023489   Bhattacharyya P;Ghosh U;Gangopadhyay H; Raychaudhuri U (Dep of Food-Technology & Biochem Enginnering, Judavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032) : Physico-chemical characteristics of extruded snacks prepared from rice (Oryza sativa L.), corn Zea mays L and taro [Colocasia esculenta L. Schott] by twin-screw extrusion. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(2), 165-8.

Rice corn and taro starch blends were used to prepare snacks by a twin-screw extruder at 141,l50 and l59°C respectively. Sodium dodeeyl sulphate (SDS) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) more protein than plain buffer solution from extrudates. Loss of carbohydrate (maltose) was documented in extruded snacks. A universal texture analyzer (model-4301 Instron. London. UK) was used in the compression mode to record the required force to break the extruded products. The results showed a trend toward increasing expansion, decreasing density, and decreasing breaking force with barrel temperatures of 141-159°C. The surface morphology of the extrudates was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

022491   Sarkar S;BiswasS;Chakraborty A;Goswami A (Dep of Anim Products Technol and Mktg, West Bengal Univ of Anim and fishery Sci, Kolkata-700 037) : Quality of spent hen meat patties in different cooking trials. Indian J Anim Hlth 2005, 44(2), 122-8.

A study was conducted to find out the effect of three different cooking methods namely broiling, steaming and frying on the physico-chemical, microbial and organoleptic quality of spent hen meat patties. Though there was no significant (P<60>0.05) difference in overall acceptability scores of the products cooked by three different cooking methods but from the organoleptic quality and from compositional point of view, deep fat frying was found as a method of choice and from the view point of cooking yield, dimensional changes and microbial profile, steaming was found to be the better one.

2 tables, 20 ref

022490   Fellah S;Romdhane M;Abderraba M (Unite de Recherche Physico Chimique Moleculaire, IPEST BP 51, La Marsa 2070 Tunis, Tunisie) : Extraction and study of essential oil of Salvia officinalis from Tunis (Tunisia). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 163-70.

The composition of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis, obtained by steam distillation, collected from an area in the northern suburb of Tunis, was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The essential oils of the organic phase and those extracted from the aqueous phase by steam distillation have a different chemical composition. More than 95% of the total of components was detected. The main components are: α-thujone (21,13%-33,52%), β-thujone (7,11%-6,24%), eucalyptol (1,19%-12,06%), camphor (20.69%-54,29%) and the caryophyllene (0.61%-6,75%). The chemotype of the Salvia officinalis studied is the α-thujone.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

022489   Dushyanthan k;Venkataramanujam V;Shanmugam A M (NO, Madras Vet Coll, Chennai-600 007) : Effect of vacuum packaging on certain physical and microbiological qualities of pork in different packaging material. Indian J Anim Hlth 2005, 44(2), 87-98.

Effect of vacuum packaging on certain physical and microbiological qualities, namely, pH, moisture per cent and total viable count (TVC) of pork packed in low density polyethylene (LDPE) mono layer, LDPE two layer, polyester/polyethylene (PET/Poly) and multi layer (ML) materials and stored at different periods at chiller (5±2°C) and freezer (-10°C) temperature was studied. Pork packed in multi layer pouches under vacuum and stored up to 72 hrs. at 5(5±2°C) had the highest moisture per cent. Pork packed in multilayer, under vacuum and stored up to 120 hrs. at 5(5±2°C) had the lowest total viable count. Pork packed under in multilayer, under vacuum and stored up to 60 days at -10°C displayed the lowest pH and TVC. The highest moisture was noticed in pork packed in multilayer, under vacuum and stored up to 30 days at -10°C. in conclusion it could be inferred that the beneficial effect in vacuum packaging on the physical and microbiological qualities of pork was noticed when packed in multilayer material by an extended shelf life under refrigeration and frozen storage conditions.

6 tables 22 ref

022488   Arsia S K;Jharia H K;Khatri R K;Singh A (Dep of Pl Path, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Effect of supplementation on nutritive value of three Pleurotus species. J basic appl Mycol 2005, 4(1-2), 151-4.

Gram flour, gram chokar, bajra flour, wheat bran, rice bran, jowar flour and maize bran were used for supplementation of wheat straw at the rate of 5 per cent on the dry weight basis of substrate. Supplementation of wheat straw with bajra flour and gram chokar gave maximum oil content in both P. flabellatus and P. florida. The, rice bran recorded maximum protein and sodium content of both the above mentioned species. However, cultivation of P. sajor caju on substrate supplemented with gram flour registered maxmium oil content whereas, protein and sodium content was maximum due to maize bran supplementation.

1 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

022487   Adeyeye E I;Adamu A S (Dep of Chem, Univ of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B.5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria) : Chemical composition and food properties of Gymnarchus niloticus (trunk fish). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 265-72.

Dry samples of Gymnarchus niloticus (Trunk fish) were analysed for proximate, mineral and amino acid compositions as well as the food properties. The protein was high (72.89%), organic matter was high (91.07%) and available energy was also high (1.5 MJ/100g). The proportion of energy due to protein was 50.26%. The sample was low in Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Co and Cr but slightly high in Na, Ca, P, MG and K. The total amino acid was 647.6mg/g crude protein while the essential amino acid was 354.8 (or 54.79%). The amino acid scores ranged from 0.60-1.09 showing valine to be the limiting acid. The protein solubility was very low with pl of 1.2 at pH=4 and the theoretical pl was pH 3.8. The absorption capacities were high for water and oil but low stabilities for foam and oil, bulk density was high (514.6g/l). The results showed that trunk fish is a good source of most parameters determined in the report.

7 tables, 58 ref

021449   Srivastava P K;Verma M (Appl Chem Dep, Birla Inst of Technol, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215) : Performance study of biodiesel from karanj oil of Jharkhand region. Oriental J Chem 2005, 21(3), 545-50.

Bio-diesel of karanj oil from Jharkhand region has beeen prepared by transesterification method. Various physical and chemical properties of the bio-desel have been determined. Thermal efficiency of bio-diesel of karanj oil has been determined and found to be slightly less than that of the diesel. Maximum thermal efficiency of different blends has been determined and values found to be approaching to diesel at the minimum blending. The brake specific fuel consumption of biodiesel of karanj oil is slightly higher as compared to diesel.

5 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

021448   Somkuwar R G;Ramteke S D (Natn Res Cent for Grapes, , P.B.NO. 3, Manjri Farm P.O., Solapur Road, Pune-412 307) : Evaluation of grape genotypes for shelf life. Ann Pl Physiol 2005, 19(2), 133-6.

Field experiment at National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune (M.S.) was conducted to study the shelf life of six leading grape genotypes. The grape bunches were packed in boxes as per the export standard and kept in cold storage for 30 days after pre cooled them for 24 hours. These boxes were taken out from the cold storage and kept in shelf for siz days. The data on physiological loss in weight (PLW%) revealed that up to 4 days the differences were not significant however at 5^th to 6^th days the lowest PLW was recorded in Superior Seedless. The other genotypes like Tas-A-Ganesh, Thompson Seedless and Sonaka were also on par with the Superior Seedless. The significant differences were recorded after 2 and 3 days in shelf in fallen and rotten berries respectively. Among the different genotypes, Superior Seedless and Sonaka recorded the lowest fallen and rotten berries.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

021447   Siriken B;Pamuk S (Fd Hyg and Technol Dep, Fac of Vet Med Univ of Ondokuz Mayis, Kurupulit Campus, Samsun, Turkey, Email: bsiriken@yahoo.com) : Incidence of E. coli and L. Monocytogenes in ground beef. Indian vet J 2006, 83(4), 443-44.

7 ref

021446   Singh N (NO, , ) : Occurrence of new highly aggressive race of Colletotrichum falcatum in north western zone of India. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(4), 173-5.

On the basis of spectrum of pathogenicity on 13 differentials and 3 additional varieties Co 89003, Co 1158 and CoLk 8002, both new isolates (3 D and 4) of red rot pathogen showed variation in pathogenic behaviour from 3 estabilished races (CF01, CF02, CF 03) of the North Western Zone. New race (as CF 08) acquired higher value of notation (17) based on 13 differentials infectivity. New race produced susceptible reaction on Co 89003. Co 1158 CoLk 8002. New race is comparatively more aggrressive than the earlier 3 races of this zone.

2 tables, 8 ref

021445   Sharangdher S T;Koli J M;Chavan B R (Coll of Fish Shirgon, , Ratnagiri, M.S.) : Shelf life study of jawala chuttney prepared from jawala (Acetes spp). Ecol Envir Conserv 2005, 11(3-4), 477-8.

Non-penaeid prawnis a major fishery, which is grossly under utilized. The chief method of its utilization is in the dried form. Diversification in the product range is considered essential for the sustained growth of this major fishery of jawala. Processing the several fish incorporated products has been reported. Extraction of protein from Jawala prawns (Acetes spp.) has been reported and preparation of edible powder by Mulbagal et al., (1980). However, information on development of value added or ready to eat jawala chuttney to serve products from non-penaeid prawns is limited. The upgradation of these species Acetes spp. may achieved by use of improved handling and developing preparation of value added products that presently fetch low prices and which is a sure way of effective utilization and distribution of Acetes spp. in glut season. The paper details the recipe and process for "jawala chuttney" this product is popular in Maharastra. Orgnoleptically and microbiologically these jawala chuttney was excellent condition up to six months for human consumption. After this period, the product slowly started developing rancid and beyond nine months the development of rancidity was rapid and became bitter in taste. The problem of rancidity in jawala chuttney was insignificant owing to low fat content.

3 tables, 5 ref

021444   Shakila Banu A;Athmaselvi K A (Fd Processing and Preserv Technol Dep, Avinashilingam Deemed Univ, Coimbatore-641 043) : Effect of blanching and sulphiting on rehydration ratio of dehydrated bittergourd. Indian J Nutr Diet 2006, 43(3), 97-102.

Processing and preservation of vegetables on a commercial scale has become very interesting and inevitable to gain more projects in today's food arena. Of the various techniques adopted in this venture, application of dehydration techniques to vegetables is an attempt to retard physiological deterioration to ensure maximum retention of quality and nutrients and to extend shelf life.

4 tables, 2 ref

021443   Raj R (Asian Paints (India) Ltd, , L.B.S. Marg, Bhandup, Mumbai-400 078, Email: Rajrohitk2@yahoo.co.in) : Sol gel coatings. Paintindia 2006, 56(1), 63-78.

A new class of materials is fast emerging world wide with a promise to bring novel properties to reality. These materials are not necessarily new in their make up but they are modified to provide new material property and device characteristics in unprecedented ways. More recent advances have led to "hierarchical" structure of materials where each strata imparts a certain specific function. Coatings for rearview mirrors and anti-reflective and architectural applications have been in commercial production since the 1960's. But today, sol gel thin film coatings are extensively used for such diverse appilications as protective and optical coatings, passivation and planarization layers, sensors, high or low dielectric constant films, inorganic membranes, electro-optic and non linear optical film, electrochromics, semiconducting antistatic coatings super conducting films, strengthening layers and ferroelectrics.

7 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

021442   Rahimi R;Salehi M A;Nandakumar K (Chem Engng Dep, Sistan and Baluchesian Univ, Shahid Nikbakht Faculty of Engineering, Daneshgah A.V. Zahedan, Iran, Email: salehi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir) : Computational fluid dynamics simulation of bubble column reactor hydrodynamics. Asian J Chem 2006, 18(1), 113-19.

Hydrodynamic behaviour of a bubble column reactor was determined. In previous works, the prediction of gas holdup is not accurately covered. For that reason, the turbulence in liquid phase is modelled by standard k-e model. In addition, local axial velocity, velocity distribution and local gas hold-up were calculated by Fluent 6.0.3, which is a commercial software. The results have been compared with experimental data, which show quite a good agreement.

7 illus, 9 ref

021441   Nirmal S A;Chavan M J;Tambe V D;Jadhav R S; Ghogare P B;Bhalke R D;Girme A S (Pharmacognosy Dep, Pravara Rur Coll of Pharm, Pravaranagar, Loni-413 736) : Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Wedelia trilobata leaves. Indian J nat Prod 2005, 21(3), 33-5.

Major volatile constituents of the essential oil obtained from Wedelia trilobata leaves were examined by GC-MS technique. Fourteen constituents were detected, three of which, amounting to approximately 85.52% of the oil were identified as α-pinene, germacrene D and d-limonene. The essential oil exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.

1 table, 9 ref

021440   Gurbuz B;Ipek A;Basalma D;Sarihan E O;Sancak C;Ozcan S (Fld Crops Dep Fac of Agric, Ankara Univ, Ankara, Turkey, Email: gurbuz@agri.ankara.edu.tr) : Effects of diurnal variability on essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Asian J Chem 2006, 18(1), 285-8.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants were grown under the field conditions and herb samples collected at the beginning of flowering stage. Herb samples were gathered at three different times in a day such as just before sunrise (6:00 h), midday (12:00 h) and after sunset (21:00 h), respectively. Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation method of herb samples were analysed by GS-MS. A total of 52 compounds were identified representing 93.34, 92.89 and 93.13% of total oil, respectively. Linalool (41.23%), α-cadinol (9.69%) and eugenol (5.37%) were found as major constituents. Essential oil ratios were recorded such as 0.67% at 6:00 h, 0.62% at 12:00 h and 0.74% at 21:00 h.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

021439   Geeta T;Jamuna Prakash (Stud in Fd Sci and Nutr Dep, Univ of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006) : Quality characteristics of lime pickles prepared using different salts. Indian J Nutr Diet 2006, 43(3), 103-11.

The objective of the study was to prepare lime pickle with five different salts namely rock salt, black salt, iodized salt, healthy salt and free flow salt and analyze them for chemical, microbial and sensory parameters. The results of chemical analysis indicated following range of values, moisture content - 59 to 61.9 percent, salt content - 15.9 to 18 percent, ascorbic acid - 10.5 to 15.81 mg/100 g, total acidity - 1.3 to 2.61 epr cent, pH-3.3 to 3.7, total ash - 17 to 19 percent and acid insoluble ash - 0.84 to 1.24 g/100 g. The microbial count of pickles ranged from 900 to 3810 colonies/g, wherein the pickle with iodized salt had lowest number of colonies and pickle with free flow salt had highest number of colonies. Pickles made with free flow, iodized and healthy salts were similar to each other in sensory attributes whereas pickles made with rock salt and black salt obtianed lower scores. It can be concluded that even though the pickles made with rock salt and black salt were not acceptable, respondents liked other pickles with less salt content. The pickle made with healthy salt had comparatively lower salt content which can be preferred by consumers desiring low sodium content.

4 tables, 10 ref

021438   Coskun H;Tuncturk Y;Ondul E;Yarimbatman S (Dep of Fd Engng, Coll of Engng and Archit Abant Izzet Baysal Univ, Golkoy, Bolu, Turkey, Email: hayricoskun@hotmail.com) : Development of lipolysis in homogenised culture added kashar cheeses. Indian vet J 2006, 83(4), 405-08.

In the study, it was aimed to determine the effect of homogenisation of lactic cultures on the development of lipolysis in Kashar cheeses. Starter cultures used in the study were Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cemoris. Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus. Homogenisation of the cultures was done at 30 MPa for 5 cycles at 40°C. Results showed that homogenisation of the cultures increased the degree of lipolysis in Kashar cheeses (P<60>0.05).

2 tables, 12 ref

021437   Arabaci O;Bayram E (Fld Crop Dep Fac of Agric, Univ of Adnan Menderes, 09100 Aydin, Turkey, Email: oarabaci@adu.edu.ir) : Evaluation of chemical composition, essential oil and morphological traits in wild populations of Lavandula stoechas L. in the mediterranean environment. Asian J Chem 2006, 18(1), 371-80.

The morphological traits, essential oil composition and the relationship among 25 populations of Lavandula stoechas L. from different locations in the west part of Turkey were determined. Twenty-five Lavandula stoechas L. populations varied between 16.71 to 32.90 mm for flower spike length, 6.70 to 11.04 mm for flower spike width, 0.84 to 2.83 g for flower spike weight and 0.39 to 2.04% essential oil contents. Results indicated that the variability of the morphological characters, essential oil content and essential oil composition in different populations of the Lavandula stoechas L. would be attributed to genetic diversity. Comparing the essential oil content among different populations, there is a negative correlation between morphological characters (flower spike weight) and essential oil content and a positive correlation between altitudes of population growing location and essential oil. Eleven essential oil components were identified in Lavandula stoechas L. populations. All populations were characterised as 1,8-cineole/camphor chemo type.

1 illus, 7 tables, 25 ref

021436   Ali N;Chaudhary B L (Renewable Energy Sources Dep, Coll of Technol and Engng, Udaipur-313 001, Email: alinafis_2004@yahoo.co.in) : Bioconversion of water hyacinth to fuel and fertilizer through pretreatment. Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2005, 55, 131-9.

Anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth may reduce the nuisance value and water pollution problem created by this waterweed and considerable amount of biogas can be obtained. The rate of biogas can be enhanced under a short period by giving certain fungal treatment prior to anaerobic digestion. Pretreatment of water hyacinth with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Phanerochaete chrysosporium + pyrogallol red was found to increase the amount of gas production within short Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), through solublization of lignocellulosic biomass in water due to which choking problem of the biogas plant could be sorted out. Efficient utilization of water hyacinth for fuel and fertilizer has been presented. Treatment of water hyacinth with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Phanerochaete chrysosporium + pyrogallol red showed 243.82 and 314.071/kgdm of gas production respectively i.e. about 143% and 213.2% more than the gas obtained from prue water hyacinth. Accordingly increase in manurial value with respect of NPK was also observed.

6 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

020418   Uppal S K;Thind K S;Gill R S (Dep of Pl Breed, Genet and Biotechnol Punjab Agric Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: satinderuooalll@yahoo.co.in) : Relative performance of sugarcane genotypes for jaggery (Gur) quality and storage. Sugar Tech 2005, 7(4), 136-40.

Fresh cane Juice of 16 varieties/genotypes and their jaggery (gur) were assessed for quality traits Extractioon % juice was maximum and ranged from 52.4 to 60.0% and quality of juice was the best at the end of February having sucrose <62> 17%, purity <62> 84% and reducing sugars contents <60> 0.29% for high quality Jaggery production. Jaggery recovery of the varities/genotypes tested ranged between 9.95 and 11.26%. Sucrose %, purity %, reducing sugars % and transmittance % of fresh jaggary and stored jaggery in cold store ranged between 85.73 and 93.31; 79.00 and 89.87; 1.40 and 4.72; and 74;83.13 and 91.46; 77.09 and 88.67; 1.53 and 3.76; 35 and 68 respectively.On the basis of visual observations and qualitative analysis of fresh jaggery of the genotypes, these were classified into different categories. Fresh jaggary of CoJ 64,CoJ 82 CoJ 88,S 362/95, CoP 211, S 3/93 was ranked as excellent, jaggery of CoJ 85,CoJ 83 and CoJ 89, CoJ 86,CoS 95255 as good and jaggery of CoJ 84, CoS 96258, CoS 8436, Co1148 and CoP90223 as medium. The jaggery available in the market is mostly highly contaiminated with hydrous powder (injurious to health)which is used to offer a light colour to jaggery, which is in demand by the consumers these days. But we have varieties like CoJ 82, coJ 88 and CoP 211 from which jaggery stored under cold storage conditions changed with time at a very slow rate as compared to stored jaggery under ambient conditions.jaggery of different varieties under different storage conditions (ambient and cold) varied to different extent due to genotypic variation. Quality of stored jaggery kept in sealed plastic bags (400 gauge) in cold store for 9 months of CoJ 88 and CoJ 82 out of 16 genotypes tested, was almost the same as that of fresh jaggery. The end of February is the best period for the preparation of jaggery, which is to be stored, as quality of jaggary as well as jaggery production would be high and in addit

5 tables, 11 ref

020417   Rattan P (AMCOR Pet Packaging Asia Pvt. Ltd., , Pune) : PET packaging for dairy products. Indian Dairyman 2005, 57(12), 90-1.

020416   Prasad R N;Mali P C (NO, Cent Arid Zone Res Inst, Jodhpur-342 003) : Changes in physico-chemical characteristics of ber jam during storage. Indian J Hort 2006, 63(1), 86-7.

^ssc3 tables, 8 ref

020415   Grover M R (Local Hlth Auth (PFA) [RTD], , Delhi) : Food additives - functional properties and safety aspects. J Instn Chem India 2005, 77(3), 65-74.

1 table, 4 ref

020414   Dilip M;Venkateswaran P;Palanivelu K (Cent for Envir Stud, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025) : Removal of textile dyes from textile dye effluent using TBAB based aqueous biphasic systems. J envir Sci Engng 2005, 47(3), 176-81.

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) are useful for the extraction of dye molecules from aqueous solution. Thus, they can be used in textile dye bath effluent treatment. The partitioning behavior of two commercially used textile dyes-Cibacron Scarlet LS 2G and Astacry Red 3B were investigated in a TBAB-salt aqueous biphasic systems. It was found that all three salts, namely sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate, investigated caused partitioning of dye into the upper TBAB rich phase. The efficiency of separation increased in the order NaCl<60> Na₂SO₄ <60> Na₂CO₃. It was found that the cationic dye partitioned better than the anionic dye in the system. A concentration of 5 g/l of dye was extracted into the upper layer. Alteration of solution pH did not cause any significant difference in distribution ratios. Studies were extended to actual dye bath effluent and small scale up studies carried out. Efficiencies of removal obtained in all cases were extremely good with maximum efficiencies above 98%.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

020413   Balamuralikrishnan M;Viswanathan R (Pl Path Sect, Sugarcane Breed Inst ICAR, Conmbatore-641 007, Email: mbmkrishnan@rediffmail.com) : (NULL). Sugar Tech 2005, 7(4), 119-22.

The Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct antigen coating enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (DAC-ELISA) were compared for the diagnosis of sugarcane bacilliform virus(SCBV) in sugarcane clones. The SCBV specific primers were used for PCR and polyclonal antiserum for SCBV was used in DAC-ELISA. Eleven clones suspected for SCBV foliar symptoms comprising of different species of saccharum, interspecific hybirds and allied genera were taken and an apparently healthy clone was also taken for the comparison. In PCR a 221bp DNA fragment was amplified in all the eleven cloes with suspected foliar symptoms and there was no amplification in the apparently healthy clone. In DAC-ELISA a positive reaction was obtained only in eitht SCBV suspected clones indication higher sensitivtiy of PCR for the diagnosis of SCBV and it could be effectively used during quarantine operations for the sugarcane germplasm exchange.

1 illu, 1 table, 18 ref

019396   Sharma D;Ali S T (NO, Govt. M.L.B.H.S. Sch, Jabalpur) : Standardization of idli prepared from kodo(Paspalum scrobiculatum) for tribal and urban people. Indian J Nutr Diet 2006, 43(1), 39-43.

5 table, 3 ref

019395   Oommen R;Kurian S (Phys Dep, Avinashilingam Deemed Univ, Coimbatore-641 043) : Solar thermal storage in a shallow solar pond. Res Highlight 2006, 16(1), 25-9.

8 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

019394   Kar S C (NO, Projects and Developments India Limited, NOIDA, U.P.) : Revival of coal as feedstock for ammonia/fertilizer production technology and economics. Process Pl Engng 2005, 23(3), 35-7.

1 illus, 2 tables

019393   Gupta S C;Karkun K (NO, Projects and Dev India Limited, NOIDA, U.P.) : New trends in technology for ammonia manufacture. Process Pl Engng 2005, 23(3), 25-32.

An effort has been put forward to focus attention on the work being carried out by renowned process licensors in giving a practical shape to the design concept of the mega sized ammonia plants.

3 illus, 4 ref

018327   Shanthi P;Johnkennedy Z;arvathi K;Malathi D; Thangavel K;Raghavan G S V (NO, Tamil Nadu Agric university, Coimbatore-641 043) : Studies on wheat based composite flour for pasta products. Indian J Nutr Diet 2005, 42(11), 503-8.

4 tables, 4 ref

018326   Shanmugasundaram S;John Kennedy Z;Thirupathi V;Narayanan L (Fd and Agric Process Engng Dep, Agric Engng Coll and Res Inst, Coimbatore-641 003) : Qualitative changes in banana pulp and juice during wine making process. Indian J Nutr Diet 2005, 42(12), 560-70.

4 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

018325   Lakra P;Sehgal S (Fds and Nutr Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Agric Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Effect of processing on antinutritional contents of products developed from potato flour, defatted soy flour and maize flour. Indian J Nutr Diet 2005, 42(12), 542-8.

4 tables, 26 ref

018324   Kowsalya S;Shyny P A (Dep of Fd Sci and Nutr, Avinashilingam Deemed Univ, Coimbatore-641 043) : Microbial contamination and adulteration of selected beverages of Malappuram district, Kerala. Indian J Nutr Diet 2005, 42(11), 492-502.

8 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

018323   Gangopadhyay D;Dutta S K;Chakrabarti S R; Gangopadhyay S K (Dep of Diary Technol Fac of Diary Technol, West Bengal university of Anim and Fishery Sci, P.O. Krishi viswavidyala, Mohanpur-741 252) : Quality of rasogolla marketed in the state of Bihar and Jharkhand. Indian J Nutr Diet 2005, 42(11), 522-7.

1illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

018322   Cheng Y F (Mech & Manufacturing Engng Dep, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada, Email: fceng@ucalgary.ca) : Corrosion of X-65 pipeline steel in carbon dioxide-containing solutions. Bull Electrochem 2005, 21(11), 503-11.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the corrosion of X-65 pipeline steel in CO₂-containing environments. It is shown that CO₂ corrosion of carbon steel is inhibited by the formation of a layer of iron carbonate on the steel surface. The inhibition mechanism is based on the surface blocking effect, not the diffusion control effect. There is little change in the corrosion rate of steel upon increase in CO₂ partial pressure, indicating the offsetting competition between the accelerating anodic dissolution due to the additional cathodic reaction and the inhibited dissolution reaction by the thickening iron carbonate film. Two types of films exist on the steel surface in methanol/water mixture purged with CO₂. Initially, a layer of methoxide film is formed, which is gradually replaced by a more protective iron carbonate film. The increase in oxygen partial pressure in the system significantly enhances the corrosion rate of the steel, showing a cathodically controlled corrosion process.

10 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

017343   Wisniak J (Dep of Chem Engng, Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel-84105, Email: wisnaik@bgumail.ac.il ) : Platinum from exotic to commodity. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(5), 601-14.

Platinum was brought to Europe in the middle of the sixteenth century and was soon recognized a true metal, which could not be fused. It remained an expensive curiosity for almost 200 years, until scientists learned its properties, how to melt it in large quantity, and discovered that four new elements, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and palladium, accompanied it (the platinum group metals). The early uses of platinum were in jewelry, laboratory ware, and coin manufacture. By the end of the nineteenth century a platinum-rhodium alloy was adopted for constructing the standard meter and kilogram. Production of platinum grew very slowly; it was only about one ton per year by 1911. The breakthrough came with the discovery of the extraordinary the catalytic properties of the platinum metal group. Today these metals stand at the heart of the petrochemical industry and are the basis of all the means for controlling the emission of obnoxious gases of motor vehicles. Annual production has now reached near 190 tons.

^iia1 table, 61 ref

017342   Vegnal J C;Bindu K;Mathews A (Dep of Chem Engng, Natn Inst of Technol, Surat, Gujarat) : Utilisation of waste lignin to manufacture biopolymers. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2005, 4(4), 611-15.

Reports the methodology of preparation and results of tensile and water absorption tests of different lignin-starch, lignin-gelatin and starch-gelatin-lignin polymer films. All the materials used for the polymers are bioderived and completely biodegradable. Solution blending followed by curing was the method adopted for preparation of the films. Complete methodology of preparation of each film and the results of the tests are discussed in detail. Novelty of the work lies in using lignin extracted from paper industry waste. Over and above bringing down the cost of raw material, this method utilizes a waste product. The results of the tensile and water adsorption studies show that the polymers prepared are attractive biomaterials.

4 tables, 3 ref

017341   Srinivasa Rao N;Bale H;Purnima M;Siva Kumar K;Rahman S (Dep of Phys, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: syedrahman848@yahoo.co.in) : Optical absorption and electron spin resonance studies of Cu<. Bull Mater Sci 2005, 28(6), 589-92.

Local structure around Cu²⁺ ion has been examined by means of electron spin resonance and optical absorption measurements in xLi₂O-(40-x)Na₂O-50B₂O₃-10As₂O₃ glasses. The site symmetry around Cu²⁺ ions is tetragonally distorted octahedral. The ground state of Cu²⁺ is d_x²-y². The glass exhibited broad absorption band near infrared region and small absorption band around 548 nm, which was assigned to the ²B_1g → ²E_g transition.

3 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

017340   Quraishi M A;Khan S (Corros Res Lab Dep of Appl Chem Fac of Engng & Technol, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: maquraishi@rediffmail.com) : Thiadiazoles-A potential class of heterocyclic inhibitors for prevention of mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(5), 576-81.

Four organic inhibitors namely 2-amino-l,3,4-thiadiazole (AT), 5-methyl-2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (MAT), 5-ethyl-2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (EAT) and 5-propyl-2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (PAT) were synthesized and their influence on the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel (MS) in hydrochloric acid was investigated by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The inhibition efficiency (IE) of these compounds was found to vary with the inhibitor concentration, immersion time, acid concentration and solution temperature. All the investigated thiadiazoles exhibited good inhibition efficiency (IE) for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The adsorption of all these compounds on mild steel in acid solution has been found to obey Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The potentiodynamic polarization data showed that the inhibitors are of mixed type. Various thermodynamic parameters (E_a, ΔG_das, ΔQ, ΔH, ΔS, t_1/2) have also been calculated to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.

5 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

017339   Khilar K C (Chem Engng Dep, IIT Bombay, Pawai, Mumbai-400 076) : Effects of intermicellar exchange rate of the formation of nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsions. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 59-64.

Effects of the rate of exchange of contents between micellar droplets in water-in-oil microemulsions on the terminal size on nanoparticles formed have been studied both experimentally as well as theoretically. It has been experimentally found that the rate of exchange affects both the size and number density of nanoparticles of silver chloride, silver, and cadmium sulfide formed in AOT water-in-oil microemulsion systems. No definite trend can be established in the studies. Nevertheless, rapid exchange rate, in most case, produce relatively smaller size nanoparticles and slow exchange rate can give rise to significantly smaller number of nanoparticles formed. Modelling studies using stochastic population balance approach describe these observed effects in a qualitative manner.

5 illus, 11 ref

016288   Yasuda H;Ohnaka I;Mizutani Y;Sugiyama A; Sakimura T;Kawaguchi A;Waku Y (Dep of Adaptive Machine Systems, Osaka Univ, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japans, Email: yasuda@ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp) : Shaping of Al₂O₃-YAG eutectic ceramics by using undercooled melt produced from Al₂O₃ YAP metastable eutectic structure. Trans Indian Inst Meterol 2005, 58(4), 745-8.

There are two eutectic systems in the Al₂O₃-rich portion of the Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃ system: one is the Al₂O₃-YAG equilibrium eutectic system and the other is tne AL₂O₃ YAP metastable eutectic system. Heating the Al₂O₃-YAP metastable eutectic structure up to temperatures above the metastable eutectic temperature but below the equilibrium eutectic temperature produced the undercooled melt. Solidification in the equilibrium path immediately followed the undercooled melt formation. The solidification in the equilibrium path along with the melting of the metastable eutectic structure caused nearly adiabatic transformation from the metastable structure to the eqilibrium structure. As a result, a fine and uniform equilibrium eutectic structure with lamellar spacing of less than 1 μm was produced. This demonstrated shaping of the Al₂O₃-YAG eutectic ceramics by using the undercooled melt.

4 illus, 19 ref

016287   Wisnaik J (Dep of Chem Engng, Ben-Gurion Univ of the Nagev, Beer-Sheva, Israel-841 105, Email: wisnaik@bgumail.bgu.ac.il) : Kinetic theory - from Euler to Maxwell. Indian J chem Technol 2005, 12(6), 730-42.

Acceptance of the kinetic theory of gases was the entrance to the development of the concepts that presently explain the structure of matter. The basic ideas of the Greek philosophers remained dormant for several centuries until Euler, Bernoulli, Herapath, Waterson, Clausius, and Maxwell, injected a sounder physical picture that led to our actual understanding of the structure of a gas.

^ssc41 ref

016286   Vasudevan P;Sharma S;Ashwani Kumar (NO, Cent for Rur Dev & Technol Indian Inst of Technol, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: padmav10@hotmail.com) : Liquid fuel from biomass. J scient ind Res 2005, 64(11), 822-31.

With depleting oil resources and negative environmental impacts associated with the use of petro fuels, there is a renewed interest in biomass based fuels, which can still form the base for sustainable development in terms of techno-economics, environmental as well as socio-cultural considerations. As it is a locally available resource, energy equity can also be achieved at global levels and developing countries would stand to gain. However, to exploit the potential of biomass, more work is needed for converting it efficiently into modern energy carriers at competitive prices, supported by relevant policies. Currently, bioethanol and biodiesel have already reached commercial markets, especially as blends with petro fuels. This paper gives an overview on liquid biofuels covering the current and futuristic trends with respect to production and utilizarron of alcohols, vegetable oil based biodiesel and biocrude, emphasizing on the benefits to rural economy.

^iia9 tables, 65 ref

016285   Vasant Kumar V (Energy & Fuel Users Ass of India, , ) : Bio fuels. Energy Fuel Users J 2004, 54(3), 12-16.

016284   Vaidyanathan D (NO, ITCOT Consultancy and Services Ltd, Chennai) : Renewable energy utilisation by industries. Energy Fuel Users J 2004, 55(3), 17-20.

016283   Vadiraj A;Kamaraj M;Kamachi Mudali U;Baldev Raj (Dep of Metall and Material Engng, Indian Inst of Technol Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Fretting fatigue of biomaterials. Trans Indian Inst Meterol 2005, 58(5), 911-29.

Use of metals and materials for replacement and repair of human body parts are attracting more attention in recent times. Like any other components in service, biomaterials also undergo degradation due to fretting, wear and corrosion. Fretting wear, fretting fatigue and fretting corrosion are the three main areas of concern for the orthopedic surgeons. Reviews fretting fatigue along with various methodologies and mechanisms. Fretting of materials is controlled by several sets of variables working synergistically, making the process difficult to quantify. A fretting test rig for biomaterials has been developed simulating the conditions of the actual implants as close as possible. Fretting fatigue life is also controlled by contact geometries, which delay or accelerate the crack initiation. Several contact geometries have been mentioned which can influence the fretting life of the materials. Fretting conditions are also governed by normal pressure and slip amplitude regime in fretting maps. Physiological medium may aggravate or reduce the fretting failures depending on the nature of surface and the medium. Titanium alloys have been established as the most suitable materials for bio implants due to their attractive properties within the body environment. Some important aspects of the fretting damage of these alloys are mentioned. Fretting fatigue life of these alloys can be significantly improved by surface modification with specialized techniques such as plasma nitriding, ion implantation and Physical Vapour Deposited TiN coatings.

s, 42 ref

016282   Thirugnanam A;Sukumaran K;Raehukandan K; Pillai U T S;Pai B C (Dep of Manufacturing Engng, Annamalai Univ, Tamil Nadu-608 002, Email: utspillai@rediffmail.com) : Microstructural aspects and fracture behavior of A356/357 alloys. Trans Indian Inst Meterol 2005, 58(5), 777-87.

Microstructural aspects of cast A356/357 alloys are strongly dependent on the magnesium content, modification, grain refinement, cooling rate, porosity and heat treatment. On the other hand, the fracture behavior of these alloys depends on the size and shape of eutectic silicon particles and iron-rich intermetallics. Magnesium content increases both the matrix strength and eutectic particle size but decreases the ductility. The combined effect of modification and grain refinement improves the overall mechanical properties. Increasing the cooling rate refines the eutectic Si particles, iron-rich intermetallics, aspect ratio and improves ductility. Porosity defect is detrimental to mechanical properties and an increased level of porosity is reported to accompany the modification of A356/357 cast alloys. Cast A356/357 aluminium alloys are strengthened by heat treatment processes to attain desirable mechanical properties. The fracture behavior of Al-Si-Mg alloys depends on silicon particle cracking. The damage process takes place due to particle cracking, microcrack formation and growth and local linkage of microcracks. Presents an overview on the microstructural aspects and fracture behavior of A356/A357 alloys.

7 illus, 50 ref

016281   Thawari G;Paul S N;Roy M (NO, Visveswaraya Natn Inst of Technol, Nagpur-440 011, Email: manish64@rediffmail.com) : Influence of precipitation hardening on the reciprocating wear behaviour of metallic materials. Trans Indian Inst Meterol 2005, 58(5), 861-72.

Evaluates the influence of precipitation hardening on the reciprocating wear behavior of metallic materials. Towards that purpose, three different alloys, which can be hardened by precipitation hardening method, have been selected as test material. The reciprocating wear rates of these materials have been evaluated at three different loads. The morphology of the worn surfaces and polished section surfaces beneath the worn surfaces have been examined under SEM. The results indicate that the reciprocating wear rate in solution treated condition is higher than peak aged conditions for a Cu-based and Ni-based alloy. In contrast, in Al-based alloy, higher wear resistance can be seen in peak-aged condition. It is also noted that in reciprocating wear crack generates from the surfaces.

16 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

016280   Sundarraj S;Walker M (GM R&D, India Sci Lab, Bangalore, Email: suresh.sundarraj@gm.com) : Grain refinement nucleation model for microstructure simulation of cast aluminum alloys. Trans Indian Inst Meterol 2005, 58(4), 579-90.

Describes the development of a model for describing the nucleation process during solidification of a binary At alloy with and without non-reactive grain refiners such as TiC or TiB₂ additions. The model captures the effect of cooling rate, alloy composition, and grain refinement during nucleation and during initial stages of grain growth. The grain density predictions under different cooling rates agree well with measured data found in the literature. Compared to the previous approaches, the key contribution in the current work is to model nucleation by combining the effects due to "classical heterogeneous nucleation theory" with the "carbide-boride model" to account for grain refinement effects. It also forms a basis, on which the second grain refinement mechanism, i.e., "peritectic reaction theory", due to reactive grain refinement with Al₃Ti, can be implemented.

10 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref