000725   RIACHE S, LOUAIL B, BEGGACHE C (M'Hamed Univ, Boumerdes, Algeria, Email: riachesiham@yahoo.fr) : Causal dynamics between foreign direct investment, economic growth and financial development in Algeria during 1970–2017. SMART J Business Mgmt Stud 2021, 46, 103-16.

This study looks at the connection between foreign direct investment, economic growth and financial development, in the Algerian economy, over the period of 1970–2019, within a multivariate framework. Empirical evidence, supported by the ARDL estimates, revealed that there was long-run equilibrium in the relationship, between the competing variables. Regarding the VECM results, bi-directional Granger causality existed between foreign direct investment and economic growth. The study could provide more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the dynamic association between foreign direct investment, economic growth and financial development, by helping policymakers to understand the character of dynamic relationships between foreign direct investment, economic growth and financial development.

7 tables, 40 ref

000723   ALJAAIDI K S,OMER W K H (Accounting Dep, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz Univ, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, Email: k.aljaaidi@psau.edu.sa) : Entrepreneurial intention among students from college of business administration at northern border university: an exploratory study. SMART J Business Mgmt Stud 2021, 46, 80-90.

This study aims at exploring the degree of entrepreneurial intention among students in College of Business Administration at the Northern Boarder University. Using data from a self-administered survey, with a final sample of 266 students, the descriptive results showed that there was high degree of entrepreneurial intention among the students. The results of this study should be useful to policy makers in Saudi Arabia, as the KSA is aiming at achieving the ambitious KSA 2030 Vision.

6 tables, 18 ref

000720   SUDHAKAR M V S, VISWANADH P S (Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Email: gowl.mvs1@gmail.com) : Retail investors’ perception towards credit rating agencies after IL&FS crisis – a study. SMART J Business Mgmt Stud 2021, 17(1), 46-51.

In India, over the years, credit rating agencies (CRAs) have played a predominant role by giving rating to investment bonds and shares, considering the default risk of the respective financial instruments, thus helping investors and companies. But the credibility of these agencies has been eroded among retail investors due to various incidents like satyam fiasco, subprime crisis, recently IL&FS and many more such incidents. In this present\ scenario, the present study was conducted to find out the investors’ perception about credit rating and measures taken by SEBI to build confidence among investors. For the present study, retail investors of Hyderabad were considered and primary data were gathered through a questionnaire, related to investor perception of CRAs. The study results, as expected, had shown that the perception of investors, relating to the functioning of CRAs, was not positive and the trust it had built over the years, had decreased, with the outbreak of IL&FS crisis.

2 table, 16 ref

000718   JABEEN M (Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed Coll for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: jabeenmohideen@gmail.com) : Impact of lock down on the minds of college students. SMART J Business Mgmt Stud 2021, 17(1), 20-30.

The Corona virus pandemic has affected the whole world in unimaginable ways. While countries and nations are struggling to contain the virus, implementing various measures to contain the spread of the pandemic, humans have been pushed into lockdowns and confinement within their own houses. This has brought about a lot of pain and suffering to humans all over the world. Economic downfall, unemployment, scarcity of food, loss of homes and many more issues have surfaced. But among all these factors, the mental and psychological state of humans has not been studied, as ought to be. One segment of this population is the young college students. These students are the most vulnerable and affected ones. This paper tries to understand the impact of the lockdown on the minds of college students and also attempts to study the positive and negative thoughts that have influenced these young adolescent minds.

5 tables, 27 ref

000717   JOE P, MALHOTRA N (Mount Carmel Coll, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: priyanka.joe26@gmail.com) : An exploratory study on increase of transactions with the use of deferred payment facilities. SMART J Business Mgmt Stud 2021, 17(1), 11-9.

The study aimed to evaluate the increase of successful transactions, with the use of deferred payment facilities on e- commerce portals. Smaller scale money organizations target those who need financial help. The result showed that 70 % of people were aware of the deferred payment industry in India. It was also observed that there was significant relationship between customers, who used deferred payment facilities on e- commerce sites and applications. The future research can focus on the impact of deferred payment facilities on different age groups and to develop a model for the convenience of increasing the transactions of deferred payment on e-commerce portals.

4 tables, 16 ref

000667   AKBULUT R K, ISIK F (Construction Dep, Ataturk Univ, Erzurum, Turkey, Email: rkakbulut@atauni.edu.tr) : Investigation of geotechnical properties of clay soils mixed with recycled nano carbon black. Sadhana 2021, 46, 49.

Recycled waste materials have been investigated in different ways in civil engineering applications and at these studies the usability of waste materials have been examined in concrete production, road construction and soil improvement. In this study, the effect of recycled nano carbon black (nano-CBr) on consistency limits and unconfined compressive strength properties of clayey soils was investigated. For this purpose, 4 different ratios (1 %, 3 %, 5 % and 10 %) nano-CBr were mixed to 3 different clay soils (White, Green and Red clays). In order to determine the mineralogical and chemical properties of mixtures, pH, TDS, X-Ray, SEM and contact angle tests were also performed. In this study, 1 % nano-CBr ratio was generally determined as the limit value in all experiments. The consistency properties of the mixed samples have not significantly changed for the red and green clay but have importantly affected the white clay properties. Based on the 1 % nano-CBr ratio, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of all mixed samples increased. Addition of super hydrophobic nano-CBr to clay soils, turned clay soils into a hydrophobic material, is resulting in an increase in the contact angle values. On the other hand, pH values did not show a significant change with the increase of the nano-CBr ratio. The total dissolved solids (TDS) measurements showed a series of rise and fall steps with the increase of nano-CBr ratio and showed a tendency to stabilize at 10 % nano-CBr ratio.

11 illus, 4 tables, 54 ref

041946   RAGHAV P, JAISWAL A, GUPTA M K, RAJAVEL S, DHUPAR D (Community Medicine and Family Medicine Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur - 342 005, Rajasthan, Email: drpankajaraghav@gmail.com) : Sociodemographic profile of workers in the mining industry of Jodhpur District in Rajasthan, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020, 24(2), 91-5.

Mining industry has grown sharply to satisfy demands of metal and minerals for rising infrastructure. Mining is hazardous, although it is among major occupations in India involving large work force. This study was conducted to assess sociodemographic profile of sandstone mine workers in Jodhpur and to identify their major social issues. A cross-sectional study was conducted among mine workers of Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Data on socioeconomic status, and occupation of each family member were collected. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, version 23.0. A value of P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. A total of 1604 workers were enrolled in study. More than three fourth (78.7 %) of them were male. Their age ranged between 14 and 82 years with a mean age of 37.62 ± 12.30 years. Mean age of female workers was significantly higher than of male workers. Average years of working for males were significantly higher than females. Majority were illiterate, proportion being higher in females. Approximately 13 % mine workers married before legal age. Approximately 2.68 % children under 14 years of age were involved in income generation activity. More than three fourth of workers were male. Mean age of female workers was significantly higher than males. Illiteracy, child marriage, and child labor were present among mine workers. Robust dataset, complete enumeration, large sample size.

5 tables, 19 ref

041944   LAKSHMAN RAO R L, CHELIMELA D, KAKKAR R, ARAVINDAKSHAN R (Community and Family Medicine Dep, AIIMS, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh - 520 008, Email: c.desham@gmail.com) : Occupational morbidity of women beedi workers in Telangana. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020, 24(2), 78-83.

Beedi rolling is a popular small-scale industry in Telangana which provides employment to over a million people. Beedi rolling is generally done by women sitting at home. Despite the work being labor-intensive, women continue to do it as there is no other source of livelihood. Thus, this study was carried out to understand the morbidity status, working conditions, and hygiene of women beedi workers in the rural areas of Telangana. Descriptive, cross-sectional, community-based study was carried out from 2015 to 2016. Sample size calculated was 560 including a non‑response rate of 10 %. Multistage stratified sampling method was used to select the workers. A pretested semi‑structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding sociodemographic profile, hygiene measures, and health problems after written informed consent. Data entry and statistical analysis were done using Epi Info version 7.2. The study population comprised of 528 women beedi workers. Mean age of study subjects was 40.8 (10.9) years. Most of them were (67 %) illiterates. Awareness regarding occupational health hazards and hygienic practices was poor. A significant proportion of workers was found to have chronic diseases including musculoskeletal problems(50 %), gynecological problems(31 %), respiratory morbidity (27 %), hypertension (25 %), malnutrition (20 %), and diabetes mellitus(2.65 %). Beedi workers should be given complete information about the occupational health hazards and preplacement training should be given regarding occupational safety and personal hygiene measures.

3 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

039213   SAWNG Y W, XU Y, SHIN J H, KIM M (Management of Technology Dep, Konkuk Univ, Korea, Email: mskim.konkuk@gmail.com) : Economic ripple effect analysis of new converging industry: Focusing on inter-industrial analysis of Fintech industry in South Korea, China and the United States. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 116-21.

The Fintech industry is the convergence of the financial industry and the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) industry. It not only replaces the services provided by traditional financial services such as remittances, settlements, and asset management, but also creates new industries combined with ICT technology such as Cloud funding, P2P, and Internet Professional Bank. Therefore, this research focuses on the economic ripple effect of the Fintech industry on the national economy by inter-industrial analysis. At the same time, in order to learn the different circumstances of Fintech industry worldwide, this study conducted comparative research on Fintech leading countries in the United States and China with South Korea. All the economic ripple effects of South Korea, China, and the United States Fintech industry are relatively low among all industries, and the industrial characteristics are analyzed to be 'intermediate primary production' type industry. This study, as the first attempt, analyzes the current economic impact of Fintech in each country, and inspires future development direction of Fintech industrial policy.

3 illus, 1 tables, 8 ref

039211   FENG M, CHEN C, WANG K (Science and Techology Univ, China, Email: ivycc1995@163.com) : Impact of cultural differences on the results of overseas mergers and acquisitions by Chinese enterprises. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 107-11.

This study examines 154 Chinese enterprises that completed overseas mergers and acquisitions (M&As) between 2008 and 2017. Based on Hofstede's cultural dimension theory, the cultural distance variable is calculated and the short-term impact of cultural differences on Chinese enterprises’ overseas M&As outcomes is then quantitatively analyzed through multiple linear regression analysis.

4 tables, 7 ref

007456   SIRISHA K J V K, RAO D V S, RADHA Y, RAO V S, RAMBABU P (Agricultural Economics Dep, Agricultural Coll, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh) : Study on constraints experienced by shrimp exporters in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Agric J 2019, 66(4), 657-9.

The constraints were identified through survey method and are ranked in order of priority as they perceived it. The exporters were asked to list priority-wise major constraints they were facing in shrimp exporting. All these were sorted and screened and finally seven major constraints were identified. The availability of quality raw material ranked first as the most important constraint for the exporters with a Responsive Priority Index (RPI) of 0.84. Whereas high cost of investment ranked second with a RPI of 0.66 followed by the lack of diversified products with RPI of 0.63, poor technical advancement with RPI of 0.62, uncertainty in prices with RPI of 0.56, lack of research and development with RPI of 0.41and finally competition among the exporters with RPI of 0.28.

1 table, 6 ref

006232   DATTA B, KAUSHIK P (Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: basudev.datta2020@sims.edu) : Study of influence of airline quality ratings (AQRS) on repeat purchase behaviour of next-generation domestic air travellers in Maharashtra State. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 167-75.

In today’s time, airline sector has become highly intangible, perishable and heterogeneous in nature. In certain cases, it has been observed that airline services are highly personalized due to continuous variation in customer engagement factor by frontline employees. Majority of the senior management in airline sector believes that they are continuously able to bridge the gap between the customer perception about service quality and actually delivered services through frontline employees which is highly misconceived from customer point of view. Given the fact that the sector is highly volatile and competitive in nature, airline management must be in position to gauge the trend line which influences the Airline Quality Ratings (AQRs) and its impact on consumer decision making process. The pattern recognition will assist the management in making necessary corrective actions on high impact service quality factors which will make the airline remain afloat in such a volatile environment. Henceforth, keeping in view, recent set of events which led to closure of Sahara Airline, Kingfisher Airline, Jet Airways etc. despite being of one of leading LCC in Indian Airline Industry for quite long time. Authors have attempted to mathematical model the factors which influences the Airline Industry in Maharashtra state only. So, as to enable the senior management to take timely corrective actions as and when necessary.

7 tables, 58 ref

006233   MAKA B, SURESH N (M.S. Ramaiah Univ of Applied Sciences, Bangalore- 560 054, Email: bdmakaus@yahoo.com) : Empirical evaluation of the impact of commercial KPIs on financial performance of MTN Ghana Ltd. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 263.

This paper empirically examined the impact of commercial KPIs on financial performance of MTN Ghana Ltd. Time series data on the commercial KPIs was obtained from MTN database with data range spanning from January 2009 to December 2015. The commercial KPIs were carefully selected consistent with industry benchmarks. Using the DCC GARCH (Dynamic Conditional Correlation Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticiy) model to ascertain the volatility clustering and the conditional correlation between the commercial KPIs and financial performance, this study found that a high volatility in the financial performance of MTN Ghana Ltd is associated with high volatility in the independent commercial KPIs. The correlation coefficients are moderate and positive and are statistically significant as expected with number of revenue subscribers featuring prominently in its correlation with financial performance; to some extent consistent with the findings of Vadiraj and Narahari (2014) . However, the data failed to reject the assumption of time invariant conditional correlation maintained in the Constant Conditional Correlation MGARCH model. This paper therefore concludes that there exist a constant conditional correlation between the commercial KPIs and financial performance overtime. For purposes of robustness, a 5-year rolling window regression was also estimated to lend support to the result showed by the DCC MGARCH model. The study finds that the true coefficients are constant, and the estimated coefficients portray a random fluctuation and noise. Interestingly, the number of revenue generating subscribers and minute of use maintained a strong positive causality with revenue performance over the entire 5-year rolling period. The result was consistent with the findings from the DCC GARCH model but there seems to be a puzzle since commercial KPIs such as Net Adds and Data volume exhibit a negative relationship with financial performance.

3 tables, 16 ref

006234   MOULYA V H, MOHAMMADI A, MALLIKARJUNAPPA T (Business Administration Dep, Mangalore Univ, Mangalore- 574 199, Email: harshuwhitetiger@gmail.com) : Optimal Vs 1/N diversification and portfolio evaluation: A study on Indian stock market. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 248-54.

The Modern portfolio theory of Markowitz (1952) proposed maximisation of expected utility and minimisation of the risk of the optimal portfolio for the risk-averse investors. We used the linear programming technique to estimate the optimal portfolio weights for the mean-variance efficient optimal portfolio using rebalanced and non-rebalanced portfolios and compared the performances against the 1/N heuristic portfolio. We found that the minimum-variance optimal portfolio performed better than the 1/N heuristic portfolio.

4 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

006235   TALUKDAR R (Gauhati Univ, Guwahati, Assam, Email: rupalitalukdar999@gmail.com) : Pre-purchase decision making behaviour of households for the selected consumer durable goods– A study in Kamrup metropolitan and Kamrup District of Assam. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 241-7.

The consumer durable market is experiencing a huge change over time which is why the Indian Brand Equity Foundation Report (2015), forecasts the Indian consumer durable market to reach the fifth position in the world by 2025. In the consumer durable market, consumer's behaviour for adoption of products experiences evolution over time, with the changes in marketing strategies of marketers and also with the changes in social, cultural, environmental factors etc. This necessitates a comprehensive study of consumer behaviour towards consumer durable goods. The consumer always tries to maximise his or her satisfaction in the best possible way and therefore tries to explore the new roots to satisfy the needs in the most possible way. Consumer behaviour is a study about the behaviour of consumer before purchasing, at the time of purchasing and after purchasing a product. The current study aims at analysing the pre-purchase behaviour of consumer in purchasing selected consumer durable goods.

1 table, 14 ref

006236   TANTY G (ICFAI Univ, Jharkhand, Email: gautamtanti@gmail.com) : Assessing the Bombay Stock Exchange index volatility through Garch model. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 236-40.

As we know to earn money, someone has to invest money. Thus, investment decision plays a very major role in individual life and corporate world. Investment decisions are based on risk factor. Hence, in consideration to risk minimization investment in Index will be a better option as compare to individual share. Volatility is a symptom of a highly liquid stock market and pricing of securities depends on volatility of each asset. An increase in stock market volatility brings a large stock price c00hange of advances or declines. Investors interpret a raise in stock market volatility as an increase in the risk of equity investment and consequently they shift their funds to less risky assets. It has an impact on business investment spending and economic growth through a number of channels. In this study, the major Index is designed to provide a single value for the aggregate performance of a number of companies representing a group of related industries or within a sector of the economy. The Index is based on a statistical compilation of the share prices of a number of representative stocks. It also creates the basis for portfolio trading by both active and passive investors. These markets Index are convenient gauges of the stock market that also indicate the direction of the market over a period of time. By using these markets Index, you can compare how well individual stocks have performed against market indicators for the same period.

21 ref

006231   BALASUBRAMANIYAM S, RAMASUBBIAN H (Business Administration Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Email: sindusavi103@gmail.com) : The impact of capital structure on profitability of XYZ limited. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 232-5.

The Capital Structure and Profitability are very vital matters in the development and survival of the business. This study hunts to find out the impact of capital structure on profitability. The present study bounded XYZ limited over the period of 5 years from 2014 to 2018. The analysis tools used in this study are correlation and regression analysis. In this study, Capital structure is represented by three variables, they are Debt Equity Ratio, Long Term Debt Ratio and Short Term Debt Ratio. The profitability is expressed by Return on Assets (ROA). As Per the findings there is a significant impact of Capital Structure on profitability of XYZ limited. There is a significant relationship between capital structure and profitability of XYZ limited.

4 tables, 23 ref

004949   INDHUSHREE A, KURUVILA A (Kerala Agricultural Univ, Thrissur- 680 656, Email: indhuashree@gmail.com) : Performance of small cardamom export from India. J Trop Agric 2019, 57(2), 122-31.

Small cardamom, the queen of spices, plays an important role in India’s economy due to robust domestic demand and increasing price. However, the export of the spice witnessed huge decline and it became more of domestic market oriented. In recent years, the export of small cardamom from India was found to be increasing steadily. The present study was conducted to analyse the export performance of small cardamom from India in terms of export growth rate and instability, sources of growth and variability in export value and the geographic concentration of export. During the pre-WTO period, the growth rates in terms of export value, quantity and unit value were found to be negative, while the instability in export was high. Post-WTO period recorded positive and higher growth rate and comparatively lower instability in export. Among the different periods under study, lower growth rate and higher instability were observed during Period II which could be the result of increased domestic demand and stiff competition in international market especially from Guatemala. Change in mean export unit value was found to be the major source of growth in value of export during both pre- and post-WTO periods, while the change in variability of export unit value contributed more to the change in variance of export value. The geographic concentration of export increased in postWTO period compared to pre-WTO period and the exports were more concentrated towards the MiddleEast countries. Higher cost of production, domestic market orientation and Non-Tariff Barriers were the major issues that need to be addressed to strengthen the export markets and improve the performance of small cardamom export from India.

7 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

004948   ASHOKA N, RAVI Y, LINGAMURTHY K R, KUAMR B R, ANUPAMA G (Agricultural Economics Dep, Horticulture Coll, Koppal- 583 233, Email: ashokan.abm@gmail.com) : A study on seedling demand and economic analysis of chilli nurseries in Karnataka. J Crop Weed 2019, 15(2), 120-5.

Chilli is a vegetable cum spice crop belonging to the family Solanaceae. The present study attempts to estimate the area under cultivation of chilli in Karnataka and to estimate the demand for chilli seedlings during 2019-20. The primary data on investment pattern of nursery under shade net condition, cost-returns and marketing of chilli seedlings were collected from 30 nursery entrepreneurs randomly from major growing districts of Karnataka with pre tested questionnaire. This study also tried to work out economic feasibility for investment of nursery in shade net condition. The results of the study indicated that the area under chilli cultivation estimated to be 46757 hectare and the demand for chilli seedlings are 138.53 crores in the state of Karnataka for the agricultural year 2019-20. In this connection, profitability analysis and capital budgeting techniques were employed. The results of the study also indicated that, the nursery entrepreneurs have invested ₹ 490747 towards setting up of nursery in an area of 1000 m² under shade net conduction. The economic analysis pointed out that entrepreneurs have realized gross income of ₹ 486810 and net returns of ₹ 139056 per cycle of raising seedlings. The capital investment on chilli nursery was found to be economically viable in terms of Net Present Worth (₹ 263134), Benefit Cost Ratio (1.40) and Internal Rate of Returns (102 %)

5 tables, 9 ref

004952   RAM M, KUMAR A (Economics Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: manuecobhu@gmail.com) : Determinants of healthcare expenditure in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India: Through the lens of NSSO Data. J Commun Dis 2019, 53(3), 118-26.

This study aims to examine the determinants of health-care expenditure in the Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. Secondary data from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of 75th round on social consumption related to health were utilized. The Heckman two-step selection model was used to analyse household and individual decisions to seek care. Findings of this study reveal that having household head aged between 31 to 60 and above 60 years, household size greater than 5 members, belonging to religion other than Hindu, non-ST category as Schedule caste, Other backward class and others, people residing in urban area, people having higher economic status, private hospitals, upper primary and secondary+ schooling of household head and having household members with chronic illnesses were determinants contributing more health-care spending. However, female household head had less likely to incur healthcare expenditure as compared to male household in the region. An important finding indicates that the majority of people visited private hospitals in the region which increased the health-care spending at large and it burdened financially to the vulnerable section of the society. Based on the discussion, a few policy suggestions have been proposed to counter the above problems.

1 table, 58 ref

004951   MAHANKALI S S, NAIR P (Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Dep, Aster RV Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: docsubra@gmail.com) : Beyond the borders: Lessons from various industries adopted in anesthesiology. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2019, 35(3), 295-301.

Since the first public demonstration of anaesthesia in Boston, USA which happened around 172 years back, the field of anesthesiology has rapidly progressed, with many developments that have improved the quality and safety of anesthesia care. This has enabled tremendous advances in the surgical disciplines and increasing the life expectancy and quality of life of humans. This is a result of learning and constantly evolving. There are several similarities between healthcare and other industries, though there are several distinguishing characteristics that set it apart from other industries. There are a number of safety and quality improvement measures in healthcare which have been influenced by safety practices in other industries. Anaesthesia has been the leader among the medical specialities in adoption of innovative practices from various industries in an effort to advance patient safety, enhance quality of care, reduce waste & inefficiency, and improve customer service and satisfaction. This article emphasises on learnings from other industries in the recent decades, focusing on aviation, high-reliability organizations, car manufacturing, telecommunication, car racing, entertainment, and retail. Learning and implanting the best practices from these industries can bring about a paradigm shift in health care industry. It has a potential to improve efficiency and make anaesthesia safer than ever before in the history of human kind.

3 illus, 30 ref

004950   KAUSADIKAR H H, NAGARGOJE S R, DESHMUKH K V (Agricultural Economics Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Profitability of sweet orange in Marathwada region. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 255-8.

The study compared the economic performance of Sweet orange of Marathwada region with the aim of assessing the determinants of its profitability. Primary data obtained from a sample of 160 farmers by stratified and multi-staged random sampling from four villages were analyzed using percentages, means, gross margin, net profit. Results revealed gender inequality; majority of sweet orange respondents were in middle age group. More number of selected respondent were educated up to high school level (35.62 per cent). It was revealed from the table that per hectare cost of establishment of sweet orange orchard was Rs.301796.68. Net profit obtained by cultivation of sweet orange is Rs. 131665.75; The study concludes that cultivation of sweet orange was found to be profitable.

5 tables, 3 ref

003715   PATEL J, SHAH V, JHA P J (Rai Univ, Gujarat) : A study of components of P³ system-forecasting for business decisions. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 211-5.

This epitomic work in this paper targets at identifying different methods to forecast (1) demand and (2) sale pattern; both of these are random variables. It is known that there are three important components of P³ systems Viz. (1) Planning, (2) Production, and (3) Procurement; these are inter-related and nonseparable constituents of the said system. There is one external factor- Demand, which is a gross of many parameters- some of them are known and some have remained unknown, which forces it to be a random variable. Our effort, using different statistical tools, focuses on forecasting ‘demand’ in some next cycles which in turn, possibly, prove a criterion for production phase and also procurement phase also. The content of this paper, on comparing different criteria of forecasting using ‘U’ test justifies our approach.

7 tables, 11 ref

003716   PERERA A I S, RATHNAYAKA R M K G U (Social Statistics Dep, Sri Jayewardenepura Univ, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka) : The effect of selected macroeconomic factors on exchange rate volatility in Sri Lanka. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 15-23.

This study intends to investigate the factors affecting exchange rate volatility of USD/LKR in Sri Lanka, in the period of January 2010 to December 2017, by using time series Vector Auto Regressive model and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The study analyses the factors namely, Colombo share market movements, exports, imports, worker’s remittances and tourist arrivals which affect the exchange rate volatility of Sri Lanka. The results of the study indicate that to estimate exchange rate volatility ARIMA (1, 0, 0,)-GARCH (1, 0) is the best fittest model and It implies exchange rate had AR and ARCH effect only. As well as positive coefficient of GARCH model indicated there is positive impact of a magnitude of a shock (spillover effect) for exchange rate. From the results of Correlation coefficient showed evident for negative insignificant relationship between exchange rate volatility and all economic factors. It implies that there is a like hood of increases in exchange rate volatility with decrease in above mentioned economic variables and that relations is statistically insignificant. According to final VAR model The Colombo Share Market Movements and Imports showed the significant impact on the exchange rate volatility. Even though Pearson correlation coefficient concluded all the economic factors (including Colombo Share Market Movement and Imports ) using the study are negatively associate with exchange rate volatility, VAR model coefficient observed quite different result which is including Colombo Share Market Movement and Imports had positive significant relation. The main policy implication from the results of this study is that crucial to emphasize that the macroeconomic policies have to be implemented in order to stabilize and reduce the exchange rates volatility.

1 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

003707   CHANDRAN N, VEERAKUMARAN G, VINAIKUMAR E (Cooperative Management Dep, Agricultural Univ, Thrissur, Kerala) : Financial performance of Irinjalakuda primary cooperative agricultural and rural development bank. Ltd. R. 312: An analysis. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 107-12.

Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks (PCARDBs) are playing an important role in promoting capital formation in agriculture and rural sectors in the State through its long term investment loans. However, a good number of them are running at loss and their NPAs are mounting over the years. Hence, the study aims at evaluating the financial performance of Primary Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank by studying the case of Irinjalakuda Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank (ICARDB) located in Thrissur district of Kerala which is the best performing bank in the state a few years back and there by examining the financial ambiguities existing in the bank. The study found that the bank is in loss. Therefore, it is suggested to elevate the performance of the bank by increasing their efficiency in proper deployment of funds and thereby increasing profitability level by acquiring suitable developmental practices.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

003714   PANDITO R T (Delhi Univ, New Delhi) : Trade and travel in Early-Modern recordings in Ladakh and Baltistan. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 92-6.

Ladakh and Baltistan, the frontier districts of Pakistan and India had been two major halting-stations for the Silk route merchants, which was closed since 1950. Their importance is not-valued by contribution in material product sale in this cosmopolitan business in the silk road trading markets but through their sheer existence at geographical mountain location in trans-Himalayan kingdom that they had been unavoidable bridge to traverse for the merchants of central Asia and Indian sub-continent to exchange goods to east, west and south Asia. This article is one such aspects of their role in those vast networks of transactions. Mainly presenting historical scenario since colonial times and changes occurred in their lifestyle and local-economy.

12 ref

003717   SIREGAR M, SUTRISNA A (Jakarta Islamic Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia) : Exploring the implementation of balanced scorecard within Indonesian manufacturing SMEs. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 62-8.

Many manufacturing SMEs applied traditional models focusing on a financial perspective in their performance measurement. Accordingly, the models do not raise other aspects of performance measurement such as service quality, employee skills, and internal business process efficiency levels. The purpose of this study is to explore the implementation of BSC-based performance measurement within Indonesian manufacturing SMEs. The results of this study indicate that the financial perspective weighs of 0.122; the customer's perspective weighs of 0.424; internal business perspective weighs of 0.227; and the learning and growth perspective weighs of 0.227. The financial perspective consists of income growth, increased return on investment, ability to repay business capital, and increase in net income indicators. The customer’s perspective consists of growing market share, growing number of customers, improving service quality, and customer satisfaction indicators. The internal business process perspective consists of defective product ratios, R & D cost ratios, and time effectiveness indicators. The learning and growth perspective consists of employee productivity, employee turnover, and employee job satisfaction. The results imply that manufacturing SMEs need to improve the strategy by optimizing the resources needed, utilizing waste materials, monitoring payment schedules, and monitoring billing schedules.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

003713   MUSAH M, KONG Y, ANTWI S K, DONKOR M, QUANSAH P E, OBENG A F (Jiangsu Univ, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R China) : A study into growth and firms’ financial performance: Evidence from the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 45-53.

This study sought to examine the relationship between growth and the financial performance of non-financial firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). Specifically, the study sought to; establish the association between growth and the firms’ financial performance as measured by ROA; explore the connection between growth and the firms’ financial performance as measured by ROE; and to determine the link between growth and the firms’ financial performance as measured by ROCE. Panel data extracted from the audited and published annual reports of fifteen (15) non-financial firms for the period 2008 to 2017 was used for the study. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient technique of data analysis was employed to assess the bivariate associations between growth and the firms’ financial performance, and from the results, growth had a significantly positive connection with the firms’ financial performance as measured by ROA. However, an insignificantly positive affiliation between growth and the firms’ ROE and an insignificantly negative relationship between growth and the firms’ ROCE were also established at α=5%. The positive associations between growth and the firms’ ROA and ROE is an indication that, an increase in growth led to an increase in the firms’ financial performance. Therefore, determinants of firms’ growth like, size; innovation; age; solvency; leverage; operational efficiency; profitability; liquidity; inflation; economic growth (GDP); exchange rate; interest rate; product diversification; market share expansion; business location; price competition; market demand forces; government policies; and labour regulations among others, should be properly taken into consideration by the sampled firms and all other establishments operating in the Ghanaian business environment.

3 tables, 49 ref

003718   YASHASWINI P, GEETHA A, PRASHANTH B V (Pharmacology Dep, Bangalore Medical Coll and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: geetha25bmcri@gmail.com) : Analysis of pricing of oral antiviral drug formulations available in Indian market. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(5), 401-4.

Price of drug is highly variable in Indian market and it is a serious issue for people belonging to lower economic status in India. Manufacturing of single drug under different brand names by various pharmaceutical companies and sold under different price. Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate the variation in prices of antiviral drugs in Indian rupees. Analysis of the price variation of the antiviral drugs of various brands available in Indian market. Price of a particular drug in the same strength and dosage forms being manufactured by different companies was obtained from “Current Index of Medical Specialties” October 2016–January 2017. Maximum and minimum price of antiviral drugs manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price were calculated. Overall, the prices of 14 single and eight fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of antiviral drugs available in different formulations were analyzed. Among antiretroviral drugs, percentage price variation in Indian market was found to be maximum for zidovudine (100 mg capsule) 763% followed by lamivudine (100 mg tablet) - 361% and didanosine (400 mg tablet) - 69%. Among anti-herpes drugs, it was acyclovir (200 mg tablet) 161%. Among FDCs maximum price variation found to be lamivudine + zidovudine (300 + 300 mg) tablet 290% followed by lopinavir + ritonavir (150 + 300 mg) tablet 24.58% and nevirapine + lamivudine + stavudine (200 + 150 + 30 mg) tablet 21.18%. There is a wide variation in the prices of oral antiviral drugs available in Indian market. Physician should consider the cost while prescribing antiviral drugs. To minimizing the economic burden to the patients, the physicians, regulatory authorities, and Pharma companies should maximize their efforts to reduce the cost of drugs.

2 tables, 15 ref

003708   DEEPAK K R, GEETHA A (Pharmacology Dep, Bangalore Medical Coll and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: geetha25bmcri@gmail.com) : Cost variation analysis of various brands of anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs currently available in Indian pharmaceutical market. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(5), 368-72..

Cardiovascular disease is both highly prevalent and expensive to treat. Many novel anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet agents have been found to be effective in decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. In the Indian market, there is large variation in the prices of anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs marketed in India. Thus, a study was conducted to find out the variation in cost in the anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs available in India and to evaluate the difference in cost of various brands of the same anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs by calculating percentage variation in cost. Cost of a particular drug in the same strength and dosage forms being manufactured by different companies was obtained from “current index of medical specialties” January to April 2017 edition. Minimum and maximum price of anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies, and percentage cost variation was calculated. The cost of anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs by different companies was different. The highest percentage of cost variation was for tablet clopidogrel (75 mg) 394.61%, followed by tablet acenocoumarol (3 mg) 171.70%, injection enoxaparin sodium (60 mg/0.6 ml) 143.68%, tablet aspirin (75 mg) 51.55%, and lowest percentage cost variation was observed for injection streptokinase (1.5 MIU) 1.31%. There is lot of variation in the prices of different brands of the same anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs currently available in Indian market. Despite the implementation of price control, brand price variations still exist widely for commonly used drugs. Reassessment of pricing policy and implementation of quality norms is required.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

003710   LOKAPIRNASARI W P, PRIBADI T B, ARIF A A, SOEHARSONO S, HIDANAH S, HARIJANI N, NAJWAN R, HUDA K, WARDHANI H C P, RAHMAN N F N, et al. (Animal Husbandry Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: widyaparamitalokapirnasari@gmail.com) : Potency of probiotics Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus casei to improve growth performance and business analysis in organic laying hens. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 860-7.

This study aimed to determine the use of probiotics Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus casei as alternative antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) to improve growth performance and business analysis. This study used a completely randomized factorial design. The first factor was the time of administration (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) and the second was the use of probiotics (control without probiotics; 0.1 % AGP and 0.5 % Bifidobacterium spp. + 0.25 % L. casei). One hundred and eighty laying hens (Lohmann strain), of 30 weeks old, were divided into 12 treatment groups, composed of five replicates, each consisting of three laying hens. The results showed that using 0.5 % Bifidobacterium spp. + 0.25 % L. casei in weeks 1 and 2 showed the lowest feed intake (FI) (112.11-112.19 g/day), the highest egg weight (60.28 g) in the 1^st week, the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (2.21-2.23), and highest feed efficiency (44.75-45.25 %) for 3-4 weeks, and the highest hen-day production (86.66-86.90 %) for 3-4 weeks and the most profitable business analysis (IDR. 30,353). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the addition of 0.5 % Bifidobacterium spp. + 25 % L. casei probiotics can be used as a substitute for AGP; it can reduce the FI and FCR, increasing egg weight, feed efficiency, and hen-day production, as well as illustrating the results of the most profitable business analysis.

6 tables, 36 ref

003709   KUMARI C H P, GOVERDHAN M, SRIDEVI S, REDDY G K, PASHA M L, RAMANA M V, RANI B (PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Profitability of cropping systems module for different farming systems in Southern Telangana zone of Telangana state. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 153-7.

A field experiment was conducted during the year 2017-18 at college farm, AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems unit, PJTSAU, Hyderabad to identify the profitable cropping systems for different farming systems under I.D situation in light textured soils of Southern Telangana Zone (STZ), Telangana. Among the ten cropping systems tested, sweet corn – vegetable system (tomato) was found to be more remunerative with B:C ratio 3.60 followed by okra –marigold - beetroot system with B:C ratio 2.85. Among the ecological cropping systems for improving soil health, Bt cotton + greengram (1:3) - groundnut cropping system was recorded significantly higher rice grain equivalent yield (13,293 kg ha^-1 ) and net returns (1,17,048 Rs ha^-1 ) compared to pigeonpea + greengram (1:7) – sesame cropping system. Out of the two systems tested to meet the household nutritional security, pigeonpea + maize (1:3) – groundnut system recorded higher rice grain equivalent yield (13850 kg ha^-1 ) with higher net returns (123506 Rs ha^-1). Within the two fodder crops/cropping systems, fodder maize – lucerne system was resulted in higher B:C ratio (1.61). Rice - maize and Bt cotton which were the pre-dominant cropping systems of the region wherein rice – maize system recorded comparatively higher B:C ratio (1.28) than Bt cotton (1.08).

4 tables, 9 ref

003712   MISHRA M K, SISODIA B V S, RAI V N (Agricultural Statistics Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Trend and growth rate of price of potato in Uttar Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 63-5.

The present study discusses the trends and patterns in agricultural growth at the national and sub-national levels in India. Data on important variables like area, production, productivity and price of potato crop were compiled for the period 2000-2001 to 2014-15 from published sources (Sankhyakiya Patrika - updes.up.nic.in). The analysis of data simple and compound growth rate of area, production, yield and price. The study period has been divided in three decades as well as 5 years, 10 years and 15 years respectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

003711   MISHRA M K, SISODIA B V S, RAI V N (Agricultural Statistics Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Forecasting technique of price of potato of Uttar Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 60-2.

The development of suitable statistical models for forecast of based on time series data on price of potato crop of Uttar Pradesh has been illustrated in the present paper. The data obtained from the website of Directorate of Economic of statistics (Sankhikey bulletin of statistics) develop the model. The result has revealed that the proposed model can provide reliable forecast of price of potato. Range of per cent standard error of 24 to 35 percent and R² was 73 percent.

1 illus, 22 ref

002454   VENKATESH M P, PHILIP A, GANGADHARAPPA H V (Pharmaceutics Dep, JSS Coll of Pharmacy, Mysuru - 570 015, Email: venkateshmpv@jssuni.edu.in) : Quality by design: The tool for regulatory compliance. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1095-100.

QbD decrees the definition of a goal for the method and accentuates thorough evaluation and scouting of alternative methods systematically to obtain ideal method performance. QbD tools like risk assessment and design of the experiment, empowers better quality to be instilled into the analytical method and facilitate prior understanding and identification of variables affecting the method performance. Analytical quality by design (AQbD) permits the analytical method for movement within a method operable design region. Unlike current methods, analytical method development using AQbD approaches diminishes the number of out of trend results and out of specification results due to the robustness of the method. It is a current inclination among pharmaceutical industry to implement AQbD in method development processes as a part of risk management, pharmaceutical development and pharmaceutical quality systems (ICHQ10). It owes to the lack of explanatory reviews. The objective of this review article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of various aspect of QbD.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

002452   RASTOGI M, SINGH S R (Applied Sciences and Humanities Dep, IMS Engineering Coll, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: mohitrastogi84@gmail.com) : An inventory system for varying deteriorating pharmaceutical items with price-sensitive demand and variable holding cost under partial backlogging in healthcare industries. Sadhana 2019, 44(4), 95.

This paper presents an inventory system for deteriorating pharmaceutical items with price-sensitive demand. Mostly existing studies of pharmaceutical inventory models consider the rate of deterioration as constant, which is not logical in the context of healthcare industries because pharmaceutical products (medicine or drugs) deteriorate significantly. Hence, the rate of deterioration is considered as time-dependent and follows a three-parameter Weibull distribution. In most of the developed models it is believed that the different costs related with inventory remain the same all the time whereas in realistic situations, manufacturing cost of medicine, the cost of maintaining the pharmaceutical products in the cold store or even the cost of keeping the patient’s record increases with time. Thus, the cost of the holding of items is taken as time-dependent. Shortages are allowed in this study and are partially backlogged. The main objective of this study is to optimize the total average cost of the system by computing the optimal ordering quantity and the optimal time interval. Finally, a numerical illustration with sensitivity analysis is given to exemplify the proposed study.

9 illus, 7 tables, 41 ref

002450   NIRANJAN T, PARTHIBAN P, SUNDARAM K, JEYAGANESAN P N (Production Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli - 620 015, Email: niranjanthir@yahoo.com) : Designing a omnichannel closed loop green supply chain network adapting preferences of rational customers. Sadhana 2019, 44(3), 60.

The manufacturing industry in India started moving towards multi channel supply chain for delivering products to the customer by his preferred channel of purchasing. But firms are far behind to achieve a goal of omnichannel where there exists better interface between various channels which increases their customer range and customer comfort. Also, today consumer awareness had increased with respect to environmental protection while at the other end the government rules and regulations also force firms to go with adopting sustainability concepts like green and recycling processes in supply chains. This work deals with this major issue faced by the firms in India that how to integrate multiples channels in designing their supply chain network considering economic and environmental sustainability simultaneously. This paper presents a mathematical model for an integrated multi channel closed loop supply chain network problem, the modeling decisions that include the selection of the entity that will fulfill the demands of the omni channel customer during different time periods and the supplier selection process integrated with the production amounts, inventory levels, stockouts and shipment quantities. The aim of the model is to minimize the total cost incurred to the customer, total cost incurred in running the supply chain and minimize the total pollution emissions from all the transportations of the products between the different stages of the supply chain. It is a mixed integer programming problem considered for a leading kitchenware company in southern part of India and solved using IBM CPLEX optimizer. The result shows that how the dynamics of omni channel customer options affects the optimal supply chain structure.

2 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

002448   KUMARESWARAN T, SINGH H P, KAMALVANSHI V, SHARMA A, KUMAR D (Agricultural Economics Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Production and export performance of coffee in India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1619-23.

Coffee is most predominantly export oriented commodity, more than 65 per cent. Coffee industry earns a foreign exchange to the tune of about Rs.4000 crores. The area under coffee plantations in India has increased by more than three times, from 120321 hectares in 1960-61 to 397147 hectares in 2015-16. The paper attempts to quantify the changing structure of Indian coffee exports. Data for analysis was taken for a period of 30 years from 1985 to 2015. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) was used for analysing the growth in coffee area, production, yield, export quantity and export value over the years. CGAR concept was used for the estimation trends in growth and EPR was used to estimate the comparative advantage of the commodity. The study revealed that the growth rate in the area, production and yield, export quantity, export value of coffee was showed that 2.4 per cent, 3 per cent, 0.6 per cent, 3.2 per cent, and 4.2 per cent respectively. The result showing that coffee had a stable and positive fluctuation trend in the export performance ratio.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

002451   PANIGRAHI A K, MISHRA S, MOHAPATRA U (Agricultural Economics Dep, SOA (DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha) : Economics of small-scale rice mill in Ganjam district of Odisha. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1579-82.

Milling is the process wherein the rice grain is transformed into a form suitable for human consumption. Ganjam is a leading district in rice milling operation in the state. There are over 280 mills in the district. The current study was conducted with the objectives to analyze the investment pattern and financial feasibility of small-scale rice milling units and to elicit the problems faced by them. The sample of fifty small-scale mill was selected. Both, primary and secondary data were used for the study. The data were summarized with the help of statistical tools like averages and percentages to obtain meaningful inferences. Investment analysis techniques were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of investment in rice mills. The total initial investment in the mill accounts for Rs 83 lakhs. The total annual returns obtained by the mill accounts for Rs 2,20,30,830.00 of which 78.82 per cent is contributed by sale of rice (Rs 1,73,65,140.00), 6.77 per cent by sale of bran (Rs 14,92,050.00), 6.03 per cent by milling charges (Rs 14,40,000.00) and 5.80 per cent by sale of broken rice (Rs 12,78,900.00). The net present value (NPV) was calculated to be Rs 1,24,64,460.54. The BCR was found out to be 2.50. The IRR turned out to be 28 per cent. the PBP was calculated to be 4 years and 4 months. As NPV is positive, BCR is greater than 1, IRR is greater than the existing rate of interest (7 per cent) and PBP is of less duration, the investment in small-scale rice mill is financially feasible. Invariably all the sample rice mill owners opined that frequent interruption of power supply and high cost of working capital were the major problems faced by them in running the units. Since rice is an important staple crop of the state, it would be advisable for entrepreneurs to invest in small-scale rice milling units to ensure profits for self as well as food security for the state.

7 tables, 4 ref

002449   MOOKHERJEE S, KARFORMA J, PANDIT T K, GHIMIRAY T S (Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Majhian, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal) : Yield gap analysis ‘Infarmers’ participatory seed production plot of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) at old alluvial zone of West Bengal, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 449-51.

A field study was carried out during rabi 2016-17, 2017-18 through the demonstrations to analyse the yield gap of lentil in Dakshin Dinajpur district of old alluvial zone, West Bengal, India in real farm situation. Seed inoculation with rhizobium along with foliar spraying of supplemental nutrient NPK (19- 19-19) and micronutrient Boron as solubor (20.5 %B) at 25-30 DAS and 45-50 DAS in basal application of 20:40:20N: P₂O₅: K₂O kg ha^-1 showed better seed yield (1092.18 kg ha^-1 and 1115.24 kg ha^-1 during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively) in comparison to the traditional farmers’ practice (783.94 kg ha^-1 and 798.16 kg ha^-1 during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively) with decreasing technology gap as well as technology index. On an average of two years, demonstration package also fetched a good return per rupee of investment (2.19) in comparison to farmers’ practice (1.82).

3 tables, 9 ref

002453   RATHORE R, MATHUR A (Institute of Agri Business Management, Bikaner, Rajasthan) : Scope of cultivation and value chain perspectives of medicinal herbs in India: A case study on aloe Vera and Isabgol. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 243-6.

Value chain is important for creating value for the products and it helps in reaching the products to the end consumers. The medicinal herbs can be grown well in arid and semiarid region of country with adequate irrigation requirement. The demand of Indian Isabgol and aloe Vera is increasing due to its high value addition potential. The timely marketing of the medicinal herbs play important role in enhancing farmers’ income. The efficient value create value for crops and helps in creating link between farmers’ producer and its ultimate consumption. The medicinal plants products demanded in the national and international market. The proper value chain explore the opportunity for export. The paper is based on secondary source of information and data which are collected from different published sources such as research papers and article and magazine. The paper helps in highlighted the cultivation and value chain aspects of the medicinal plants Isabgol and aloe Vera. The paper also highlighted the importance of the medicinal herbs. The farmers’ producer, local traders, wholesalers and retailers are the intermediaries in the value chain of the crops. Immediately processing of aloe Vera crop is important post-harvest operation of the crop to reduce the losses. The cleaning is important process of Isabgol crop after harvesting to get better price in the market.

2 tables, 19 ref

002447   KUMAR T, SINGH S R, KUMARI P, PANDA C K (Agricultural Economics Dep, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural Univ, Samastipur, Bihar) : Socio-economic and psychological profile of Agrientrepreneurs of Bhagalpur district of Bihar. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 238-42.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate Socioeconomics and Psychological Profile of various enterprises like mushroom, nursery, poultry, honey bee and dairy. Statistical population of this study consisted of all agricultural enterprises (N=256), that 100 of them were selected as research sample using proportionate stratified sampling method. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed by SPSSWin20 software. Findings revealed that agriculture enterprises at Bhagalpur district in Bihar state have the entrepreneurial socioeconomics and psychological profile. India in general and Bihar in particular, is struggling to promote agri-entrepreneurships. Agri industries or agribusiness continue to be traditional, old fashioned and still appears to be far away from the innovative ways with which the youth in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat or Maharashtra are used to raise their agri business and agri-export. Why Bihar is lacking behind in agri-entrepreneurship and what should be done to shed the bar and embark on the path of success on this front? In order to answer these haunting questions in the mind of Agricultural scientists, the administrators and the policy makers, this investigation has been planned.

11 tables, 5 ref

002446   GANAI A, HAMID N, DWIVEDI S, KACHROO J, MANHAS J S (Agricultural Economics and ABM Div, SKUAST-J, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) : Influence of packaging elements of ready to eat food products on buying behaviour. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 189-94.

Packaging is a whole package that becomes an ultimate selling proposition, which stimulates impulse buying behavior. Packaging increases sales and market share and reduces market and promotional costs. Competitive environment has changed the role of package due to increasing self-services and changing consumers’ lifestyle. Ready-to-eat food is actually the processed food items being ready for immediate consumption at the point of sale. India's packaged food business has grown manifold and it was calculated as $50 billion by 2017. The global ready-to-eat food products market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.2 percent during the forecast period (2018–2026) and is estimated to be valued at US$ 195.3 billion by the end of 2026. In the packaging category, the frozen or chilled segment is likely to expand at a CAGR of 8.0 percent over the forecast period. In the distribution channel category, the Hypermarket/Supermarket segment is estimated to account for the highest value share of 34.3 percent and is expected to gain significant market share by the end of 2026 (IBEF, 2017). Marketing personnel are constantly analyzing the patterns of buying behavior and purchase decisions to predict the future trends. The research was carried out on the basis of primary as well as secondary data.150 respondents from Jammu city were selected for the study. The purpose of the present study was an attempt to study the influence of packaging on RTE food products in Jammu city. The results of the study revealed that 45 percent of the respondents feel packaging of ready to eat food items to be important, 43.0 percent feel valuable, and 53 percent needful respectively. The study also found that packaging material, picture of the product, design, label, shape, type of packaging, information and brand appeared to be essential elements for the packaging of ready to eat food products. The study also depicts that red color is found to be most influencing factor (71 percent, (57 percent) respondents choose square shape and (74.50 percent) respondents selected image in graphics of packaging in terms of consumer behavior is concerned.

4 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

002455   WAGH S V, SURYAWANSHI S N, GAWANDE S A, NIKAM Y R (Agriculture Economics and Statistics Dep, Dr. PDKV Akola, Akola, Maharashtra) : An economic analysis on impact of farm pond’s on farmer’s economy in Washim district. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 88-92.

The present study entitled, ‘An economic analysis on impact of farm ponds on farmers economy in Washim district” was undertaken to examine the impact of farm ponds on production of major crops. For the present study, 50 beneficiary farmers having farm ponds and 50 non-beneficiary farmers without farm ponds on their field were selected from Mangrulpir tahasil of Washim district. 10 villages from Mangrulpir tahasil were selected purposively and, from each village sufficient samples of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers were taken randomly for comparison. The selected farmers were classified into three category viz., small, medium, large according to their land holding. The primary data was collected from the farmers by survey method and standard cost concepts i.e., cost ‘A’, cost ‘B’ and cost ‘C’ was used for the analysis of data. It is revealed from the study that in beneficiary farmers at overall level average gross returns was ₹ 91898.00, while in case of non-beneficiary farmers it was ₹ 75266.00. In beneficiary farmers at overall level the output-input ratio at cost 'C' was 1.52, while in case of nonbeneficiary farmers it was 1.23. It shows that the beneficiary farmers were more profitable than nonbeneficiary farmers.

4 tables, 8 ref

001198   CHAUHAN A (SPC Coll, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh) : The role of commodity derivatives and risk management especially in black pepper. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 117-9.

India, a commodity based economy where a two/third of the more than one billion population depends on agricultural commodities, surprisingly has an under developed commodity market. Commodities actually offer immense potential to become a separate asset class for investors, arbitrageurs and speculators. A commodity may be defined as an article, a product or material that is bought and sold. The commodities markets are one of the oldest prevailing markets in the human history. Commodity market is a place where trading in commodities takes place. It is similar to an equity market, but instead of buying or selling shares one buys or sells commodities. Risk management is the process of identification, analysis and acceptance or mitigation of uncertainty in investment decisions followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. India is the most important producer of Pepper accounting for about 50 percent of the world production. Black pepper is the most important spice of India and world due to its day — to-day use. Black Pepper (Pipernigrum linn), known as the "King of Spices" had remained the most precious and valuable form of spice in the world. It is also called as "Black Gold" due its durability and value. Black Pepper is the 3 rd most added ingredient in food among the all range of spices.

8 ref

001200   SHANTHAAMANI V, USHA V B (Management Studies Dep, Vels Univ, Chennai - 600 117, Email: apshan6@gmail.com) : Women entrepreneurs: Problems and prospects with special reference to Coimbatore District. Int J Info Computing Sci 2019, 6(2), 132-41.

The economic status of the women is now accepted as an indicator of a stage of development and therefore it becomes imperative for the government to frame policies enhancing the rights, roles and opportunities of women, for their betterment in particular and society in general. In the changed scenario, there is growing awareness among women that entrepreneurship opens up a new field for them and they can achieve their cherished profession which gives them independence and self support. In order to succeed in their venture of entrepreneurship, they must recognize the fact of advantages they have and the unique challenges that they have to face than their male counterparts.

8 tables, 7 ref

001197   CHANDAR S K, SHARDA C A M K (Management Studies Dep, CHRIST (Deemed to be Univ), Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: kumar.chandar@christuniversity.in) : A review on stock market prediction techniques. Int J Info Computing Sci 2019, 6(2), 74-9.

Prediction of future price of stock is an active area of research in financial world. Stock markets are influenced by many external factors. Fundamental analysis and technical analysis are popular and widely used methods to predict the future price of stock. This paper presents a survey of three stock price prediction techniques namely fundamental analysis, technical analysis and sentiment analysis and also discuss the main concepts of each techniques. Fundamental analysis involves income statements and report of the company, return on equity and balance sheet etc. Technical analysis deals with the past historical data. Sentiment analysis based on the social media data. Additionally, this paper also presents a survey of stock prediction models. Based on the reviewed papers, it is suggested that hybrid method can improve the prediction accuracy and reduce the error.

1 illus, 17 ref

001196   CHANDAR S K (Management Studies Dep, CHRIST (Deemed to be Univ), Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: kumar.chandar@christuniversity.in) : A brief review on stock market prediction using bio-inspired optimization algorithms. Int J Info Computing Sci 2019, 6(1), 170-80.

In the last decades, an accurate forecasting of non-linear time series has been an active area of research. They find its applications in many fields like weather forecasting and stock market prediction etc. Conventional model failed to predict the stock market due to the chaotic and nonlinear characteristics of stock data. Recently, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has gained popularity among researchers due to its ability to solve complex nonlinear problems. However, ANN has shortcomings of the weight and bias value. To solve the issues of ANN, the recent trend tends to use bio inspired algorithms which represent a promising tool for optimizing the parameters of ANN. Though not all the bio inspired algorithms are efficient, a few algorithms have proved to be efficient for stock market prediction. This paper presents a review of bio inspired algorithms that have been used for optimizing the parameters of ANN for forecasting stock market data.

1 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

001199   SATHI S I, KAMRUJJAMAN M, HOSHEN M S (Business Administration Dep, First Capital Univ of Bangladesh, Chuadanga, Bangladesh) : Livelihood status of the fishing community of the Turag River, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 210-7.

Bangladesh is a riverine country. This study investigated the livelihood status of the fishing community of the Turag River adjacent to the Dhaka city during January to December, 2017. Data were collected by using well structure questionnaire from seven selected villages. Data were accumulated and analyzed by MS-Excel and then presented in textual, tabular and graphical forms to understand the livelihood status and constraints of the fishing community in adjacent to the area of the Turag River. This study showed that the highest number of fishermen was middle aged (31-40) group, 53 % fishermen were illiterate, and 40 % lived in tin-shed houses. It was revealed from the study that 20 % of the fishermen used kacha sanitary and 66 % went to village doctors for their treatment and 40 % of the fishermen’s monthly income was up to ten thousand and 5 hundred Taka. The livelihood status of the fishing community of the Turag River was not satisfactory. Concern authority should take initiatives for the development and betterment of the fishing community of the Turag River.

11 illus, 13 ref

027361   MAZINANI M, NAJAFZADEH S, REZA A (Computer Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran-1815163111, Iran, Email: najafzadeh.dr@gmail.com) : Some solutions for marketing in social networks to increase the apparel sales in e-commerce. Asian J Exp Sci 2018, 32(1), 1-10.

In current era, internet has become a strategic feature for corporations. It is an important attribute for corporations to have effective communication with customers. Most businesses would consider websites as a communication tool. With the emergence of the social networks, the communications have become more extensive and it can have a more effective role in e-commerce due to the easy installation of social network applications on cell phones. The main purpose of this research is to prove some solutions for marketing in social networks to increase the apparel sales in e-commerce. This research is functional from objective perspective, and is quantitative from data type point of view and it is descriptive- survey from the perspective of data gathering method. Some people are selected as a sample among people who use social networks, through random sampling method and then a questionnaire is distributed among them. The design of the questionnaire of this research, in the part relating to the independent variable of marketing activities (customer satisfaction: rendering services and support) as well as the independent variable of trust, have been done based on 3S+2C+2P marketing formula. Using Cochran formula, the minimum sample size was calculated as 384 due to the population of Tehran, even though more people (558) were investigated in this research. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the validity and reliability, and Kolmogorov- smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the society. The Pearson correlation and regression methods were used for data analysis. The results of the research, using the regression analysis is that all features have a meaningful relationship with the apparel sales promotion and improvement of customer attraction.

18 tables, 14 ref