015249   Mascarenhas M (NO, Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd., Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400 013) : Smart coatings - current research and applications. Paintindia 2005, 55(12), 55-66.

Smart coatings are structured, functional systems that can sense and react to specific external conditions. Sensor coatings, self-healing coatings, Self-assembling nanoscopic coatings are some of the coatings with smart functions reviewed. Nanotechnology and interdisciplinary materials science are the major drivers in the structuring of these innovative functional paints.

23 ref

015248   Kosunen J;Fleet R V (NO, Honywell Pulp & Paper Solution Cent, 56 & 57, Hadapsar Indl. Estate, Pune-411 013) : Recent applications of the modern control technology in the pulp process management. IPPTA Jl 2005, 17(4), 63-6.

1 illus, 2 ref

015247   Jha U S (NO, Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers Ltd. Priyadarshini, Eastern Express Highway, Sion, Mumbai) : Existing policy environment for nitrogenous fertilisers with special emphasis on urea. Indian J Fertil 2005, 1(9), 71-6.

Food security has been a prime concern of the Govt. of India right since independence. Fertilisers have played a significant role in achieving this objective. Nitrogenous fertilisers form the major part of the fertiliser product basket. This article reviews the growth of nitrogenous fertiliser industry, the policy environment and the industry proposed roadmap for the future.

illus, tables, ref

015246   Jana A K;Jain A;Kumar J (Dep of Chem and Bio Engng, Natn Inst of Technol, Jalandhar-144 011) : Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paints and its reduction. Paintindia 2005, 55(12), 67-72.

Basic components of the paints are pigments, binders, film formers, additives and solvents. Thinning solvents are sometimes added before application. Many of the chemicals in conventional paint are known or suspected to be carcinogens. These paints and solvents contain Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) such as xylene, toluene, methyl or ethyl ketone, etc of concentration up to 550 gm/liter and play a great role in air pollution. VOCs also react with NOx in the atmosphere and give rise to ground level ozone and photochemical smog which are harmful. Environmental pollution aspects of the conventional paints and new developments in paint technology to reduce pollution have been discussed. The potential alternatives are reducing the amount of solvents in the formulation to make high solid content paint, substitution of VOCs with less damaging solvents such as water based paints and the substitution of aromatic with aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents. Coating the metal items using powder technology, or the use of ultraviolet light to promote polymerization of the coating film are also the emerging technologies.

1 table, 19 ref

015245   Jamil S;Babar Ali (NO, Packages Limited, Shahrah E Roomi, P. O. Amer Sidhu, Lahore-54760, Pakistan) : Improvement in performance of corrugated shipping container with relation to raw material properties. IPPTA Jl 2005, 17(4), 77-80.

In the paper the performance of CWC is related to raw material properties and effect of change in one property on other properties was observed. Wheat straw as a raw material for manufacturing CWC is very difficult to handle on paper machines. Number of trial is done to optimize final properties of paper used for manufacturing corrugated containers. The result of these trials is also shown in this paper. These trials are change in jet to wire ratio, head box consistency, press and calender load, starch spray between layers and surface sizing and influence on ring crush strength as well as other properties were observed. It was found that surface sizing is the best option to improve all strength properties with slight decreasse in production. A lab-scale study was also conducted to observed the effect of RH on properties of liner, fluting and Corrugated shipping containers when place under different humidity conditions. It shows that moisture, grammage, elongation and tear strength increases while burst, tensile index, stiffness and ring crush values decreases with the increase in relative humidity. Similarly the strength properties of CWC also decrease with increase of RH. The results of this lab-study are also plotted in this papers.

3 illus, 4 tables, 3 ref

015244   Jain R K;Singh K;Kulkarni A G (NO, Cent Pulp and Paper Res Inst, Near Himmat Nagar, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur-247 001) : Technology Up gradation and modernization of fiber line - a key to competitiveness of the indian paper industry. IPPTA Jl 2005, 17(4), 49-52.

Paper describes the over view of the Indian paper industry covering the status, growth trends and issues confronting with the industry. In light of this how the modernization / technological upgradation of fibre line can help the industry in improving its competitiveness.

2 illus,

015243   Hellander J C (NO, C & M Technologies, Inc. 3210 Independence Street Lakeland, FL 33803, Email: cmtofla@msn.com) : Optimize process furnace: thermal and operational efficiency. Indian J Fertil 2005, 1(9), 55-60.

The application of a high emissivity ceramic coating to the refractory lining and a high emissivity and thermally conductive ceramic coating to the process tubing contained in the radiant section of a process furnace or boiler will improve the operational reliability, thermal efficiency, metallurgical reliability and stability and maximise the production capability and reliability of the ceramic coated refinery process furnace while reducing the formation of NO_x. The application of a high emissivity ceramic coating to the refractory lining contained in the radiant section will maximise the absorbed and re-radiated versus reflected component of heat transfer. The application of a thin film, high emissivity and thermally conductive ceramic coating to the fire side of the process tubing will result in the elimination of the formation of the insulating (scale and oxidation) surface layers that form during operation and increase the emissivity, (the absorbed component of heat transfer) of the process tube's surface from 0.82 to 0.90 @ 650°C/1202°F. This will allow the ceramic-coated surface of the process tubing to uniformly maximise the absorption of energy (heat) and improve the temperature uniformity of the ceramic-coated process tubing thus reducing hot spots. A combination of these ceramic coating technologies will increase the overall reliability, metallurgical stability, operational efficiency and production capability of the ceramic-coated radiant section. Several long-term studies (4 to 6 years) of the reliability (operational) improvements will be reviewed including applications in steam reformers, platformers, CCR's and vacuum furnaces worldwide.

6 illus

015242   Datta C K;Bansal N C;Gupta H C;Gupta A K (Indo Gulf Fertilisers Ltd., , Jagdishpur Industrial Area, Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dattac@adityabirla.com) : Maximising on-stream days -a cultural revolution. Indian J Fertil 2005, 1(9), 49-52.

Indo Gulf Fertilizers is a gas based urea fertiliser plant located at Jagdishpur. Due to various impediments in fertiliser business growth, IGFL aligned activities to cut down the cost. Apart from energy conservation, IGFL focused on reducing break down to Zero in order to reduce maintenance expenses. This resulted in maximisation of ammonia plant on stream days. Longest ever uninterrupted operation of ammonia plant for more than 410 days (till the time this article was written) is attributed to a multi-pronged practices adopted by IGFL for changing the mindset of people to think differently and creating a defect free work culture to accomplish the objective. The strategy so engineered culminated in the form of reduced energy consumption and maximising on-stream days.

illus, tables, ref

015241   Awate B P;Shenoy S C;Ashok Kumar;Jhanji S C (NO, Ballarpur Industries Limited, Unit: Ballarpur, P. O. Ballarpur Paper Mills, Chandrapur-442 90l) : Optimization of bleaching process to achieve pulp brightness of 88<. IPPTA Jl 2005, 17(4), 67-71.

Detailed study is presented for a bleaching sequence of CD EopHHD for a mix of bamboo/ Hardwood. The brightness at hypo stage preceding D-stage must be optimized to get full development of brightness in the final stage. Similarly, end pH of the D- Stage tower stock is an important factor. If the end pH at D- Stage is optimized for a given furnish, significant gain can be achieved in the final D-stage pulp. For improved bleachability of pulp depending on the final product, the mills have to develop a strategy for the raw material sourcing so that the defined raw material mix will be available for better management of process parameters within the defined range.

5 tables, 6 ref

014187   Venkatesan O R;Kanmani S (NO, Anna Univ Cent for Envir Stud, Chennai-600 025) : Waste minimization in a petroleum refinery. Indian J envir Prot 2005, 25(7), 635-44.

Waste minimization study with the systematic approach involves the use of system analyzing tools and decision-making tools, such as process mapping, cause and effect analysis, root cause analysis, brainstorming/brainwriting, bubble up/bubble down and criteria matrix. The waste minimization study with the systematic approach was carried out in the Refinery I of M/s Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chennai focusing on process liquid waste streams. Process maps were developed for 13 plants in Refinery I and 20 process liquid waste sources were identified. From this, 2 liquid waste sources were identified as waste minimization opportunities. For this, a waste minimization option was developed. The option was to place an oil recovery system near the 2 sources in crude distillation unit. The cost of the option worked out to be Rs. 11.75 lakh. This option would result in reduction of demulsifying chemical requirement in wastewater treatment plant and the payback period worked out to be 6 years. The systematic approach study helped to identify and develop this oil recovery system at source itself as a weste minimization option which was not revealed in their waste minimization studies carried out earlier.

2 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

014186   Vandana V;Karuna M S L;Reddy J R C;Vijeeta T; Rao B V S K;Prabhavathi Devi B L A;Prasad R B N (Lipid Sci STOPWORD Technol Div, Indian Inst of Chem Technol, Hyderabad-500 007) : Bleaching and enrichment of phospholipid content in commercial rice bran lecithin. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(4), 145-50.

Lecithin is an important by-product obtained during degumming step of vegetable oil processing and rice bran oil is one of the sources of lecithin. A systematic study was carried out on bleaching of crude rice bran oil gums using various bleaching agents to obtain light colored lecithin. A simple method was also developed to enrich phospholipid content to a definite extent in crude rice bran lecithin. The color of the lecithin was reduced from 18+ to 13 units when a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide or sodium chlorite was used. There was no change in acid and peroxide values of the bleached and enriched lecithin compared to crude lecithin. The fatty acid composition of bleached and enriched lecithins was also reported.

8 tables, 11 ref

014185   Vali S R;Chakrabarti P P;Kaimal T N B (Lipid Sci STOPWORD Technol Div, Indian Inst of Chem Technol, Hyderabad-500 007) : Characterization of a novel phosphoglycolipid from rice bran oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(1), 3-14.

Rice bran oil contains unusually high amount of glycolipids. Though glycolipids are known for significant biological activities and surfactant properties, no effort was made to isolate glycolipids from rice bran oil. A group of glycolipids were isolated from rice bran oil and probable structure of a novel group of phosphorus containing glycolipids was elucidated as 1,2-diacyl-3-0-phosphate-0-[6-0-acyl(α-D-galacto-pyrano syl]-sn-glycerol.

9 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

014184   Tyagi R;Tyagi V K;Khanna R K (Dep STOPWORD Oil STOPWORD Paint Technol, Harcourt Butler Technol Inst, Kanpur-208 002) : Performance evaluation of esterquat formulations on different substrates. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(1), 11-14.

Attempts have been made to evaluate the performance of dilutes of "Concentrate" and "Ultra" of maximum cationic- containing esterquat obtained from esterification of stearic acid and triethanolamine and subsequent quaternization with DMS, on different substrates viz. 100% cotton, 100% polyester and 60/40 polyester/cotton blend. The evaluated properties were softness, antistaticness, antiwrinkleness and rewettability. Softness and antistaticness of esterquat formulations were found to be maximum at 100% cotton and minimum at 100% polyester. On the other hand, 100% cotton showed poorest rewettability whereas 60/40 polyester/cotton (blend) showed maximum antiwrinkleness.

3 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

014183   Tanna N P;Mayadevi S (Chem Engng STOPWORD Process Dev Div, Natn Chem Lab, Pune-410 008) : Performance analysis of a membrane reactor for reversible reactions. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(3), 195-8.

Performance of a membrane reactor (batch operation) has been analyzed for the esterification of propionic acid with propanol and compared with that of the conventional batch reactor. The membranes considered for the study are zeolite (A, X, Y, T) membranes due to the wide range of flux and selectivity. The results show that membrane reactor gives superior performance compared to conventional batch reactor. The time required for attaining the maximum conversion is dependent on membrane selectivity and flux. At low membrane selectivity, the conversion is low due to (1) Loss of alcohol through membrane, and, (2) equilibrium constraint. For a specific membrane mass transfer area, the membrane having permeation rate matching that of water generation, gives optimum performance. Even for a membrane with a poor selectivity, high performance can be achieved by proper selection of membrane area. Among zeolites, zeolite A, having the highest flux and selectivity, gives the highest ester production in minimum time. Operating the reaction with a high alcohol concentration, results in higher conversions for highly selective membranes.

6 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

014182   Srivastava A;Sharma K;Gadgil K (NO, Indian Inst of Technol Cent tor Energy Stud, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : A review on waste management issues and options in hydrocarbon exploration and production activities. Indian J envir Prot 2005, 25(7), 583-94.

To meet with the present day demands of energy, oil and gas exploration activities are increasing all over the globe. With the increase of such activities the generation of both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes go on increasing. This industry becomes one of the major sources for such waste generation. There is growing concern regarding the treatment and disposal of these wastes posing a challenge to scientists and environmentalists. Aimed to comprehend and study the various information available in this area and compare with the prevailing scenario in certain respects so as to bring out options that may be better tried and implemented in the preview of environmental legislation, discharge/emission standards and good international practices.

2 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

014181   Sogbaike C E;Okieimen F E (Dep STOPWORD Chem Industrial Agric Products Res Lab, Univ of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria) : Evaluation of epoxidised jatropha seed oil as thermal stabiliser for poly vinyl chloride. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(1), 3-8.

Epoxidised Jatropha seed oil (1.0, 5.6 and 9.5 mol% epoxidesea) was prepared at 29°C using paracetic acid produced in situ by reacting hydrogen peroxide (30% v/v) with various amounts of glacial acetic acid. Barium, cadmium, lead and zinc soaps of the epoxidised oil were prepared by metathesis in alcohol solution. Thermal degradation studies on poly vinyl chloride (PVC) in the presence of the epoxidised oil and their metal soaps were carried out under non-oxidative and oxidative conditions at 190°C. Changes in intrinsic viscosity and levels of unsaturation in the degraded polymer samples together with kinetic data (rate measurements at 1% conversion) were used to evaluate the stabilizing effect of the additives on the thermal degradation of PVC. It was found that the additives retarded the rate of dehydrochlorination of PVC and markedly reduced the level of unsaturation in the degraded polymer. The results showed that chain scission in the predominant reaction that accompanied dehydrochlorination and that the average number of chain scission per polymer molecule was reduced by the additives.

1 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

014180   Singh R;Rawat S S;Kumbhar B K;Sharma A K (Dep STOPWORD Process STOPWORD Fd Engng, G.B. Pant Univ of Agric and Technol, Pantnagar-263 45) : Optimization of process parameters for aqueous extraction of oil from rapeseed. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(3), 93-8.

Effect of aqueous extraction parameters such as extraction temperature, solid to water ratio and extraction time on oil recovery from rapeseed has been studied and the optimum range of parameters were found to 43-77°C, 1:5-1:15 and 20-70 min respectively. Response surface methodology was used for design of experiments and optimization. A typical experiment of aqueous extraction of rapeseed resulted in 44.7% oil recovery 52°C, 1:14 solid to water ratio within 52 min of extraction time. Results also showed that solid to water ratio was the highly significant parameter affecting oil recovery while extraction time was least significant over the experimental range.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

014179   Shalini;Saraswathi G;Gopalakrishna A G (Dep STOPWORD Stud STOPWORD Fd Sci STOPWORD Nutr, Univ of Mysore, Mysore-570 006) : Tocopherols content in edible oils sold in Mysore city. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(2), 59-64.

On surveying the market of Mysore city, 11 different types of edible oils were available for sale which included crude oils, refined oils and blended oils. Nineteen samples of oil produced from groundnuts, soybeans, sunflower seed, palm fruit, mustard, olive, coconuts, rice bran, sesame (gingelley) and safflower seed along with 5 blended oils (2 commercial and 3 laboratory preparations) were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties like colour, free fatty acids value (FFA) peroxide value(PV) and tocopherols content. Colour, FFA and PV were found to be higher in crude oils than the refined oils. Among the oils analyzed, crude palm oil was found to be the richest (260 mg%) and coconut oil was found to be the poorest source (10 mg%) of tocopherols. However, on blending coconut oil with sesame oil, the tocopherol content could be increased appreciably in the blend. Thus, blending can be used as a means for the enrichment of tocopherol content.

5 tables, 6 ref

014178   Sangit Kumar;Singh H B (Dep STOPWORD Chem, Indian Inst of Technol Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: chhbsia@chem.iitb.ac.in) : Thiol peroxidase-like activity of some intramolecularly coordinated diorganyl diselenides. J chem Sci 2005, 117(6), 621-8.

Several new diaryl diselenides having intramolecular coordinating groups have been synthesized by ortho-lithiation/Na₂Se₂ routes in good yield. Bis[2-(N-phenylferrocenecarboxamide)] diselenide, bis[2-(N-tert-butylferrocenecarboxamide)] diselenide, (S)(S)-bis[2(-N-phenethylferrocene-carboxamide)] diselenide were synthesized by the ortho-lithiation route. Bis[2-(N,N-dimethyl-aminomethylnaphthyl)] diselenide was synthesized by lithium/bromide exchange reaction whereas bis (2,4-dinitrophenyl) diselenide was prepared by the reaction of disodium diselenide with 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene. Thiol peroxidase-like activities of the diorganodiselenides have been evaluated by using H₂O₂ as substrate and PhSH as cosubstrate. Diselenides with dimethylami-nomethyl- or nitro-donor groups in close proximity to selenium, show much better thiol peroxidase-like activities compared to diselenides with amide donor groups. Cyclic voltammetry study of diselenides derived from redox-active ferrocenamide has been carried out.

1 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

014177   Ravi V;Murty B S N;Dutt N V K (Inst STOPWORD Systems Sci, Natn Univ of Singapore, 25 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119615) : Forecasting the properties of carboxylic acids by a threshold accepting-trained neural network. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(3), 147-51.

A feed forward neural network trained with a global optimization meta-heuristic, viz., Threshold Accepting (TA) algorithm, was employed for the first time to a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) forecasting problem concerning the important properties of carboxylic acids finding several practical applications. Using properties such as normal boiling and melting points, molar refraction as inputs, the properties of relevance to process equipment design and environment have been predicted. Comparison of the results of the TA-based training algorithm with those obtained from using the back propagation algorithm shows that the former algorithm outperformed the latter in the 'leave-one-out' method of testing. Therefore, based on the current empirical study, it is inferred that TA-based training algorithm circumvents the 'over-fitting' problem that is normally associated with the back propagation algorithm. Hence, it can be used as a viable and sound alternative to the traditional back propagation algorithm in such applications.

1 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

014176   Rauf A;Parveen H;Ahmad S (Sect STOPWORD Oils STOPWORD Fats Dep STOPWORD Chem, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002) : Triacylglycerols-profiling by high performance liquid chromatography for detection of lard in palm oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(2), 45-8.

Reports the triacylglycerols (TAG)-profiling of palm, lard and palm-lard mixtures. TAG profiles were analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography using a Lichrosphere-100 RP-18 (5 μm) column and acetonitrile-dichloromethane (58:42, v/v) as a mobile phase. Lard was mixed with palm oil at the ratio of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 100. In all samples, TAG separation was achieved isocratically in <126> 15 min. TAG-profile analysis was used for detection of lard in palm oil.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

014175   Raju P;Alexis S J (Dep STOPWORD Civ Engng, Sri Krishna Coll of Engng and Technol, Coimbatore-641 008) : Bio gas production in anaerobic digestion of sugar mill sludge by two stage process. Indian J envir Prot 2005, 25(7), 625-8.

All conventional wastewater treatment processes produce large quantities of wastewater in the form of dilute solid mixture known as sludge. Sludge contains major portion of pollutants responsible for degradation of the environment. If this sludge is treated properly, the byproducts resulting can be utilized for some other useful purpose. An attempt has been made to produce methane (which can be used as a fuel for domestic application) by the digestion of sugar mill sludge in a two-stage process. The resultant effluent can also be used as a fertilizer. In the first stage of the process for an organic loading rate of 1.5 kg vs/m³.d, 88.26% of methane is produced in the total volume of the gases evolved. In the second stage for the same organic loading rate 84.29% of methane is produced, which is highly noticeable.

5 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

014174   Pratap A P;Agrawal A;Wanjari A;Padwaldesai S R;Gholap A S;Bhowmick D N (Div STOPWORD Oils Oleochemicals STOPWORD Surfactants Univ Inst STOPWOR, Univ of Mumbai, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Effect of gamma irradiation on processing parameters of groundnut oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(4), 151-9.

Most of the oils used for the edible purpose are obtained from vegetable sources such as oilseeds. The oilseeds are susceptible to pests, insect infestation and fungal attack even when carefully stored. Because of these reasons, the value of the extracted oil is lowered both in terms of quantity and quality. The oil, which is mechanically expelled or hydraulically pressed, seldom needs refining. However the oil obtained by the solvent extraction of oilseeds or oilcake require refining as the extracted oil contains several impurities e.g. free fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, tocopherols, pigments (chlorophyll, gossypol), resinous and mucilagenous materials etc. Post harvest protection of oilseeds has remained a challenging task. Traditional methods of preserving oilseeds are either expensive or inadequate on safety concerns. In the investigation, the technique of high-energy gamma irradiation was used for disinfestations of oilseeds. The effect of irradiation on the processing parameters such as degumming, alkali refining, bleaching, deodorization and hydrogenation of the oil extracted from irradiated and nonirradiated oilseeds was studied.

15 tables, 13 ref

014173   Prasanna Rani K N;Kale V (Lipid Sci STOPWORD Technol Div, Indian Inst of Chem Technol (CSIR), Hyderabad-500 007) : Thin film deacidification and deodorization of high FFA rice bran oil and castor oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(3), 99-104.

India is the largest castor producing and second largest rice producing country in the world. The oils derived from both have immense potential in edible and non-edible category. The processing of these oils is concerned with control of unit operations and unit processes. Thin film deacidification and deodorization is an efficient method to remove fatty acids and odoriferous compounds from crude oil. In this work laboratory scale thin film deacidification and deodorization unit was fabricated and used for physical refining of rice bran oil (RBO) and castor oil. Basically the unit is a packed column with structured packing. The effect of process conditions namely temperature, vacuum and throughput were studied. It was inferred from the experiments conducted that better results were obtained for lower flow rates of oil and steam and higher vacuum and temperature. The best conditions for maximum reduction in FFA for both the oils were oil flow of 5ml/min, steam flow of 0.5 ml/min, temperature 230°C and absolute pressure of 1 mm Hg.

8 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

014172   Patil J P;Shinde U S;Nevkar G S;Singh J (NO, Regional Sugarcane and Jaggery Res Stn, Opp. Shri Shahu Market Yard, Kolhapur-416 0051) : Clarification efficiency of synthetic and herbal clarificants in quality jaggery production. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(2-3), 77-81.

Experiments conducted at the Regional Sugarcane and Jaggery Research Station, Kolhapur during 1999-2000, 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 to study the clarification efficiency of some synthetic an herbal clarificant suitable for quality jaggery. The synthetic clarificant like Bhendi powder or SNi @ 2 ppm with herbal clarificant bhendi plant @ 2 kg/1000 lit wee found effective in improving NRS, Colour, Jaggery recovery and maximum removal of scum, showing better effect on quality of jaggery and also helped in maintaining higher NRS and better colour jaggery during storage than the control treatment. None of the other clarificant were found beneficial in keeping jaggery in good condition during storage.

^ssc2 tables, 6 ref

014171   Pandey S K;Tyagi R;Tyagi V K (Dep STOPWORD Oil STOPWORD Paint Technol, Harcourt Butler Technol Inst, Kanpur-208 002) : Palm fatty acids and deta (diethylene triamine) based imidazolinium softners and their characterization. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(1), 15-18.

Imidazolinium surfactants are the cationic surfactants, having softening and antistatic properties and are characterized by two long hydrophobia alkyl chain in the molecules. In the study, diethylene triamine (DETA) was added to palm fatty acids in 1:2 molar ratio and the resultant mixture was heated at 150°C for 6 h to obtain diamidoamine. The resulting diamidoamine was subjected to dehydration under vaccum to obtain imidazoline. The recovered imidazoline was then alkylated with dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in 1:2 molar ratio to recover quaternized imidazolinium salt. Imidazoline and quaternized imidazoline were characterized using modern instrumental techniques such as FT-IR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR.

1 scheme, 3 tables, 6 ref

014170   Pandey S K;Tyagi R;Tyagi V K (Dep STOPWORD Oil STOPWORD Paint Technol, Harcourt Butler Technol Inst, Kanpur-208 002) : Stearic acid and diethylenetriamine based imidazolinium softeners and their characterization. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(2), 55-8.

Imidazolium derivatives belong to a class of cationic surfactants used mainly for fabric softening formulations. In the study, diethylene triamine was reacted with stearic acid in 1:2 molar ratio at 150°C for 6 hr to obtain diamidoamine. The resultant diamidoamine was subjected to dehydration at 150°C for 2 hr under reduced pressure to obtain imidazoline. Imidazoline was then alkylated with dimethyl sulfate in 1:2 molar ratio at 80°C for 4 hr to prepare quaternrzed imidazolinium salt.

3 tables, 5 ref

014169   Pal P K;Ghosh S;Bhattacharyya D K (Chem Technol Dep Oil Technol Div, Univ of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Calcuutta-700 009) : Utilization of butter olein in edible fat products preparation. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(4), 139-44.

Aims to utilise butter olein fraction, obtained from anhydrous milk fat after fractionation by dry process as a raw material in making some specific edible fat products. Butter olein fraction, on blending with a liquid oil like sunflower oil or soybean oil in different proportions, produces fat products that are nutritionally important for having enriched content of essential fatty acids like linoleic and linolnic acids. The butter olein, on blending with a saturated acid rich fat like sal as such and also by interesterification in different proportions with Mucor miehei lipase as a catalyst, yields fat products having the desirable properties for shortening use and in making melange type spread fat products with virtually zero trans fatty acid content.

8 tables, 17 ref

014168   Nakkeeran R;Palanivelu T G (Dep STOPWORD Electron STOPWORD Commun Engng, Pondicherry Engng Coll, Pondicherry-605 014, Email: rnakkeeran@hotmail.com) : Synthesis and optical characterization of CdS doped glass quantum dots. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2004, 23(2), 123-31.

There has been remarkable quantum confinement effects observed in semiconductor Quantum Dot (QD) materials such as Cadmium sulfide (CdS) doped glasses prepared by melt quenching method. Paper discusses the synthesis and optical characterization of CdS doped glass QD. Four samples were prepared by varying the concentration of the composition. The optical absorption spectrum is recorded using Hitachi U3400 Spectrophotometer. The calculation of optical absorption coefficient for various Eg values, transmission response. Urbach energy, bandgap energy and cutoff wavelength are done for the synthesized samples.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

014167   Nageswara Rao M (Dep STOPWORD Metall STOPWORD Mater Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Metallic materials with ultra-high corrosion resistance in chemical process industries. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(3), 199-205.

High alloy austenitic and duplex stainless steels, superalloys and titanium are among the most corrosion-resistant materials available to chemical engineers. There are many instances in chemical processing and other industries where corrosive environments have severely damaged equipment/systems made of standard grades of stainless steel. In such situations it becomes necessary to use structural materials with higher corrosion resistance. Design with these high duty materials has to take into account their mechanical properties, fabricability, cost and availability in the required shape and size. It is important to realize corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in the weldments, comparable to corresponding attributes of base metal, considering that joining by welding is often carried out in building chemical plants/equipment. India has come a long way in indigenous production of these highly corrosion-resistant materials and the awareness about the use of these materials has also increased. The article reviews the materials available to the designer for highly corrosive applications in chemical processing and other industries with emphasis to grades where production technology has been indigenized.

^iia4 illus, 9 tables, 8 ref

014166   Murali Mohan;Rajendra Prasad P V;Sujatha V (Dep STOPWORD Chem Engng, Coll of Engng, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam) : Slow release fertiliser - potassium chloride. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(3), 161-6.

Paper reports studies on slow release fertilisers using potassium chloride as fertilizer for the study. Release of potassium chloride from the pellets is controlled by adding an inert material flyash or sand and the binder cement. Two types of pellets were prepared from mixtures of potassium chloride, flyash and cement system as well as potassium chloride, sand and cement system. The parameters covered for the study were the percentage of potassium chloride in the pellet, the type of inert materials used and their percentage composition (flyash or sand), and particle size of inert materials. The percentage composition of cement was maintained constant throughout the study. Studies on the release rate of potassium chloride from the pellets and the expressions for the release rate constants were obtained.

5 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

014165   Mandlik A (Soyal Div, Sakthi Sugars Ltd., Pollachi-642 103) : Physical and chemical characteristics of oils of Indian soybean varieties and their association with some seed characteristics. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(4), 161-3.

Physical and chemical characteristics of oils of thirteen soybean varieties grown at four different agro-climatic locations of Central India were analysed to examine the influence of planting location and variety and their association with some seed characteristics. The study reveals that the colour and refractive index of soybean oil are significantly affected by both variety as well as location whereas the changes of location on soybean oil specific gravity and free fatty acid content observed has statistically significant influence. The varietal influence was observed significant in case of saponification value while and no statistically significant influence of variety or location differences was observed on iodine value. The colours of the oils from black pericarped soybeans were found statistically higher than yellow pericarped varieties. The parameter of free fatty acid observed had negative correlation with size of soybean seed. The colour of soybean oil shows a positive association with seed bulk density whereas it shows negative association with seed bulk porosity. The specific gravity and refractive index of soybean possess a very strong positive association with each other.

3 tables, 6 ref

014164   Mandlik A (NO, Sakthi Sugars Ltd. (Soya Division), Pollachi-642 103) : Influence of planting location and variety on fatty acid composition of soybean oil and its association with seed density. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(3), 111-13.

The fatty acid composition of extracted oil and density of seeds were analysed to investigate the influence of planting location and variety and its association with density of seed. The experiment reveals statistically significant influence of change in location on palmitic acid and linolenic acid contents of soybean oil whereas the varietal variation was observed to be statistically insignificant. The palmitic acid has a negative whereas linolenic acid has a positive statistically significant association with seed density. The average stearic acid and linolenic acid were slightly lower in the oils from Indian soybean varieties as compared to the typical fatty acid composition of soybean oil, which is compensated by higher oleic acid content.

1 table, 18 ref

014163   Karwasra S;Sangwan V (Dep STOPWORD Family Resour Mgmt, CCS Haryana Agric Univ I.C. Coll of Hom Sci, Hisar-125 004) : Introduction of kitchen garbage disposal practice in Delhi slums through media package. Indian J envir Prot 2005, 25(7), 645-7.

A study was conducted in Delhi slums by randomly selected 200 women respondents from Shahadra, Najafgarh, Daryaganj and Madangir slum areas regarding introduction of vermicomposting at household level for effective kitchen garbage disposal practice. It was found that maximum of the respondents had unsatisfactory garbage disposal practice. The pre-exposure and post-exposure knowledge mean scores were computed for all the subcomponents of vermicomposting and significant gain in knowledge (t=64.78 at 1% level of significance) was found after providing mass media exposure.

2 tables, 5 ref

014162   Karthikeyan G;Muthulakshmi Andal N;Balagan K (Dep STOPWORD Chem, Gandhigram Rur Institute-Deemed Univ, Gandhigram-624 302, Email: drg_karthikeyan@rediffmail.com) : Adsorption studies of iron (III) on chitin. J chem Sci 2005, 117(6), 663-72.

Adsorption of ferric ions by chitin was studied by the batch equilibration method. The influence of particle size and dosage of the adsorbant, contact time, initial concentration of the adsorbate and temperature were experimentally verified. The effect of anions like chloride, nitrate and sulphate and also of cations like zinc, chromium and copper on the adsorption of iron(III) was determined. The time dependence of fraction of adsorption, Y at varying particle sizes and doses of chitin and the intraparticle diffusion rate constants, k_p, of the adsorption process were calculated. Thermodynamic and equilibrium parameters of the reaction were determined to understand the sorption behaviour of chitin. The results revealed that the adsorption of iron(III) by chitin is spontaneous, endothermic and favourable.

13 illus, 11 tables, 25 ref

014161   Jha M K (Dep STOPWORD Chem STOPWORD Bio Engng, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Natn Inst of Technol, Jalandhar-144 011, Email: jharmkin@yahoo.co.in) : Re-refining of used lube oils: an intelligent and eco-friendly option. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(3), 209-11.

An attempt has been made to discuss composition of used fabricating oil, various facts about hazardous nature of used oils, etc. The recycling of used oil due to economic, environmental, public health and legal reasons have been explained in detail. The major bottlenecks in adopting this technology along with the government policy and relevant recommendations have also been made.

11 ref

014160   Jayalakshmi S;Joseph K (Dep STOPWORD Civ Engng, Periyar Maniammai Coll of Technol for Women, Vallam-613 403) : Solid phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste. Indian J envir Prot 2005, 25(7), 612-16.

Solid phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste with different total solids content (TS ) was conducted in laboratory reactors. Kitchen waste was collected from Periyar Maniammai College of Technology Women's hostel and characterized for physico-chemical parameters. Laboratory experiments under anaerobic conditions were conducted with and without temperature control and with and without innoculum. 20% TS concentration with innoculum under mesophillic condition was found to be more effective in methane production; it produced 57 % more gas than other conditions.

4 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

014159   Jain P R (Chem Div, Cent of Advance Stud in Chem of For Products For Res Inst, Dehradun-248 006) : Studies on forest based oilseeds. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(3), 103-10.

India is in deficit of vegetable oils. Presently about 50 lakh tonnes of edible oils and 2-3 lakh tonnes of non-edible oils are imported every year, which is more than 45% of the demand. Tree borne oilseeds of good potential which are going waste should be commercially exploited to narrow down the import of oils. Seeds of about 130 species have been analysed at Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. Out of them, seeds of 88 species contain oil more than 15% and some of these can be commercially exploited. Oils from 26 species may be utilized as biodiesel.

3 tables, 61 ref

014158   Hend G M;Bhotmange M G;Shastri P N (Univ Dep STOPWORD Chem Technol, Amaravati Univ, Amaravati) : Lipase catalysed esterification of glycerol with carboxylic acids. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(3), 91-7.

Lipase from various sources is reported to bring about esterification of free acids with glycerol and other polyhydric alcohols. It also catalyses esterification of mono and poly carboxylic acids with glycerol. In the study, the esterification reaction was carried out in a reaction mixture containing glycerol : acid in 1 : 3 molar ratio, in presence of emulsifying agent by hog pancreatic lipase (Sigma Chemicals). The results indicate that the esterification progressed in a typical zig-zag pattern indicating reversibility of the reaction. The extent of esterification and time required for maximum esterification varied for different acids being maximum for oleic acid at 7 hours, followed by that for butyric acid at 3 hours. Addition of hexane enhanced the esterification rate in case of oleic acid, whereas esterification rate of acids with high solubility, e.g. malic, tartaric and citric acid was enhanced by reduction of water activity with addition of salt. In addition, solubility and ionisation constant of acid are other speculated factors that will affect the reaction rate.

8 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

014157   Gupta J P (Dep STOPWORD Chem Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, Kanpur-208 016) : Process security and vulnerability analysis of a chemical plant. Indian chem Engr 2005, 47(3), 206-8.

1 table, 5 ref

014156   Elhardallou S B;Hemavathy J (Dep STOPWORD Fd Sci STOPWORD Technol, Univ of Gezira, Wad Medani P.O. Box 20-Sudan) : Lipid content and fatty acid composition of pearl millets, (Pennisetum typhodeum), broad beans (Cicia faba L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds grown in Sudan. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(2), 55-8.

Total lipids were extracted from pearl millets (Pennisetum typhodeum), broad beans (Vicia fabai L) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) seeds grown in Sudan. Some physical and chemical parameters were determined to ascertain the general characteristics of oils. The total lipids extracted from pearl millets, white seeds and yellow seeds amounted to 7.1 and 6.7% on dry basis. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids in the lipids. Total lipids extracted from broad beans, small and large, accounted to 1.9 and 2.1% on dry basis. Linoleic and oleic acids were the major fatty acids in the lipids while other fatty acids were present in small quantity. Fenugreek contained to 8.3% total lipids on dry basis and contained linoleic and linolenic acids as major fatty acids, while other fatty acids were present in small quantity. This study has indicated that, these less familiar millets and seeds could be used as sources for edible oils.

2 tables, 16 ref

014155   Dalvi P D;Sawant M R (Appl Chem Div, Univ Inst of Chem Technol, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Wetting properties and critical micelle concentrations of phosphate esters of alkyl phenol ethoxylates. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(2), 59-61.

Several alkyl phenol ethoxylates were phosphated using phosphorus pentaoxide to determine the effect of alkyl group and amount of ethoxylate group upon mono and diester ratio. The esters and their potassium and sodium salts were evaluated for their wetting property and critical micelle concentrations. It was observed that the sodium and potassium salts of phosphate esters exhibit superior surfactant properties compared to phosphate esters.

4 tables, 110 ref

014154   Choudhary V R;Jha R;Choudhari P K (Chem Engng STOPWORD Process Dev Div, Natn Chem Lab, Pune-411 008, Email: vrc@chem.ncl.res.in) : Highly active and reusable catalyst from Fe-Mg-hydrotalcite anionic clay for Friedel-Crafts type benzylation reactions. J chem Sci 2005, 117(6), 635-9.

Fe-Mg-hydrotalcite (Mg/Fe=3) anionic clay with or without calcination (at 200-800°C) has been used for the benzylation of toluene and other aromatic compounds by benzyl chloride. Hydrotalcite before and after its calcination was characterized for surface area, crystalline phases and basicity. Both the hydrotalcite, particularly after its use in the benzylation reaction, and the catalyst derived from it by its calcination at 200-800°C show high catalytic activity for the benzylation of toluene and other aromatic compounds. The catalytically active species present in the catalyst in its most active form are the chlorides and oxides of iron on the catalyst surface.

5 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

014153   Chopra R;Krishna Kumari;Nagraj G (Dep STOPWORD Fds STOPWORD Nutr, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agric Univ, Raiendranaqar, Hyderabad-30) : Fatty acid profile and shelf-life of linseed groundnut linseed-sunflower and linseed-palm oil blends. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(1), 21-4.

Linseed (flax seed) oil is basically an industrial oil and is used as edible oil only in few pockets around the world. Linseed oil is rich in alpha-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid. The high unsaturation, through useful in reducing coronary diseases, creates problem in storage and frying quality. Hence an attempt was made to explore the possibility of utilizing linseed oil as cooking medium as part of a blend with stable oils. Curde linseed oil extracted by traditional Ghani method was procured from Palampur, Himachal Pradesh and formulated six types of oil blends with linseed-groundnut oil, linseed-palmoil and linseed-coconut oil, each at 30:70 and 70:30 proportions. The physical properties like smoke point and specific gravity were analysed for linseed oil °and oil blends. The smoke point of linseed oil was low (170C), while the smoke points of oil blends were higher (190 to 204°C) and hence the frying quality was improved. Fatty acid profile of oil blends revealed that linseed oil has the highest amount of linolenic acid 53.8%, while the total saturated fatty acid content was low. The fatty acid composition of edible oils was altered by mixing with linseed oil. The linolenic acid content of linseed-edible oil blend (70:30) ranged from 37-38%, while it was 17 to 18% in 30:70 blends. Shelf-life of linseed oil and oil blends was assessed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. The peroxide value of linseed oil stored for 90 days is 12 milli equivalents/1000 g, while it was 10 milli equivalents/1000 g for oil blends indicating that these blends can be stored for a period of 90 days.

4 tables, 7 ref

014152   Chaurasia S P;Vyas S;Malai T;Choudhary S K (Chem Engng Dep, Malaviya Natn Inst of Technol, Jaipur-302 017) : Lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of castor oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(1), 21-5.

Study castor oil was hydrolyzed enzymatically to obtain ricinoleic acid. The most suitable condition for hydrolysis of castor oil with two lipases, namely. Candida cylindracea lipase (CCL) and Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), were established. At the established conditions, percentage hydrolysis with respect to time has been carried out and with CCL in 24 hours, almost complete hydrolysis of castor oil has been obtained.

10 tables, 13 ref

014151   Bhattacharyya D K (Chem Technol Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata-700 009) : Fermentation Technology. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(3), 105-7.

9 ref

014150   Banerji R;Gupta R C;Dixit B S (NO, Natn Bot Res Inst, Lucknow-226 001) : Comparative study of fats and fatty acids in Mangifera indica varieties. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(1), 9-10.

Fat from mango kernel has received special attention as a cocoa butter substitute/extender. Mango kernels from twelve varieties procured from different regions of Uttar Pradesh have been analysed for their moisture content, fat content and fatty acid compositions. The fats which ranged from 4.6 to 10.5% being white to pale yellow and are rich in stearic (22-60%) and/or oleic acids (28-52%). In addition, the mango fats also revealed the presence of palmitic, arachidic and linoleic acids. Lenolenic acid could not be detected in the varieties of mango grown in U.P. region. Depending upon the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids mango fats from these varieties may be grouped into four types.

1 table, 10 ref

014149   Alagawadi K;Mahajanshetti C;Patil K (Dep STOPWORD Medicinal Chem, KLE's Coll of Pharm, J.N.M.C. Campus, Belgaum-590 010) : Fatty acid composition of lipids from Khaya senegalensis seed oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2004, 36(1), 19-20.

Fatty acid composition of total and their neutral, glyco and phospholipid fractions of the Khaya senegalensis seed oil were determined by gas liquid Chromatography. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were found to be the major fatty acids

1 table, 4 ref

014148   Ahmad I;Mahajan V;Bhalla M (Dep STOPWORD Chem, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar-143 005) : Reaction of maleic anhydride with methyl ricinoleate and isoricinoleate. J Oil Technol Ass India 2003, 35(3), 99-102.

Methyl ricinoleate and methyl isoricinoleate were derivatized with maleic anhydride at 100°C. The resultant products in these reactions are identified as methyl 12-(2'-carboxyacrylato)-octadec-z-9-ene-1-oate from methyl ricinoleate and methyl 9-(2'-carboxyacrylato)-octadec-z-12-ene-1-oate from methyl isoricinoleate using IR, NMR and MS studies. These products possessing multifunctionalities in their molecules might have applications after suitable transformations in the surfactant industry.

2 scheme, 6 ref

014147   Agidi G (NO, Natn Cereals Res Inst, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria, Email: agidides@yahoo.com) : Development and testing of rotary dryer for the indigenous cottage sugar industry in Nigeria. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(2-3), 57-66.

A 1000 kg capacity per day Rotary sugar dryer was designed and fabricated in Nigeria by the National Cereals Research Institute Badeggi in 1989. This was done in order to dry sugar in granulated form in the indigenous small scale sugar plant that was developed in the country. It basically consists of an air inlet fan unit, rotary drum, drying assembly, heating unit, fixed tray and framework. An electric motor of 2.0 Kw was selected as source of power to the rotary drum while a 1.25 kw electric motor provided power to the air inlet fan assembly. Also twelve (12) electric heating elements of 1.8 kw were installed in the heating unit to provide the required heat energy to dry the sugar. Test results of the dryer shows that the machine had maximum sugar granulated efficiency of 97.8% for 35 kg and 45 kg of sugar per batch at an initial moisture content of 16.5%. The self sugar discharge mechanisms was very effective and the machine was generally found to be easy to maintain by local artisans due to it's simple design features.

9 illus, 1 table, 16 ref