process parameters, such as temperature, pH, amount of fruit wastes and inoculum time on the rate and extent of ethanol formation, was studied. The optimum pH and temperature were found to be 4.0 and 35<144>C. The Saccharomyces yeast strain was found to be efficient to ferment at least 200 gms of fruit wastes without any difficulty, producing 7.0<37> of ethanol with a yield of 0.35 g ethanol/g sugar consumed. From the study of the inoculum time, it was established that the optimum growth time is 48 hrs. Considerable economy can be achieved by propagating the yeast in sterilized juice, extracted from fruit waste, instead of using synthetic medium for cell growth.

7 illus, 17 ref

004284   Munshi B;Gupta R K (NO, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Chemical Engineering Group, Pilani-333 031, Email: basudeb@bits-pilani.ac.in) : Search of a suitable model for ethyl acetate reactive distillation system. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 81-7.

Systematic search for a model of ethyl acetate reactive distillation column is presented. A pseudo-unsteady state model is developed and validated with the results available in the open literature. Different thermodynamic models are examined to account for non-idealities in liquid and vapour phases. The simulated results demonstrate excellent agreement with the available published results. It is observed that both NRTL and Wilson thermodynamics models are equally efficient to account for non-ideality in liquid phase. The simulation results have shown that phase equilibrium model is sufficient to predict the ethyl acetate reactive distillation behaviour.

10 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

004283   Kansal S K;Manohar Singh;Kaur M P;Sud D (Sant Harchand Singh Longowal Central Institute of Engineering & Techn, , Longowal-148 106, Email: mssaini58@yahoo.com) : Studies on photodegradation of methyl blue using photocatalyst. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 111-14.

Wastewater containing dyes emanating from textile mills is strongly coloured and is carcinogenic in nature. In order to reduce pollution load, it is desirable to degrade the dye into non-toxic form before its discharge into the main stream. The paper reports the photocatalytic degradation of methyl blue in presence of catalysts and UV light. The photocatalysts used for the study are titanium dioxide (T_iO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO) and different ratios of T_iO₂ and ZnO. The rate of degradation has been estimated by UV-VIS spectrophotometrically. The effect of various parameters, such as pH, initial concentration of dye and catalyst dose on degradation of the dye has also been assessed. The experimental results indicate that degradation of dye occurs at a faster rate when photocatalysts are mixed in different ratios. The percentage increase in rate of photodegradatlon of dye by employing mixed catalyst systems ranges from 13 to 22<37>. The best results are obtained when T_iO₂ and ZnO are mixed in the ratio 9:1.

5 illus, 22 ref

004282   Jha P K;Acharjee D K (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: dka@che.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Prediction of permeate concentration for separation of dye from aqueous solution by ultrafiltration. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 106-10.

Cellulose acetate membrane in a spiral wound module was used for separation of methyl violet dye from aqueous solution by ultrafiltration. A steady state model was derived to predict permeate concentration considering the flow in spiral wound membrane module equivalent to flow in channel with two porous walls. The ultrafiltration was conducted upto an inlet pressure of 8 kg/cm². The feed dye concentration was varied in the range of 0.01 to 0.25<37>. The maximum percent rejection of the dye by the membrane was 93.4 <37>. The deviation between the theoretical permeate concentrations predicted by the model and the experimental values was within 6<37>.

6 illus, 13 ref

004281   Harini S;Chidambaram M (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai-600 036, Email: chidam@iitm.ac.in) : Identification of unstable systems. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 88-94.

The closed loop identification methods of Bogere and Ozgen and Lee et al. proposed for stable systems are extended for identifying an unstable process as second order plus time delay (SOPTD) transfer functions without and with a zero respectively. These methods first identify the dosed loop transfer function to be an SOPTD transfer without zero. A method is also proposed based on identifying the closed loop transfer function to be as an SOPTD model with a zero followed by identifying the open loop transfer function as an SOPTD model with a zero. For simulation work, two case studies are considered as the process: unstable second order plus time delay system, and, unstable third order plus time delay system. The closed loop servo responses of the actual process with the PID controller settings designed for the models and for the actual process are evaluated and compared. The performance improvement of identifying a process as an SOPTD system over that of identifying as an FOPTD system is demonstrated. The performance improvement of identifying the process/closed loop as an SOPTD with a zero over that of a system without zero Is also brought out.

7 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

004280   Datta S;Banerjee M K (Department of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, B.E.S. University, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103, Email: sdatta@matsc.becs.ac.in) : Neuro fuzzy modlling of the strength of thermomechanically processed HSLA steels. Indian J Phys 2005, 79(5), 473-83.

The mechanical properties of HSLA steels are modelled by the application of neuro-fuzzy systems in respect of the effect of composition and process parameters. Neuro-fuzzy system generated through data clustering showed a good performance from the prediction point of view. Also increase in number of rules improved the predictability of the system. A new design of neuro-fuzzy system through division in sub-classes has enabled the system to model a complicated system of non-linear input-output relationship.

16 illus, 1 tables, 24 ref

004279   Das S K (Chemical Engineering Department, University of Calcutta, 92 A P C Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: drsudipkdas@vsnl.net) : Carbon disulphide - toxic chemical. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 132-3.

2 tables, 18 ref

004278   Chaurasia A S;Babu B V;Amanpreet Kaur; Thiruchitrambalam V (Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani-333 031) : Convective and radiative heat transfer in pyrolysis of a biomass particle. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 75-80.

Pyrolysis is a process by which a biomass feedstock is thermally degraded in the absence of air/oxygen. It is used for the production of solid (charcoal), liquid (tar and other organics) and gaseous products. In the study, a mathematical model to describe the pyrolysis of a biomass particle is used to study the importance and effect of convective and radiative heat transfer on its surface. Pyrolysis rate has been simulated by a scheme consisting of two parallel primary reactions and a third reaction for secondary interactions between volatile and gaseous products and the char. Finite difference method using pure implicit scheme is used for solving heat transfer equation and Runge-Kutta 4th order method for chemical kinetics equations. The model equation is solved for cylindrical pellets, spheres and slab geometries of equivalent radius ranging from 0.003 m to 0.011 m, and temperature ranging from 303 K to 1000 K. Proposed model is validated with reported experimental data and further exhaustive simulations are carried out for understanding the pyrolysis phenomena. The work carried out in the study is important and useful for optimal design of the biomass gasifiers, reactors, etc. It is very useful in the design of industrial pyrolysis units also.

10 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

004277   Chakraborty M;Bhattacharya C;Datta S (Department of Chemical Engineering, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat-395 007) : Study of the extraction of copper (II) and nickel (II) from wastewater by emulsion liquid membranes<. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 127-31.

7 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

004276   Biswas K;Bera D;Ray L;Chattopadhyay P (Department of Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, Email: legrftbe@vahoo.com) : Continuous biosorption of chromium (VI) by immobilized bacterial strain. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(2), 119-22.

Biosorption of chromium (VI) by Ca-alginate immobilized isolated bacterial strain was investigated in a laboratory scale packed bed column. Effective column height and internal diameter were 15 and 2.4 cm respectively, when it was filled by immobilized biomass. Treated volume upto breakthrough points as well as the service time of the bed and dynamic capacity of the column decreased with increasing flow rate. At the lowest flow rate of 2.7 ml/min, chromium (VI) (50 ppm) solution was treated using immobilized cell containing 1.5 gm and 3.0 gm wet cell respectively. The column became saturated in respect of Cr(VI) adsorption after 150 minutes. Maximum removal of chromium (VI) was 60<37> using 3.0 gm immobilized cell and flow rate 2.7 ml/min.

9 illus, 15 ref

003224   Wisniak J (Dep of Chem Engng, Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel-84105, Email: wisniak@bgumail.bgu.ac.il) : Borax, boric acid, and boron - from exotic to commodity. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(4), 488-500.

Since old times borax has been an important raw material used particularly in the metal and ceramic industries first for soldering and brazing, second as a flux to give certain glazes an appropriate fusibility. Author has provided the historical background that led to the understanding of the nature and composition of boron compounns, isolation of the element, and establishment of a flourishing industry with an overall annual world output of more than 4.5 million tons of ore.

2 tables, 45 ref

003223   Verma V;Singh L (Dep of Bot, Meerut Coll, Meerut) : Screening of different doses of preservatives and spices in pickles in relation to the shelf life. Adv Pl Sci 2005, 18(1), 49-54.

The increase in the shelf-life of all the pickle types (Mango, Mixed vegetable, Lemon) was proportionate to the increased doses of spices and mustard oil. The results may be of use to the food microbiologist and common people.

4 tables, 12 ref

003222   Nikalji A P;Mane R;Ingle D (Y.B. Chavan Coll Of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad Coll Campus, Rauza Bagh, Aurangabad-431 001, Email: ana@k.st) : Synthesis and anti microbial activity of new formyl and 4- thiazolidinonyl-1, 5-Benzothiazepines. Res Link 2005, 4(21), 88-93.

2-[Substituted] phenyl]-4-[2'-hydroxy-3'/5'- substitutedphenyl]-2, 3-dihydro-1, 5-benzothiazepines 1 were farmylated using Vilsmeier-Haack reagent. The 3-formyl-l, 5-benzothiazepines 2 were condensed with aromatic amines to yield the Schiff's bases, 2-[4' substituted phenyl]-3-[N-substituted phenyl azomethinyl]-4-[2'-hydroxy-3'/5'-substituted phenyl]-2,3-dihydro-l, 5-benzothiazepines 3. The compounds 3 were cyclo condensed with mercapto acetic acid in presence of anhydrous zinc chloride in refluyed dry benzene to get the title 4-thiazohdinonyl-l, 5-benzothiazepines 4. The compounds were evaluated for the anti microbial activity and have shown promising results.

2 tables, 16 ref

003221   King P;Prasad V S R k;Hanumantha Rao G (Dep of Chem Engng, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Ionic mass transfer onto a target surface with submerged impinging jet in a closed cell. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(4), 455-61.

Mass transfer studies onto a target surface (disc type) with a submerged impinging jet in a closed cell were carried out. The limiting current technique for reduction of ferricyanide ion was employed. For varying parameters like nozzle sizes, the experimental mass transfer data were analyzed for two ranges of heights from target surface, H_n <60>0.05 m and H_n≥0.05m.

13 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

003220   Bose M S R K;Sathyendra Kumar G;Venkateswarlu C (Process Dynamics and Control Grp, Chem Engng Sci Div Indian Inst of Chem Technol, Hyderabad-500 007) : Detection, ioslation and reconstruction of faulty sensors using principal component analysis. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(4), 430-5.

Strategy based on principal component analysis (PCA) is presented for detection, identification and reconstruction of faulty sensors. In the strategy, sensor fault detection is carried out by using multivariate statistics, faulty sensors are isolated using principal component score contributions and reconstruction of faulty sensors is accomplished through the analysis of fault direction vector. The performance of the strategy is evaluated by applying to a closed-loop controlled CSTR system. The simulation results demonstrate the ability of the strategy for detection, identification and reconstruction of single and multiple faulty sensors.

5 illus, 13 ref

003219   Balange A K;Joshi V R;Gangan S S;Pagarkar A U (Coll of Fish, , Shrgaon, Ratnagiri-415 629) : Standardisation of receipe for fish ball in curry product. Ecol Envir Conserv 2005, 11(1), 57-60.

Different levels of tomato i.e. 10, 20, 30, 50 and 60% of onion (fixed quantity) were added to curry paste for the preparation of curry. Different levels of green chilly, coriander, garlic and ginger (GCGG) spice mixture i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% of curry paste for the purpose of curry preparation. Another experiment was carried to find out the suitability of different levels of water i.e. 10 to 60% of curry paste of preparation of curry. It was noticed that curry prepared with tomato at a level of 20% of onion was found to suitable organoleptically and pH of curry paste was found to be 5.36. A level of 3% of GCGG spice mixture improved the taste of curry. Fish balls prepared with concentrated curry paste with oil at level of 0.5% of curry paste was found to be suitable curry paste with oil at level of 0.5% of curry paste was found to be suitable organoleptically. Curry prepared by adding oil at the rate of 3% of curry paste had scored high values for all attributes as compared to other levels. Curry prepared by diluting curry paste with water at the rate of 20% of curry paste had been adjudged the best as compared to the other water levels.

6 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

002116   Zynudheen A A;Ninan G;Sen A;Badonia R (Res Cent of Cent Inst of Fish Technol, , Veraval-362 069) : Ice storage studies of Jawla (Acetes spp). Fish Technol 2005, 42(2), 231-32.

3 tables, 4 ref

002115   Wang Z Z;Zhang S Z;Yang B P;Li Y R (Natn Key Biotechnology Lab for Trop Crops CATAS, , Haikou 571101, P R China, Email: liyangrui40@hotmail.com) : Trehalose synthase gene transfer mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens enhances resistance to osmotic stress in sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 49-54.

Trehalose synthase gene (TSase) from Grifola frondosa was transferred into sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L.) using Agrobacterium- mediated method to improve sugarcane drought-tolerance. The results indicated that embryogenic callus of sugarcane was sensitive to A. tumefaciens EHA105 strain in the transformation system employed. The high frequency of PPT-resistant plants were obtained from transformated with 3 weeks callus after incubation, which reached 4.5% on average. The transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR and southern blot analysis. Some transgenic plants showed multiple phenotypic alterations and some plants demonstrated improvement tolerance to osmotic stress.

9 illus, 23 ref

002114   Viswanathan R;Balamuralikrishnan M (Pl Path Sect, Sugarcane Breed Inst ICAR, Coimbatore-641 007, Email: rasaviswanathan@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of mosaic infection on growth and yield of sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 61-5.

Studies were conducted on the impact of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) on cane growth and yield of two popular sugarcane varieties Co 740 and CoC 671 with virus free and virus-infected seed cane materials. The results revealed a significant reduction in sett germination and tiller production in both the varieties. Similarly a significant reduction in number of millable canes due to virus infection was found in both the varieties at the time of harvest. Virus infection significantly reduced the net CO₂ assimilation rate during the grand growth period. At harvest, cane stalks from virus-infected plots recorded a significant reduction in cane diameter, cane weight and number of internodes. Results of juice analysis revealed that virus infection reduced brix, sucrose per cent, purity and commercial cane sugar per cent in both sugarcane varieties. The results indicated that infection of SCMV in sugarcane may severely affect cane growth and sugar yield under field conditions, and sugar recovery to a significant level in the country.

1 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

002113   Verma M;Itoriya A;Mehta B K (Sch of Stud in Chem, Vikram Univ, Ujjain-456 010) : DIP MS study Centratherum anthelminticum seed oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(3), 113-14.

The benzene-ether extraction of the seeds of Centratherum anthelminticum gave 13 compounds by DIP-MS analysis.

^ssc1 table, 6 ref

002112   Varma V R;Kotilinga Reddy Y;Sarma K S;Shive Kumar;Ravi Kumar (Dairy Technol Programme, Coll of Vet Sci, Tirupati-517 502) : Process optimization of milk cake using cow milk. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 167-9.

Standardization of technology for the manufacture of milk cake using milk was carried out. Increased levels of fat in milk resulted in increase of fat, free fatty acids (FFA) and decrease in protein, total carbohydrates and ash content. Sensory evaluation of milk cake prepared with cow milk having 6% fat gave rich appearance to the product than 4 and 5% levels of fat in milk. Good consistency, granular size and optimum browning in the centre of the milk cake were noticed, when prepared with the addition of 12% sugar.

3 tables, 11 ref

002111   Tyagi A;Bhowmick D N (Div of Oils, Surfactants and Oleochemicals Univ Dep of chemical Technol, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Separation, characterization and estimation of chlorogenic acid from aqueous extraction of sunflower meal. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(3), 108-13.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is present in sunflower seed in a bound form and imparts colour to the seed meal during aqueous extraction. Estimation of CGA, therefore is important from the point of view of quality of the meal. Aqueous extracts of sunflower seeds were processed through ultrafiltration (UF) membrane having nominal molecular weight cutoff (NMWCO) of 100 KD. Most of the soluble protein was retained by the UF membrane and CGA was recovered from the permeate by extracting with n-butanol pH of the seed meal extraction played an important role in the formation of the protein-CGA complex, which in turn governed the efficiency of butanol extraction. Extracted CGA was further purified by chromatographic methods and estimated spectrophotometrically. Authentic sample was used for comparison. Extracted meal was devoid of any CGA. The investigation also showed promise for large scale separation/isolation of CGA, which has a good potential for medicinal application.

11 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

002110   Tripathi A K;Misra A K (Dep of Dairy Microbiology, Coll of Dairy Technol Indira Gandhi Agric Univ, Raipur-492 012) : Soybean - a consummate functional food. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 111-19.

It will be conspicuous to elaborate the multifold benefits of soybean as healthful functional food for human because it contains more protein than beef, more calcium than milk, more lecithin than egg with more vitamins, minerals and many biologically active components. Soybean is cheaper, conventional, convenient and richest source of protein for the fast expanding population world wide because of its bitter taste, chalky mouth feel, beany/greeny/astringer flavour, it has become an intensive need for the current era to suit the western life style. Efforts have been made to bring out different delicious novel foods from soybean to promote its wide consumption and acceptance, several kinds of fermented soyfoods, like soyghurt, soydahi, acidosoymilk, natto, soy sauce, miso, tempeh, oncam, soycheese, viz. sufu and taoco (mold and LAB ripened), and non-fermented soy foods, such as soy milk, soy channa, soy paneer (tofu), soynuts, soybean sprouts, soy flour, soy protein, soy concentrate and soy isolates have been presented in this review for the benefit of the common consumer. There are different new generation foods from soybean, which include soy butter, soy pudding, soy candy bars, soy ice cream, soyghurt, soy cheese, soy burger, meatless meat balls, soy bread, soy paste, soy cereals and snacks. Some other functional soy ingredients and dietary supplements, which are also considered as power house of phytochemicals such as soy lecithin (a good phospholipid containing linoleic and linolenic acid), vitamin E (in its four isomeric forms as α-, βp-, γ - δ- tocopherols), oligosaccharides, isoflavones (part of flavonoids, viz. diadzin, genistein and glycitin), phytosterols (cholesterol lowering compounds), phytates (prevent CVD, and act as antioxidants and anti-carcinogens)-and trypsin inhibitors (kunitiz inhibitors and Boeman-Brik inhibitors-BBI) and powerful prebiotics (oligosaccharides), which act as anti-carcinogenic and hypocholesterolemic compound, bone resorption in menopausal women and esterogen antagonist, which have been approved by FDA as healthful functional foods.

^iia1 illus, 2 tables, 86 ref

002109   Tejinder S;Shilpa (Dep of Fd Sci and Technol, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: tej@emmtel.com) : Mashing of malted grains with whey and buttermilk: characteristics of extract and concentrate. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 130-6.

Food malts prepared from hulled barley, hull-less barley and wheat were mashed with whey and buttermilk replacing water by 50 and 100%, respectively. Effects of whey, buttermilk and their solids on malts extract and rheological characteristics of the concentrates were investigated. The yield of extract increased by 3 to 109% over those of the controls. Titratable acidity and soluble nitrogen of the extracts increased with increase in whey/buttermilk contents. Reducing sugars of 100% whey-malt extracts were 3-6 fold higher than those of the corresponding buttermilk-malt extracts. However, free α-amino nitrogen contents of the extracts were decreased. At 20-50°C, flow behaviour indexes of malt concentrates varied from 0.40-0.97, indicating their mild to moderate pseudoplasticity. Total replacement of water for mashing of malts with whey/buttermilk produced concentrates with higher consistency index and yield stress values than those of the controls or with 50% whey/buttermilk. Differences in the values decreased as experimental temperature was increased. Buttermilk-mashed malt concentrates showed higher values for activation energy of flow than those of the whey.

2 illus, 7 tables, 43 ref

002108   Sreenivasula Reddy B;Chakraverty A (Cent Inst of Agric Engng, , Nabi Bagh, Bhopal-462 038, Email: bsvreddy17@rediffmail.com) : Heat of vaporization of raw and parboiled paddy. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 150-2.

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of raw and parboiled paddy were obtained by equilibrating them at 20 to 80% equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) at 13, 30 and 40°C above saturated inorganic salt solutions. Product constants for modified Henderson equation were determined, with the EMC-ERH data. The heat of vaporization (h_fg) of raw and parboiled paddy at different grain moisture contents and temperatures was estimated using modified Henderson equation and Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The heat of vaporization of paddy increased as moisture content and temperature decreased and remained higher than that of pure water. The heat of vaporization of raw paddy was 4% higher than that of parboiled paddy at all grain temperatures and moisture content of 5% (dry basis).

5 tables, 10 ref

002107   Solomon S K (Lucknow Christian Coll, , Lucknow) : Environmental pollution and its management in sugar industry in India. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 77-81.

The liquid and gaseous effluents produced from sugar industry have adverse impact on ecosystem and environment due to their high BOD load and toxic constituents. In order to reduce pollution hazards, industry is implementing environment management (EMS) to improve economic and environrnental performance of sugar processing unit. A new international EMS standards ISO 14001 is also discussed.

4 tables, 7 ref

002106   Sirohi D;Patel S;choudhary P L;Sahu C (Dep of Agric Processing and Fd Engng Fac of Agric Engng, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur-492 006) : Studies on preparation and storage of whey-based mango herbal pudina (Mentha arvensis) berverage. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 157-61.

A whey-based mango-pudina (Mentha arvensis) beverage was prepared with pudina extract ranging from 0 to 4% (v/v). Quantity of mango pulp and sugar were fixed at 15 ml and 8 g, respectively per 100 ml of the beverage. Whey quantity varied from 73 to 77 ml for each 100 ml of the beverage depending on the quantity of pudina extract. Beverages filled in glass bottles were evaluated for storability at 7±1

2 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

002105   Sinha R;Kawatra A;Sehgal S (Dep of Foods and Nutr, I C Coll of Home Sci Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Saponin content and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea: varietal differences and effects of processing and cooking methods. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 182-5.

Significant varietal differences were observed in the content of saponin and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in 5 varieties of cowpes (Vigna unguiculata). The dry seeds were given different treatments including soaking, cooking as well as germination and the changes in the level of the antinutritional factors were estimated. There were significant reductions in the content of these 2 antinutrients as a result of different treatments. Soaking for 18 h resulted in 34 and 23% reduction in the saponin content and TIA, respectively. The removal was higher with longer periods of soaking. Losses of antinutrients were greater when soaked versus unsoaked seeds were cooked. Pressure cooking had more beneficial effect than ordinary cooking. Germination had the most pronounced saponin lowering effect followed by pressure cooking of dehulled seeds. The processing method involving pressure cooking completely eliminated the TIA, while soaking and germination partly removed the activity.

1 illus, 3 tables, 1 7 ref

002104   Singh S D;Rao G P (AKS Herbal Res & Ld Dev Cent, , AKS House Parha, Kasia Road, P O Railway Colony, Behind Riyaz Haddi Hospital, Mohaddipur, Gorakhpur-271 012, Email: ssrp97@indiatimes.com) : Stevia: The herbal sugar of 21st Century. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(1), 17-24.

Stevia is the new emerging alternative source of calorie free sweetener having no carbohydrate and fat. It is 20 to 30 times sweet than cane and beet sugar, highly nutritious, delicious, non-toxic and non-additive sugar. It also enhances the flavour, helpful in digestion, weight reduction, anti oxidant, prevent dental caries and having antimicrobial and anti-plaque properties, increases mental alertness, increase energy levels but does not affect the blood sugar level, therefore key-source sweetener for diabetic world. Besides, Stevia can be used in hypertension, hypoglycemic, helpful in skin toning and healing, tobacco and alcohol cravings and a tonic for pancreas. It can also be used as alternative source of sugar for food confectioneries, bakeries, fruit juices, jams, biscuits, chocolates, vegetables and other food stuffs. The recent researches alongwith future prospective of this new emerging medicinal plant has been discussed in this chapter.

1 illus, 1 table

002103   Singh R P;Khanna R K;Srivastava R (Dep of Oil & Paint Technol, H B Technological Inst, Kanpur-208 002) : Study on deep fat frying using blends of ricebran and groundnut oils. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(3), 89-92.

Refined bleached and deodorized ricebran oil (RBO) was blended with refined groundnut oil (GNO) in the ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20, and was subjected to deep fat frying of potato chips at 180°C for 36h. Physico-chemical and electrical properties of these blended oil samples were analyzed at the time interval of 6h. and it was observed that the stability of RBO was comparable to GNO. Since RBO is a nutritionally important edible oil because of its excellent hypolipidemic activity and other therapeutic benefits, blends of RBO and GNO also have good nutritional value.

5 tables, 9 ref

002102   Singh G;Asha Kawatra;Sehgal S (NO, , 10/17, Old Campus) : Development and nutritional evaluation of products prepared from dried powder of cauliflower leaves. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 137-9.

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) leaves considered as waste were dried, powdered and used for preparing namakpara, kurmura, biscuit and cake. Protein content was maximum in kurmura (12.25%) and minimum in biscuit (7.42%) when evaluated nutritionally. Ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents of all the products, ranged from 2.21 to 4.29 and 2.04 to 4.98 mg/100 g, respectively. Total iron content was highest in cake (9.90 mg/100 g) whereas ionizable iron content was maximum in biscuit (2.83 mg/100 g).

4 tables, 13 ref

002101   Shivpuri R (Professor and Director, Manufacturing Res Grp The Ohio St Univ, Columbus, Ohio, USA, Email: shivpuri.1@osu.edu) : Advances in numerical modeling of manufacturing processes: application to steel, aerospace and automotive industries. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2004, 57(4), 345-66.

Great advances have been made recently in the modeling of manufacturing processes that permit the integration of material behavior with process design and control. The objectives are often to reduce defects, improve part properties and quality, and to make the manufacturing system more productive. Demonstrates some of these advances by providing industrial case histories from the rolling, machining, die casting and forging process areas. Cases traditional finite element modeling with microstructural modeling, phase transformations, thermal and shear softening at high strain rates, solidification modeling and use of statistical regression for process optimization. References have been provided in the use of AI techniques for reverse engineering the material processes for improved properties and reduced defects. It is shown that accurate physical, mechanical and thermal modeling of deformation and solidification behavior and the interface conditions are essential to the optimal use of these advanced models for industrial applications which tend to be difficult in formulation. In doing so, simplifications are often necessary to obtain a satisfactory solution to a complex problem.

23 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

002100   Sharma D K;Arora S;Sehgal V K (Dep of Processing and Fd Engng, Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana) : Effect of drying methods on storage of paddy seed. J Res-Punjab Agric Univ 2004, 41(2), 261-5.

Fresh paddy at a moisture content of 26.8 per cent d.b. was purchased and dried to 11.9 per cent d.b. for seed purpose in the month of November. The paddy was dried by electrically operated mechanical drier and a solar drier. The temperature in the mechanical drier was maintained at 45°C. After drying by both the methods, the paddy seed was stored in 8 kg capacity jute bags at room temperature. During storage, the moisture content, germination, vigour index, 1000-seed mass and insect-infestation was studied at an interval of two months. It was observed that both solar dried & mechanically dried seeds, proved equally good during storage. The grains were free of any insect-infestation during the storage period.

3 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

002099   Sharma A K;Sarkar B C;Sharma H K (Dep of Fd technology, Sant Longowal Inst of Engng and Technol, Longowal, Sangrur-148 106, Email: bcsarkar@yahoo.com) : Energy and peak force requirements in carrot slicing. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 195-7.

Influence of the cutting speed and diameter of carrot on the energy and peak force requirements on slicing was studied using texture analyzer. The energy required for slicing carrots and peak force were varied from 10.065 to 201.2 Nm and 2.54 to 140.35 N, respectively depending on the slicing conditions. The data were analyzed and mathematical relationships between dependent and independent variables were developed. It was observed that the energy and peak force were mainly influenced by core diameter and central part of the carrot.

5 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

002098   Saxena M;Dhimole L;Tiwari S;Asokan P (Regional Res Lab (CSIR), , Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal-462 026) : Blue dust and fly ash as raw materials for paints. Metals Mater Process 2005, 17(2), 141-8.

Blue dust, a waste from iron ore mines is used as pigment for anticorrosive primers. Characterization of primers is done by studying properties like viscosity, density, drying time, film thickness, and scratch hardness and impact resistance. The performance of primers containing blue dust is compared with that of a commercial primer. Blue dust primer exhibits good resistance to corrosion and have no adverse affects on other properties of coatings. The extender properties of fly ash were determined and compared with those of a conventional extender. The effects of fly ash on coating properties and film characteristics are also discussed. Two-body abrasion tests were conducted to assess the abrasion resistance of the coatings. The properties of fly ash that contribute to its usefulness as an extender are its abrasion resistance, chemical inertness, low oil absorption and specific gravity. Blue dust and fly ash can be cost effective substitutes for conventional iron oxide pigments and extenders in high performance coatings.

5 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

002097   Saravana Kumar R;Manimegalai G (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agric Univ, Vriddhachalam-606 001) : Studies on storage stability of whey-based papaya juice blended RTS beverage. J Fd Sci Technol 2005, 42(2), 185-8.

Whey-based papaya fruit juice blended ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage was prepared as per FPO specification by blending papaya juice at 10% with whey. The TSS and acidity were maintained at 15°B and 0.3%, respectively as per FPO specification. After in bottle pasteurization and cooling, the RTS beverage was stored at refrigeration temperature. The storage stability, microbiological and sensory changes were evaluated periodically during storage. During storage there was an increase in acidity and reducing sugar and a decrease in pH, total sugar and ascorbic acid but TSS did not change. A slight increase in the microbial load was observed during storage. The sensory quality attributes were highly acceptable even after storing for 3 months at refrigeration.

2 tables, 27 ref